earthrise OR "earth rise"

The Moon: A History for the Future
by Oliver Morton
Published 1 May 2019

Every twitch of a muscle and every spark of a nerve is sunlight, too. Few who look at “Earthrise” appreciate these climatic, oceanic and biogeochemical dynamics in any detail. But almost all appreciate what they mean: the orb they are seeing varies and is various, it is changing, dynamic, a living world above the softly bleak unworld below. The twofold message of “Earthrise” is simple: that the Earth is there, in the sky, alive; and that someone alive, there in the sky, has seen it. THE EARTHLIGHT OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THOSE OBSERVATORIES in Provence and Arizona in the early 2000s were a recapitulation of “Earthrise”. Using what returns from the Moon to get another new view of life on Earth, they and subsequent studies have captured the same sense of the planet’s off-balance dynamism, though in numbers instead of pictures.

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By evoking the familiar rising Sun, or Moon, it locates the viewer; making sense of the picture this way puts you into it.4 Indeed, in a rather pre-Copernican way, it makes you its centre. “Earthrise”, thus displayed, has three elements. There is the background black, achromatic and featureless; you do not need to see it as an echo of Kazimir Malevich’s iconic “Black Square” (1915), which the artist proclaimed to be the first picture unrelated to any real-world subject, to see it as an unsurpassable negation. Apparently superimposed on the picture’s lower half, a bright horizontal field, textured more than featured. In 1969, well after the imagery of “Earthrise” entered the culture, Mark Rothko used the same bisected construction, black above, textured grey below, in one of his last untitled paintings.

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In 1969, well after the imagery of “Earthrise” entered the culture, Mark Rothko used the same bisected construction, black above, textured grey below, in one of his last untitled paintings. It was a painting, he said, about death. Is it in the grey, the black or their juxtaposition that death is to be found? He did not say. The third element of “Earthrise” is within its black upper half, a second brightness. That light in the darkness is the Earth waning gibbous, slightly more than half of its face in the Sun, its night-edge a relaxed bow over the limb of the grey-lost Moon. This is not death: this is not nothing; this is life, proud and sharp. Just above the night-edge, almost central to the disk (and thus more or less the closest bit of the Earth to the camera) sits Ascension Island, the invisible-at-such-distance speck of volcanic rock where, at the very moment the picture was taken, the antenna at a tracking station known as the Devil’s Ashpit was monitoring Apollo 8’s radio transmissions.

Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon
by Robert Kurson
Published 2 Apr 2018

Anders was at home in Houston on December 29 when some of the pictures were developed—pictures unlike any mankind had seen before. Shots he took of Earthrise showed the bright blue-and-white marble of Earth rising over the Moon’s gray horizon, the only color in an all-black universe—a tiny, shining oasis in the cosmos. NASA selected the best one of Anders’s Earthrise photos, and on December 30, it appeared on the front pages of newspapers across the globe. Days later, it would run in full color in magazines and Sunday supplements. (Most everyone published the photo with the Moon’s surface horizontal, though Anders and his crewmates had witnessed Earthrise with the lunar surface both horizontal and vertical.

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In the following year, the United States Postal Service would issue a new stamp featuring the Earthrise image. In a year of historic photographs—of the street execution of a Vietnamese prisoner; of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s associates pointing in the direction of his assassin; of Robert F. Kennedy lying mortally wounded in a busboy’s arms; of the Black Power salute at the Summer Olympics—the image of Earthrise captured the world’s imagination. In case anyone had missed it, President Johnson sent a print of Earthrise to every world leader. Grateful for the attention the photograph produced, the Hasselblad company, which made the cameras used by the astronauts aboard Apollo 8, offered a brand-new one to Anders.

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Chapter Eleven: My God, We Are Really Doing This Chapter Twelve: Leaving Home Chapter Thirteen: A Deeply Troubled Year Chapter Fourteen: A Critical Test Chapter Fifteen: An Astronaut in Trouble Chapter Sixteen: Equigravisphere Chapter Seventeen: Racing the Moon Chapter Eighteen: Our Most Ancient Companion Chapter Nineteen: Earthrise Chapter Twenty: The Heaven and the Earth Chapter Twenty-one: Aiming for Home Chapter Twenty-two: Please Be Informed—There Is a Santa Claus Chapter Twenty-three: Help from an Old Friend Chapter Twenty-four: The Men Who Saved 1968 Epilogue Photo Insert Dedication Acknowledgments Diagram of Apollo 8 Author’s Note A Note on Sources By Robert Kurson About the Author December 21, 1968—Four days before Christmas THREE ASTRONAUTS ARE STRAPPED INTO A small spacecraft thirty-six stories in the air, awaiting the final moments of countdown.

The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission
by Jim Bell
Published 24 Feb 2015

The three men were the first people to observe an “Earthrise” from another world. Anders and Borman took a number of color and black-and-white photos over the next few minutes, but once the crew returned and the film was developed, the photo that Anders took first has turned out to garner the most press and public interest, partly because it is in color, and partly because it is so well composed, benefiting from the lucky timing of the event compared to their busy flight plan. The crew had also captured the world’s attention just a few hours after the Earthrise photo was taken, with their Christmas Eve reading of part of the Bible’s Genesis creation story to an enormous worldwide television audience.

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Some commentators credit the Apollo 8 Earthrise photo with helping inspire the first Earth Day in 1970, and even with providing the impetus to propel much of the modern environmental movement into the mainstream. After all, standing on the surface of the Earth, it is easy to feel the vast and seemingly infinite nature of our natural world. But seeing the Earth as an isolated sphere floating in the emptiness of space really drives home just how limited our resources truly are. In LIFE magazine’s 2003 compendium “100 Photographs That Changed the World,” wilderness photographer Galen Rowell named Earthrise, which featured prominently on the cover of the magazine, as “the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.”

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But the next day when the images were beamed back—voilà, there we were! We’d taken the first photo of our home world from the surface of another planet. We one-upped our feat by taking the first Earthrise movie from the surface of another planet in late 2005, using the cameras on the Opportunity rover to snap the Earth and Jupiter rising gracefully in the predawn sky above the dunes of Meridiani Planum. We’d worked up valid scientific justifications for taking all these Earthrise photos—for example, the need to measure the thickness of dust or water ice clouds/fog in the early-morning Mars atmosphere. But in the end, for me, it was just the sheer thrill of being able to look up, to glance back—like the Voyagers—to take a historic and introspective photo from a rare perspective, and to ponder what it means to explore a world where we are the aliens, experiencing it vicariously through the eyes of a robot. 9 The Edge of Interstellar Space WHERE DOES THE solar system end?

A Man on the Moon
by Andrew Chaikin
Published 1 Jan 1994

He could say to himself what only five other men could say: He had steered a spaceship to a landing on the moon. That evening, when America was on its 66th circuit of the moon, Jack Schmitt saw his first earthrise. Looking at that bright crescent, Schmitt sensed the same fragility his predecessors had seen. It had nothing to do with the earth’s appearance, he would say later; it stemmed from its monumental isolation in the blackness. The earth- rise brightened Schmitt's dark mood for a moment. Down on the surface, just before liftoff, he'd felt the first stirrings of sadness at the end of Apollo. Though he felt proud of his accomplishments on the flight, he had never seen his getting to the moon as a personal triumph; he'd always felt that he and Cernan were just lucky enough to implement the triumph of others.

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For years, Frank Borman had maintained that he had taken the famous picture of the first earthrise; he even said he’d had to grab the camera away from Anders to do it. A few years later, just for fun, Jim Lovell threw his hat in the ring, insisting he took the picture. To settle the issue, Anders had a NASA photography expert research the matter, and the results seemed to be in Anders’s favor. But that didn’t stop Borman from sticking by his story. Fortunately for Anders, Apollo 8’s onboard voice recorder issued the final, unequivocal verdict: Anders took the picture. In San Diego, during a slide presentation before a group of high school students, up came the earthrise photo.

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If it had been a success, if it had all worked out well, I wouldn’t feel the way I do. But it meant more adversity than you would expect, and as a result I feel like somehow ... I didn’t do my share.” He adds, “Does that make any sense? Hell, no.” 563 the famous picture of the first earthrise: Here is Borman’s earthrise story, as he told it to the author in March 1988: “I’m looking over the lunar horizon, and there’s the earth coming up. And I’m saying, ‘Bill, take that picture! Get that one!’ He says, ‘I can’t.’ ‘Why not?’ ‘I don’t have enough film. All my film’s allocated for scientific’—I said, ‘Bill, you’re full of baloney; that is the only picture that anybody will remember from this goddamned flight!

Red Moon
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Published 22 Oct 2018

After the usual crush of the rail launch, he could only float from bed to chair to bed, looking at status updates from the hospital in Beijing, each only a few characters long. Severe stroke. Sick; dying. Come as quick as you can. His mind wandered, or spun feverishly, or went blank. Time passed. He thought of his friend Zhou Bao, patiently watching the Earth rise, then hang spinning like a kind of clock, then set behind the white hills of the moon. So far from home, a friend. A man who could face misfortune with a brave spirit. You face it, you persevere. You enjoy Earthrise and write poems. He made his way to a window and looked back at the moon, almost full now, almost as small as when it rose fatly over Earth’s eastern hills. So white, so dead. Thinking of Zhou Bao, he tapped out characters on his wrist.

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Dhu was looking up the time for Earthrise on his wrist, Bo was looking around Zhou’s office. Zhou had known that Ta Shu was coming with guests, so he sidled in unsurprised, and more animated than usual, playing the part of the friendly host. Still, they were now faced with a difficulty. Zhou had asked him to come, and now he was here. But what could Zhou say with Bo and Dhu there in the room? Soon it became clear to Ta Shu that Zhou himself didn’t know the answer to this; Zhou spotted Dhu looking at his wrist and then at the horizon, and quickly followed that lead, talking about the slowness of Earthrise—how it pricked the horizon like a sapphire, how the lack of an atmosphere on the moon meant there was no warning of that arrival, how the sight of Earth oriented everything once it bulked there in the sky.

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Classification: LCC PS3568.O2893 R445 2018 | DDC 813/.54—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018018239 ISBNs: 978-0-316-26237-8 (hardcover), 978-0-316-26235-4 (ebook), 978-0-316-52969-3 (B&N Black Friday signed special edition), 978-0-316-52970-9 (BN.com signed special edition) E3-20180905-JV-PC CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright CHAPTER ONE nengshang nengxia Can Go Up Can Go Down (Xi) AI 1 shen yu Oracle CHAPTER TWO bo hanshu tansuo Quantum Wave Collapse TA SHU 1 yueliang de fenmian The Birth of the Moon CHAPTER THREE taoguang yanghui Keep a Low Profile (Deng) AI 2 ganrao shebei Interference with the Device TA SHU 2 xia yi bu The Next Step CHAPTER FOUR di chu Earthrise TA SHU 3 yueliang ren Moon Person CHAPTER FIVE tao dao diqiu shang Escape to Earth AI 3 shexian ren zai chuxian Reappearance of the Subject CHAPTER SIX liangzichanjie Entanglement CHAPTER SEVEN fu nu neng ding ban bian tian Women Hold Up Half the Sky (Mao) AI 4 shexian ren shizongle Disappearance of the Subject TA SHU 4 laojia Ancestral Home CHAPTER EIGHT tai diejia yuanli Superposition TA SHU 5 da huozhe xiao Big or Small AI 5 wolidou Infighting CHAPTER NINE tao dao yueliang shang Escape to the Moon AI 6 jimi tongxin Secure Communication CHAPTER TEN Zhongguo Meng China Dream AI 7 zhiyou guanlianjie Only Connect TA SHU 6 qi ge hao liyou The Seven Good Reasons CHAPTER ELEVEN xiaokang Ideal Equal Society AI 8 lianxi Contact CHAPTER TWELVE zhengzhi luxian de zhenglun Debates About Theory AI 9 xue liang Sharp Eyes CHAPTER THIRTEEN bei ai Sorrow AI 10 zou Go CHAPTER FOURTEEN hai-3 Helium Three AI 11 xiao yanzhu Little Eyeball CHAPTER FIFTEEN mozhe shitou guo he Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones (Deng) CHAPTER SIXTEEN tianxia All Under Heaven AI 12 houhui Regret TA SHU 7 Tao Yuan Xing Source of the Peach Blossom Stream (Wang Wei) CHAPTER SEVENTEEN shoulie laohu Tiger Hunting AI 13 mei hao sheng huo A Beautiful Life (Xi) CHAPTER EIGHTEEN liliang pingheng Balance of Forces CHAPTER NINETEEN daibiao xing weiji Crisis of Representation TA SHU 8 feng shui Wind Water AI 14 zhengming wanbi QED CHAPTER TWENTY chaodai jicheng Dynastic Succession By Kim Stanley Robinson Orbit Newsletter CHAPTER ONE nengshang nengxia Can Go Up Can Go Down (Xi) Someone had told him not to look while landing on the moon, but he was strapped in his seat right next to a window and could not help himself: he looked.

Chasing the Moon: The People, the Politics, and the Promise That Launched America Into the Space Age
by Robert Stone and Alan Andres
Published 3 Jun 2019

Its widespread reproduction would occur as environmental consciousness and the philosophical concept of “spaceship Earth”—the realization that our planet was a contained, fragile, and finite system—were gaining currency in the larger culture. While many images of the Earth in space were taken subsequently during the Apollo program, no other photograph would have the same immediate and profound cultural impact as “Earthrise” when it was first seen throughout the world. “Earthrise” was the first of two significant cultural moments that occurred in lunar orbit on December 24. The second took place on Apollo 8’s ninth orbit. In the midst of the crew’s frenzied preparations a month earlier, Borman had received a telephone call from Julian Scheer.

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Sullivan, adapted for ebook Cover art and design courtesy of PBS v5.4_r2 ep Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Prologue Chapter One: A Place Beyond the Sky (1903–1950) Chapter Two: The Man Who Sold the Moon (1952–1960) Chapter Three: The New Frontier (1961–1963) Chapter Four: Welcome to the Space Age (1964–1966) Chapter Five: Earthrise (1967–1968) Chapter Six: Magnificent Desolation (1969) Chapter Seven: The Final Frontier (1970–1979) Appendix Photo Insert Dedication Acknowledgments Notes Image Credits About the Authors PROLOGUE JULY 16, 1969 THE SUN BEGAN rising over the northeast coast of Florida on what would be a humid subtropical mid-July morning.

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In a somber voice, Johnson then read the entire message out loud: “James Webb just reported that the first Apollo crew was under test at Cape Kennedy and a fire broke out in their capsule and all three were killed. He does not know whether it was the primary crew or backup crew but believes it was the primary crew of Grissom, White, and Chaffee.” CHAPTER FIVE EARTHRISE (1967–1968) ONCE EACH MONTH, the small cohort of Florida-based journalists gathered for an informal evening of drinks, dinner, jokes, stories, and rumors. They shared a common beat: the American space program. Informally dubbed the Better Health and Sunshine Club, the gatherings would often begin in the afternoon with a round of golf.

More From Less: The Surprising Story of How We Learned to Prosper Using Fewer Resources – and What Happens Next
by Andrew McAfee
Published 30 Sep 2019

Over the years, many ideas, events, and media have been cited as inspirations for Earth Day. Of these, the most beautiful is Earthrise, the name given to a stunning photo of the blue planet Earth, half in shadow and wrapped in clouds, rising above the surface of the Moon. Earthrise was taken by astronaut Bill Anders on December 24, 1968, during the Apollo 8 mission. It immediately became a global sensation. The contrast in the photo between Earth’s obvious vitality and the lifeless lunar terrain was stark and powerful. It caused many people to pay more attention to the world they lived on. As the author Robert Poole put it, “Earthrise marked the tipping point, the moment when the sense of the space age flipped from what it meant for space to what it means for Earth.”

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The day after the Apollo 8 crew sent its first images of the rising earth back to the planet, the poet Archibald MacLeish wrote, “To see the earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold.” Earthrise helped us see that the human condition is inseparable from the state of the planet that we all live on. Maybe Pollution Is a Problem? A pair of events the next year drove home the point that we weren’t being good caretakers of our “bright loveliness.” In January of 1969 an explosion at a Union Oil rig off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, caused 3 million gallons of crude oil to spill into the ocean and onto the coast in a month.

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The iconic writer, entrepreneur, and organizer Stewart Brand set out to provide both. In 1968 he christened a Dodge truck the Whole Earth Truck Store and took it on a “commune road trip” to educate back-to-the-landers about the best tools and techniques for sowing a field, drilling a well, and other important tasks. He also began producing a catalog, an early issue of which had Earthrise on its cover. The Whole Earth Catalog quickly became a huge hit. Some issues were more than an inch thick, and in 1971 it won a National Book Award in the Contemporary Affairs category. The Foxfire books were a similar sensation. They began as a project in a Georgia high school in which students interviewed their older neighbors and relatives about rural Appalachian traditions and crafts.

Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon
by Jeffrey Kluger
Published 15 May 2017

Tranquillity’s relative smoothness led NASA to select it as the site of the first lunar landing, which would occur eight months later. (Top) During the third of Apollo 8’s ten orbits, the angle of the spacecraft’s prow allowed the crew to get their first glimpse of the Earth rising over the lunar horizon. Anders captured the iconic image that would come to be known as “Earthrise.” After Apollo 8 landed in the Pacific Ocean in the predawn hours of December 27, 1968, the crew was evacuated by helicopter. The USS Yorktown then steamed to the site of the splashdown and winched the spacecraft onto the deck. Borman, Lovell, and Anders emerge from the rescue helicopter on the deck of the Yorktown.

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Only one, now hidden invisibly inside Anders’s camera, would eventually move people to understand that worlds—like glass—do break and that the particular world in the photograph needed to be cared for more gently than humans had ever treated it before. That was the picture—the one that would be called Earthrise—that rested inside Bill Anders’s camera. But on Christmas Eve day 1968, nobody knew it. FOURTEEN Christmas Eve 1968 The television networks would get their billion people. They didn’t think such a thing was possible—or at least not possible yet, not in 1968, when a billion-person audience would mean that nearly a third of the people on the planet had stopped what they were doing to turn on a television set and watch the same broadcast at the same moment.

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* * * The Apollo 8 crew returned to Earth on the very day Time magazine was finishing its annual Man of the Year issue, and whoever the editors had chosen—the betting was it would be Richard Nixon, the new president-elect—that person was summarily bumped. Instead, Borman, Lovell, and Anders appeared on the cover just a few days later, one of the few times in the magazine’s history that the singular Man of the Year honorific was replaced by the plural. Over time, Bill Anders’s Earthrise photo became the defining image he’d sensed it might be, reproduced hundreds of millions of times on postage stamps, wall posters, T-shirts, coffee mugs, and more. Both Time and Life magazines ranked it among the hundred most influential photographs in history, and the image would widely be credited with animating the environmental movement, which was just beginning to gather momentum in 1968 and became a global force within the year.

Shoot for the Moon: The Space Race and the Extraordinary Voyage of Apollo 11
by James Donovan
Published 12 Mar 2019

Just as important, the spacecraft had flown there almost completely autonomously and extremely accurately—a tribute to Apollo’s computer-controlled navigation, guidance, and tracking systems. The photo Anders snapped of a luminous blue-and-white Earth rising over the lunar horizon would become one of the most reproduced and best-known photographs of the twentieth century. “Earthrise” and other photos taken by the crew—the first color images to show humans their home as a complete globe—would change the way people felt about their planet. “We flew all the way to the Moon,” said Anders, “and the most important thing we discovered was the Earth.”

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Their successful October 1968 mission proved the overhauled Apollo command-service module was spaceworthy. This U.S. Air Force September 19, 1968, spy-plane photo of the Baikonur cosmodrome confirmed the existence of the massive N-1 booster designed to take a cosmonaut to the moon. The decision to send the next flight around the moon was a daring one. The iconic “Earthrise,” as this photo of Earth rising over the lunar surface came to be called, was taken by Apollo 8’s Bill Anders on December 24, 1968. Apollo 9, launched March 3, 1969, was an Earth-orbit mission whose primary objective was to test the lunar module in space. This photo taken from the LM shows the command-service module just prior to docking.

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.: UP Chapter One: Cossacks in Space Chapter Two: Of Monkeys and Men Chapter Three: “The Howling Infinite” Chapter Four: Man on a Missile II.: AROUND Chapter Five: In Orbit Chapter Six: Under Pressure Chapter Seven: The Gusmobile Chapter Eight: The Walk, and a Sky Gone Berserk III.: OUT Chapter Nine: Inferno Chapter Ten: Recovery Chapter Eleven: Phoenix and Earthrise Chapter Twelve: “Amiable Strangers” Chapter Thirteen: A Practice Run and a Dress Rehearsal IV.: DOWN Chapter Fourteen: “You’re Go” Chapter Fifteen: The Translunar Express Chapter Sixteen: Descent to Luna Chapter Seventeen: Moondust Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Photos About the Author Also by James Donovan Newsletters For my sister and brothers, in memory of a Brooklyn room with four beds: “Whenever the moon and stars are set…” Neither the sun nor death can be looked at steadily.

After Apollo?: Richard Nixon and the American Space Program
by John M. Logsdon
Published 5 Mar 2015

Schmitt is quoted in David Meerman Scott and Richard Jurek, Marketing the Moon: The Selling of the Apollo Lunar Program (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), 111–112. 13. I am grateful for photo archivist Jon Fletcher at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum for checking Oval Office photographs during 1970 to confirm the removal of the “Earthrise” photograph and making available this September 1970 photograph. The “Earthrise” photograph had already been removed by April 27, as President Nixon swore in James Fletcher as NASA administrator. 14. Interview with Clay Thomas Whitehead, October 19, 1970. 15. Conversation 4, Tape 735, June 15, 1972, RNPL. 16. U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program, 37, 33.

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The result was published by Palgrave Macmillan in December 2010 as John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon. One of those reading an early copy of the Kennedy manuscript and providing a book jacket endorsement was Bill Anders. Bill had flown around the Moon in December 1968 on the Apollo 8 mission and had taken the iconic “Earthrise” photograph, then came to Washington to be executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, the organization set up in 1958 to provide White House level space policy coordination. Anders was thus a participant in post-Apollo policy discussions from fall 1969 through the decision to approve the space shuttle, and he encouraged me to continue my research and writing to present a full account of space decision making during the Nixon administration.

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For the Apollo 15 mission in July 1971, Nixon slept through the launch, even though the White House felt it should announce that he had followed the event closely. By that time Nixon was already urging his associates to find ways of canceling the last two Apollo missions, Apollo 16 and 17. By April 1970, the iconic “Earthrise” photograph taken during the Apollo 8 mission that had been hanging on the Oval Office wall throughout 1969 was removed, a symbolic action reflecting the president’s lack of commitment to continuing space exploration. As Apollo 17 lifted off the lunar surface on December 14, 1972, President Nixon issued a statement saying “this may be the last time in this century that men will walk on the Moon.”

Apollo 11: The Inside Story
by David Whitehouse
Published 7 Mar 2019

Neil Armstrong and David Scott await their recovery craft the USS Leonard F. Mason after splashing down, 16 March 1966. The crew of Apollo 1: Virgil I. ‘Gus’ Grissom, Edward H. White II and Roger B. Chaffee. All were killed in a pad fire on 27 January 1967. NASA The first photograph of Earthrise over the Moon, taken by Lunar Orbiter 1 on 23 August 1966. NASA One of the most famous pictures ever taken. Earthrise as seen by the crew of Apollo 8. Picture taken by Bill Anders, 24 December 1968. NASA The Apollo 9 Lunar Module being tested in Earth orbit in lunar landing configuration, 7 March 1969. NASA Gene Kranz was Mission Controller for several Apollo missions.

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Neither Shepard nor Lovell expected there would be much difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14. The failure of Apollo 13 meant that Apollo 14 was delayed until 1971, so that modifications could be made to the spacecraft. In September, NASA announced that the last two Apollo missions had been cancelled. Visitors to President Nixon’s Oval Office noticed that the copy of the Apollo 8 ‘Earthrise’ picture that had been placed on the wall in December the year before had been taken down. The fact was that whenever government cuts were proposed, NASA was at the top of the list. With Apollo 14 under way, a major problem occurred on 5 February, just prior to the final descent at Fra Mauro, when Shepard and Mitchell were in the LM, ‘Antares’.

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Index A Aaron, John 1 AFD Conference Loop 1 Agena target vehicle 1, 2, 3 Agnew, Spiro 1, 2 Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz) after Apollo program 1 Apollo 11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 background 1 oldest moonwalker alive 1 and being first out of Lunar Module 1 Gemini 12 1 Moon landing 1, 2 quotes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 see also Apollo 11 Aldrin, Edwin Sr 1 Aldrin, Joan 1, 2 Aldrin, Lois 1 all-up testing 1 Allen, Harvey 1 ‘America’ (Apollo 17 Command Module) 1 Anders, William (Bill) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 quotes 1, 2 ‘Angry Alligator’ 1 Anikeyev, Ivan 1 ‘Antares’ (Apollo 14 Lunar Module) 1, 2 Apollo 1 1, 2 Apollo 4 1 Apollo 5 1 Apollo 6 1 Apollo 7 1, 2 Apollo 8 1, 2, 3, 4 Apollo 9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Apollo 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Apollo 11 abort handle 1 Armstrong chosen as commander 1 astronauts on lunar surface 1 chosen for first lunar landing 1 descent towards lunar surface 1 first man on lunar surface issue 1 journey to the Moon 1 landing site search 1 launch 1 orbiting Moon 1 pre-launch preparation 1 radars 1 return to Earth 1 significance 1 timing of mission 1 touchdown 1 Apollo 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Apollo 13 1 abort decision 1 crew selection 1 oxygen tank problems 1, 2 preparation 1 re-entry 1 return to Earth 1 water problem 1 Apollo 14 1, 2 Apollo 15 1, 2 Apollo 16 1 Apollo 17 1 Apollo program announcement 1 as faltering 1 mission cancellations 1, 2, 3 planning for 1 summary 1 White House discussion 1 Apollo-Soyuz docking mission 1 Apollo-Saturn 500-F 1 ‘Aquarius’ (Apollo 13 Lunar Module) 1, 2, 3 Armstrong, Carol (née Knight) 1 Armstrong, Jan 1 Armstrong, Neil after Apollo program 1, 2 Apollo 11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 chosen as commander 1 background 1, 2, 3 death and memorial 1 first Moon landing contender 1 and being first out of Lunar Module 1 first words on Moon 1 Gemini 8 1 LLRV incident 1 and Lovell 1 Moon landing 1, 2 quotes 1, 2, 3, 4 on Apollo 11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 recruitment 1, 2 see also Apollo 11 Armstrong, Stephen Koenig 1 Atlas rocket 1, 2, 3, 4 ‘Aurora 7’ (Mercury capsule) 1 B Babakin, Georgy 1 Babbitt, Don 1 Baikonur 1 Bales, Steve 1 Bassett, Charles 1 Bean, Alan 1 Becker, Karl 1 Belyayev, Pavel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Beregovoi, Georgi 1, 2, 3 Beriya, Lavrenti 1 Berlin Wall 1 Bibby, Cecilia 1 Blagonravov, Anatoli 1 Block D booster stage 1, 2 Blok E 1 Borman, Frank and Apollo 1 1, 2, 3 Apollo 8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Gemini 7 1, 2 quotes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 recruitment 1 and returning Moon astronauts 1 Borman, Susan 1 Bourgin, Si 1 Brezhnev, Leonid 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Bykovsky, Valeri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 C capsules, design 1, 2 Carlton, Bob 1, 2 Carpenter, Scott 1, 2, 3, 4 Carr, Gerry 1 Cernan, Gene 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Apollo 10 1 Apollo 17 1 last words on Moon 1 quotes 1, 2, 3, 4 on special few who went to Moon 1 Cernan, Tracy 1, 2 Chaffee, Roger 1 ‘Challenger’ (Apollo 17 Lunar Module) 1, 2 Challenger Space Shuttle accident 1 ‘Charlie Brown’ (Apollo 10 Command Module) 1 Chekunov, Boris 1 Chelomei, Vladimir 1, 2 Chertok, Boris 1 chimpanzees, in space 1, 2 Churchill, Winston 1, 2 CIA 1 Clarke, Rosemary 1 Cobb, Geraldyn (Jerrie) 1 Collins, James L. 1 Collins, Michael after Apollo program 1, 2 on Aldrin 1 and Apollo 8 1, 2, 3, 4 Apollo 11 1, 2, 3, 4 on Armstrong 1, 2 background 1 Gemini 10 1 Paris Air Show 1 quotes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 see also Apollo 11 Collins, Pat 1 ‘Columbia’ (Apollo 11 Command Module) 1, 2, 3, 4 Columbus, Christopher 1 Command Module (CM) 1, 2, 3 Apollo 1 1, 2, 3 Apollo 9 (‘Gumdrop’) 1 Apollo 10 (‘Charlie Brown’) 1 Apollo 11 (‘Columbia’) 1, 2, 3, 4 Apollo 12 (‘Yankee Clipper’) 1, 2 Apollo 13 (‘Odyssey’) 1, 2, 3 Apollo 14 (‘Kitty Hawk’) 1 Apollo 15 (‘Endeavour’) 1 Apollo 17 (‘America’) 1 redesign 1 test in space 1 Command and Service Module (CSM) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Apollo 8 1, 2 Cone crater 1 Conrad, Charles (Pete) 1, 2 Apollo 12 1, 2, 3 Gemini 11 1 quotes 1 recruitment 1 Cooper, Gordon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Copernicus crater 1, 2 cosmonauts, first 1 Council for the Problems of Mastering the Moon 1 crawler 1 cryogenics 1, 2 Cunningham, Walter 1, 2, 3, 4 D Debus, Kurt 1 Descartes crater 1 Descartes highlands 1 Dezik (dog) 1 Disney, Walt 1 dogs, in space 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Dönitz, Karl 1 Dornberger, Walter 1, 2 Dryden, Hugh 1, 2 Duke, Charlie 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 E E-1 Moon probes 1 ‘Eagle’ (Apollo 11 Lunar Module) 1, 2, 3, 4 communication problems 1, 2 computer alarms 1 landing 1, 2 lift-off and docking 1 Earth, Lunar Orbiter 1 picture of 1 as spacecraft 1 ‘Earthrise’ picture 1 Einstein, Albert 1 Eisele, Donn 1, 2 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ‘Endeavour’ (Apollo 15 Command Module) 1 Engel, Viola Louise 1 Engle, Joe 1 Evans, Ron 1 Explorer 1 1 F F-1 engines 1, 2, 3 Faget, Max 1, 2 ‘Faith 7’ (Mercury capsule) 1 ‘Falcon’ (Apollo 15 Lunar Module) 1 Feoktistov, Konstantin 1, 2, 3, 4 Filatev, Valentin 1 flags, on lunar surface 1, 2 Fra Mauro 1, 2, 3 ‘Friendship 7’ (Mercury capsule) 1 G G levels 1 Gagarin, Alexei 1 Gagarin, Anna 1 Gagarin, Boris 1 Gagarin, Valentin 1 Gagarin, Valya 1 Gagarin, Yuri background 1, 2, 3 chosen as first cosmonaut 1 disciplined 1 first space flight 1 in ground role 1, 2, 3, 4 and Soyuz program 1, 2, 3 and Vostok 6 1 Gagarin, Zorya 1 Gallay, Mark 1 Gazenko, Oleg 1, 2 Gemini program 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Gemini 3 1 Gemini 4 1, 2 Gemini 5 1 Gemini 6 1 Gemini 7 1, 2, 3, 4 Gemini 8 1, 2 Gemini 9 1 Gemini 10 1 Gemini 11 1 Gemini 12 1 importance 1 German measles 1 ‘Giant Leap’ tour 1 Gilruth, Robert (Bob) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 GIRD 1, 2 Glenn, Annie 1 Glenn, John at Armstrong memorial 1 first space flight 1, 2, 3 in Mercury Seven 1 quotes 1, 2 on Space Shuttle 1 on women astronauts 1 Glennan, T.

Falling Upwards: How We Took to the Air
by Richard Holmes
Published 24 Apr 2013

The astronaut Bill Anders later recalled: ‘When I looked up and saw the earth coming up on this very stark, beat-up lunar horizon, an earth that was the only colour that we could see, a very fragile-looking earth, a very delicate-looking earth, I was immediately almost overcome by the thought that here we came all this way to the moon, and yet the most significant thing we’re seeing is our own planet, the earth.’ The trip produced one of the most famous colour photographs ever taken. It has become universally known as ‘Earthrise’. The small, beautiful planet earth is sliding above the bleakness of the cratered moon surface, and hanging against the blackness of outer space. From this vision arose the whole modern concept of planet earth as the ‘small blue dot’ of life, amid a dark and mysterious universe.30 The dream of flight is to see the world differently. 2 Fiery Prospects 1 Just like space flight, early balloon flight offered military as well as metaphysical prospects.

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After landing, the balloonist is surrounded by an aggressive mob of small, ugly-looking creatures, ‘grinning in a ludicrous manner, and eyeing me and my balloon askance, with their arms set akimbo’. After desultory greetings and unsatisfactory conversations, Hans turns from them ‘in contempt’, and lifts his eyes longingly above the lunar horizon. The version of ‘earthrise’ which follows is one of the most hauntingly poetic passages in the entire story. ‘Gazing upwards at the earth so lately left, and left perhaps forever, [Hans] beheld it like a huge, dull, copper shield, about two degrees in diameter, fixed immovably in the heavens overhead, and tipped on one of its edges with a crescent border of the most brilliant gold.’

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With the kind permission of the Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum 8. George Biggins’s Ascent in Lunardi’s Balloon, 1784. © Science and Society Photo Library/Science Museum/Getty Images 9. Engraving of Cyrano de Bergerac flying to the moon, from L’Histoire comique contenant les états et empires de la Lune, 1657 10. Earthrise viewed from Apollo 8, 24 December 1968. © NASA 11. ‘The Battle of the Balloons’, printed by Bowles & Carver, c.1784. © The Royal Aeronautical Society (National Aerospace Library)/Mary Evans 12. The Enterprise at the Battle of Fleurus, 1794. Early flight collecting card issued by Romanet & Cie, Paris, 1895. © Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-02562 13.

Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier
by Neil Degrasse Tyson and Avis Lang
Published 27 Feb 2012

As the spacecraft emerged from behind the far side of the Moon, they pulled out the camera, looked through the window of the command module, and captured Earth rising over the lunar landscape. This widely published image, titled Earthrise, presented Earth as a cosmic object, aloft in the sky of another cosmic object. It was simultaneously thrilling and humbling, beautiful and also a little scary. By the way, the title Earthrise is a bit misleading. Earth has tidally locked the Moon, which means that the Moon eternally shows only one side to us. The urge is strong to presume that Earth rises and sets for observers on the Moon just as the Moon rises and sets for observers on Earth.

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He’s the 4th mammal species to achieve this feat Apr 12, 2011 10:04 AM Just an FYI: First mammals to achieve orbit, in order: Dog, Guinea Pig, Mouse, Russian Human, Chimpanzee, American Human Apr 12, 2011 10:20 AM They were also the first to orbit the Moon, the first to land an unmanned capsule on the Moon, the first to photograph Earthrise from the Moon, the first to photograph the far side of the Moon, the first to put a rover on the Moon, and the first to put a satellite in orbit around the Moon. They were the first to land on Mars and the first to land on Venus. And whereas Sputnik 1 weighed 184 pounds and Sputnik 2 (launched a month later) weighed 1,120 pounds, the first satellite America had planned to send aloft weighed slightly more than three pounds.

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M., 170–71 Discourse Concerning a New World & Another Planet, A (Wilkins), 21 discovery, 84–103 funding for, 87–88 future and, 101–3 human ego and, 97–101 human senses and, 89–95 incentives for, 86–87 rewards of, 88–89 scientific, 98 society and, 95–97 space exploration and, 103 urge for, 84–86 Discovery Channel, 42, 231 Discovery space shuttle, 140 Disney World, 224–25 DNA, 240–41 Drake, Frank, 40 Drake equation, 40–41 Druyan, Ann, 256 Dubai, 5 Dulles, John Foster, 124 Earth, xiv, 26–32, 85–86, 97, 103, 259 asteroid collision rate of, 49–50 life on, 33–35, 47–48 orbit of, 115 risk of impacts to, 49–51, 50 study of, 227–28 viewed from space, 26–28 Earthrise, 69–70 Eddington, Arthur, 107 Education, Department of, US, 326 Einstein, Albert, 94, 97, 101, 161, 195, 248, 251 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 11, 123–25, 200 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, 268 electromagnetic spectrum, 90 Embraer, 73 Endeavour space shuttle, 160–61 Energy, Department of, US, 12 ENIAC, 213 Environmental Protection Agency, 225 ethanol, 158 ethyl alcohol, 92 Europa, 40, 129, 169, 201, 209, 212 European Space Agency, 7, 138–39, 166 European Union, xiv, 127, 226 evolution, 40, 205 religion and, 205 Evolutionary Xenon Thruster, 170 exobiology, 36 exoplanets, 32 biomarkers on, 30–31 search for, 28–30 expenditures, see budgets; NASA, budget of Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, 169 Explorer I satellite, 126 extraterrestrial life, 33–41, 325 chemical composition of, 35–36 Copernican principle and, 34, 36 Drake equation and, 40–41 in Gupta–author interview, 42–44 Hawking’s view of, 42–43 Hollywood portrayals of, 35–38 human self-perception and, 41 intelligence of, 36–39 liquid water and, 39–40 probability of, 33–34 search for, 41, 325 stable orbits and, 40 television signals and, 178 water and, 39–40 eyewitness testimony, 183–84, 204 Fall of Moondust, A (Clarke), 175 Faubus, Orval, 124 Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer, 304–5 Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, 269 Ferguson, James, 254 Fisher Pen Company, 194n flight, 107–11, 216 ballistic missiles and, 110–11 early attitudes toward, 216–17 firsts in, 110, 216–17 sound barrier and, 109 V-2 rocket and, 110–11 Wright brothers and, 109–10, 216–17 flybys, 157 Foch, Ferdinand, 217 formaldehyde, 92 fossil fuels, 30 France, xiv, 7 Freedom 7 spacecraft, 114 free fall, 119 friction, 152, 155 Friedman, Louis, 193 From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 170 Fukushima Daiichi disaster, 168 Futurist, The, 218 Gagarin, Yuri, 73, 79, 113–14, 122, 192 galaxies, 32, 91, 98 black holes in, 142 elements in, 239–40 expansion of universe and, 98, 100–101 orbits of stars of, 115 Galef, Julia, 75–83 Galileo Galilei, 85–86, 97, 147, 169, 213, 225 Galileo navigation system, 208 Galileo space probe, 198 gamma rays, 71, 90, 94, 129, 139 Ganymede, 169 Garbedian, H.

In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965-1969
by Francis French , Colin Burgess and Walter Cunningham
Published 1 Jun 2010

For his part, Anders was not even giving the Earth much thought, as his attention was focused on studying the moon. It was only when the crew made a smaller burn, trimming their elliptical orbit to a near-circle and bringing them close to sixty nautical miles above the lunar surface, that the spacecraft was rotated “heads up” and facing forward. The windows were now positioned to face the Earthrise. As the spacecraft rounded the far side of the moon, Earth began to peek over the horizon like a brilliant, pale blue beacon. Borman, awed by the spectacular sight, snapped a quick black and white photo. Not realizing what his commander was photographing, Anders grew annoyed. He did not want any film wasted on objects that were not part of the mission objectives.

…

I had it worked out that for every revolution I knew what time we were, at such and such a time I’d change the f-stop without even looking. We didn’t even have a light meter. Then suddenly the Earth popped up.” Until that moment, according to Anders, the three of them had simply been pilots and engineers doing their jobs. The moment they saw the Earthrise was an almost transcendental experience, and one that pulled them away from their assigned tasks. Their eyes irresistibly drawn to the sight, each of them came to the realization that Earth, barely the size of a fist at the end of an arm, was fragile and finite. Bill Anders was struck by how delicate and colorful the Earth looked, compared to the starkness of the lunar landscape below.

…

Apollo was designed to go to the moon, but really the biggest thing for all of us was not the moon, which was kind of disappointing. It was being able to look back at the Earth.” Jim Lovell was also fascinated by what he saw, and it later led him to think more profoundly about his experience: “That first earthrise was really amazing; an amazing view when we saw for the first time the Earth coming over the lunar horizon. And we all wanted to take a picture. But more than that, we enjoyed seeing the Earth as it really was. We learned more about the Earth, how fragile it is. How it is cloaked in the atmosphere, which really protects us.

Chasing New Horizons: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto
by Alan Stern and David Grinspoon
Published 2 May 2018

But we love this particular image most for another reason beyond its simple beauty. When Apollo astronauts first orbited the moon in 1968, they took pictures of the Earth rising above the Moon’s limb, and it defined the achievement of humans traveling off our planet, to the Moon, and it made humanity appreciate our own planet anew and marvel at what we humans can accomplish. For us the blue backlit Pluto image evokes the same emotions that Apollo’s Earthrise image did. And we love the symmetry of the front-lit Apollo Earthrise image taken at the dawn of the era of planetary exploration, when most of the planets were still unexplored, complemented by the backlit far-side image of Pluto, taken on the very day that the capstone was placed on the first era of planetary reconnaissance—July 14, 2015.

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And we love the symmetry of the front-lit Apollo Earthrise image taken at the dawn of the era of planetary exploration, when most of the planets were still unexplored, complemented by the backlit far-side image of Pluto, taken on the very day that the capstone was placed on the first era of planetary reconnaissance—July 14, 2015. When we look at this sublime image, we also think about how it was made and what it represents: that’s Pluto, backlit by the Sun. Just like the Apollo Earthrise image could only be made from the vicinity of the Moon, this image could only be made from the far side of Pluto. As described in this book, the exploration of Pluto by New Horizons could have failed for so many reasons. It so easily could have failed to get funded. And New Horizons itself, by all rights, should not have been selected given its underdog, less experienced team going up against more experienced competitors.

Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece
by Michael Benson
Published 2 Apr 2018

“I think it’s great,” he said at the end, smiling. “I really like it. Go for it.” Remembering the moment years later, he said, “I was really honored to be asked.” * * * I. Originally an ancient Indian (and later, British) board game called Snakes and Ladders. II. Much the same issue confronted NASA on the release of the first Earthrise over the Moon picture, taken in December 1968 by the Apollo 8 crew—the same year as 2001’s premiere. The first release had the planet’s poles in their classic north-south orientation, which meant the lunar horizon ran vertically up and down the picture. It looked wrong, however, and was later rereleased, now with the lunar limb running horizontally across the frame.

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But there’s reason to believe the animator’s contention that the film’s eerie alignments of the Sun, the Moon, and Jupiter’s satellites—always arranged along either the vertical or horizontal axis of 2001’s central totem, the monolith—were influenced by these late-night discussions. And they, in turn, were catalyzed by that epic opening Earthrise shot, which had predated Cantwell’s arrival and already depicted an eclipse of the Sun by Earth as seen from the vantage point of the Moon. With this sequence and their Bergman discussions in mind, Cantwell proceeded to produce two of 2001’s most symbolically freighted shots. Filmed on the animation stand, they intentionally mirrored each other.

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Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 4, 23–25, 28, 34, 35, 37–39, 41, 43, 49, 58, 86, 87, 93, 118, 139, 170, 186, 202, 233, 242, 315, 337, 355, 356 Air Force and, 57 rear projection in, 268 sci-fi framing device for, 37–38 Sellers in, 41, 43, 262 Southern and, 4, 70, 237, 437 Tony Frewin and, 106–7 2001 and, 145 drugs, hallucinogenic, 98–99, 246, 306, 345–36 Dude, 53 Duggan, Terry, 300–302, 301, 305 Dullea, Keir, 90, 138, 139, 159–60, 178–79, 179, 187–88, 190–92, 191, 194, 195, 196–98, 198, 207, 210–11, 211, 217, 220, 253, 308, 334, 345, 356, 376, 381, 401, 413, 414, 442 Duncan, Jody, 343–44 Dunning, Eric, 252, 254–56, 258 D. W. Griffith Lifetime Achievement Award, 439–40 Dyson, Freeman, 213 Eady Levy, 134–35 Earthrise, 364n, 369 Echo satellites, 56–57 Ekanayake, Hector, 30, 53, 59, 78–79, 435 Elizabeth II, Queen, 442 Elstree, see Borehamwood Studios embryos, 145, 380–81 “Encounter in the Dawn” (Clarke), 54–55, 64, 72, 73, 102 Epimenides, 129n Ernst, Max, 107, 108 Esam, John, 246 Ettinger, Robert, 115n Eugene’s Flying Ballet, 197, 252 Evening Star, 414 Exploration of Space, The (Clarke), 21 extraterrestrials, 18–21, 27, 40, 63–64, 109, 114, 213, 383–84 2001 and, 30, 64–66, 83, 92, 108, 115, 383–99 Eyes Wide Shut, 438, 440 Faulkner, William, 420 Fearless Vampire Killers, The, 226, 306 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 246 Fine, Donald, 236, 240 Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 3 Finney, Albert, 90 Fleetwood, Ken, 140 Fonda, Henry, 90, 415 Fonda, Jane, 160 Forbes, Bryan, 35–39 Forbidden Planet, 28, 49, 67 Ford, John, 243 Formby Sands, 229–30 Forster, E.

The Last Man on the Moon: Astronaut Eugene Cernan and America's Race in Space
by Eugene Cernan and Donald A. Davis
Published 1 Jan 1998

THE DAY BEFORE CHRISTMAS, Apollo 8 reached a crescent Moon, burned into an orbit only sixty-nine miles above the surface, and Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first humans to so closely examine the cratered lunar landscape. At 8:11 P.M. Houston time, after being in orbit all day, they came chugging around the far side again, reestablished radio and television contact as they approached Earthrise, and on Christmas Eve on Earth, read from the Book of Genesis. “In the beginning …” It made us feel as though we were all present at the creation of a new age. But they weren’t out of the woods yet. They still had to come home, and that lone chance rode on the single engine burn that would propel the spacecraft out of lunar orbit and safely on its return path to Earth.

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We had won the race to reach the Moon, although the actual landing was yet to be accomplished. My interest was drawn to something else. The victory over Moscow was sweet, and the Bible readings were a masterful touch, but I was fascinated by the photographs Apollo 8 made of the blue Earth coming into view over the barren lunar horizon, the famous Earthrise photos. We had seen similar shots made by orbiting cameras, but these were more real because they had been made by people, not machines. I couldn’t wait to get out there and see it for myself. 17 The Magnificent Beast DON RRICKLES, WHO MADE his living needling the high and mighty, did me no favor one evening during his freewheeling comedy act in Las Vegas.

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We saw scarred mountains and valleys, deep craters and deeper canyons, rules and gulleys, possible ancient volcanoes that were white on the outside and black inside, and circular craters of all sizes, from baseball fields to Rhode Island. But not a single sign of life. Then as we came around the corner, we witnessed our first Earthrise. It was breathtaking to watch our planet climb from below the lunar horizon, its sharp colors seeming to warm the bleakness of space. Not only was it overpoweringly beautiful, but seeing the world again meant that we could resume radio contact with Mission Control, where people had been anxiously waiting for us to reappear from the far side.

On the Future: Prospects for Humanity
by Martin J. Rees
Published 14 Oct 2018

Despite the ‘glamour’ of human spaceflight, space is a hostile environment to which humans are ill-adapted. So, it’s there that robots, enabled by human-level AI, will have the grandest scope, and where humans may use bio- and cybertechniques to evolve further. 3 HUMANITY IN A COSMIC PERSPECTIVE 3.1. THE EARTH IN A COSMIC CONTEXT In 1968, the Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders photographed ‘Earthrise’, showing the distant Earth, shining above the lunar horizon. He didn’t realise that it would become an iconic image for the global environmental movement. It revealed Earth’s delicate biosphere, contrasted with the sterile moonscape where Neil Armstrong, one year later, took his ‘one small step’.

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Even these next-generation telescopes will have a hard job separating out the spectrum of the planet’s atmosphere from the spectrum of the brighter central star. But, looking beyond midcentury, one can imagine an array of vast space telescopes, each with gossamer-thin kilometre-scale mirrors, being assembled in deep space by robotic fabricators. By 2068, the centenary of the Apollo 8 ‘Earthrise’ photo, such an instrument could give us an even more inspirational image: another Earth orbiting a distant star. 3.3. SPACEFLIGHT—MANNED AND UNMANNED Among my favourite things to read during my childhood (in England, way back in the 1950s), was a comic called the Eagle, especially the adventures of ‘Dan Dare—Pilot of the Future’—where the brilliant artwork depicted orbiting cities, jet packs, and alien invaders.

The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty
by Benjamin H. Bratton
Published 19 Feb 2016

For example, the Italian studios Archizoom and Superstudio made some of the most durable megastructural gestures from inside architectural discourse, while the American artist Robert Smithson left a body of work linking geoglyphic-scale sculpture with generative cinema35 and cartographic semiotics with anarchist geography (his “mapping dislocations”).36 In these works, we see visual inscriptions into landscapes and images of those inscriptions blending into the same pottery, such that real drawing into the ground and the image of the drawing can swap places; the land becomes an image and the image becomes territorial, both of them equally infrastructural. This conduction between the two is by no means exclusive to institutional art and design and belongs to computation just as dearly. In 1968 Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders took the famous “Earthrise” photograph, which would become among the most iconic and influential portraits of the whole planet Earth, and as for any island utopia, the totality of the singular figure of the Earth against a black abyss, here seen from specific external position on the moon, would invite projects of total design.37 This image map from the “outside” reframed the very figurability of territorial ground as such and suggested a single, absolute scale for Earthly culture and ecology and a single planetary “inside.”38 That figure inspired as well the popular ecology movement by providing it a self-evident domain to conserve, commune, or administer.

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It both draws a map of its own host situation, providing by its rigidity and predictability both the four-squared coordinates that resolve City blocks and the open channels of circulation around them, making that land legible and available to exogenous agents. In anticipation of how such grids can link cities to other structures of vastly different scales, architecture has anticipated and modeled these sorts of reversible territory and topos in many different ways. For example, around the time of the Apollo 8 “Earthrise” photograph, the Italian architects Archizoom, led by Andrea Branzi, were interested in considering an image of the city “in exclusively quantitative terms, eliminating the qualitative question from the debate.” No-Stop City, their most recognized experiment toward a “city without architecture,” is organized primarily through “systems of electronic instruments, products, information, and … componential interior[s].”

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9 A side effect of the unmanned programs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), particularly Viking's initial probes to the surface of Mars, is what Kim Stanley Robinson calls comparative planetology, the consideration of pattern and difference among astronomical bodies.10 Arguably, the leverage of such a perspective would be greater than that of the more iconic visual knowledge of the Apollo “Earthrise” or “blue marble” photographs, which demonstrated the formal coherency of Earth as one geophysical unit.11 Now the special singularity of that sample can be measured by comparing variation among like and unlike cousins, each of which represents an alternative chemical reality from which or toward which our own perch might be distinguished and interpreted.

Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto
by Stewart Brand
Published 15 Mar 2009

Despite their best efforts to shut it down or ignore it, environmentalists gained more from the space program than anyone else, and sooner. Directly inspired by the 1969 photos of Earth from space, the first Earth Day in 1970 attracted 20 million Americans to the rallies, and the environmental movement took off, with a planetary icon and a coherence it has maintained ever since. Robert Poole wrote in Earthrise (2008): “As soon as the Earth became visible . . . it began to acquire friends, starting in 1969 with Friends of the Earth. The years 1969-72 saw no fewer than seven major national environmental organizations come into being.” What made Cousteau prescient about what the perspective from space would bring?

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I would love to see its online expression, WiserEarth.org, become truly comprehensive. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism (2007), Andrew Kirk. Some of the origins of the book you’re holding can be traced in Kirk’s study of the Green influence of the original Whole Earth Catalog. Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth (2008), Robert Poole. Don’t take my word that the first Earth photographs were a boon for environmentalists. Poole chronicles the whole original event and the worldwide inspiration that resulted. ECOLOGY The Future of Life (2002), Edward O. Wilson. Naturalist (1994), Edward O.

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nuclear power and Conservation Conservation Foundation Conservation Pledge Constant Battles (LeBlanc and Register) Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research contract farming Conway, Gordon Cook, Jim corn Costa Rica Cotter, Janet cotton Counterculture Green (Kirk) Cousteau, Jacques Yves Cox, John Cox, Peter Cravens, Gwyneth Crook, Clive Crop Residue Oceanic Permanent Sequestration (CROPS) Crutzen, Paul Cultures of Habitat (Nabhan) cyclones Damrosch, David Darwin, Charles Data-Intensive Scalable Computer systems Davis, Mike DDT Decline of the West (Spengler) Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Degrees of Disaster (Wheelwright) Delmer, Deborah Delta & Pine Land Company Denning, Scott desalination deserts de Soto, Hernando Dhaka, Bangladesh diabetes Diamond, Jared Dicamba direct seeding Discover Discovery of Global Warming (Weart) diseases DMZ Forum DNA synthesizing of Doctorow, Cory dogs Donlan, Josh Doubly Green Revolution, The (Conway) Douglas, Mary Dow AgroSciences Drange, Helge drought Duany, Andrés Dubock, Adrian Ducks Unlimited DuPont-Pioneer Dyson, Freeman Earle, Sylvia Earth in the Balance (Gore) Earth Day Earth First! Earth Liberation Front Earthrise (Poole) E. coli ecological inheritance Ecologist Economist Eco-pragmatism (Farber) ecosystem engineering see also geoengineering ecosystem services ecotechnology Ecotrust Ehrlich, Paul Eighth Day of Creation, The (Judson) electric power nuclear power and elephants Elmqvist, Thomas EMBO Reports Empty Cradle, The (Longman) “Encyclopedia of Life, The” (Wilson) endangered and threatened species Ending the Energy Stalemate (Ehrlich) End of Nature, The (McKibben) endosymbiotic theory Endy, Drew Energy Policy Act (2005) environment, carrying capacity of environmental movement engineers and Nazism and politics and pragmatism and quality of judgment and romanticism and science and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S.

The Ultimate Engineer: The Remarkable Life of NASA's Visionary Leader George M. Low
by Richard Jurek
Published 2 Dec 2019

As an avid photographer, he was also deeply interested in the photos the astronauts returned from their missions. He felt they were a powerful part of the scientific and public benefit being returned by the space program. Throughout his life, his home office was often adorned with large-format prints of iconic mission photos—such as Ed White’s space walk on Gemini 4 or Apollo 8’s Earthrise. The images were signed by the crew, and they were dedicated to him. Many are on display in the George M. Low Gallery on the RPI campus. One of his favorite images was an iconic photograph of the LM floating in Earth orbit during Apollo 9. It was the LM’s first manned test flight, and its success ensured the rapid move toward the lunar landing on Apollo 11.

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What some people within NASA had called a reckless and unnecessary risk had suddenly turned into as audacious of a success as any mission before, or after, Apollo 8. Low considered Apollo 8 the emotional highlight of the program.163 For many years afterward, he would often gift the Bill Anders Earthrise photo taken from lunar orbit as a memento to friends, colleagues, and well-wishers. It was one of his favorite images. It perfectly captured the emotional payoff of one of the boldest risk-reward decisions of his entire career. Ten years later he gave a speech on productivity and innovation in America.

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Master’s thesis, University of Vienna, Austria, 2012. http://othes.univie.ac.at/27045/1/2012-12-31_0308265.pdf. Phillips, Samuel C. “The Shakedown Cruises.” In Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, edited by Edgar M. Cortright. Washington DC: Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA, 1975. Poole, Robert. Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962. Pyle, Rod. Innovation the NASA Way: Harnessing the Power of Your Organization for Breakthrough Success.

The Invisible Web: Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See
by Gary Price , Chris Sherman and Danny Sullivan
Published 2 Jan 2003

Search Form URL: http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/Dic Earth from Space http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/ “The NASA Space Shuttle Earth Observations Photography database of over 375,000 images … Within this set of web pages, you will find several ways to search the database and view multiple resolutions of each image with captions.” Search Form URL: See Main Page Related Resources: Earthrise http://earthrise.sdsc.edu/ NASA Image eXchange http://nix.nasa.gov Mission and Spacecraft Library (The) http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/ “The Mission and Spacecraft Library is a catalog of space mission information designed for use by the public. Although much of the information contained in the database is technical in nature, the purpose of the library is to provide top-level descriptions of various spacecraft missions without too much aerospace geek-speak.”

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See also specific directories browsing, 82 editorial policies, 24–25 examples, 22–26, 294–297 hierarchical, 20–21, 82–83 issues with, 24–26 open vs. closed models, 23 origins of, 12–13 search engines and, 36 search tool functions, 19 size of, 24 structure, 20–21 supplemental search results, 23–24 targeted, 38–43 DIRLINE (Health and Biomedicine Resources), 249 disabilities, ICIDH-2, 250 “disallow” commands, 89–90 disclaimers, 68–69 discussion lists, 204 Disease Surveillance Online (Canada), 243 diseases, notifiable, 243 Disqualified Directors Register (U.K.), 165–166 Distribution of Forests, 348 DNA Patent Database (DPD), 247 DocFinder (U.S.), 295–296 Doctorate in the European Region Database, 216 Doctors Guide, Congress Guide, 249 document delivery services, 154 documents, governmental, 231–234 Dogpile, 45 dogs, AKC, 329 domain names Allwhois.com, 203 dot com directory, 166 focused crawlers and, 42 Mark’s Online search, 203 network solutions, 204 registration, 12 dot com directory, 166 “dot-com” domain name registration, 12 Dow Jones, 104 Dow Jones Average Search, 182 Dow Jones Interactive, 125 Dreilinger, Daniel, 16 Drug Information Database, 256 Drug Reaction Database, 256 duplicates, 28, 33 dynamic content databases, 130–131 dynamically generated content, 60–61, 65–66, 80, 81 E E-mail, 7, 204 E-mail directory, 298 E-Nature Field Guides, 345 Early Canadiana Online, 268 Earth from Space, 366 earth science information resources, 350–353 Earth View, 314 Earthquake Engineering Abstracts, 351 Earthquake Image Information System (EQIIS), 351 Earthquake Search, 351 Earthrise, 366 EASI QuickReport & Analysis, 371 eCirc, 179 Ecomp Executive Compensation Database, 166 Economagic, 171 Economic and Social Database (ESDB), 174 economics information resources, 100 financial institutions, 175–176 general business, 176–177 government contracts, 177–178 industry-specific, 178–182 Tobacco Control Country Data Report Database, 64 United States, 169–173 world, 173–175 Economics of Tobacco Control Database, 243 EDGAR Online, 48 Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library, 355 Edison, Thomas A., papers of, 266 Editor and Publisher Online Media Directory, 284 editors, directories, 22–26 Edmonds Used Vehicle Appraiser, 324 education information resources, 207–216 414 The Invisible Web education information resources (cont.)

Transport for Humans: Are We Nearly There Yet?
by Pete Dyson and Rory Sutherland
Published 15 Jan 2021

Scientific Reports 4, 3988. 8 Based on average UK vehicle emissions of 130 grammes per kilometre, which equals 1 kilogramme per 7.6 kilometres. 9 F. White. 2014. The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, 3rd edn. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Figure 26. Earthrise: an image found to evoke a planetary shift perspective. Here is the Apollo 14 astronaut Edgar Mitchell’s description of his nine-day space-travel experience from 1971: We went to the Moon as technicians, we returned as humanitarians. … You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it.

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. © Deutsche Bahn AG/created by Ogilvy, Frankfurt GmbH 2019. Figure 21. Noriaki Kano, courtesy of uxness.in. Figure 22. © 2017 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Figure 23. © British Airways 1993. Figure 25. © Aurelija Diliute/Shutterstock. Figure 26. Public domain, William Anders, Earthrise, 1968. Photo via NASA.

Moondust: In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth
by Andrew Smith
Published 3 Apr 2006

Two contributions leave an impression: first, Rusty Schweickart’s modest admission of “how lucky I was, because I didn’t deserve it and none of us up here deserves to have gone where we went – we lucked out, were in the right place at the right time, with the right set of taxpayers”; and second, Bill Anders’s interruption of Hugh Downs as he waxes about the pioneer spirit and idealism of the enterprise, to blurt, “Look, Apollo happened because the farmers in Iowa didn’t like them dirty Commies.” He laughs. I laugh. Otherwise you could hear a pin drop. At this stage, I don’t know much about Anders, except that he circumnavigated the Moon for the first time with Apollo 8 and took the spectacularly beautiful Earthrise photo, which enchanted everyone who saw it and became the emblem of the first “Earth Day” in 1970, then never flew again. I make a mental note to try to catch up with him later, because he sounds intriguing. Outside in a smaller chamber, where guests inspect and make written bids in a charity memorabilia auction, it doesn’t take long for me to find what I’m looking for.

…

So shocked were the crew that commander Borman was forced to rein in their excitement for the sake of the burn, and while the astronauts have forgotten much about the journeys they took, none has any trouble recalling this dramatic moment: indeed, those who are temperamentally disposed to acknowledging fear will tell you that it was an eerie and intimidating sight, which the crew of Apollo 8 seemed haunted by. Upon their return, they described a forbidding and inhospitable world. It was the Earth that sang to them from afar. To Anders’s sharp and independent mind, the flight didn’t change him, but witnessing the first Earthrise broadened his perspective on everything, forever, seeming to capture all the fundamental truths about life and our place in the Universe in a single, startling view. That doesn’t stop him from being a realist when it comes to Apollo’s origins, however. He asks me how old I am and I tell him. “Well, yeah, you see, it’s hard for people even older than you to realize the seriousness of the Cold War.

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A poll on the news says that President Nixon’s “approval rating” at the end of his first year is “eighty-one per cent, rising to eighty-six per cent in the South …” so I guess that means he’s doing a good job. What of this new dawn? Before 1970 is done, the Beatles have angrily split and Hendrix and Joplin will be dead, with the Doors’ Jim Morrison to follow. Bill Anders’s Earthrise picture has fronted environmentalists’ first “Earth Day,” four students have been killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University and a house which blows up down the road from where I used to live in Greenwich Village turns out to have been a bomb factory for a shady group calling itself the Weathermen.

Space 2.0
by Rod Pyle
Published 2 Jan 2019

Image credit: NASA It’s not always easy for astronauts to explain their feelings on such matters—these are people who, quite often, have spent a large part of their lives indoctrinated in the military precision of training as a test pilot (or military aviator), and the words don’t always come easily. But they often do speak on the subject, especially later in life. Edgar Mitchell, who flew to the moon on the Apollo 14 mission, had this to say, thinking back on his perspective from 240,000 miles away from Earth in 1971: Earthrise from Apollo 8, the image that stirred a global consciousness and led to the identification of the “overview effect.” Image credit: NASA “You develop an instant global consciousness, a people orientation, an intense dissatisfaction with the state of the world, and a compulsion to do something about it.

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After this, he entered private practice, but, as he put it, “I had a couple of acquaintances at the Johnson Space Center who pestered me to come and visit them. And after five years of private practice, doing occupational medicine—which is a little more mundane—I went and visited JSC and I saw a picture from the moon showing the Earthrise that was signed by Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Mike Collins. I said, ‘You mean I could meet Neil Armstrong?’ and they said yes. Well, that just lit my fire, and here I am.”35 As a part of this elite cadre of about twenty NASA space doctors, and as the former president of the Space Medicine Association, he is in a unique position to observe and evaluate the effects of extended weightlessness on the human body, as well as the effects of recirculated air, a restricted diet, and levels of radiation that, while lower than those experienced in deep space, are still much higher than we receive on Earth.

Beyond: Our Future in Space
by Chris Impey
Published 12 Apr 2015

Special Publication NASA-SP-2000-4408, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 9. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, ed. by E. M. Cortright 1975. Special Publication NASA-SP-350, online at http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-11-4.html. 10. In particular, the public imagination was captured by “Earthrise,” the image of the Earth rising over the lunar landscape, taken by William Anders during the Apollo 8 mission in 1968. Nature photographer Galen Rowell called it “the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.” 11. “Animals as Cold Warriors: Missiles, Medicine, and Man’s Best Friend,” article at the US National Library of Medicine website, online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/animals/laika.html. 12.

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Frank, 188 behavioral b’s, 15 Bell X-1, 71 Bell, Alexander Graham, 78 Bell Labs, 153 Benford, Gregory, 223–24 Benford, James, 223–24 Bennett, Charles, 230 Bering Strait, land bridge across, 8, 120, 218 Berlin Rocket Society, 32 Berlin Wall, 41 Berners-Lee, Tim, 78–79 Bernoulli, Daniel, 68 Berserker series (Saberhagen), 177, 259 Bezos, Jeff, 103 Bible, 148–49 big bang theory, 131, 255 “Big Ear” telescope, 237 Bigelow, Robert, 102–3 binary stars, 126 biohackers (grinders), 207 biomarkers, 216–18 Biosphere 2 experiment, 192–97, 193, 285–86 black projects, 69–70, 72, 144 Blade Runner, 204, 208, 259 Blue Origin, 103 Boeing X-37, 72, 85 Bohr, Niels, 213, 288 Bostrom, Nick, 207, 245–47, 260–61 Bounty, HMS, 202 Bradbury, Ray, 164 brains: computer interfaces with, 205–7 human, 12–17, 203, 283 of orcas, 190 radiation damage to, 115 simulation of, 259–61 “brain in a vat” concept, 260 Branson, Holly and Sam, 89 Branson, Richard Charles Nicholas, 80, 86–89, 95, 97–98, 101–2, 106 Breakthrough Propulsion Physics, 290 Brezhnev, Leonid, 42 Brightman, Sarah, 102 Brin, Sergey, 275 British Airways, 87 British Interplanetary Society, 221 Brokaw, Tom, 74 Brother Assassin (Saberhagen), 177 Bryan, Richard, 238 buckyballs, 151, 231 Buddhism, 20, 267 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 197 Buran, 72 Burnett, Mark, 75 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 164 Burrows, William, 35–36 Bush, George W., administration of, 93 Bussard, Robert, 222 butterfly effect, 195 By Rocket into Interplanetary Space (Oberth), 31 California, population dispersion into, 8 California, University of: at Irvine, 112, 223 at Los Angeles, 78 Calvin, William, 15 camera technology, 53, 176–77, 205 Cameron, James, 92, 120, 176 Canada, 142 canals, on Mars, 163 canards, 82–83 cancer, 180 cannonball, Newton’s experiment with, 25, 267 cannons: acceleration force of, 26 smooth-bore, 24 carbon, 172 in nanotechnology, 151–52, 182 as requirement for life, 123–24, 256 carbon dioxide, 132, 171, 172–73, 182, 193–94, 196, 218, 278 carbon nanotubes, 151–52 carbyne, 152 Cassini spacecraft, 52–53, 125, 182 Castro, Fidel, 41 casualties, early Chinese, 22 cataracts, 115 cats, 48–49, 251 causality principle, 230–31 cave paintings, 15 celestial property rights, 145–47 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 158 centrifuges, 114 Cerf, Vinton, 67 Chaffee, Roger, 43 Challenger, explosion of, 55–56, 56, 74, 107, 271 Chang’e 3 lunar probe, 143, 162 chemical fuels, 219–21, 220 chickens, research using, 26 chimpanzees, 14 genetic diversity of humans vs., 202 China: as averse to innovation, 109 in early attempts at space travel, 21–22, 22, 68, 139, 141 population dispersion into, 7 revolution in, 141 rocket development in, 23–24, 113 space program of, 139–44, 140, 161, 162, 195, 276 US relations with, 144 Christian, Fletcher, 202 Christianity, 20 Chuansheng Chen, 11 civilization: Type I, 253, 254, 257 Type II, 253–54, 254, 257 Type III, 253, 254, 257 Type IV, 253, 254, 255 Clarke, Arthur C., 149–50, 164, 185, 201, 252 climate change, 197–98, 286 Clinton, Bill, 154 cloning, 251 Clynes, Manfred, 205 Cocconi, Giuseppe, 187 Colbert, Stephen, 74, 117 Cold War, 35–39, 41–43, 50, 55, 73, 76, 139, 145, 197 Columbia, disintegration of, 55, 56, 107 Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, 107 Columbus, Christopher, 243 comets, 183 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), 275 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 145 communication: with alien species, 52, 189, 234–35, 238, 239, 246, 253, 255, 259 by digital data transmission, 66–67, 77–80 latency and, 178 space technology in, 153–54 Compaq, 95 computation, future technology of, 258–62 confinement, psychological impact of, 169–70 Congress, US: legislation in, 78, 144 on space programs, 38, 41, 75, 156, 158 consciousness, simulation of, 259–61 conservation biology, 201 conspiracy theories, 238, 240 Constellation program, 104 Contact (film), 236–37, 242 Contact (Sagan), 236 contraception, 200 Copernicus, 19, 20, 127 Coriolis force, Coriolis effect, 152 cosmic rays, 115, 160, 160, 164, 167, 168, 204 cosmism, 27 cosmonauts, 141 disasters of, 108 records set by, 115 selection criteria for, 74 Cosmos 1, 184 cosmos, cosmology, ancient concepts of, 17–20 Cosmos Studios, 184 Cosmotheoros (Huygens), 163 counterfactual thinking, 14 Cronkite, Walter, 74 cryogenic suspension, 250–51 cryptobiosis, 123 cryptography, 231, 291 Cuban missile crisis, 41–42 CubeSat, 184–85 Cultural Revolution, Chinese, 141–42 Curiosity rover, 165, 167, 176, 181 cybernetics, 206–7 Cyborg Foundation, 288 cyborgs (cybernetic organisms), 204–8, 288 Cygnus capsule, 100 cytosine, 6 dark energy, 256 d’Arlandes, Marquis, 68 DARPANET, 78 Darwin, Charles, 265 “Darwin” (machine), 227 Death Valley, 118–19 deceleration, 222, 223 DeepSea Challenger sub, 120 deep space, 126–29 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 78, 224 Defense Department, US, 38, 78, 90, 153 De Garis, Hugo, 258 Delta rockets, 72, 113 Delta-V, 111 Democritus, 19 Destination Mir (reality show), 75 Diamandis, Peter, 90–94, 97–98, 147, 156 diamonds, 131, 231 Dick, Philip K., 204–5 Digital Equipment Corporation, 213 DNA, 6–7, 9, 19, 189, 202, 228, 251, 263, 265, 266 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (Dick), 205 dogs: brains of, 13 in scientific research, 251 in space travel, 40, 47 Dolly (sheep), 251 Doomsday Clock, 197–98, 246, 286 dopamine, 10, 98 Doppler method, exoplanet detection and characterization by, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 215 Doppler shift, 127 Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, 33 Downey, Robert, Jr., 95 drag, in flight, 68, 83, 223 Drake, Frank, 187–88, 235, 237 Drake equation, 188, 189, 233–35, 237, 241, 243, 244, 253, 291–92 DRD4 alleles, 7R mutation in, 10–12, 11, 15, 98 Drexler, Eric, 226 drones, 180–81 Druyan, Ann, 184 Duke, Charles, 45 Dunn, Tony, 225 Dyson, Freeman, 226–27, 253 Dyson sphere, 253–54, 254 Earth: atmosphere of, 8, 70–71, 70 early impacts on, 50, 172 geological evolution of, 172 as one of many worlds, 17–20 planets similar to, 122, 124–26, 129–33, 224, 235 projected demise of, 197–98 as round, 19 as suited for human habitation, 118–22, 121, 234 as viewed from space, 45, 53, 121, 185, 270 Earth Return Vehicle, 169 “Earthrise” (Anders), 270 Earth similarity index, 215–16 eBay, 79, 95 Economist, The, 105 ecosystem, sealed and self-contained, 192–97, 193, 285 Eiffel Tower, 27, 149 Einstein, Albert, 220, 228, 256 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 36–39, 73, 79 electric cars, 96 electric solar sails, 186 electromagnetic waves, 186 e-mail, 78 embryo transport, 251 Enceladus, 177, 182, 227 potential habitability of, 125, 278 Encyclopædia Britannica, 95, 283 Endangered Species Act (1973), 201 energy: aliens’ use of, 190 civilizations characterized by use of, 252–57, 254, 258 dark, 256 declining growth in world consumption of, 257 Einstein’s equation for, 220 production and efficiency of, 219–24, 220 as requirement for life, 123–24 in rocket equation, 110 Engines of Creation (Drexler), 226 environmental disasters, 245 environmental protection: as applied to space, 147 movement for, 45, 235, 263, 270 Epicureans, 18 Epsilon Eridani, 187 Eratosthenes, 19 ethane, 52, 125 Ethernet, 213 eukaryotes, 172 Euripides, 18 Europa, 52, 97–98 potential habitability of, 125, 125, 161, 278 Europa Clipper mission, 98 Europe: economic depression in, 28 population dispersion into, 7–8, 11, 15 roots of technological development in, 23–24 European Southern Observatory, 133 European Space Agency, 159, 178–79 European Union, bureaucracy of, 106 Eustace, Alan, 120, 272 Evenki people, 119–20 Everest, Mount, 120 evolution: genetic variation in, 6, 203, 265 geological, 172 of human beings, 16–17 off-Earth, 203–4 evolutionary divergence, 201–4 exoplanets: Earth-like, 129–33, 215–18 extreme, 131–32 formation of, 215, 216 incidence and detection of, 126–33, 128, 233 exploration: as basic urge of human nature, 7–12, 109, 218, 261–63 imagination and, 262–63 explorer gene, 86 Explorer I, 38 explosives, early Chinese, 21–23 extinction, 201–2 extraterrestrials, see aliens, extraterrestrial extra-vehicular activities, 179 extremophiles, 122–23 eyeborg, 205–6 Falcon Heavy rocket, 114 Falcon rockets, 96, 97, 101, 184 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 82, 93, 105–7, 154 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 272 Felix and Félicette (cats), 48–49 Fermi, Enrico, 239–41 Fermilab, 254 “Fermi question,” 240–41, 243 Feynman, Richard, 179–80, 230, 270, 280 F4 Phantom jet fighter, 82 51 Peg (star), 126, 133 55 Cancri (star), 131 F-117 Nighthawk, 69 fine-tuning, 256, 294 fire arrows, 23, 68 fireworks, 21–24, 31 flagella, 180 flight: first human, 68 first powered, 69 principles of, 67–73 stability in, 82–83 “Fly Me to the Moon,” 45 food: energy produced by, 219, 220 in sealed ecosystem, 194–95 for space travel, 115–16, 159, 170 Forward, Robert, 223 Foundation series (Asimov), 94 founder effect, 202–3 Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke), 149 France, 48, 68, 90 Frankenstein monster, 206, 259 Fresnel lens, 223 From Earth to the Moon (Verne), 183 fuel-to-payload ratio, see rocket equation Fukuyama, Francis, 207 Fuller, Buckminster, 151, 192 fullerenes, 151 Futron corporation, 155 Future of Humanity Institute, 245 “futurology,” 248–52, 249 Fyodorov, Nikolai, 26, 27 Gagarin, Yuri, 40–41, 41, 66, 269 Gaia hypothesis, 286 galaxies: incidence and detection of, 235 number of, 255 see also Milky Way galaxy Galileo, 49–50, 183, 270 Gandhi, Mahatma, 147 Garn, Jake, 114 Garn scale, 114 Garriott, Richard, 92 gas-giant planets, 125, 126–29 Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 238 Gazenko, Oleg, 47 Gemini program, 42 Genesis, Book of, 148–49 genetic anthropology, 6 genetic code, 5–7, 123 genetic diversity, 201–3 genetic drift, 203 genetic engineering, 245, 249 genetic markers, 6–7 genetics, human, 6–7, 9–12, 120, 201–4 Genographic Project, 7, 265 genome sequencing, 93, 202, 292 genotype, 6 “adventure,” 11–12, 98 geocentrism, 17, 19–20, 49 geodesic domes, 192 geological evolution, 172 George III, king of England, 147 German Aerospace Center, 178 Germany, Germans, 202, 238 rocket development by, 28, 30–34, 141 in World War II, 30–35 g-forces, 46–49, 48, 89, 111, 114 GJ 504b (exoplanet), 131 GJ 1214b (exoplanet), 132 glaciation, 172 Glenn Research Center, 219 global communications industry, 153–54 Global Positioning System (GPS), 144, 153–54 God, human beings in special relationship with, 20 Goddard, Robert, 28–32, 29, 36, 76, 78, 81–82, 94, 268 Goddard Space Flight Center, 178 gods, 20 divine intervention of, 18 Golden Fleece awards, 238 Goldilocks zone, 122, 126, 131 Gonzalez, Antonin, 215 Goodall, Jane, 14 Google, 80, 92, 185, 272, 275 Lunar X Prize, 161 Gopnik, Alison, 10, 13 Grasshopper, 101 gravity: centrifugal force in, 26, 114, 150 in flight, 68 of Mars, 181, 203 Newton’s theory of, 25, 267 and orbits, 25, 114–15, 127, 128, 149–50, 267 in rocket equation, 110 of Sun, 183 waves, 255 see also g-forces; zero gravity Gravity, 176 gravity, Earth’s: first object to leave, 40, 51 human beings who left, 45 as obstacle for space travel, 21, 105, 148 as perfect for human beings, 118 simulation of, 168–69 Great Art of Artillery, The (Siemienowicz), 267 Great Britain, 86, 106, 206, 227 “Great Filter,” 244–47 Great Leap Forward, 15–16 “Great Silence, The,” of SETI, 236–39, 240–41, 243–44 Greece, ancient, 17–19, 163 greenhouse effect, 171, 173 greenhouse gasses, 132, 278 Griffin, Michael, 57, 147, 285–86 grinders (biohackers), 207 Grissom, Gus, 43 guanine, 6 Guggenheim, Daniel, 81, 268 Guggenheim, Harry, 81 Guggenheim Foundation, 30, 81–82, 268 gunpowder, 21–24, 267 Guth, Alan, 257 habitable zone, 122, 124–26, 130–31, 132, 188, 241, 246, 277–78, 286, 291 defined, 124 Hadfield, Chris, 142 hair, Aboriginal, 8 “Halfway to Pluto” (Pettit), 273 Hanson, Robin, 247 haptic technology, 178 Harbisson, Neil, 205, 288 Harvard Medical School, 90 Hawking, Stephen, 88, 93, 198, 259 HD 10180 (star), 127 Heinlein, Robert, 177 Heisenberg compensator, 229 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 229–30 heliocentrism, 19 helium, 68 helium 3, 161–62 Herschel, William, 163 Higgs particle, 256 High Frontier, 146–47 Hilton, Paris, 88, 101–2 Hilton hotels, 145 Hinduism, 20 Hiroshima, 222 Hitler, Adolf, 32, 34 Hope, Dennis M., 145, 147 Horowitz, Paul, 237–38 hot Jupiters, 127–28, 130 Hubble Space Telescope, 56–57, 65, 218, 225 Huffington, Arianna, 92 human beings: as adaptable to challenging environments, 118–22 as alien simulations, 260–61, 260 creative spirit of, 73, 248 early global migration of, 5–12, 9, 11, 15, 19, 118, 120, 186, 202, 218, 262, 265 Earth as perfectly suited for, 118–22, 121 exploration intrinsic to nature of, 7–12, 109, 218, 261–63 first appearance of, 5, 15, 172, 234 impact of evolutionary divergence on, 201–4 as isolated species, 241–42 as lone intelligent life, 241, 243 merger of machines and, see cyborgs minimal viable population in, 201–2, 251 off-Earth, 203–4, 215, 250–52 requirements of habitability for, 122, 124–26, 129, 130–31 sense of self of, 232, 261 space as inhospitable to, 53–54, 114–17, 121, 123 space exploration by robots vs., 53–57, 66, 98, 133, 161, 177–79, 179, 208, 224–28 space travel as profound and sublime experience for, 45, 53, 117, 122 speculation on future of, 93, 94, 204, 207–8, 215, 244–47, 248–63, 249 surpassed by technology, 258–59 threats to survival of, 94, 207–8, 244–47, 250, 259–62, 286, 293 timeline for past and future of, 248–50, 249 transforming moment for, 258–59 Huntsville, Ala., US Space and Rocket Center in, 48 Huygens, Christiaan, 163 Huygens probe, 53 hybrid cars, 96 hydrogen, 110, 156, 159, 161, 187, 219, 222 hydrogen bomb, 36 hydrosphere, 173 hyperloop aviation concept, 95 hypothermia, 251 hypothetical scenarios, 15–16 IBM, 213 Icarus Interstellar, 224 ice: on Europa, 125 on Mars, 163–65, 227 on Moon, 159–60 ice ages, 7–8 ice-penetrating robot, 98 IKAROS spacecraft, 184 imagination, 10, 14, 20 exploration and, 261–63 immortality, 259 implants, 206–7 inbreeding, 201–3 India, 159, 161 inflatable modules, 101–2 inflation theory, 255–57, 255 information, processing and storage of, 257–60 infrared telescopes, 190 Inspiration Mars, 170–71 Institute for Advanced Concepts, 280 insurance, for space travel, 106–7 International Academy of Astronautics, 152 International Geophysical Year (1957–1958), 37 International Institute of Air and Space Law, 199 International MicroSpace, 90 International Scientific Lunar Observatory, 157 International Space Station, 55, 64–65, 64, 71, 75, 91, 96, 100, 102, 142, 143, 144, 151, 153, 154, 159, 178–79, 179, 185, 272, 275 living conditions on, 116–17 as staging point, 148 supply runs to, 100–101, 104 International Space University, 90 International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), 105–6, 144 Internet: Congressional legislation on, 78, 144 development of, 76–77, 77, 94, 95, 271 erroneous predictions about, 213–14 limitations of, 66–67 robotics and, 206 space travel compared to, 76–80, 77, 80 Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 78 interstellar travel, 215–18 energy technology for, 219–24 four approaches to, 251–52 scale model for, 219 Intrepid rovers, 165 Inuit people, 120 Io, 53, 177 property rights on, 145 “iron curtain,” 35 Iron Man, 95 isolation, psychological impact of, 169–70 Jacob’s Ladder, 149 Jade Rabbit (“Yutu”), 139, 143, 161 Japan, 161, 273 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 184 Jefferson, Thomas, 224 Jemison, Mae, 224 jet engines, 69–70 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 141 Johnson, Lyndon, 38, 42, 45, 158, 269 Johnson Space Center, 76, 104, 179, 206, 229, 269 see also Mission Control Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, 74 Joules per kilogram (MJ/kg), 219–20, 222 Journalist in Space program, 74 “junk” DNA, 10, 266 Juno probe, 228 Jupiter, 126, 127, 177, 217, 270 distance from Earth to, 50 moons of, 97, 125, 125 probes to, 51–52, 228 as uninhabitable, 125 Justin (robot), 178 Kaku, Michio, 253 Karash, Yuri, 65 Kardashev, Nikolai, 253 Kardashev scale, 253, 254, 258 Kármán line, 70, 70, 101 Kennedy, John F., 41–43, 45 Kepler, Johannes, 183 Kepler’s law, 127 Kepler spacecraft and telescope, 128, 128, 129–31, 218, 278 Khrushchev, Nikita, 42, 47 Kickstarter, 184 Killian, James, 38 Kline, Nathan, 205 Knight, Pete, 71 Komarov, Vladimir, 43, 108 Korean War, 141 Korolev, Sergei, 35, 37 Kraft, Norbert, 200 Krikalev, Sergei, 115 Kunza language, 119 Kurzweil, Ray, 94, 207, 259 Laika (dog), 47, 65, 269 Laliberté, Guy, 75 landings, challenges of, 51, 84–85, 170 Lang, Fritz, 28, 268 language: of cryptography, 291 emergence of, 15, 16 of Orcas, 190 in reasoning, 13 Lansdorp, Bas, 170–71, 198–99, 282 lasers, 223, 224, 225–26, 239 pulsed, 190, 243 last common ancestor, 6, 123, 265 Late Heavy Bombardment, 172 latency, 178 lava tubes, 160 legislation, on space, 39, 78, 90, 144, 145–47, 198–200 Le Guin, Ursula K., 236–37 Leonov, Alexey, 55 L’Garde Inc., 284 Licancabur volcano, 119 Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett “Lick,” 76–78 life: appearance and evolution on Earth of, 172 artificial, 258 detection of, 216–18 extension of, 26, 207–8, 250–51, 259 extraterrestrial, see aliens, extraterrestrial intelligent, 190, 235, 241, 243, 258 requirements of habitability for, 122–26, 125, 129, 131–33, 241, 256–57 lifetime factor (L), 234–335 lift, in flight, 68–70, 83 lift-to-drag ratio, 83 light: from binary stars, 126 as biomarker, 217 Doppler shift of, 127 momentum and energy from, 183 speed of, 178, 228–29, 250, 251 waves, 66 Lindbergh, Charles, 30, 81–82, 90–91, 268 “living off the land,” 166, 200 logic, 14, 18 Long March, 141 Long March rockets, 113, 142, 143 Long Now Foundation, 293 Los Alamos, N.

Places of the Heart: The Psychogeography of Everyday Life
by Colin Ellard
Published 14 May 2015

Since this first publication, Dunbar’s number has been popularized and applied in a wide range of different contexts. 29An academic study of the causes of outcries of privacy violation following Facebook’s tinkering with newsfeed settings can be found in an article by Christopher Hoadley and colleagues titled “Privacy As Information Access and Illusory Control: The Case of the Facebook News Feed Privacy Outcry,” published in the journal Electronic Commerce Research and Applications (2010, Volume 9, pages 50–60). Chapter 6 1The audio record of William Anders’s comments on Earthrise can be found online as an mp3 file at: http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/media/sf_audio_pop_01b.mp3 2The quote is taken from MacLeish’s essay titled “A reflection: Riders on Earth together, brothers in eternal cold,” published in The New York Times (December 25, 1968, page 1). 3The short film Overview was produced by Steve Kennedy and the Planetary Collective in 2012.

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See self-consciousness Le Corbusier, 215 corporate chain stores, 120–21 cortex, 18, 117 cingulate, 128, 134 frontal, 20, 103, 134, 169 parietal, 169 temporal, 169, 200–201 cortisol, 115 Crary, Jonathan, 47 crime avoidance of, 141, 143 fear of, 141–42 origin theory, 139–40 public safety initiatives, 140–41, 144–45 thrill of, 82 crowds, 72, 125, 128, 131 crowd-sourcing, 222–23 Cuddy, Amy, 22 cultural relations, 35, 71, 104, 123, 163, 165–66 curiosity, 96–97, 111 curves, 57, 95–96, 102, 134–35 Damasio, Antonio, 18–19 Danckert, James, 115–16 Dasgupta, Aisha, 72 data mining, 208–11, 222–23 decision-making, 19, 103 Defensible Space (Newman), 71, 137 Delirious New York (Koolhaas), 85, 86 denial, 162, 163 The Denial of Death (Becker), 162 Designing Casinos to Dominate the Competition (Friedman), 96 device paradigm, 202 Dharavi slums, 71, 72 dining rooms, 65 Disney Empire, 87–88 disorders. See mental disorders; physiological disorders disorientation, 101–2, 186–89 Dixon, Mike, 93–95 doorways, 67 dopaminergic systems, 171–73 Dunbar, Robin, 149 Earthrise, 151–52 Eavesdropping (Locke), 24, 148 economics, 19, 119–20, 140–41 Edison, Thomas, 49 education architecture, 121, 222 attention emphasized in, 49–50 virtual reality for, 179, 185 Ehrsson, Henrik, 170 Eiffel, Erika, 56 Eisenman, Peter, 24 Ekman, Paul, 104 elderly assistance, 77 Ellard, Colin Australian outback trip by, 29–30 awe-inspiring architecture experience of, 155–56 background of, 12 gambling experience of, 94 home preference study by, 63–65, 179–80 home privacy study by, 72 museum changes experienced by, 89–91 objectives of, 13, 216 pedestrian engagement study by, 107–9, 113 prey-predator interaction study by, 142–43 responsive art design experienced by, 52–53 Stonehenge visit by, 11–12, 217, 226 stress adaptivity study by, 130–31 wandering mind theory of, 176 You Are Here findings by, 176, 188, 204 embodiment neuroscience of, 20–22, 23 virtual reality and, 21, 170, 174–77 eMotion, 91–93 emotional response animal, 96, 153, 154 animism and, 56–59, 60–61, 76–78 body language and, 17, 22–23 geotracking, 210–11 intellectual response or, 11–12, 17–20, 217 neuroscience of, 18–19 prosthesis, 77, 130 types of, 15–17 empathy, 20–22, 23, 52–54, 169–70 Endler, John, 158 energy responsive design, 74–75 England, 62, 100 Das Englisch Haus (Muthesius), 62 environmental complexity, 113–14, 116–19, 180–82 environmental sustainability, 74–75 The Epic Struggle of the Internet of Things (Sterling), 209 epiphenomenalism, 161–62 euphoria, 83 Europe crime avoidance in, 141 singles demographic shift in, 146 evolution.

Don't Trust, Don't Fear, Don't Beg: The Extraordinary Story of the Arctic 30
by Ben Stewart
Published 4 May 2015

‘Hand me that roll of colour quick, would you …’ For a minute or so, three human beings in a tin can nearly 400,000 kilometres from home scrambled furiously to fix a roll of film into their camera. Then Anders lifted it to the window and clicked the shutter and captured our delicate home planet rising slowly over the horizon of the moon. Earthrise. That single image made such an impact on the human psyche that it’s credited with sparking the birth of the global environment movement – with changing the very way we think about ourselves. That was nearly half a century ago, the blink of an eye in the grand sweep of time, but something quite remarkable has happened since then.

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For as long as humans have inhabited the Earth, the Arctic Ocean has been capped by a sheet of sea ice the size of a continent. But in the decades since that photo was taken, satellites have been measuring a steady melting of that white blanket. Much of it has now gone, and it seems possible that for future generations the North Pole will be open water. Think about it. Since Earthrise was taken we’ve been so busy warming our world that it now looks different from space. By digging up fossil fuels and burning our ancient forests we’ve put so much carbon into the atmosphere that today’s astronauts are looking at a different planet. And here’s something that just baffles me. As the ice retreats, the oil giants are moving in.

Falling to Earth
by Al Worden
Published 26 Jul 2011

French, Francis. II. Title. TL789.85.W67A3 2011 629.450092—dc22 [B] 2011003440 v3.1 CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Foreword by Dick Gordon Preface 1 Farmer 2 Soldier 3 Aviator 4 Astronaut 5 The Fire 6 Unveiling the Moon 7 Training and Temptation 8 Launch 9 Earthrise 10 Falling to Earth 11 Celebration 12 Ruin 13 Redemption 14 A New Tranquility Epilogue by Tom Stafford Acknowledgments FOREWORD More than anyone I know, Al Worden lives in the moment—in the here and now. It is hard for me to imagine him stopping to reflect long enough to write a book.

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I’d just wasted a clean towel, and some good dinner. I looked again at the tiny Earth in the window, which looked smaller than my soup ball, before I blocked it out with the shade and headed for my sleeping bag. I felt space adapted enough to leave my head out this time. I slept wonderfully. CHAPTER 9 EARTHRISE “We certainly did have a nice sleep,” I reported to Joe Allen shortly after we woke for the third day of the mission. “The moon is getting bigger out the window.” I could see small details with my naked eye, such as little craters I had never glimpsed before without a telescope. The moon was bright and not quite half full.

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This beautiful effect was hard to capture on camera, but I could observe with my eyes and describe it in detail. The moon was overwhelmingly majestic, yet stark and mostly devoid of color. Every orbit, however, I was treated to the sight of the distant Earth rising over the lunar horizon. In my entire six days circling the moon, no matter what I was doing, I stopped to look at the Earth rise. It was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen or imagined. Our planet was the only place with color—distant blues, browns, and greens—all focused in one tiny globe. Ethereal and small, it shone in the deep black of space, much brighter than the full moon appears from Earth.

The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World
by Tim Marshall
Published 14 Oct 2021

Just six weeks later President Kennedy declared that the USA ‘should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth’. They made it with just over five months to spare. By then a crewed Apollo mission had circled the Moon and the astronaut William Anders had taken the awe-inspiring ‘Earthrise’ photograph showing the surface of the Moon with the Earth in the background. It may be the most famous photograph ever taken and is credited with massive influence on the environmental movement. From space the crew read out verses from Genesis, ‘In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth’, capturing the spirit of the times, the sense of wonder about how far humanity had come and how much further it could go.

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Space ‘45 Years Ago: Historic Handshake in Space’, NASA, 17 July 2020 https://www.nasa.gov/feature/45-years-ago-historic-handshake-in-space ‘Challenges to Security in Space’, Defense Intelligence Agency: United States of America (2019) https://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/Space_Threat_V14_020119_sm.pdf Havercroft, Jonathan and Duvall, Raymond, ‘3 – Critical Astropolitics: The Geopolitics of Space Control and the Transformation of State Sovereignty’, in Securing Outer Space: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Space, edited by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 42–58 ‘International Space Station Facts and Figures’, NASA, 16 July 2020 https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures Pappalardo, Joe, ‘A 10-Year Odyssey: What Space Stations Will Look Like in 2030’, Popular Mechanics, 10 June 2019 https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a27886809/future-of-iss-space-station/ Rader, Andrew, Beyond the Known: How Exploration Created the Modern World and Will Take Us to the Stars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019) Sagan, Carl, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York: Ballantine Books, 2011) Slann, Phillip A., ‘The Security of the European Union’s Critical Outer Space Infrastructures’ (thesis), Keele University (2015) https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43759498.pdf ‘Space Fence: How to Keep Space Safe’, Lockheed Martin https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/space-fence.html ‘The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes’, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/926741/Artemis_Accords_signed_13Oct2020__002_.pdf INDEX A Abdoulahi, Alpha 213 Abdullah, Prince Miteb bin 96–7 Abdullah, Turki ibn 80 Abe, Shinzo 32–3 Aboriginal Australians 6–7, 10, 11–14 Achaemenid Persian Empire 45 Acropolis, Athens 146 Acts of Union (1707) 109, 117–18, 133 Aegean Sea 142, 143, 148, 159, 160, 172, 189 Afghanistan 48, 62, 64, 68, 87, 89, 151, 222 Africa xiv–xv, 28, 29, 121, 131, 173, 231 see also Ethiopia; Sahel, the; individual countries by name African Development Bank 219 African Union 225, 250 Afwerki, Isaias 253 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 54, 55–6 Ahmed, Abiy 253 Ahmed, Munir 256 Aksum Empire 247 al-Hariri, Saad 93–4 Al Jazeera TV 92 Al-Mourabitoun 215 Al-Oraibi, Mina 102 Al-Otaybi, Juhayman 86 Al-Qaeda xv, 88–90, 204, 212, 213, 214 Al-Rasheed, Professor Madawi 82 Al-Shabab 242, 244 Alabaster, Rear Admiral Martin 135 Albania 143, 154 Alexander II, Pope 274 Alexander the Great 40, 46, 144, 148, 174 Alexander VI, Pope 277 Algeria 209, 212, 218–19 Allied forces 23–4, 83, 123, 152 Anangu people 13 Anatolia 172, 173, 174, 175, 191–3, 197 Andalusian Umayyad dynasty 274 Anders, William 305 Ángel Blanco, Miguel 291 Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP) 48 Anglo-Saxons 110, 114 Ansar Dine 212 anti-Semitism 52, 59–60, 153, 186, 276 Apollo space missions 303, 305–6 Arab-Israeli War (1967) 85 Arab League 85 Arab Uprisings (2011) 91, 185–6 Arabs, Iranian 42, 64 Areva 227, 228 Argus newspaper, Melbourne 12 Aristotle 147 Ark of the Covenant 246 Arlit, Niger 227–8 Armenia 42, 185, 191 Armenian genocide 164, 180, 188 arms deals 86, 91, 102, 164, 191, 198, 262 Armstrong, Neil 304, 305 Artemis Accords 302–3, 309 Ashura festival 47 Assad, Bashar al xii, 58, 61, 91–2, 187–8, 196 asateroid 3554 Amun 324 astropolitical theory 311–14 Atatürk Dam 192 Atatürk, General Kemal 152–3, 179–80, 196, 199 Auld Alliance 117, 118 Auschwitz concentration camp 154 Australia xvi Aboriginals 6–7, 10, 11–13 armed forces 5, 18, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32 blockade repercussions 21–2, 31 Botany Bay 10–11 British settlement 4–5 climate change 19–20 climate 6 defence 21, 22–5, 27 first recorded landing 9–10 fossil fuels 19, 20, 31 Frontier Wars 11–12 geography of 4, 5–6, 14 gold rush 14 growth of colonies 15 independence 15 influence in South Pacific 27–8 intelligence network 30–1, 129 migrants and refugees 16–19 multicultural population 17–18 Murray-Darling River Basin 8–9 Outback 6–7, 14 penal colony 4–5, 10–11 politics 5, 15, 16, 18–19, 23, 28 population distribution 6–7 population size 8, 14, 15–16, 19 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 32 relationship with China 25–6, 27–30, 31, 33 relationship with Japan 31, 32 relationship with United Kingdom 22, 23 relationship with USA 23, 24–5, 30–1, 33 rivers 8–9, 15, 20 Second World War 23–4 trade 5, 9, 11, 15, 19, 21, 26, 29–30, 31 transport system 15 water scarcity 20 wildfires 19 wildlife 6 Ayers Rock/Uluru 13 Azawad state 212, 219 Azerbaijan 42, 191 Azeris, Iranian 41 B Baghdad xiv, 58 Baha’i faith 52 Bahrain 69, 76, 77, 80, 91, 102 Balearic Islands 270 Balkans 145, 149, 151–2, 154, 175, 186 Baltic States 131 Baluchistan province, Iran 64 Bambara people 211 Bandler, Faith 13 Banks, Sir Joseph 10 Basij militia 55, 65, 66, 67 Basque Country 269, 279, 284, 289–91 Basque Nationalist Party 291 Battle of Britain (1940) 123 Battle of Gallipoli (1915–16) 178 Battle of Karbala (680) 47 Battle of Manzikert (1071) 158 Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) 45 Battle of the Coral Sea (1942) 25 Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) 146 Battle of Tours (732) 273–4 Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 280 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 89–90, 133 Persian Service 51 Belmokhtar, Mokhtar 215 Bezos, Jeff 308 Biden, Joe 25, 69, 103, 164, 199 Bin Laden, Osama 75, 87, 88, 89, 104 Black Sea 143, 165, 166, 182, 189, 190 Blue Homeland concept 189–90 Blue Mountains, Australia 14 Blue Nile 242, 244, 260 Blue Origin 308 Boko Haram 216–17, 221 Bolívar, Simón 281 Bosnia 185 Boudicca, Queen 113 BP (British Petroleum) 48 Brexit xv, 108, 127, 136 British Empire 118–22, 123–4, 148, 150–1, 161, 210, 308 see also United Kingdom Bulgaria 143, 151–2, 153, 178 Burkina Faso 211, 215, 216, 222, 224, 226, 228–9, 231 Bush, George W. 39, 57, 60 Byzantine Empire 46, 148–9, 150, 152, 158, 172, 173–5, 196 Byzantium 148–9 C Caesar, Julius 112 Calvo Sotelo, José 282 camels 206–7 Cameron, David 130 Canada 30, 129, 130 Canary Islands 270–1, 297 Carter, Jimmy 61 Castillo, José 282 Castro Veiga, José 285 Catalonia xv, 269, 270, 279–80, 282, 284, 287, 289, 291–6 Catholic Church 53, 116, 275–6, 281 Celtic Britain 112–13 Chad 216–17, 222, 225, 226, 230 Chanoine, Julien 209–10 Charlemagne, Emperor 274 Charles I, King 116 China x, xii, xv African Belt and Road Initiative 231 ‘area of denial’ 27 armed forces 25, 26–7, 29, 30, 231 control of the West Pacific/South China Sea 24–5, 26, 31–2 Djibouti naval base 231, 258 militarization of space 314, 315, 317–18 potential interest in Catalonia 293–4 presence in the Sahel 231 rare-earth supplies 230–1 relationship with Australia 26, 27–30, 31 relationship with Ethiopia 259, 262 relationship with Iran 64 relationship with Saudi Arabia 96, 102 relationship with Serbia 293–4 relationship with South Pacific 27–9 relationship with UK 128, 130, 134 space exploration 302–3, 309, 314 Chinese People’s Liberation Army 26–7, 30, 231 Christianity 47, 52, 116, 247, 248, 256, 273, 274 see also Catholic Church Church of England 47, 116 Church of our Lady Mary of Zion 246 Churchill, Winston 48 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 30–1, 49 Clarke, Arthur C. 325 Claudius, Emperor 112 climate change 19–20, 204, 211, 224, 306 coal industry 20 Cold War 25, 31, 49, 124, 128, 161, 181–2, 248, 250, 252, 285–6, 319 Columbus, Christopher 276–7 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) 310 Common Security and Defence Policy 131 Commonwealth 132 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (1900) 15 communism x, 49–50, 67, 153, 154, 286 Confluence of the Two Seas, The (Dara Shikoh) 33 Cook, Captain James 9, 119 Cook Islands 29 Coral Sea Cable System 28 Corfu 143, 148, 150, 159, 160 Coulport Naval Base 134–5 Council of Guardians, Iranian 54, 56–7 Covid-19 global pandemic 28, 29, 30, 63, 99, 133, 293–4 Crassus, General 46 Crete 143, 159, 160 Crimea 190 Cromwell, Oliver 116 Cuban forces 251, 252 Cumbers, Simon 89–90 Curtin, John 23 cyberattacks 29, 30, 67 Cyprus 143, 160–2, 163, 164, 165, 198 Cyrus II 45 Czech government 218 D Daily Mail 133 Dalai Lama 130 Danakil Depression 242 Darius I 45 Daru Island 25 Darug people 11 Darwin naval base, Australia 24 Dasht-e Kavir 38 Dasht-e Lut 38 Davutoğlu, Professor Ahmet 184 de Gaulle, Charles 125 deGrasse Tyson, Neil 322–3 Denmark 126, 131, 218 Derg (Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army) 250–1, 252 Djibouti 231, 242–3, 248, 257–8 Dolman, Professor Everett 311–12 Drake, Francis 278 Drake, Frank 323 Duyfken 10 E Earth Space/low Earth orbit 312–14 ‘Earthrise’ photograph 305 East African Rift system 241 East India Company 308 East Mediterranean Gas Forum 163 Economist 133 Egypt xii, xiv, 45, 85, 92, 94, 103, 143, 162, 163, 186, 198, 248, 258, 259, 260–3 Egyptian-Ethiopian War (1874-76) 248, 261 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 286 Elburz Mountains 40, 42, 43 Elizabeth I, Queen 116 Empty Quarter (Rub’ al-Khali), Saudi Arabia 76 Endeavour, HMS 10, 119 English Civil War (1642–1651) 116 Eora people 11 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 92, 158–9, 183–9, 191, 194, 195–7, 198–9, 258 Eritrea 210, 242, 249, 250, 251–2, 253, 259 Estonia 218 ETA (Euzkadi ta Askatasuna) 290–1 Ethiopia xiv, 210 Abiy Ahmed 253–4 Aksum Empire 247 athletics 255 Christianity 247, 248, 256 conflict with Eritrea 250, 251–2, 253 earliest hominids 240 East African Rift system 241 emergence of the country 246–8 Emperor Haile Selassie I 246, 248–51 Emperor Tewodros II 248 ‘Ethiopiawinet’ policy 255 famine (1980s) 225, 251 folklore and religion 246 geography 241–2 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 244, 259–63 hydroelectric power 244, 259–61, 263 internal tensions 244, 245–6, 250, 251–2, 253–7 Islam 247–8, 256 languages 245–6, 250 Major Mengistu and Derg 250–1, 252 Makeda/Queen of Sheba 246 Meles Zenawi 252 military coup (1974) 250–1 military forces 242, 247, 248, 249, 251–2, 262 murder of Hachalu Hundessa 255–6 population size 242 relationship with China 259 relationship with Egypt 248, 259, 260–2 relationship with Italy 248, 249 relationship with Saudi Arabia and UAE 259, 262 relationship with Soviet Union 251, 252 relationship with USA 249, 251 sea access 249, 257 trade 241, 257–8 water supplies 240–1, 244, 260–3 Euphrates River 192 Europe xii, xv, 61, 64, 119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 150, 152, 173 migrants and refugees 144, 156–8, 204, 217–18, 220, 234 see also European Union (EU); United Kingdom; individual countries by name European Economic Community (EEC) 125 European Free Trade Association 294–5 European Union (EU) x, xii, xv, 60, 126–7, 130, 131–2, 136, 144, 145, 162, 164, 183, 188, 219, 225, 270, 289, 293–4, 297 euros, introduction of 126, 156 Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) 143, 162–3, 164 extraterrestrial life forms 322–3 F Fahd of Saudi Arabia 87–8 Faisal I of Saudi Arabia 84–5 Faslane Naval Base 134–5 Fatah 185 fatwas 52, 84, 86, 88 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 310 Feith, David 231 Ferdinand of Aragon 275 Fiji 28, 29 financial crash (2008) 127 Financial Times 291 Finland 131 First Balkan War 151, 178 First World War 23, 48, 108, 122, 152, 178–9, 180, 281 5G network 29, 102 Five Eyes intelligence network 30, 129, 135 Food and Agricultural Organization, UN 225 Fortson, Danny 227 fossil fuels 19, 20, 43, 75, 98 see also oil and gas supplies Fraga, Manuel 288 France 94, 119 Auld Alliance 117 La Guerra dels Segadors 279 Napoleonic wars 119–20 Normans and Plantagenets 114–15 relationship with Saudi Arabia 86 relationship with Spain 279–80 relationship with the UK 125, 130–1, 133 relationship with Turkey 164, 198 Sahel, the 209–10, 214–20, 227–8, 232–3, 234, 235 Franco, Francisco 282–7 Free Syrian Army 91 Frontier Wars, Australia 11–12 Fulani 205, 221–2, 223–4 G G5 Sahel 216, 219, 221 G7 132 G20 summits 95 Gaddafi, Muammar xii, 213 Gagarin, Yuri 304–5 Galilei, Galileo 322 Galileo satellite navigation system 132 Gardner, Frank 90 gas fields xv, 161–3 General Headquarters Line 123 General Motors 101 George I of Hellenes 150, 151 Georgia xi, 173 Germany 48, 84, 122, 131, 133, 136, 153, 164, 181, 218, 219, 303 Gibbon, Edward 273 Gibraltar 273, 274, 285, 286, 296 GIGN 86 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 86, 164 GIUK gap 135 Global Times 29 global warming see climate change gold mining the Sahel 228–9 Australia 14–15 Gorbachev, Mikhail 252 Government of National Accord (GNA) 92 Grand Ethiopian Resistance Dam 244, 259–63 Grand Mosque, Mecca 86 Great Green Wall tree-planting operation 225–6 Greece xv, 45, 142, 181–2 Aegean Sea 142, 143, 159, 160 Ancient 142, 144, 145–9 Athens 142, 145–8, 150 British Empire 150–1 Byzantium 148–9 civil war 154–5 defence 145, 159–60, 163, 165, 166 EEC and EU membership 155–7 financial crisis (2008) and fall-out 155–7, 159 First Balkan War 151 First World War 152 geography 142–5 George I of Hellenes 150, 151 historical invasions 146–8 maritime power 142, 143, 145 Mediterranean gas fields 142, 161–3, 166, 190 migrant/refugee crisis 156–8, 166 military coup (1967) 155 Olympic Games 150, 155 Orthodox refugees 153 Ottoman Empire 149 Peloponnesian Wars 147 Pindos mountain range 144 population distribution 159–60 relationship with Cyprus 143, 160–2, 190 relationship with North Macedonia 160 relationship with the USA 154, 165–6 relationship with Turkey 142, 143, 147, 152–3, 158–60, 161–3, 172, 179, 190, 198 Roman Empire 148 Second Balkan War 151–2 Second World War 153–4 Smyrna port city 152–3 Sparta 142, 146, 147 Thessalonika 151, 153, 154 trade 142, 144–5 Turkish War of Independence 152–3 unification and independence 149–51 Greek Resistance 153, 154 Greenpeace 227 Guantanamo Bay 89 Guardian 133 Gulf Cooperation Council 103 Gulf Coast 39, 42, 62, 74–5, 76, 81 Gulf States 44, 92, 93, 103, 233–4, 259 Gulf Stream 111 Gulf War, first 24 Gürdeniz, Rear Admiral Cem 190 Guterres, António 204 H Habsburg Empire 177 Hadrian’s Wall 109 Hagia Sophia 196–7 Haile Selassie, Emperor 246, 248–51 Hamas 92, 185 Hashem Bathaei-Golpaygani, Ayatollah 63 Hashemites 81, 84 Hejaz, the 81, 84 Henry VIII, King 47, 115–16 Herodotus 263 Hezbollah 58, 91–2, 94 Hippocrates 147 Hippodamus 147 History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides) 142 Hitler, Adolf 123, 282–3, 285 Holocaust 154 Hong Kong 30 Hope, Dennis 311 Horn of Africa 216, 232, 241, 243, 247, 258, 259, 263, 297 Houthi forces 44, 58, 61, 93 Huawei 29, 102 Hundessa, Hachalu 255 Hungarian revolution 17 Hussein ibn Ali 47 Hussein, Saddam xi, 53–4, 87–8, 182 hydroelectric power xiv, 20, 192–3, 244, 259–63 Hypatia 147 hypersonic missiles 316 I Iberia 274–5 Ibn Saud 80–4, 104 Iceland 131 Iceni 113 Igbo people 211 Ikhwan army 81 illegal gold mines 228–9 Immigration Restriction Act, Australia 16–17 India xii, 32, 120, 151, 317–18 Industrial Revolution 111, 281 Inmarsat 306 Intelsat 306 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 60 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 156 international sea lanes 5, 24, 32 International Space Station (ISS) 303, 306, 307–8, 319–20 Ionian islands 150 Ionian Sea 143, 160 Iran xi, xii, xiv, 38 2009 election riots 55–6 2019 protests 62–3 2020 election 56–7 American Embassy siege 60–1 Anglo-Persian Oil Company 48, 49 armed forces 44, 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Ayatollah Khomeini 50–4, 86 Azeris 41, 42 Basij militia 55, 65, 66, 67 Council of Guardians 54, 56–7 Covid-19 63 ethnic groups 41–2, 64 geography 38–40, 41 government/regime 41, 42, 44–5, 48, 51, 54–69 historical invasions 40 influence in other Arab countries 58–9, 68, 69, 92 intelligentsia and the arts 64–5 Iraqi Shia militias 91 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Kurds 41–2, 64 languages 41 Majlis 48, 54, 56, 66 military coup (1953) 49–50 mountains 38, 39, 40, 41, 44–5, 53 nuclear programme 60, 61, 68, 69, 92, 131, 136 oil and gas supplies 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 60, 64 Persian history 44–8, 146 relationship with Israel/anti-Semitism 59–60, 68 relationship with Saudi Arabia 91–2, 93, 94, 103, 219 relationship with the US and the West 44, 48, 49, 50, 57, 60–2, 63, 68–9 repercussions of invading 38–9, 40 Revolution (1979) 42, 47, 50–1 Reza Shah Pahlavi 48–9 Shatt al-Arab waterway 39–40 trade and sanctions against 43, 60, 61, 64 water supplies 42–3 Yemen civil war 57–8 Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) 43, 44, 53–4 Iraq xi, 24, 42, 44, 50, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 68, 76, 84, 87, 89, 91, 182, 192, 195 Ireland 109–10, 114, 119 see also Northern Ireland; Republic of Ireland Iron Dome missile defence system 103 Isabella I of Castile, Queen 275 ISIS xv, 61, 104, 195, 204, 214 Islam see Shia Islam; Sunni Islam Islam, early 46–7, 208–9 Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 212, 213, 214, 215, 223, 233, 234 Islamic Revolution (1979) 42, 47, 50–1 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Islamist Welfare Party 184–5 Ismail, King 47 Israel 45, 52, 59–60, 85, 102–3, 143, 162, 163, 185–6, 317–18 Israel–Gaza conflict (2008) 185–6 Italy 143, 153, 156, 163, 210, 219, 234, 248, 249, 297 J James I and James VI of Scotland, King 116 Janszoon, Willem 9–10 Japan 129 missile defence system 31 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 32 relationship with Australia 31 Second World War 23–4, 27, 84, 181 SKY Perfect Corporation 318 Jews 41, 45, 59–60, 153, 154, 275 jihad/jihadists 51, 85, 87, 90, 211, 214–15, 216, 222, 223, 228–9, 234–5 Johanson, Donald 240 John, King 115 Johnson, Boris 218 Johnson, Paul 89 Jordan 76, 81, 84, 85, 163 Juan Carlos of Spain, King 287–9 Justice and Development Party 185 K Kebra Nagast 246 Kennedy, John F. 305 Kennedy Space Centre 303 Kenya 242, 243 Kepler, Johannes 322 Khalid of Saudi Arabia 85–7 Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali 54, 59 Khan, Reza 48 Khashoggi, Jamal 94–5 Khatam al-Anbia 66 Khatami, Mohammad 54 Khomeini, Ayatollah 50–4, 59, 86 Khuzestan Province, Iran 64 Kiribati 28 Korean War 24 Kosmos 2542 military satellite 316–17 Kosovo x–xi Koufa, Amadou 222–4 Kurdi, Alan 156 Kurdistan Regional Government 195 Kurds 41–2, 64, 175, 181, 182, 187, 192, 193–4 Kuwait 44, 57, 76, 80, 87–8 L Latin America x, 277, 280–1 Lausanne Treaty (1923) 189–90 League of Nations 137, 249 Lebanon xi, 47, 57, 58, 68, 93–5, 143, 162 Leichhardt, Ludwig 6 Leonidas, King 146 Leonov, Alexei 306 Lesbos 143 Libya xii, 45, 86, 131, 143, 162–3, 173, 187, 198, 297 Libyan civil war 92, 163, 164, 177, 212, 213 Libyan National Army 92 Lithuania 188 Louis, Spyridon 150 Lucky Country, The (D.

John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon (Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology)
by John M. Logsdon
Published 15 Dec 2010

But without someone going first, there can be no followers. In this sense, the Apollo astronauts were true pioneers. The iconic “Earthrise” picture taken on Christmas Eve 1968 by Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders as he and his crewmates became the first humans to orbit the Moon and to look back at their home planet from 240,000 miles away. (NASA photograph). 244 J O H N F. K EN N E DY A N D T H E R A C E T O T H E M O O N Leaving the Earth gave the Apollo astronauts the unique opportunity to look back at Earth and to share what they saw. The Apollo 8 “Earthrise” picture is surely one of the iconic images of the twentieth century. It allowed us, as poet Archibald McLeish noted at the time, “to see earth as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats” and “to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold—brothers who truly know that they are brothers.”31 That perception alone cannot justify the costs of going to the Moon, but it stands as a major benefit from going there, one that has influenced human behavior in many ways.

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Other approaches to carrying out large-scale government programs will have to be developed; the Apollo experience has little to teach us beyond its status as a lasting symbol of a great American achievement. Apollo’s Impacts Indeed, it may be the symbolic character of America’s voyages to the Moon that is the most important heritage of the Apollo program. Certainly the image of the Earth rising over the barren lunar surface taken by Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders on Christmas Eve 1968 and of Apollo 11’s Buzz Aldrin standing next to the American flag at “Tranquility Base” have become iconic, communicating to subsequent generations that the United States did years ago achieve something unique in human experience, the first steps off the home planet.

Go, Flight!: The Unsung Heroes of Mission Control, 1965-1992
by Rick Houston and J. Milt Heflin
Published 27 Sep 2015

And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a merry Christmas, and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth. That was the moment when the magnitude of what he had just helped accomplish hit John Aaron. The goal all along had been to go to the moon to learn about the moon, and while that did in fact happen during the flight, it also brought back stunningly dramatic images of the earth rising over the lunar landscape—Earthrise. Never before had a single series of photographs captured all of humanity with such clarity, giving him an entirely new perspective on his home planet. For Aaron and so many others in the MOCR that day, the Genesis reading was the perfect capstone for what had to that point been nearly a perfect flight.

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See Descent Propulsion System (DPS) Draughon, Harold M., 24 Duke, Charlie, xiii, 148, 165; and Apollo 10, 145–46; and Apollo 11, 163–64; and Apollo 13, 232; and Apollo 16, 269, 272; and rubella, 202 Dumis, Charles L. “Charlie,” xi, 14, 141 Dyson, Marianne J., 293, 295; Fire in Mission Control, 291–92 Eagle (Apollo 11 Lunar Module), xi, xiii, 135, 151–52, 160–62, 164–68, 175–77 Ealick, Perry L., 24 Earthrise, 130 EECOM. See environmental, electrical, and communications (EECOM) Egan, George M., 29 Elliott, Jerry C., 6, 7 emergencies, response to, 59, 81–83 EMU. See Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Endeavor (Apollo 15 Command Module), 267 England, Anthony “Tony,” 236 Engle, Joseph H. “Joe,” 257 The Entire Endtime Sequence as Foretold by Jesus Christ (Carlton), 308 environmental, electrical, and communications (EECOM), xii, 14–16 EVA.

Moon Rush: The New Space Race
by Leonard David
Published 6 May 2019

Apollo 8 provided us with the first picture ever taken by a human of the Earth from deep space, a view that poignantly showed how we are a single part of a much larger system. That now iconic snapshot of Earth peeking out from beyond the lunar surface as the first crewed spacecraft circumnavigated the Moon has been called “Earthrise.” Some credit that snapshot of Earth with inspiring the environmental movement initiated on the first Earth Day in 1970. To test the Apollo lunar landing module for its future assignment to carry humans to the surface of the Moon, Apollo 9 lifted off in March 1969. Over the mission’s 10 days in Earth orbit, the crew appraised the lunar landing craft as a self-sufficient spacecraft.

…

Credit 14 Wernher von Braun, architect of America’s 20th-century space effort, stands by the first stage of the powerful Saturn V rocket that launched Apollo crews to the Moon. Credit 15 Apollo 8, the first human mission to the Moon, entered lunar orbit on Christmas Eve, 1968, and offered the world this stellar sight of Earth rising above the lunar horizon during one of its 10 revolutions of the Moon. Credit 16 Pioneers all: The three Apollo 11 astronauts—Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin—stand in front of the Saturn V booster before the launch of their history-making first human landing on the Moon.

The Race: The Complete True Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
by James Schefter
Published 2 Jan 2000

On their third turn around the moon, they were pointing just right to see something that would still be having an impact on mankind long after these adventurers retired to some front porch rocking chair. Bill Anders grabbed a camera and triggered off a series of 70-mm color shots of a blue and green and brown and white ball coming up from the distant moonscape horizon. Earthrise! The dramatic scene left them speechless. The photos became the symbol of their mission, but far more important, Earthrise awakened a new awareness of one small planet’s fragile place in a dark universe and became the enduring symbol of generations of environmentalists. Frank Borman curled up on his couch, a mesh sleeping bag keeping him from floating away.

How to Make a Spaceship: A Band of Renegades, an Epic Race, and the Birth of Private Spaceflight
by Julian Guthrie
Published 19 Sep 2016

The Earth’s atmosphere looks like this one-inch-thick line and you think, ‘That is what is keeping us alive.’” He didn’t know of an astronaut who wasn’t changed by the view, who didn’t want to take better care of Earth after looking at it from afar. “When you see it with your own eyes, it’s not the same as looking at pictures. I’ve been very blessed to go twice.” They talked about Earthrise, the photo of Earth shared from orbit on Christmas Eve 1968 by Apollo 8 astronauts William Anders, Frank Borman, and Jim Lovell. It was the first time people had seen home from space. The photo, called “the picture that changed the world,” showed a perfect blue and white marble surrounded by a black sea.

…

childhood love of space, 17–19, 20–26 Apollo 11 landing, 11–17, 403 companies of, 405–6 Angel Technologies, 114–21, 122, 154 Blastoff Corporation, 224–38 International Microspace, 95, 98–113, 115, 117, 122, 127, 230, 402 Space Adventures, 208–9, 210, 239, 409 ZERO-G, 122, 127–28, 208, 240, 299, 374, 406, 413–14 death and memorial for Hawley, 149–52 early life of, 17–26 education of Great Neck North High School, 21–23, 28 Hamilton College, 27–29, 33, 34–37 Harvard Medical’s HST program, 64–69, 90, 94–100 MIT, 29, 30–33, 37, 38–44, 47–49, 64, 69–75 faith and truth and, 87–90 ISU and, 74–76, 90–94, 95–98, 100, 149–50, 177, 182 SEDS and, 39–45, 64–65, 68, 74, 101, 104, 122, 212 at Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, 139–41, 149–52, 402–4 SpaceShipOne and flight tests, 2, 7, 341–42 flight day one, 360, 376–82, 385–86 flight day two, 391–92, 397 unveiling, 314–15, 317, 318 at UN Space Conference, 44–47 update on, 405–6 XPRIZE and, 236, 317–20 Ansari meeting, 298–301 Branson meeting, xiii, xv, 208–11 Erik Lindbergh’s anniversary flight, 264–65, 280–81, 285–86, 287–88 First USA Bank, 214–15, 292–93 formal announcement, 164, 169–73 fund-raising and pitches, 133–34, 203–4, 206–15, 243, 256, 293, 373–74 hole-in-one contract, 292–302, 374–75 Lindbergh meetings, 139–45, 147–49 Montrose gathering, 125–33, 301–2 Musk meeting, 238–44 Diamandis, Tula, 37, 72 Apollo 11 landing, 15, 16–17 early life of Peter, 19–20 MIT visit, 30–32 SpaceShipOne and, 375, 381–82, 400 XPRIZE and, 204 Diet Rite, 374 Direct injection, 230–31 Disney, Walt, 52–53, 348 Dobronski, Joe, 262, 264–65, 286 Dole, Elizabeth, 91 Dolphin, 130–31 Doom 3 (video game), 179, 369 Dorrington, Graham, 371 Dot-com bubble, 203–4, 224–25, 232–33, 318 Dovey Manufacturing, 155 Draper, Charles Stark “Doc,” 32–33, 43 Draper Lab, 32–33, 43–44 Drexler, Eric, 41, 121–22 EAc (Environmental Aeroscience Corporation), 306–7, 352n Earhart, Amelia, 155 Earth-fixed velocity, 13n Earthrise, 147–48 Earthwinds, xiv Eaton, Phil, 271–72 EBay, 225, 238, 271 Edwards Air Force Base, 4, 50, 51, 53, 157, 251, 327, 336, 347, 375–76 Ehrlich, Paul, 148 Eid, Jean-Michel, 294 Einstein, Albert, 89, 90 Electrogastrographs, 39 Elias, Antonio, 107, 314 Ellison, Harlan, 227 Emmons Glacier, 79–80, 82 Enbrel, 218–19, 259 Engines of Creation (Drexler), 121–22 Enterprise, USS, 326 Enterprise Rent-a-Car, 207, 214 Error-correcting systems, 186–87 Escape from Gravity, 406 Estes rocket kits, 21, 25, 74, 145, 178, 222 European Space Agency (ESA), 91, 182n, 411 Evans, Bruce, 55, 58–59, 193–94 Evans, Ronald, 20 Evergreen State College, 80 Everything Club, 21–22 Experimental Aircraft Association, 155–56 Explorers Club, 168 Faget, Maxime “Max,” 314, 316–17 Falcon 9, 319 Fate Is the Hunter (Gann), 60, 147 Fazio, Giovanni, 96 Feather configuration of SpaceShipOne, 3, 6, 249–50, 253–54, 314, 316–17, 330, 344, 351, 383, 384, 396 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 251, 374 Office of Commercial Space Transportation, 168, 271, 340, 343–44, 347–48, 369 SpaceShipOne and, 336–37, 340, 343–44, 347–48, 349, 380–81, 385 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 61 Feeney, Brian, 184, 274, 293, 296, 371 Feynman, Richard, 29n, 31, 63, 128n, 131–32 Feynman Prize, 121 Fields, Bert, 228 Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 29n First-person shooter games, 178, 178n First-stage cutoff, 13, 13n First USA Bank, 214–15, 292–93 Fitzgerald, F.

The Outsiders: Eight Unconventional CEOs and Their Radically Rational Blueprint for Success
by William Thorndike
Published 14 Sep 2012

He had had a remarkably distinguished, if unconventional, career before he joined General Dynamics, graduating with an electrical engineering degree from the Naval Academy in 1955 and serving as an air force fighter pilot during the Cold War. He earned an advanced degree in nuclear engineering in 1963 and was one of only fourteen men chosen from a pool of thousands to join NASA’s elite astronaut corps. As the lunar module pilot on the 1968 Apollo 8 mission, Anders took the now-iconic Earthrise photograph, which eventually appeared on the covers of Time, Life, and American Photography. A leading defense analyst believes these early accomplishments gave Anders the ability to take risks in later pursuits: “After orbiting the moon, mundane business problems did not faze him.” He left NASA with the rank of major general and was named the first chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission before serving a brief stint as ambassador to Norway, all before the age of forty-five.

Never Panic Early: An Apollo 13 Astronaut's Journey
by Fred Haise and Bill Moore
Published 4 Apr 2022

I’m more like Jack Webb on Dragnet, who wanted “Just the facts, ma’am,” but the Earth was so much more beautiful than the beat up, drab Moon. The Earth is rich with color and from a certain angle it appears to have a halo. This is the Sun reflecting on the atmosphere surrounding the Earth. I can see why the environmental movement got a kick-start from those first photos of Earthrise on Apollo 8. Jim told us to knock off our picture taking and get ready to join him for the PC+2—shorthand for pericynthion—the lowest altitude behind the Moon plus two hours. We had received the maneuver pad of information to load into our computer, which would set off a four-minute, forty-second use of the Aquarius descent engine that would result in an 860-feet-per-second velocity change.

…

Courtesy of NASA Bill realized that an important aspect of this mission was to photograph the exciting story of the first flight to the Moon. There were many meetings to devise and modify the photo plan, so that the most spectacular views would be captured. Ultimately, many incredible photographs were made, including Bill’s iconic photo of the Earth rise over the Moon. My first spacesuit fitting took place at the International Latex Corporation, thanks to Ken Mattingly, who found an A7L suit for me that only required arm and leg adjustments. Much of the workforce was composed of women who cut, stitched, and bonded rubber and cloth material to create the protective wear that was required.

Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space
by Adam Higginbotham
Published 14 May 2024

The Vietnam war and the desperate conditions of the nation’s poor and its cities—which make space flight seem, in comparison, like an embarrassing national self-indulgence—have combined to drag down a program where the sky was no longer the limit.” Roger D. Launius, “Public Opinion Polls and Perceptions of US Human Spaceflight,” Space Policy 19 (2003): 163–75. an angry mob: Trento, Prescription for Disaster, 76. a distant, fragile Earth: Dennis Overbuy, “Apollo 8’s Earthrise: The Shot Seen around the World,” NYT, December 21, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html. 600 million people: Tiffany Hsu, “The Apollo 11 Mission Was Also a Global Media Sensation,” NYT, July 15, 2019; “First Moon Landing Fast Facts,” CNN, July 23, 2023, https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/us/moon-landing-fast-facts/index.html.

The Perfect Police State: An Undercover Odyssey Into China's Terrifying Surveillance Dystopia of the Future
by Geoffrey Cain
Published 28 Jun 2021

We do not want to endanger Maysem’s brave helpers and have decided to use caution publishing the details of Maysem’s route. 5. Agence France-Presse, “Wrecked Mosques, Police Watch: A Tense Ramadan in Xinjiang,” June 5, 2019, https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1689848. Satellite imagery gathered by the Earthrise Alliance, a nonprofit group, showed public gathering places built in place of razed mosques, cemeteries, and tombs. Chapter 17. The Prison of the Mind 1. Maysem’s friend in Ankara, Turkey, interviewed by the author, November 5, 2019. 2. Koran 2:156. 3. The messages are in the possession of the author. 4.

Green Swans: The Coming Boom in Regenerative Capitalism
by John Elkington
Published 6 Apr 2020

Other examples •Outbreak of World War I; “Spanish flu” epidemic, 1918–1920; ecological impact of e.g., DDT; dissolution of the USSR for those living there; 9/11 attacks; the opioid crisis in the US; “The Great Hack”8; Brexit; “Insectageddon”9; spread of meat-based diets and fossil-powered cars across a growing global population; death of more than 500 million animals in Australian brushfires in 2019 •Impact of “Earthrise” image of our planet; rapid rise of environmentalism; restoration of Loess Plateau, China; rise of renewable energy; electric vehicles; green bonds; Denmark’s “Green Transition”; London declared a National Park City; development of plant-based alternatives to eggs, meat, poultry, and fish; Stanford University $73 trillion Green New Deal plan for 143 countries; EU €1 trillion Green Deal © Volans 2019 Figure 8: The Swanspotter’s Guide, 1.0 Clearly, this is very much a work in progress.

The Age of Wonder
by Richard Holmes
Published 15 Jan 2008

For the first time the impact of man on nature was clearly revealed: the ever-expanding relationship of towns to countryside, roads to rivers, cultivated fields to forests, and the development of industry. It was comparable to the first views of the earth from space by the Apollo astronauts in the 1960s, producing a new concept of a ‘single blue planet’ with its delicate membrane of atmosphere. The famous photograph ‘Earthrise’ was taken from lunar orbit in December 1968. Ballooning proved to have extraordinary theatrical power to attract crowds, embody longing, and mix terror and the sublime with farce. It became showmanship, carnival, pure euphoria. A successful balloon launch, in the hands of one of the early masters like Pilâtre, Lunardi or Blanchard, became a communal expression of hope and wonder, of courage and comedy.

…

Despite the urgings of Walter Scott, she never published her own memoirs, which might have described what it was really like to live with a man of science-who knew he was a genius. * * * ♣ It might be too much to consider this as Shelley’s tribute to Herschel and his faithful, orbiting assistant Caroline. But it can be said that the view Shelley imagines of the ‘green and azure sphere’ seen from the moon is exactly that enshrined in the famous ‘Earthrise’ photograph of December 1968 (see page 161). ♣ Curiously, vague feelings against Lady Davy have always remained in the collective folk memory of Penzance, probably because she never deigned to visit this remote Cornish seaside town during her lifetime. I was told on several occasions that the large stone statue erected to Davy, dominating Market Jew Street, showed his frock-coat with a missing button ‘because Lady Davy was a bad wife and would never sew it back on’

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein
Published 15 Sep 2014

Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 15; FOOTNOTE: Robert Poole, Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 92–93; Al Reinert, “The Blue Marble Shot: Our First Complete Photograph of Earth,” The Atlantic, April 12, 2011; Andrew Chaikin, “The Last Men on the Moon,” Popular Science, September 1994; Eugene Cernan and Don Davis, The Last Man on the Moon (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 324. 58. Kurt Vonnegut Jr., “Excelsior! We’re Going to the Moon! Excelsior!” New York Times Magazine, July 13, 1969, SM10. 59. Poole, Earthrise, 144–145, 162; Peder Anker, “The Ecological Colonization of Space,” Environmental History 10 (2005): 249–254; Andrew G.

Moonshot: The Inside Story of Mankind's Greatest Adventure
by Dan Parry
Published 22 Jun 2009

When filmmaker Bart Sibrel confronted Aldrin, in 2002, calling him 'a thief, liar and coward', Buzz (who was 72 at the time) punched him in the face.16 The truth is that during the Apollo programme NASA achieved far more than it expected to. In putting men on the Moon, the agency sent people 240,000 miles into space. This in itself enabled astronauts to take pictures of Earth from a distance that for the first time demonstrated just how fragile our planet really is. The famous Earthrise photograph, captured by Apollo 8, looks across the arid plains of the Moon towards Earth in the distance, and shows that the planet is a lonely drop of colour surrounded by endless depths of nothingness. Pictures such as this inspired the burgeoning green movement, which today has never been more active.

Building Habitats on the Moon: Engineering Approaches to Lunar Settlements
by Haym Benaroya
Published 12 Jan 2018

While we are eager to make the material accessible to a large group of readers, we are also devoted to the creation of a book that can be used to inform the engineers that will eventually, hopefully soon, be called upon to prepare preliminary structural designs for the lunar surface. Figure 0.1. Earthrise is the name given to a photograph of the Earth taken by astronaut William Anders in 1968 during the Apollo 8 mission. (Courtesy: NASA) The material in this book could have been developed in a variety of sequences, all of which would have met their mission. That is, to provide an overview with some details about the engineering, scientific, medical, psychological, political, and economic aspects that have a role in the creation of a significant and permanent human presence on the Moon.

Nobody's Perfect: Writings From the New Yorker
by Anthony Lane
Published 26 Aug 2002

When words fail us, we have to make them up, and I like the tale of Ken Mattingly, as he dropped his colleagues on the surface and began his lonely vigils—made companionable by Mahler and Berlioz—on the far side of the moon. Once back in radio contact, he said, to no one in particular, “There’s old Mother Earth. Man, that’s a beauty, too. Never get tired of watching earthrise.” The rest of us will never see it. “Earthshine” and “earthrise” are not merely neologisms; they were coined to describe experiences that were themselves entirely new, at least to human eyes, and you wonder how far the vocabulary of a lunar community would stretch. Would moon dwellers spend their cold, lonely evenings reading Earthraker or sitting around a digitally enhanced fire singing “Earth-light Becomes You”?

The Planet Remade: How Geoengineering Could Change the World
by Oliver Morton
Published 26 Sep 2015

Lewis et al, University of Arizona Press Pomeranz, Kenneth (2001) The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy Princeton University Press Pongratz, Julia et al. (2012) ‘Crop Yields in a Geoengineered Climate’ Nature Climate Change, doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1373 Poole, Robert (2010) Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth Yale University Press President’s Science Advisory Panel (1965) Restoring the Quality of Our Environment Preston, Christopher J. (2012) Engineering the Climate: The Ethics of Solar Radiation Management Lexington Books Rau, Greg H. (2011) ‘CO2 Mitigation via Capture and Chemical Conversion in Seawater’ Environmental Science and Technology 45 1088–1092 Rasool, S.

A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?
by Kelly Weinersmith and Zach Weinersmith
Published 6 Nov 2023

NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 2017. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170005414. Mishra, Birendra, and Ulrike Luderer. “Reproductive Hazards of Space Travel in Women and Men.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15 (2019): 713–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0267-6. Mitchell, Edgar, and Ellen Mahoney. Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 2014. Mohanty, Susmita, Sue Fairburn, Barbara Imhof, Stephen Ransom, and Andreas Vogler. “Survey of Past, Present and Planned Human Space Mission Simulators.” SAE Technical Papers 2008-01-2020, 24. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2020.

Apollo 13
by Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger
Published 14 Jun 2000

The spellbound astronauts did what they could to take this all in, pressing their faces against their five tiny windows and, for the moment at least, forgetting altogether the flight plan or the mission or the hundreds of people in Houston waiting to hear their voices. From over the advancing horizon, something wispy started to appear. It was subtly white and subtly blue and subtly brown, and it seemed to be climbing straight up from the drab terrain. The three astronauts knew at once what they were seeing, but Borman identified it anyway. “Earthrise,” the commander said quietly. “Get the cameras,” Lovell said quickly to Anders. “Are you sure?” asked Anders, the mission’s photographer and cartographer. “Shouldn’t we wait for scheduled photography times?” Lovell gazed at the shimmery planet floating up over the scarred, pocked moon, then looked at his junior crewmate.

…

As the commander looked out his window at the spreading helium cloud, he could see that the Earth and the moon, which had been passing by the approximate center of his window as the spacecraft spun through the PTC rotation he had set up after the last engine burn, had moved noticeably, with the Earth rising higher and the moon falling lower, both threatening to move out of his field of vision altogether. “It looks like the burst reversed my yaw completely and put in a little pitch. Is this what they call a non-propulsive vent?” “Right,” Lousma said. “I’d hate to see a propulsive one.” “You and me both.”

Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her
by Rowland White and Richard Truly
Published 18 Apr 2016

By then, though, before a single manned Apollo flight had launched, an audacious decision to reorganize the Apollo flight schedule to send Apollo 8 swinging around the moon had already been made. Young liked to feel that he’d played his part in making that happen. Yet even before the mission that brought home the famous Earthrise photograph was launched, thoughts inside Houston were already turning to what might follow the moon missions. And that meant that the men whose vision and leadership had got NASA to the brink of a crew flying to the moon were going to have to more or less tear up everything that had got them this far and start from scratch.

Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism
by Quinn Slobodian
Published 16 Mar 2018

Trade Policy: From Protectionism to Globalization (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007); Bernard M. Hoekman and M. M. Kostecki, The Po­liti­cal Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); VanGrasstek, The History and ­Future of the World Trade Organ­ization. Benjamin Lazier, “Earthrise; or, The Globalization of the World Picture,” American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (2011): 606. Adlai Stevenson II’s Speech before the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Geneva, Switzerland, July 9, 1965, http://­w ww​.­adlaitoday​.­org​/­a rticles​ /­connect2​_ ­geneva​_­07​-­09​-­65​.­pdf. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 

Of a Fire on the Moon
by Norman Mailer
Published 2 Jun 2014

To read the transcript of Apollo 10 near the moon was to hook up with room service on a three-day wowser. “Hello, Houston, this is Snoopy.” “We is going. We is down among them, Charlie.” “We are right there. We’re right over it.” “I just wish we could stay.” “I’m telling you, we are low, we’re close, babe!” “Oh, Charlie, we just saw an earthrise and it’s just got to be magnificent.” “We have been down among them, babe.” He had only to think of Jim McDivitt of Apollo 9, who had the genial and side-calculating air of an urbane and successful Irish executive who had risen in a predominantly Protestant corporation. What had his personality to suggest which had any relation to this calculus of the soul Aquarius would inflict on astronauts?

Voyage
by Stephen Baxter
Published 23 May 2011

Most of the samples weren’t properly documented. They’d used the wrong camera to photograph their footprints, so they’d lost time and come home with less interesting photographs. They’d had to cut short the 3-D photography. Even the shots they’d taken in orbit were criticized, as being tourist shots of Earthrise, while the unexplored Moon whipped by beneath them. Hell, it was hardly our fault. Nixon called us, not the other way around. And what can you do with all that science stuff? It was hardly idiotproof: too damn easy to make mistakes, when you only have a couple of hours, out of your entire life, to walk on the Moon… He was already drinking too much, fighting off the depression, the deflation, with alcohol.

…

Adam Bleeker drifted out of his seat toward the camera. He took the camera, his outstretched hand foreshortened to grotesque proportions, and swiveled it so that it was pointing out of the wardroom’s window. The image settled down; it was low quality and a little blurred, but Josephson could clearly see the blue crescent Earth, rising above the unraveling, monochrome desolation of the Moon. The next voice was Phil Stone’s. “Abide with me; fast falls the eventide; “The darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide. “When other helpers fail and comforts fee, “Help of the helpless, o abide with me…” Stone’s voice, made harsh by the radio link, was clipped, brisk, almost efficient.

Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980
by Rick Perlstein
Published 17 Aug 2020

He turned to his customary liturgy of absolution: “Our leaders attempt to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control, on false estimates by unknown, unidentifiable experts who rewrite modern history in an attempt to convince us our own high standard of living, the result of thrift and hard work, is somehow selfish extravagance which we must renounce as we join in the sharing of scarcity.” But “the crisis we face is not the result of any failure of the American spirit.” He was standing beside an American flag, in a carefully dressed office set, with paintings of America’s natural beauty on the wall, photos of the American flag planted on the moon, and the famous “Earthrise” taken from the first NASA orbital mission. Occasionally he sat behind a desk covered with family snapshots. But when he did, the leather chair squeaked. Meanwhile, in the ballroom, the public address system kept dropping out, and the lights randomly brightened and dimmed. He turned to policy proposals—and in the balcony, reporters raised their pens, remembering John Sears’s promises about the “Nixonian thoroughness” they would entail.

Radiant Rest
by Tracee Stanley
Published 9 Mar 2021

Continue all the way until you get to the top of your head: Calves and the floor, LAM Backs of your thighs and the floor, LAM Buttocks and the floor, LAM Parts of your spine touching the floor, LAM Shoulder blades and the floor, LAM Back of your head and the floor, LAM Feel all of these body parts becoming heavier as you repeat the mantra LAM. Notice your body breathing. As it receives an inhalation, sense the earth rising up to hold and cradle you. It’s as though the involuntary act of inhaling is calling the earth toward you. As your body exhales, ask it to surrender into the earth. Every in-breath invites the earth to support you even more. Every out-breath is a trusting acceptance that you deserve to be held.

…

Notice how your body gets lighter on the inhalation and heavier on the exhalation. Feel the earth beneath you. Feel its strength, its solidity, and its unconditional support. Remember that the earth can hold the full weight of your body and anything else you may be carrying. As you inhale, feel the earth rising up to hold you. As you exhale, feel the force of gravity and accept the invitation to release your full weight down, down, down into the earth. (2 minutes) Become aware of the breath and notice where you feel it moving. Let the breath rise and fall in your belly (see Diaphragmatic Breathing, this page).

…

Letting go of judgment or the need to analyze, let your attention move from sound to sound to sound. Imagine the sounds in your environment are outside the circles. Just let them be there. (2 minutes) Observe your body breathing. Feel the earth beneath you as you watch your navel rise and fall. (2 minutes) As you inhale, feel the earth rising up to hold you. As you exhale, allow your body to release into the earth. Feel the support of the earth. Let the earth receive your body. (2 minutes) Feel your body breathing and imagine you could direct the breath in through your left nostril and exhale out of the right. You are just using the power of the mind; where your mind goes, your energy goes. (2 minutes) Now switch.

Misfits: A Personal Manifesto
by Michaela Coel
Published 6 Sep 2021

Here I am in a public toilet cubicle, staring into the mouth of the bowl as one stares into the soul of a Gustavo Nazareno piece at a gallery … someone else’s unflushed feces slumbers in the water, thick skid marks marring porcelain … I can’t smell anything, and so I guess everything smells just fine. That same year, 2018, I am asked to write and present a lecture to professionals within the television industry. The invitation comes as I am wrapping up on playing Kate Ashby in Hugo Blick’s Black Earth Rising. At the time I’ve never heard of the MacTaggart Lecture. Then again, back then, I’d also never heard of Depeche Mode or Sarajevo, so no shade to the lecture—it just hadn’t beamed onto my radar. The MacTaggart Lecture is an annual event that takes place at the Edinburgh TV Festival in front of an audience of four thousand.

Infinity in the Palm of Your Hand: Fifty Wonders That Reveal an Extraordinary Universe
by Marcus Chown
Published 22 Apr 2019

For many years, he had been urging NASA to turn the Voyager 1 camera around to look back the way it had come. Finally, on February 14, 1990, he got his way, and the camera was turned towards the inner solar system. The image captured is iconic in the history of science. It ranks alongside that taken by the Apollo 8 team of the earth rising above the desolate surface of the moon, and the groundbreaking first image of the spiral staircase of DNA. Crossing the blackness of space are several parallel bands of color that often confuse people. They are of no consequence; they are merely artifacts created by light bouncing around inside the Voyager camera.

Daring to Rest
by Karen Brody

As you continue to breathe in the scent, bring your awareness to the space above you. Draw the energy from the heavens down into your crown, forehead, body, and subtle bodies. Feel the scent falling down and showering you with golden, luminous light from the heavens. Now bring your attention to the space below your body and feet. Feel the beautiful energy of the earth rising up into your feet, legs, and torso, blessing you as it does. Now feel the energy of the earth and the golden, luminous light of the heavens merging at the heart. You are drawing the heavens from above and the earth from below into your heart. Feel the balance between the heavens and the earth rippling out from your heart, into your energy field above your head, below your feet, to the left, to the right, behind, and in front of you.

Wind, Sand and Stars
by Antoine de Saint-Exupery and Lewis Galantiere
Published 1 Jan 1939

I am giving up the profiles of mountains against the sky that would warn me of pitfalls. I am plunging into the night. I am navigating. I have on my side only the stars. The diurnal death of the world is a slow death. It is only little by little that the divine beacon of daylight recedes from me. Earth and sky begin to merge into each other. The earth rises and seems to spread like a mist. The first stars tremble as if shimmering in green water. Hours must pass before their glimmer hardens into the frozen glitter of diamonds. I shall have a long wait before I witness the soundless frolic of the shooting stars. In the profound darkness of certain nights I have seen the sky streaked with so many trailing sparks that it seemed to me a great gale must be blowing through the outer heavens.

Wonders of the Universe
by Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen
Published 12 Jul 2011

The story of the Universe is therefore our story; tracing our origins back beyond the dawn of man, beyond the origin of life on Earth, and even beyond the formation of Earth itself; back to events – perhaps inevitable, perhaps chance ones – that occurred less than a billionth of a second after the Universe began. AN ANCIENT WONDER On Christmas Eve 1968, Apollo 8 passed into the darkness behind the Moon, and Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders became the first humans in history to lose sight of Earth. When they emerged from the Lunar shadow, they saw a crescent Earth rising against the blackness of space and chose to broadcast a creation story to the people of their home planet. A quarter of a million miles from home, lunar module pilot William Anders began: ‘We are now approaching lunar sunrise and, for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you.

The New Economics: A Bigger Picture
by David Boyle and Andrew Simms
Published 14 Jun 2009

But recycling is not the objective in itself: we also need the kind of skills and local repair infrastructure that they have in Cuba, so that people can once more make a living out of extending the lives of products almost indefinitely. Reusing energy On Christmas Eve 1968, the astronauts on the Apollo 8 spacecraft took a series of pictures of the Earth rising from behind the moon. It was these pictures, rather than the more famous colour snaps of the blue Earth taken by Apollo 17 a decade later, which caused the first shift in awareness of the wholeness and vulnerability of the 102 THE NEW ECONOMICS global systems that sustain life. Now satellite images of the Earth allow us to see closer behind the clouds, and we can see the cities: pulsating with light, spreading out over their suburbs and regions across the known world.

The Big Oyster
by Mark Kurlansky
Published 20 Dec 2006

The only question now, and only a few had the insight and bluntness to raise it, was whether there were enough oysters in New York Harbor to feed the world. c h a p t e r s i x Eggocentric New Yorkers This is New York: skyscraper champion of the world where slickers and know-it-alls peddle gold bricks to each other and where the truth, crushed to earth, rises again more phony than a glass eye. — b e n h e c h t, Nothing Sacred, A 1937 c u r i o s i t y i n t h e d e vel o p m e n t o f m a r i n e b i o l o g y i s t h a t little is learned about a species until it is faced with extinction. As early as 1810, the oyster beds of Staten Island, where oystering was a leading economic activity, were showing signs of exhaustion.

"Live From Cape Canaveral": Covering the Space Race, From Sputnik to Today
by Jay Barbree
Published 18 Aug 2008

Borman read the ninth verse, and then the commander of Apollo 8’s mission sent the world a special Christmas message: “And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas, and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth.” Later, as Apollo moved around the desolate lunar landscape, Frank Borman did have one more thing to say as he watched Earth “rising” above the moon’s horizon: “This is the most beautiful, heart-catching sight of my life.” No sooner than the Christmas Eve telecast from moon orbit was over, the phones began ringing at the NASA news center near Mission Control. Most calls were praise for what they had just seen, but there was one complaint that NASA, a government agency, was promoting religion.

The Space Barons: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos
by Christian Davenport
Published 20 Mar 2018

At least that’s what the astronauts always said—that they went to space only to discover home. The crew of Apollo 8 had made it all the way to the far side of the moon, and then, as they came around the bend, there it was, “the pale blue dot,” half-lit on the horizon, a frail planet, suspended in the darkness, alone. Their “Earth rise” photograph would become one of the most iconic images in the history of still photography. In mid-2017, Bezos invited several of the surviving Apollo-era astronauts to an air show in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he was showing off the New Shepard booster and a mock-up of the crew capsule that would soon take paying tourists to space.

Life's Edge: The Search for What It Means to Be Alive
by Carl Zimmer
Published 9 Mar 2021

A private Israeli aerospace company put the library on the Beresheet lunar lander, which they launched to the moon. The engine failed just before landing, and the Israeli engineers lost track of the probe. It almost certainly crashed into the moon. It’s possible that the library sits at the impact site unharmed. The earth rises and sets over the tardigrades as they wait, their cells locked in a glass tomb between life and death, for water that will never come. * * * — As Van Leeuwenhoek put his little animals into a deathlike state, people across Europe were worrying that they might slip into one of their own.

The Deepest Map
by Laura Trethewey
Published 15 May 2023

A naval commander during World War II, Hess had made sure to leave the sonar running at all hours to gather as many soundings as he could across the Pacific. He would go on to develop the seafloor spreading theory, an explanation of how the continents drifted along the Earth’s mantle. Seafloor spreading follows the same rolling motion you see in a boiling pan of water, as the science journalist Robert Kunzig explained. Hot, molten earth rises from cracks in the seafloor and pushes aside the older, colder seafloor in front of it. This convective motion works like a conveyor belt, shuffling old seafloor farther away from the midocean ridge until it either runs into the continental shelf or becomes so old and dense that it sinks into an ocean trench, from which it is sucked back into the Earth’s mantle.

Our Moon: How Earth's Celestial Companion Transformed the Planet, Guided Evolution, and Made Us Who We Are
by Rebecca Boyle
Published 16 Jan 2024

People have been living on the space station continually since 2000. A rich guy even launched his car into the void in 2018.*55 Space is workaday. But until the late 1960s, no one had ever seen Earth from afar. In 1966, the short-lived Lunar Orbiter 1 sent home a fuzzy image showing a crater-dappled, curved lunar surface, with a crescent Earth rising above it. Russian surveillance ships also sent back snapshots, including the first image of the Moon’s far side. But radio transmission in the 1960s was poor, so the images were grainy, mottled, and hard to credit. Then came the tortoise ship. Zond was the first spacecraft to circle around the Moon and come back home, carrying the raw negatives of its otherworldly postcards.

Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Apollo Moon Landings
by Jay Barbree , Howard Benedict , Alan Shepard , Deke Slayton and Neil Armstrong
Published 1 Jan 1994

Borman concluded by beginning his reading of the ninth verse, and then sent to the world a special Christmas message: “And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas, and God bless all of you—all of you on the good earth.” Later, Borman would add a passage that would be repeated by the men who would venture to the moon, words spoken with stark emotion, sometimes with tears. As Apollo raced around the cratered world below, Borman watched the earth “rising” above the lunar horizon. “This is the most beautiful, heart-catching sight of my life.” Suddenly the concept of manned spaceflight clearly would never again be the same. The moon with its view of the distant, soft blue marble of life had become host to poets in spacesuits. There was more work to do.

The Turing Option
by Harry Harrison and Marvin Minsky
Published 2 Jan 1992

Confused happenings, bits of school, Paddy appeared in one of them, Texas sunshine, the glare of the sun on the Gulf. Blinking into its glare. Rising in the morning, setting in the evening. How beautiful, how wrong. Just an illusion. The sun stays where it is. The earth goes around the sun, around and around. Darkness and stars. And the moon. Moving moon, spinning around the earth. Rising and setting like the sun. But not like the sun. Moon, sun, earth. Sometimes all three lined up and there was an eclipse. Moon in front of sun. Brian had never seen a total eclipse. His father had, told him about it. Eclipse: La Paz, Mexico, in 1991. On July 11 the day became dark, moon in front of sun.

Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded
by Simon Winchester
Published 1 Jan 2003

But that heat is now ebbing away, and the means by which it is transferred from the deep interior to the surface tends to be by way of convection currents, just like those one sees working in a vat of vegetable soup simmering on the hob. The rate of movement of these convection currents is very, very small, generally measured in only a certain number of millimetres each year. Currents of material of the inner earth rise up from the red-hot region, maybe a thousand miles down, pass right through a swimmy, hot, weakly plastic region called the asthenosphere, and then, when they reach a region above this, anywhere from four to twenty miles of the surface, slow, stop and eventually – in classic convection-current, vegetable-soup fashion – turn back downwards once again.

Wool Omnibus Edition
by Hugh Howey
Published 5 Jun 2012

The elevation made it possible to choose a path for her final walk, this maiden walk, across the tall dunes of dry earth. And that’s when she saw, gazing out toward the rusting city beyond, that the hollow in which her silo resided was no accident. The hills bore a clear pattern as they stretched into the distance. It was one circular bowl after another, the earth rising up between them as if to shield each spooned-out bite from the caustic wind. Juliette descended into the next bowl, pondering this, watching her footing as she went. She kicked aside the larger rocks and controlled her breathing. She knew from working deep in the flooded basins, swimming beneath the muck that burly men cringed from as she unclogged the drains, that air could be conserved through calmness.

12 Strong: The Declassified True Story of the Horse Soldiers
by Doug Stanton
Published 16 Apr 2009

“Can you see my cones?” he asked, meaning could they see the rings of exhaust atop the bird. “Roger, but, repeat, it is getting very difficult.” McGee switched over to a maneuver called “terrain following,” which meant that by using the cues on his screen he was flying close along the grain of the earth, rising and falling over dune, rockpile, and ridge. He looked out and saw the fuel probe starting to spark in the storm. There was so much grit in the air—so much particulate friction—that it began to glow. Soon the probe lit up like a rotisserie rod heated by a torch. McGee could see the tips of the rotors sparking too, making two dazzling gold halos atop the craft.

Year's Best SF 15
by David G. Hartwell; Kathryn Cramer
Published 15 Aug 2010

Danica decided to ignore the useless brat and turned her attention to the rest of the passengers. She pointed to one of the craters below and began her routine tour-guide patter. “Okay, folks, if you’d please return to your seats and buckle up,” said Danica. “I’m going to turn the ship so you can see the Earth rise over the lunar horizon.” It took a couple of minutes for everyone to get settled. For most of the tourists, this was their first zero-gee experience, and it showed. “Wait, I want to try zero-gee,” said Bryson. He began unbuckling his seatbelt. Danica couldn’t believe it. The kid had stayed in his seat the whole time, probably playing videogames on his visor.

2312
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Published 22 May 2012

Only much later that night, as she was lying in her ramada, did it occur to Swan that the pebbles thrown at Terminator had been like a kind of lawn bowling. The thought made her sit up in bed. Set up a mat, launch a bowl—that jack would be covered. Quantum Walk (2) easy to note the moment Venus g is exceeded 1.0 g feels like a pull from below an entanglement with Earth rising up toward you even though you know you are descending summer is drunken conifer grove hot in the sun new-mown hay marsh at low tide lilacs peaches barnyards wheeled car humming down a road windows open 32 kilometers an hour plowed earth behind box hedges wind from the southwest gaudeo I rejoice a human driving don’t talk too much carrying capacity K is equal to births minus deaths over a density-dependent impact on the growth rate added to a density-dependent impact on the death rate the unused portion of the carrying capacity if there is one will be green the overshoot portion of the carrying capacity will be black as in buildings excrement stay outdoors they have overshot the cycloid temperament an undertow of sadness a febrile temperament be aware the human beside you is not to be comprehended six different kinds of bird in sight at once a seated hummingbird, watching the scene, grooming itself a red-headed finch summer on earth blue sky filled with high white clouds moving east fast the hummingbird zips ahead and lands looks around beak like a needle crows and seagulls wheel competing mafias the speed of hummingbird wings muscles doing that evolution of one kind of success Canada geese the creak of their feathers as they beat their wings hummingbird song is creaky in a different way chivvying not a song a squirrel chitters much the same blue-backed hummingbird hovering there in the trees the underside of a flicker is salmon-colored New Jersey North America August 23 2312 on the hunt on the run human now driving over hills around a marsh hills covered by low buildings moldering under knots of alder twenty kilometers an hour faces everywhere 383 people in view number shifting up and down by fifty or so as the car rolls slowly by streets of tarred gravel black a robin with a yellow beak and raw-sienna chest black tail feathers and head white eye ring black eye neat drinking the water from a sundial gaudeo past a garden corn pumpkins sunflowers and mullein with similar yellow flowers differently clustered I’m mulling it over What’s that?

Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard--America's First Spaceman
by Neal Thompson
Published 2 Jan 2004

“A vast, lonely, and forbidding place, an expanse of nothing,” they called it, “a grand oasis.” The three astronauts took turns reading from the Bible—“In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth”—before wishing the world a merry Christmas. Then Frank Borman looked out the window in time to see the blue and white earth “rise” like the sun above the flat gray of the moon. “This is the most beautiful, heart-catching sight of my life,” he whispered. The public fell in love again with the space program. The glorious photographs taken by Apollo 8 all but erased the terrible memories of Apollo 1. In March 1969 the crew of Apollo 9 orbited the earth while conducting crucial tests, such as releasing the lunar module from its garage beneath the service module and docking it nose to nose with the command module.

Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?
by Alan Weisman
Published 23 Sep 2013

Their book3 predicted widespread famines and accompanying disasters, beginning in the 1970s. The year The Population Bomb appeared was also the same year that humans first got far enough away from Earth to turn around and take its picture. A photograph by Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders of the Earth rising over the moon’s horizon, so vividly alive compared to the surrounding black void, helped ignite a popular environmental movement that had been smoldering since Silent Spring, Rachel Carson’s seminal book on pesticides sixteen years earlier. The following year, the United Nations declared the first Earth Day.

Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers Who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation
by Yossi Klein Halevi
Published 4 Nov 2014

Of course he couldn’t come: he had responsibilities on the kibbutz and at home. But Motta wasn’t really asking. Of course he would come. He jumped from a Dakota propeller plane, without a reserve parachute. For a few precious moments, he soared above his life, exhilarated by weightlessness. Landing, he felt the earth rise up to greet him. TERRORISTS DISPATCHED BY the Egyptian government strafed an Israeli wedding. Three children were murdered in an attack on a synagogue. Other atrocities followed. The IDF prepared its response: an invasion of Egyptian-controlled Gaza and the Sinai Desert, the second Arab-Israeli war.

Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
by Steven Pinker
Published 13 Feb 2018

The problems these thinkers introduced to us are today being enriched with these ideas, and are being probed with methods such as 3-D imaging of brain activity and the mining of big data to trace the propagation of ideas. Science has also provided the world with images of sublime beauty: stroboscopically frozen motion, flamboyant fauna from tropical rain forests and deep-sea ocean vents, graceful spiral galaxies and diaphanous nebulae, fluorescing neural circuitry, and a luminous Planet Earth rising above the moon’s horizon into the blackness of space. Like great works of art, these are not just pretty pictures but prods to contemplation, which deepen our understanding of what it means to be human and of our place in nature. And science, of course, has granted us the gifts of life, health, wealth, knowledge, and freedom documented in the chapters on progress.

Scotland Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

There’s a distinct Scandinavian lilt to the local accent, and walking down streets named King Haakon or St Olaf recalls the fact that the Shetlands were under Norse rule until 1469, when they were gifted to Scotland in lieu of the dowry of a Danish princess. The setting of this collection of mighty, wind-ravaged clumps of brown and green earth rising from the frigid waters of the North Sea is still uniquely Scottish, though, with deep, naked glens flanked by steep hills, twinkling, sky-blue lochs and, of course, sheep on the roads. Despite the famous ponies and woollens, it’s no agricultural backwater: the oil industry and military bases have ensured a certain prosperity, and a growing tourism industry takes advantage of its rich prehistoric heritage.

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future
by Ian Morris
Published 11 Oct 2010

Machines ate men, tractoring whole communities off land that could be worked more profitably by a few hired hands and diesel engines. “Snub-nosed monsters,” the novelist John Steinbeck called the tractors, “raising dust and sticking their snouts into it, straight down the country, across the country, through fences, through dooryards, in and out of gullies in straight lines.” Steinbeck anticipated the wretched of the earth rising in revolution, but when the tidal waves of dispossession that swept surplus Okies westward and black cotton pickers northward receded, most migrants found city jobs that paid better than the rural grind they had fled. The agrobusinessmen who had displaced them now sold them cheap food and invested the profits in chemical fertilizers and herbicides, electric motors to pump water to dry fields, and eventually genetically modified crops that could withstand almost anything.

A People's History of the United States
by Howard Zinn
Published 2 Jan 1977

Gwendolyn Bennett wrote: I want to see lithe Negro girls, Etched dark against the sky While sunset lingers. . . . I want to hear the chanting Around a heathen fire Of a strange black race. . . . I want to feel the surging Of my sad people’s soul Hidden by a minstrel-smile. There was Margaret Walker’s prose-poem “For My People”: . . . Let a new earth rise. Let another world be born. Let a bloody peace be written in the sky. Let a second generation full of courage issue forth, let a people loving freedom come to growth, let a beauty full of healing and a strength of final clenching be the pulsing in our spirits and our blood. Let the martial songs be written, let the dirges disappear.

Gorbachev: His Life and Times
by William Taubman

To get there nowadays, one drives northwest from Stavropol past fields of wheat and sunflowers. The entrance to the village boasts a large, multicolored sign proclaiming, “Welcome to Privolnoe!” From the village square, a road, at first asphalt, then dirt, winds a mile or so to a wide, open spot where the earth rises slowly up from the Yegorlyk River. In the 1930s the town’s population was almost equally divided between Russians and Ukrainians. Back toward the village center, ethnic Russians lived on one side of the river, with people of Ukrainian origin on the other. The land where the Gorbachevs settled, dropping down to the river, is now uninhabited.

Northern California Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

Farm-to-Table Dining Napa's top-end restaurants are the rural outpost of San Francisco's cutting-edge dining scene, but the raw ingredients often come from Sonoma County, where you can spend the day visiting farms and orchards. Cycling & Canoeing Sonoma County's back roads are ready-made for cycling, with few cars and gorgeous scenery. The Russian River is ideal for kayaking, canoeing and even tubing. Regions at a Glance North Coast & Redwoods Redwood Trees Redwood trees, the tallest trees on earth, rise like giants up and down the North Coast, the only place in the entire world that they grow. Plan on a six-hour drive from San Francisco, and a two-night stay. State Beaches The North Coast's wild and rugged beaches are shrouded in fog and littered with giant driftwood of fallen redwoods.

Frommer's Hawaii 2009
by Jeanette Foster
Published 2 Jan 2008

Five volcanoes—one still erupting— have created this continental island, which is growing bigger daily. At its heart is snowcapped Mauna Kea, the world’s tallest sea mountain (measured from the ocean floor), complete with its own glacial lake. Mauna Kea’s nearest neighbor is Mauna Loa (or “Long Mountain”), creator of one-sixth of the island; it’s the largest volcano on earth, rising 30,000 feet out of the ocean floor (of course, you can see only the 13,796 ft. that are above sea level). Kilauea’s eruptions make the Big Island bigger every day—and, if you’re lucky, you can stand just a few feet away and watch it do its work. Steeped in tradition and shrouded in the primal mist of creation, the Big Island radiates what the Hawaiians call mana, a sense of spirituality that’s still apparent in the acres of petroglyphs etched in the black lava, the numerous heiau (temples), the burial caves scattered in the cliffs, the sacred shrines both on land and in the sea, and even the sound the wind makes as it blows across the desolate lava fields.

The Year's Best Science Fiction: Twenty-Sixth Annual Collection
by Gardner Dozois
Published 23 Jun 2009

We could hear the water, like thousands of tongues lapping on stone. The most important thing on a migration is to get enough to drink. The water in the streams was delicious, cold and tasting of rocks, not mud. My name means water, but I think I must taste of mud. We found ourselves in a new world, looking out on waves of earth, rising and falling and going blue in the distance. On the top of a distant ridge a huge rock stuck out, with a rounded dome like a skull. Fortchee announced, “We need to make that rock by evening.” It was already early afternoon, and everyone groaned. “Or you face the Cats out here on open ground,” he said.

1,000 Places to See in the United States and Canada Before You Die, Updated Ed.
by Patricia Schultz
Published 13 May 2007

A High Sierra Gem YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK California “No temple made with hands can compare with Yosemite,” wrote naturalist John Muir, the conservationist whose work led to the founding of Yosemite National Park in 1890. Most of the park’s natural attractions have become icons of the American landscape, immortalized by the photographs of Ansel Adams. Who doesn’t recognize the bald image of Half Dome, Yosemite’s 8,842-foot trademark peak? Or El Capitan, the largest single granite rock on earth, rising 350 stories from the valley floor (twice the size of the Rock of Gibraltar) and drawing rock climbers from all over the world? Venture deeper into the park and visit the magnificent Yosemite Falls, the highest on the continent at 2,425 feet. The 750,000-acre park features thousands of lakes and ponds and 1,600 miles of streams.