energy security

The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 May 2011

Senate, May 5, 2011 (smart grid). 12 Cybersecurity Two Years Later: A Report of the CSIS Commission on Cybersecurity for the 44th Presidency (Washington, DC: CSIS, 2011), p. 1 (“steamboats”); Charles Ebinger and Kevin Massey, “Enhancing Smart Grid Cybersecurity in the Age of Information Warfare,” Brookings Energy Security Initiative, February 2011; Bruce Averill and Eric A. M. Luijf, “Canvassing the Cyber Security Landscape: Why Energy Companies Need to Pay Attention,” Journal of Energy Security, May 2010. 13 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “World Oil Transit Chokepoints,” EIA website. 14 Donna J. Nincic, “The ‘Radicalization’ of Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security,” Journal of Energy Security, December 2010; Jane’s Navy International, September 28, 2010. Chapter 14: Shifting Sands in the Persian Gulf 1 R.

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But there is also a security dimension, which arises from growing dependence for a country for which “self-reliance” had been such a strong imperative for so many years. 10 CHINA IN THE FAST LANE In the late 1990s, when energy security proposals were presented to the Chinese government, they were tabled. “They said there was no energy security issue,” said a senior adviser, “and that was partly right. It was a benign market.” But that changed as oil consumption surged, increasing the reliance on imports, and prices started their upward trek. A country that had been self-sufficient in oil as a matter of policy found itself increasingly dependent upon the global market—something that was anathema in its earlier and very different stage of development. This dependence made energy security a central concern in Beijing.

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As one of the country’s top officials put it, “China’s energy security issue is oil supply security.” By 2003 a new factor had further increased the anxiety about energy security—the war in Iraq. For Beijing, it was hard to believe that the promotion of democracy in the Middle East was what propelled the United States into Iraq in March 2003. If not that, it had to be something more concrete, more urgent, more critical, more threatening. In short, it had to be oil. And if the United States was worried enough about oil to launch a full-scale invasion, then, in the view of many Chinese, energy security was clearly much more important—and urgent.1 Part of the new insecurity arose from apprehension about the sea-lanes, the economic highways for the world commerce that were increasingly important as the lifelines for Chinese oil imports—and indeed for Chinese trade in general.

Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence
by Robert Bryce
Published 16 Mar 2011

The report said that “energy independence is not realistic in the foreseeable future, whereas U.S. energy security can be enhanced by moderating demand, expanding and diversifying domestic energy supplies, and strengthening global energy trade and investment. There can be no U.S. energy security without global energy security” (italics added).34 In other words, America’s ability to secure the energy it needs hinges on a stable, prosperous, global marketplace and global economy in which all of the players—producers and consumers alike—are able to get the energy they need at reasonable prices. Energy security means accepting energy interdependence. It means moving past the racism and xenophobia that dominate the current energy rhetoric and embracing the global market.

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Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudia_Arabia/Oil.html. 50 GUSHER OF LIES countries, including Venezuela, have agitated for higher prices, the Saudis have generally sought to stabilize global oil prices at levels that are good for both consumers and producers. This fact was made clear by Saudi oil minister Ali al-Naimi in 2006 during a speech in Washington, when he said: Energy security cannot be maintained when prices are at extremes— too low or too high. Truly sustainable energy security for consumers and producers requires three conditions—price stability, supply and demand reliability, and affordability. These are the three pillars of sustainable energy security. Affordability applies to both consumers and producers. If producers are forced to sell their energy resources at a low price, they eventually cannot afford to make the capital investments required to maximize long-term capacity.

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By 2011, the country will have invested about $18 billion to add another 1.5 million barrels per day of new refining capacity at locations like Ras Tanura, Yanbu, Jubail, and Rabigh.7 The new plants, said al-Muhanna, will be among the most advanced in the world. And they will give the Saudis even greater energy security at a time when the U.S.—along with most other industrialized countries on the planet—have neither excess crude capacity nor excess refining capacity. The punch line here is obvious: Like it or not, America’s energy security is tied to Saudi Arabia’s energy security. And that’s going to be true for years to come. The Saudis are aggressively embracing the global energy market. But try as they might, they are going to have difficulty keeping up with the rock-and-roll capitalism and go-go globalization that are under way in Dubai. 19 THE RISE OF DUBAI AND THE “SHIFT IN GRAVITY” It was a forest of construction cranes.

The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 Sep 2020

It took more than two weeks and what Putin called “difficult” negotiations for Russia and Ukraine to come to a new deal.7 Yet, remarkably, despite exceptionally cold weather, this second gas crisis resulted in no shortages, except in parts of the Balkans. The Ukrainians had built up ample storage. The Europeans also drew gas from storage. These crises put a new emphasis on energy security for both Russia and Europe. But the concept of “energy security” meant strikingly different things to them. Chapter 11 CLASH OVER ENERGY SECURITY Until recently, we assumed that the energy security regime that had come into existence in Europe was an optimal one,” reflected then–Russian president Dmitry Medvedev soon after the gas crisis. “It turns out that it wasn’t.”1 In 2011, Russia’s new concept was made clear.

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Nord Stream was Russia’s solution for its own version of energy security, reducing its dependence on Ukrainian transit by building new pipelines that went around that country. “Its construction meets our long-term goals,” said Medvedev at the dedication. And he generously added, “Of course this is our contribution to European energy security.” Chancellor Merkel voiced her approval of the project. Europe and Russia, she said, would “remain linked” in a “safe and resilient partnership” for decades to come. The European Union designated the pipeline “a priority energy project” that would contribute to European energy security. The gas that arrived at Lubmin had been injected into the pipeline two months earlier, at the port of Vyborg, northwest of St.

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As we shall see later, the oil sanctions held, buttressed by financial sanctions; and the economic pressure on Iran led finally to the 2015 agreement that constrained Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for the removal of sanctions.5 Case number two is Europe and relates back to Putin’s angry rejoinder at St. Petersburg. The rise of shale has been one of the keys to diversifying the European gas market and enhancing energy security. When European leaders talk about energy security, they are often less focused on oil and more on natural gas—and in particular the degree of reliance on Russian gas. As Europe’s top supplier of gas, Russia had, in the minds of some in the European Union and many in Washington, the ability to use gas supply as leverage for political objectives.

The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America's Future
by Michael Levi
Published 28 Apr 2013

They emphasize the fact that, as the Congressional Budget Office has noted, “greater production of oil in the United States would probably not protect U.S. consumers from sudden worldwide increases in oil prices,” suggesting the economy as a whole could not be insulated either. And they sharply question the security benefits of greater domestic production: according to the Energy Security Leadership Council, a bipartisan group of prominent business executives and retired military and government leaders from across the political spectrum, “as long as the United States remains a large consumer of oil, no level of domestic fuel production can meaningfully improve energy security.”37 O pen any Economics 101 textbook and you’ll learn what determines oil prices: it’s the collision of supply and demand. High prices make production more attractive and encourage people to cut back how much they use.

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Kuuskraa, Tyler Van Leeuwen, and Matt Wallace, “Improving Domestic Energy Security and Lowering CO2 Emissions with ‘Next Generation’ CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR),” National Energy Technology Laboratory, Washington, D.C., June 20, 2011. 28. Energy Information Administration, “Energy Market and Economic Impacts of the American Power Act of 2010,” Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting Washington, D.C., July 2010. 29. Natural Resources Defense Council, “Reducing Imported Oil.” 30. Kuuskraa et al., “Improving Domestic Energy Security.” 31. James T. Bartis, Tom LaTourrette, Lloyd Dixon, D. J. Peterson, and Gary Cecchine, Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2005).

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Washington Post, May 4, 2012. NOTES FOR PAGES 65–78 • 227 36. Jocelyn Fong, “20 Experts Who Say Drilling Won’t Lower Gas Prices,” Media Matters for America, March 22, 2012, http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/ 03/22/20-experts-who-say-drilling-wont-lower-gas-pric/184040. 37. Energy Security Leadership Council, “The New American Oil Boom: Implications for Energy Security,” Washington, D.C., 2012. 38. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook: Tensions from the Two-Speed Recovery, Washington, D.C. (April 2011). Author’s calculations. 39. James D. Hamilton, “Historical Oil Shocks,” in The Handbook of Major Events in Economic History, ed.

Living in a Material World: The Commodity Connection
by Kevin Morrison
Published 15 Jul 2008

Bush espouses a similar goal to Nixon, however, his energy policy doctrine was dismissed last year by a team of energy executives, policymakers and analysts, who make up the National Petroleum Council (NPC) in the US. ‘Energy Independence should not be confused with strengthening energy security. The concept of energy independence is not realistic in the foreseeable future, whereas US energy security can be enhanced by moderating demand, expanding and diversifying domestic energy supplies, and strengthening global energy trade and investment,’ the NPC said. ‘There can be no US energy security without global energy security.’ (National Petroleum Council, 2007). ENERGY | 31 Until cleaner energies become commercially viable, the world will continue to consume more coal and oil.

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Bush’s support for the coal industry underlines his prioritizing of energy security over global warming. About half of all US electricity is generated by coal; the country burns more than 1 billion tonnes a year and most of that is met by local production. Almost two-thirds of US coal production comes from mines in Wyoming, West Virginia and Kentucky, with most of the coal moved by train across America. Many drivers that get caught by the red lights at a level crossing in America is often because they are waiting for a coal freight train to pass with dozens of carriages filled to the brim with coal. Politicians talk about energy security and climate change in the same breath, but so far they have been proven to be largely contradictory objectives.

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(Comex) 255 Commodity Future Trading Commission (CFTC) (US) 74, 253, 263 commodity indices 240–2 commodity market manipulation 245–7 Commodity Trading Advisors (CTAs) 238 Congo, copper in 201, 202, 210–11 | 293 Connaughton, James 29, 31 ConocoPhilips 57, 79 Conservation International 93 Continental Power Exchange (CPE) 257, 258 Cooke, Jay 198, 222 n. 18 copper 4, 9, 11 applications 187–90 Congo 201, 202, 210–11 cost 211–13, 214–17 demand 182–5 electrical applications 186–7 in electricity generation 194–5 history 185–6 prices 199–201, 222 n. 17 production 195–8, 199 recycling 183, 184–5 theft 179–82 trade 211–13 under-sea extraction 217 in vehicles 190–4 Copper Export Association 201 Copper Exporters Incorporated 201 Copper Producers’ Association 200 coralconnect.com 260 corn 68–84, 96–8, 98–9, 99–101 hybrids 101–3 GM 104–6 diversity 106–10 Corn Products 233 cotton 166 Countryside Alliance 146 credit crisis (2007) 7 Crocker, Thomas 138 Cruse, Richard 111 D1 Oils 57, 58, 59 Dabhol gas-fired power plant 35 Dales, John 138 Daly, Herman 136 Darwin, Charles 67 Davis, Adam 157 Davis, Miles 183 Day after Tomorrow, The 15 n. 1 De Angelis, Anthony ‘Tino’ 245 De Beers 200, 210 De Soto, Hernando 136 Deere, John 100 deforestation 87, 147 Dennis, Richard 237 Deripaska, Oleg 199 Deutsche Bank 246, 261 294 | INDEX Diamond, Jared 97 DiCaprio, Leonardo 130 Dimas, Stavros 160 distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) 81 Dittar, Thomas 231 Donchian, Richard 237–8 Donson, Harry 199 dot.com bubble 7, 14, 241, 243 Doud, Gregg 82, 83 Dow Jones-AIG Commodity Index 240 Dresdner Kleinwort 47 Drexel Burnham Lambert 254 Dreyfus, Louis 89 Duke Energy 258 Dunavant, Billy 237 DuPont 102 E85 79 Ealet, Isabelle 259, 260 Earth Sanctuatires 157 Earth Summit Bali 142 Rio 1992 141 Ebay 38 Ecosystem Marketplace 157 Edison, Thomas 17, 95, 186 Ehrlich, Paul 13, 14, 16 n. 9 Population Bomb, The 14 Eisenhower, President 40 El Paso 258 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 153 electric vehicles 54, 191–3 11th Hour, The 130 Elf 261 Elton, Ben 135 Emissions Trading Program 139 Energy Information Administration (EIA) 38 Energy Policy Act 2005 (US) 28 energy security 28–9 Energy Security Act 1980 (US) 74 Enron 35, 164, 165, 213, 246, 257–64 Enron Online 213, 225 n. 40, 257, 258, 259 Environmental Protection Agency (US) 27, 62 n. 17, 75, 139 ethanol 69–70, 73–81, 92, 119 n. 6 see also biofuels Eurex 262 European Climate Exchange 146 European Union 142, 158, 160 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) 185 Evelyn, John 127 exchange-traded funds (ETFs) 13, 270 Exxon 32, 50, 52, 261 ExxonMobil 13, 79, 242, 254 Faraday, Michael 186 Farm Credit Administration 76 farm debt crisis 114–15 farm payments 115–16 farm sinks 154–5 Fearnley-Whittingstall 86 Federal Bureau of Investigation 246 Federal Clean Water Act (US) 156 F-gases 131 Firewire 260 Fisher, Mark 266, 269 Fleming, Roddy 219 flex-fuel cars 92–3 Fonda, Jane 114 Food and Agricultural Organization 148, 159 Ford, Bill 267 Ford, President Gerald 30, 115 Ford, Henry 73, 95, 195 Fordlandia 195 forest economics 149–50 forestry carbon credits 147 forests 147–51 Forrest, Andrew 199 Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act 1952 (US) 249 Forward Markets Commission (FMC) 249 Four Winds Capital Management 149, 159, 184 Franklin, Benjamin 157 Freese, Barbara 27 Friedland, Robert 199 Frost Fairs 127 fuel cell vehicles 53, 192–3 Futures Inc. 237 futures trading 235–6, 245, 247–50 gas 21–2 Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) 61 n. 8 gasohol 73 gene shuffling 105 General Atlantic 267, 269 General Motors 53, 54, 191, 193 INDEX genetically modified organism (GMO) seeds 105–6 Glencore 199, 211 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 148 Global Initiatives173 n. 28 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 191 global warming 24–6, 75 Globex 267 glycerin 82 Golder and Associates 206 Goldman 255, 260, 261 Goldman Sachs 57, 146, 254, 259 Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) 240, 241 Goldstein Samuelson 245 Google 37, 38 Gore, Al 16 n. 5, 28, 38, 126, 129, 143 Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae) certificates 146 Grant, President Ulysses S. 214 Greenburg, Marty 269 greenhouse effect 131 greenhouse gas emissions 25, 131 see also carbon dioxide; nitrous oxide Greenspan, Alan 244 Gresham Investment Management 242, 243 Guggenheim brothers 197 Guttman, Lou 251, 255, 259 Hamanaka, Yasuo 246 Hanbury-Tension, Robin 146 Harding, President Warren 103 hedge funds 23640 Henry Moore Foundation 180, 181 Herfindahl, Orris 215, 226 n. 46 Heston, Charlton 15, n. 4 Hezbollah 46 Hi-Bred Corn Company 102 high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) 89–90 Highland Star 219 Hill, James Jerome 215 Homestead Act 1862 (US) 100 Honda 53 Howard, John 133, 171 n. 16 Hu Jintao, President 219 Hub, Henry 257 Humphries, Jon 181 Hunt Brothers 245 Hunter, Brian 246, 247 | 295 Hurricane Katrina 135 Hurricane Rita 134 Hussein, Saddam 48 hybrid cars 53 hydroelectric power 34 hydrogen cars 54 hypoxia zone 111 iAqua 165 IEA 32 IMF 16 n. 6 Inconvenient Truth, An 16 n. 5, 129 Indonesia palm oil 93–4 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 31–2 intelligent lighting 38 IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) 246, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267 Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC) 203, 204 International Bauxite Association (IBA) 203 International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) 144 International Commercial Exchange (ICE) 273 n. 15 International Copper Cartel 201 International Energy Agency (IEA) 19, 25, 26, 40, 140–1, 153, 194 International Monetary Fund 57 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (UN) 24, 132, 134, 147, 149, 170 n. 3 International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) 250, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 265 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) 41 International Tin Council 203 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 107 Iowa Farm Bureau 36, 76, 155 Iowa Stored Energy Park 36 Japanese car market 18 Jardine Matheson 225 n. 40 Jarecki, Dr Henry 242, 243, 244 jatropha 57–9 Jefferson, Thomas 109 Jevons, William Stanley 20 Joint, Charles 181 296 | INDEX Joint Implementation (JI) 151 Jones, Paul Tudor 237, 238 Kabila, Joseph 210 Kanza, T.R. 211 Katanga of Congo 201, 225 n. 37 Kennecott Copper 199 Kennedy, Joseph (Joe) 264 Khosla Partners 38 Khosla, Vinod 37 Kitchen, Louise 258 Kleiner Perkins, Caufield & Byers 37 Kooyker, Willem 237, 238 Kovner, Bruce 237, 238 Krull, Pete 81 Kyoto Protocol 24, 27, 50, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 151, 169 n. 2, 194 clean development mechanism (CDM) 151 Lamkey, Kendall 112 Land and Water Resources, Inc. 155 Land Grant College Act (US) 101 Lange, Jessica 114 lead credits 172 n. 20 LED (light-emitting diodes) 38 Lehman brothers 241 Leiter, Joseph 245 Leopold II, King 210 Liebreich, Michael 39 Liffe 267 Lincoln, President Abraham 69, 100, 101, 119 n. 1 Lintner, Dr John 243 liquid coal 33–4 London Clearing House 263 London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (Liffe) 262 London Metal Exchange (LME) 16 n. 10, 43, 196, 204, 212, 213, 246 Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) 247 Louisiana Light Sweet 253 Lourey, Richard 166, 168 Lovelock, James 131 Lyme Timber Company, The 149 Mackintosh, John 232, 234, 270 Madonna 6 malaria 156 Malthus, Thomas 130 manure lagoons 154–5 Mao, Chairman 210 Markowitz, Harry 243 Marks, Jan 268 Marks, Michel 252, 253, 254, 268 Marks, Rebecca 164, 165 Mars, Forrest E., Jr 60 Matheson, Hugh 225 n. 40 Matif 262 McCain, John 80 McDonalds 89 Megatons to Megawatts programme 42 Melamed, Leo 249–50, 264 Mendel, Gregor (Johann) 102, 122 n. 30 Merrill Lynch 241, 246 Mesa Water 163–4 methane 128, 131, 152, 154 methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 74 Microsoft 13 Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord 143 milk 88–9 Milken, Michael 254 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board 156 Mittal, Laskma 212 Mobile 261 Mocatta Metals 242 Monsanto 106, 108 Montéon, Michael 199 Montgomery, David 138 Moor Capital 237 Moore, Henry 179, 182 Morgan, J.P. 246 Morgan Stanley 254, 255, 259, 260, 261 Muir, John 125 Mulholland, William 162 Murphy, Eddie 256 Murray Darling Basin 165–6 Musk, Elon 38 Nabisco 238–9 Nanosolar 38 Nasdaq 262 Nassar, President 210 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 192 National Alcohol Programme (Brazil) 92 National Cattlemen’s Beef Association 82 National Commission on Supplies and Shortages (US) 7, 16 n. 5 National Corn Growers’ Association 80 National Energy Policy (US) 28 INDEX National Petroleum Council (NPC) 30, 50 National Security Space Office (NSSO) (US) 39 NCDEX 248, 249 Nelson, Willie 115 New Deal Farm Laws 103 New Deal for Agriculture 76, 89 New Energy Finance 39 New Farm and Forest Products Task Force 95 New York Board of Trade 240, 255 New York Cocoa Exchange 255 New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange 255 New York Cotton Exchange 237, 252, 255 New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex) 43, 156, 246, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269 New York Metal Exchange 226 n. 42 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) 198, 253, 255, 256, 264, 268, 270 Newman, Paul 265 Nicholson, Jack 162 nickel 217–18, 227 n. 50, 227 n. 52 nitrates 110–11 nitrogen oxide emissions 139 nitrous oxide 131, 139, 140, 152 Nixon, President 27, 30, 115, 231, 252 Noble Group 199 North, John Thomas 198, 199, 209 Norton, Gale 163 nuclear energy 34 nuclear power 21, 39–44 Nuexco Trading Corporation 42 Nybot 255, 256, 265 Obama, Barack 79, 80, 143 obesity 121 n. 19 O’Connor, Edmund 231 O’Connor, William 231 OECD 158, 159 oil 44–53 energy content 51–2 palm 93 prices 8–9, 10, 52–3 sands 49–50 shale 50–1, 64 n. 33 shocks 5, 7 soya 82 trading 250–5, 266 Oliver, Jamie 86 onion futures trading 245 | 297 Ontario Teachers’ Fund 244, 272 n. 8 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec) 4, 9, 10, 22, 44–7, 203, 204, 251, 254 over-the-counter (OTC) trading 16 n. 8, 254–5 Owens Valley rape (1908) 162 Pachauri, Dr Rajendra K. 59 Page, Larry 38 Paley Commission 8 palm oil 93 Palmer, Fred 62 n. 14 Parthenon Capital 156, 267 PayPal 38 Peadon, Brian 165 perfluorocarbon 131 PGGM 244 Phaunos Timber Fund 149 Phelps Dodge 199 Phibro 254 Pickens, T.

Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics
by Francis Fukuyama
Published 27 Aug 2007

Intelligence Estimates of Soviet Collapse: Reality and Perception Bruce Berkowitz 5 Econoshocks: The East Asian Crisis Case David Hale 23 29 42 Part II. Cases: Looking Ahead 6 The Once and Future DARPA William B. Bonvillian 57 v 2990-7 ch0 frontmatter 7/23/07 12:05 PM Page vi vi contents 7 Fueled Again? In Search of Energy Security Gal Luft and Anne Korin 71 8 Emerging Infectious Diseases: Are We Prepared? Scott Barrett 82 Part III. Forecasting 9 Ahead of the Curve: Anticipating Strategic Surprise Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall 10 Can Scenarios Help Policymakers Be Both Bold and Careful? Robert Lempert 11 Innovation and Adaptation: IT Examples M.

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Rome lacked the scientific institutions to capitalize on this latent technology, precisely the function for which DARPA has been organized. Think of the loss that results when a society fails to dedicate itself to innovation, even when the organizational tools are at hand. What a waste, and how embarrassing to posterity. 2990-7 ch07 luft 7/23/07 12:11 PM Page 71 7 Fueled Again? In Search of Energy Security Gal Luft and Anne Korin On February 17, 2006, a rebel group called the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) declared “total war” against oil companies operating in Nigeria’s main oil-producing region. Nigeria is Africa’s leading oil exporter and ranks fifth as an oil supplier to the United States.

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But had they succeeded in turning the complex into an inferno, they would have denied the world roughly half of Saudi Arabia’s oil and its remaining spare capacity. That would amount to more oil than all the OPEC members took off the market during the 1973–74 Arab oil embargo. Had such a calamity happened in 2990-7 ch07 luft 7/23/07 12:11 PM Page 73 in search of energy security 73 conjunction with the shutdowns in Nigeria and Iraq, oil prices would have soared to $150–$200 a barrel. If it had happened in the midst of a hurricane season or an extra-cold winter, the outcome would have been even more catastrophic for the United States. Studies and simulations show that a loss of as little as three million barrels a day can cause gasoline prices to double, resulting in a loss of more than one million jobs in the United States alone and a significant spike in the current account deficit.

The Grid: The Fraying Wires Between Americans and Our Energy Future
by Gretchen Bakke
Published 25 Jul 2016

grew too costly to complete: The inordinate expense of building nuclear power plants, each of which was more like a carefully crafted work of art rather than a cookie-cutter prefab job and thus beset by the last-minute modifications and unanticipated delays that come with doing something complex for the first time, made this former truth of the industry’s business model stumble as well. “trucking transportation systems”: “Statement of Former U.S. President Carter at Energy Security Hearing Before U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” Carter Center, May 12, 2009, http://www.cartercenter.org/news/editorials_speeches/BostonGlobe-energy-security-hearings.html. decentralized power options: Carter also did a great deal to strengthen America’s reliance on fossil fuels, by encouraging more coal use and the exploitation of domestic oil. His problem was energy security and he was very catholic in his approach to solving it. Williams (1997), 325. commitment to fundamental change: This process might have been inevitable, for as Buckminster Fuller famously pointed out, “All the technical curves rise in tonnage and volumetric size to reach a giant peak after which miniaturization sets in.

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A secure, ample energy system also includes good employment policies that lead to peaceful labor relations and good county, state, and federal regulations that ensure both the affordability and the long-term stability of extractive technologies. And it includes making sure that disasters like Love Canal or Deepwater Horizon are a thing of the past. Many of these integrated aspects of energy security can be controlled within the United States in ways that are impossible in war zones. The mistake is in imagining that the knowledge and organization necessary for abundance is naturally linked to energy security, or that a national infrastructure for supplying power to American towns and bases is situated in a “stable environment.” We have seen this with Hurricanes Sandy and Irene in the Northeast and Katrina and Rita along the Gulf Coast, the Gale in the Pacific Northwest, Boston’s Snowmageddon, the California droughts and their wildfires, and the annual spin of tornadoes that wipe out, and cause to be rebuilt year in and year out, the infrastructures that support northern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.

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Amory Lovins, who coined the term “the Soft Energy Path” in 1976 as a means of articulating an alternative way of thinking about national security, argued that our hardened infrastructure, far from making things stronger, in fact increases infrastructural brittleness and thus also the ease with which the systems that sustain us can be broken. It is interesting to note that for the Lovinses (Amory wrote most often together with his wife, Hunter), security is not a domain isolated from the everyday. For them, energy security, oil supply chains, and a robust electrical infrastructure are all singular and inextricable elements of national security. Without our grid almost every element of modern life is lost. No computing power, no light, no telecommunications, no entertainment or news, no public transit, no air-conditioning, and in many places no potable or hot water.

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 27 Sep 2011

—Bruce Mosler, chairman of Cushman & Wakefield Global Brokerage “Very compelling . . . while many experts focus on how to transform our energy systems, few offer such a comprehensive economic vision and social road map as Jeremy Rifkin. The ‘Energy Internet’ will lift our world to a new plateau of economic growth, while at the same time addressing climate change and increasing our energy security. . . . A must-read.” —Guido Bartels, chairman of the Global Smart Grid Federation “An exciting vision for a post-carbon society. Rifkin embeds green transport inside a new high-tech Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure, re-framing the very concept of human mobility. This could well be the future of transportation.”

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They come into office on fire with ambitious visions of the future, only to succumb to the daily slog of putting out little fires. On his first day in office, President Obama turned immediately to the issue of resuscitating the economy. His administration latched on to the idea of bundling economic recovery with the two other critical challenges facing the country—energy security and climate change. The president began to talk up the prospect of a green economy and how it would create thousands of new businesses and millions of new jobs. The message resonated with many members of Congress. But the reason an overarching new economic game plan has never been rolled out is not just because we need to cut back public spending and reduce government deficits, but because the administration is missing, to quote former president George W.

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While none of us oppose giant wind farms and solar parks—I even think they are essential to making a transition to a post-carbon Third Industrial Revolution economy—we began to believe these alone would not be sufficient. If renewable energy is found everywhere, how do we collect it? In early 2007, the European Parliament Energy and Climate Change committees were preparing reports on next steps in energy security and global warming. I received a call from Claude Turmes, the European Parliament’s leading authority on renewable energy. He urged me to enlist the construction industry in our efforts. Claude knew that I was in touch with some of Europe’s and America’s leading construction companies working in sustainable design and that I was beginning to give talks about the need to convert building stock into mini power plants.

A Line in the Tar Sands: Struggles for Environmental Justice
by Tony Weis and Joshua Kahn Russell
Published 14 Oct 2014

In a series dubbed “The War for the Oil Sands in Washington,” Tyee reporter Geoff Dembicki examined how “Doer has devoted much of his professional energy to promoting the oil sands industry, flying to industry roundtables, meeting with US policymakers, and speaking to national magazines.”27 On the legislative front, the Conservative government’s first target was a law established at the end of 2007: Section 526 of the Energy Security and Independence Act, which is often referred to as the Waxman bill, having been introduced by Democratic congressman Henry Waxman. The Waxman bill effectively forbids government agencies—including the US military, by far the largest government purchaser—from buying oil with a larger than average carbon footprint. In response, Canadian embassy officials began strategic communications with the American Petroleum Institute and its offshoot, the Center for North American Energy Security, as well as with companies such as Exxon Mobil, BP, Chevron, Marathon, Devon, and Encana.28 The goal was to ensure that the Waxman bill would not apply to the tar sands, as Waxman had intended.

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According to Geoff Dembicki, Canadian officials attempted to intervene at least five times to affect how California defined its LCFS.33 In April 2009, Canada’s minister of natural resources, Lisa Raitt, wrote to Governor Schwarzenegger expressing a fear that “your LCFS regulation … could serve as a model for other states and perhaps the US federal government,” and urging “that the LCFS regulation should assign all mainstream crude oil fuel pathways the same CI [carbon intensity] rather than distinguish among different sources of crude oil.”34 The pressure did not stop there. The Center for North American Energy Security, an organization that has worked closely with the Canadian embassy in promoting the tar sands, sued California to repeal the LCFS in conjunction with two other groups, arguing that the policy would “harm [US] energy security by discouraging the use of Canadian crude oil.”35 The first phase of the lawsuit was successful, forcing California to postpone its LCFS policy in late 2011 until it could be adjudicated at a higher court.

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The centrality of oil in global capitalism is reflected in the fact that oil-centred giants, like ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Chevron, and Sinopec, consistently rank among the largest and most profitable corporations in the world. The geopolitical dimension of this push is plainly apparent in the Harper government’s attempts to promote Canada as a world “energy superpower,” which is capable of enhancing the “energy security” for its friends, most notably the US. It is clear that the race to expand the production of unconventional reserves like bitumen is tied to the decline of conventional oil and gas reserves. In addition to tar sands, this general pressure is also central to the rise of hydraulic fracturing (more commonly known as “fracking”) for “tight” oil and natural gas and the mining of kerogen shale (a bitumen-like substance), as well as increasing offshore drilling in deeper water and higher latitudes for conventional reserves.

The Star Builders: Nuclear Fusion and the Race to Power the Planet
by Arthur Turrell
Published 2 Aug 2021

See end of life stars, and nuclear fusion de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles, 87 DEMO power plant design, 197, 198, 199, 206 dense plasma focus, 149 deuterium energy security and access to, 43 fusion using, 51. See also deuterium-tritium fusion JET’s use of, 94–95 Lawson’s equations on use of, 109–10 number of years left for supply of, if used exclusively, 44–45 Rutherford’s experiment and discovery of nuclear fusion using, 54–55, 61, 149 structure of, as hydrogen isotope, 51–52 deuterium-tritium fusion Chapman on, 55–56, 185 Culham Centre’s use of, 55, 62–63 energy released in, 55–56, 58–59 energy security and access to, 43 First Light Fusion’s use of, 63, 190 Herrmann on, 55–56 ITER tokamak, Cadarache, France, and, 186–87 neutrons in, 51–52, 55, 57–58 NIF’s use of, 62–63 number of years left for supplies in, 44–45 Tokamak Energy’s use of, 63 Didcot Power Station, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 139 Dinan, Richard, 13, 144 Dyson, Freeman, 82–83, 214 Dyson spheres, 83 Eagle Nebula, 74 EAST tokamak, China, 14, 184, 193 Eddington, Arthur, 15, 49, 56–57, 71, 84 EDF Energy, 174 Einstein, Albert, 57–59, 62 electricity.

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It’s likely that we’ll find more fossil fuels if we look hard enough, but it won’t change the basic fact that they’ll run out sooner or later.13 Even if we were to find more fossil fuels, the security and environmental problems they pose are so serious that we need to wean ourselves off them anyway. They tend to be concentrated in a few geographical regions, lending power to those countries that, more or less by chance, have them. In 1973, a group of countries cut production and exports of oil so effectively that the price rose four times over. Energy security is itself a good reason to kick the fossil fuel habit. Burning fossil fuels is also a major source of air pollution. Air pollution is thought to be a contributing factor in the deaths of nearly twenty-nine thousand people a year in the UK and, according to World Health Organization estimates, 8.8 million people worldwide (more than smoking).

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Given that the most devastating nuclear weapons are based on fission and fusion, it’s rational to ask whether fusion power plants would pose even more of a risk of nuclear proliferation than nuclear fission plants. Seeking the perspective of someone who works at a site where the US’s nuclear arsenal is maintained, I talked to NIF’s Jeff Wisoff about this. He was clear: “Fusion is less of a nuclear weapons proliferation risk than fission.” I’ll revisit these claims later in the book. And while energy security due to possible restrictions in fuel supply is a problem for oil, coal, gas, and the fissile material used in today’s nuclear reactors, it’s not a problem for fusion because almost every nation on Earth has direct access to it: the supply can be found in plain old seawater. Fusion is a fuel-based power source, like fission or fossil fuels, so, in principle, it could run out.

Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power
by Steve Coll
Published 30 Apr 2012

Lee Raymond: Fair Disclosure transcript, ExxonMobil Corporation Analyst Meeting, March 10, 2004, New York. Rex Tillerson: “A Conversation on Energy Security,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 9, 2007. The quotation is in direct response to a question about Mexico, but follows similar comments about Venezuela and global energy security in general. 10. Ibid. 11. George W. Bush to Rex Tillerson: Interview with an individual familiar with reports of the conversation and ExxonMobil’s response. 12. Rex Tillerson, “A Conversation on Energy Security,” op. cit. 13. All oil and gasoline price statistics cited are from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. 14.

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An ad taken out by the Consumer Energy Alliance in the Weekly Standard showed Caucasian schoolgirls at play, presumably Canadians: “Energy Security? The Answer Just Might Be Closer Than You Think.” ExxonMobil put its corporate shoulder into the lobbying campaign. David P. Bailey, an in-house specialist on the subject, joined a task force at the Council on Foreign Relations that was organized early in 2009 to produce a definitive study on the issue. The study group’s advisory committee included, besides Bailey, a Chevron representative, business consultants, academics, and environmentalists. The final report, “The Canadian Oil Sands: Energy Security vs. Climate Change,” was rigorous and thorough.

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Interview with a Bush administration official. 25. Interview with a former National Security Council official. 26. ExxonMobil’s scenario planning, “an element of surge . . . really happen”: Rex Tillerson remarks, “A Conversation on Energy Security,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 9, 2007. 27. Ibid. 28. All quotations, “A Conversation with Lee Raymond,” Charlie Rose, PBS, May 6, 2004. 29. “A Conversation on Energy Security,” op. cit. CHAPTER TWELVE: “HOW HIGH CAN WE FLY?” 1. “Was fortunate at this critical time” and “transform the relationship”: BBC News, November 15, 2001. “looked the man . . . soul”: BBC News, June 16, 2001. 2.

Shorting the Grid: The Hidden Fragility of Our Electric Grid
by Meredith. Angwin
Published 18 Oct 2020

Serreze, “Massachusetts regulators approve Berkshire Gas 5-year plan, while insisting company must work to lift moratorium,” MassLive.com (website), January 7, 2019, https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2017/07/utility_regulators_berkshire_gas_need_no.html. 78 “Operational Fuel-Security Analysis,” ISO-NE, January 17, 2018, 23. 79 “Operational Fuel-Security Analysis,” ISO-NE, January 17, 2018, 23. 80 The Synapse Report, page 1. 81 “Order Accepting and Suspending Filing and Establishing Hearing Procedures,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, July 13, 2018, https://www.ferc.gov/CalendarFiles/20180713175746-ER18-1639-000.pdf. 82 “Energy Security Improvements,” ISO New England, April 2019 — Version 1, https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2019/04/a00_iso_discussion_paper_energy_security_improvements.pdf. 83 Michael Kuser, “ISO-NE Filing, Whitepaper Address Energy Security,” RTO Insider, April 4, 2019, https://rtoinsider.com/iso-ne-whitepaper-energy-security-113956/. 84 Chadalavada, “Cold Weather Operations,” 17. 85 Michael Kuser, “NEPOOL MC Debates Energy Security Models,” RTO Insider, June 18, 2019, https://rtoinsider.com/nepool-debates-energy-security-models-138484/. 86 “Energy Security Improvements,” ISO New England, April 2019 — Version 1, page 20 and following https://www.iso-ne.com/static-assets/documents/2019/04/a00_iso_discussion_paper_energy_security_improvements.pdf 87 Kuser, “ISO-NE Filing.” 88 “DEC Lunch: Assessing and mitigating the risk of cascading blackouts,” The Arthur L.

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There’s a certain déjà vu quality about this requirement. The déjà vu doesn’t look any better than it looked before. ISO-NE wrote an Energy Security Improvement discussion paper,82 which they presented (yes, you know this is what would happen) at a NEPOOL meeting in April 2019. RTO Insider soon summarized the paper.83 NEPOOL rejected the ISO-NE proposal. However, ISO-NE went ahead and filed its proposal with FERC. I think ISO-NE, which is a group of engineers and economists, understands the fuel-security problem very well. The Energy Security discussion paper has a clear description of perverse incentives that lead to the problems in the Northeast: To facilitate productive discussions of the ISO’s concerns and potential solutions, this paper begins with a deeper examination of the underlying problems and their root causes.

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However, ISO-NE dived right in and came up with three new auctions. The ISO-NE proposal is bewilderingly complex. It makes Pay for Performance look simple. Specifically, ISO-NE proposed three core components to improve the fuel-security problem. The three core components are described in their energy security discussion paper86: Multi-day-ahead market. Expand the current one-day-ahead market into a multi-day-ahead market … with multi-day clearing prices for market participants’ energy obligations. New ancillary services in the day-ahead market. Create several new, voluntary ancillary services … (that compensate for) the flexibility of energy “on demand” to manage uncertainties each operating day.

Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet
by Varun Sivaram
Published 2 Mar 2018

I’d been invited by the Japanese government to tour the plant, and although I wasn’t allowed to take pictures, I still vividly remember the sprawling complex of chemical towers, labyrinthine pipework, and hulking centrifuges. It’s an engineering marvel. After three decades and $25 billion in construction costs, Rokkasho is finally set to open in 2018. Rokkasho is a symbol of a Japanese obsession: energy security. An island nation with negligible domestic energy resources, Japan has fretted about its energy security ever since the oil shocks of the 1970s. And for most of the last half-century, nuclear power has anchored its strategy to seize control of its energy supply. Yet even as Rokkasho prepares to start recycling nuclear fuel to end Japan’s dependence on imports, most of its nuclear reactors have been shuttered.

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Jason Deign, “Subsidy Cuts Will Cause a ‘Sharp Negative Turn’ in Japan’s Solar Market Through 2020,” Greentech Media, June 1, 2016, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/japan-plans-to-curb-solar-growth. 31.  Tim Buckley and Simon Nicholas, “Japan: Greater Energy Security Through Renewables,” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, March 2017, http://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Japan_-Greater-Energy-Security-Through-Renewables-_March-2017.pdf. 32.  Aaron Sheldrick, “Japan to Cut Emphasis on Nuclear in Next Energy Plan: Sources,” Reuters, May 26, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-nuclear-idUSKCN0YI06Z. 33.  

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Just as America had surged past Saudi Arabia in 2013 to become the world’s biggest oil producer, so too did it dethrone China twenty years later as the leading manufacturer of solar technologies. That was just as well—or else America might have developed a dangerous dependence on imports of Chinese energy products. Instead, the United States managed to achieve prosperity and energy security at the cost of a few billion dollars a year in additional funding for research into and development and demonstration of new technologies—a rounding error on the federal budget.9 Solar PV remains the most widespread method of harnessing the sun’s energy even as other technologies, such as solar fuels, rise in popularity.

The Price Is Wrong: Why Capitalism Won't Save the Planet
by Brett Christophers
Published 12 Mar 2024

‘In the past, the big driver for renewables was decarbonisation,’ Edurne Zoco, executive director for clean energy technology at the financial analysis firm S&P Global, remarked in early 2023. ‘What has changed since 2022 is that energy security has also become a big driver of policy for renewables – especially solar.’62 Thus when, for example, in November 2022, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak pledged to accelerate the UK’s switch to renewable energy, he did so explicitly on the ground of energy security and environmental benefits – not cost benefits. Energy security, similarly, explicitly inspired renewed vigour in renewables investment in 2022 in countries ranging from Greece to Denmark, and from Switzerland to the Baltics.

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A striking example is found at the other geographical extreme of Scandinavia, in the far north, where the development of wind farms has increasingly interfered with Sámi reindeer-herding grounds, threatening at once community livelihoods, ancestral traditions and wildlife itself. What, people are led to ask, takes precedence? The global climate fight? A (post)colonial nation’s quest for energy security? Or the repeatedly violated rights of a minority people? And who ultimately decides? In countries in which local authorities have long been used to an effective monopoly on local land use planning, the issue of renewable energy has increasingly seen moves by the centre to wrest back powers. In early 2022, for example, frustrated by wrangling over six proposed onshore wind farms in Italy, the country’s highest executive body, the Council of Ministers, summarily stepped in to secure all necessary approvals.23 At an even higher and wider level of authority, the European Commission has expressed concern that projects that can take only a matter of months to build can take up to a decade to receive all the permissions that are required.

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Its instruments of support for solar and wind technology manufacturers in many cases long pre-dated the meaningful integration of environmental considerations into Chinese state policymaking. Those instruments were, and to a lesser extent still are, a matter rather of energy policy – concerns around energy security here being paramount – and industrial policy – specifically, the objective of making China a leader in a hi-tech global growth industry, able to export equipment competitively to the lucrative European and US markets. What has been interesting about the post-COVID-19 period has been the first signs of policymakers in the latter markets finally responding.

The Great Race: The Global Quest for the Car of the Future
by Levi Tillemann
Published 20 Jan 2015

If TEPCO were going to expand nuclear power generation, he reasoned, it would help to show the Japanese people that nuclear power was a solution to the country’s broader energy issues—including energy security and climate change. There had to be value added beyond the traditional electricity-dependent sectors. Japan’s cars, trucks, boats, and planes still relied on world oil markets, and Anegawa wanted to change this. Transportation was, in some senses, the final frontier for Japanese energy security. So Anegawa wrote up a bold, transformative proposal for his superiors at TEPCO. The crux of this strategy was for the company to lead Japan in the electrification of automotive transportation.

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Perhaps this was because he worked not for an auto company, but for a sprawling nuclear utility. Indeed, the engine that drove Takafumi Anegawa was nuclear power. While much of Japanese society looked on nuclear energy with suspicion—even hostility—Anegawa was different. In nuclear, he saw a solution to his homeland’s energy security equation and environmental problems. Nuclear was already integral to Japan’s electrical system, but Anegawa thought it could do more—especially in transportation. But even the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)—Japan’s largest provider of electricity and nuclear energy—could not simply move forward on this vision alone.

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That said, there were also some pathbreaking successes. The stimulus was animated by diverse and sometimes conflictual goals. Channeling government largesse toward economically strategic regions was one. Seeding new industries was another. Then, of course, there were the twin goals of increasing U.S. energy security and reducing carbon emissions. Early on, savvy operators understood that a strong letter from a powerful congressman or senator might mean the difference of millions of dollars in government grants or loans. So too could the decision to site a project in a specific state or congressional district.

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order
by Parag Khanna
Published 4 Mar 2008

Yet even as Russia blocks NATO expansion and delays American missile shields, it cannot stop the EU. For over a decade, Europeans considered Russia “too close and too big” to aggravate, and it needed Russia’s cooperation to end the Balkan wars. But from Ukraine to Kosovo to Chechnya, Russia proved better at thwarting than assisting European goals like energy security, counterterrorism, and human rights. The tiny Baltic statelets then outmaneuvered Russia using diaspora lobbies, slick branding campaigns (think “E-stonia”), and investor-friendly economic policies, seducing the EU into uncommon quick-wittedness. When Russia stalled in settling its borders with the Baltic nations (which by EU regulation should have delayed their membership talks), Europe let these statelets in anyway.

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Russia provokes conflict and then intervenes, claiming it is the only power capable of separating these squabbling children to keep the peace. To break this cycle, the West’s new gamble is to make the Caucasus part of Europe’s “Near Abroad” rather than Russia’s. If it succeeds, the Caucasus nations will have risen out of the third world, and Western energy security will be that much closer to assured. GEORGIA: ON EUROPE’S MIND Imagine a country of abandoned villages, collapsed buildings, battered trucks belching clouds of foul exhaust, women selling corn on the roadside, children bathing in drying riverbeds, and haggard beggars in the capital city. Now imagine that its citizens are white.

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“They have tried to co-opt Chechnya,” observed a Georgian diplomat, citing the grand mosque Russia recently built in Grozny, just slightly smaller than that of Kazan. “But Russia never retreats the easy way, always choosing instead to make things more difficult for itself.” A sphere of influence is a sphere of responsibility, meaning that Western energy security and democratization strategies must come together to build another European subregion in the Caucasus—and to accelerate Russia’s retreat. Through the 1990s, energy companies were the West’s main representatives in the Caucasus, serving as self-interested but strategically backed commercial diplomats.

Why Nudge?: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism
by Cass R. Sunstein
Published 25 Mar 2014

Related regulations require improvements in the energy efficiency of household appliances, such as refrigerators, clothes washers, and clothes dryers. What is the rationale for such regulations? Insofar as we are dealing with air pollution, the justification is quite standard: to reduce externalities. And insofar as the goal is to promote energy security by reducing dependence on foreign oil, the justification also involves externalities. But as noted, the strong majority of the benefits from such rules do not involve air pollution or energy security. They involve consumer savings, in the form of reduced costs from use. Should those savings be counted in the analysis of what to do? On one view, they should not be. There is a market for fuel economy and for energy efficiency.

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In 2011, the Department of Transportation and the Environmental Protection Agency produced new fuel-economy labels with this goal in mind; the new labels explicitly draw attention to the economic benefits of greater fuel economy.46 An understanding of the problem of shrouded attributes also helps to identify a potential justification for regulatory standards in the domains of fuel economy and energy efficiency, involving a behavioral market failure. Of course, such standards reduce social costs by cutting air pollution and promoting energy security. To the extent that they reduce these costs, they do not involve paternalism in any way. But most of the benefits from recent rules are private; they come from consumer savings.47 Here is where paternalism becomes relevant. On standard economic grounds, it is not simple to identify a market failure that would justify taking account of such benefits.

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In the cases just described, it is possible that regulation can be justified on grounds that have nothing to do with paternalism. To see some of the complexities here, recall recent rules that require increases in fuel economy. We have seen that such rules produce substantial social benefits by reducing air pollution and by increasing energy security; producing these benefits does not involve paternalism. But as we have also seen, the strong majority of the benefits of such rules come from private fuel savings, and producing those benefits might reasonably be thought to involve paternalism. To get clear on the underlying issues, and to keep the focus on paternalism, let us put third-party effects entirely to one side.

In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India
by Edward Luce
Published 23 Aug 2006

So when he gives a strong opinion that you have not heard before, it is worth taking note. “The quest for energy security is second only in our scheme of things to our quest for food security,” said Manmohan, in his almost whispering voice. “India is dependent on imported energy, and what goes on in the world today, the growing instability of supplies, gives rise to new challenges. The producers must come to terms with the fact that instability is not something that is conducive to the interest of either the buyers or the sellers.… Energy security is of critical importance [to India].”28 To take a small liberty with Manmohan’s pronouncement, energy security is actually a bigger headache for India than is food security.

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In both cases, the charge is being led by state-owned energy companies and, contrary to the advice of free market purists, who argue that supplies can more efficiently be tied up in the energy futures market, both countries want to extract the oil or gas directly. China and India’s ever-restless quest for energy security involves striking deals with a number of rogue regimes around the world. Most important of all, it involves forging close ties to Iran. Journalists in Asia have dubbed the India-China race for energy security the “New Great Game,” a reference to the old Great Game, which was a race between imperial Britain and czarist Russia in the nineteenth century to gain sway over the vast tracts of central Asia that divided the Raj from Russia’s southern boundaries.

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On energy, however, India’s internal shortfall is large and growing. At the moment India imports 70 percent of its oil needs, and that figure is expected to rise to 90 percent in the next two decades as the domestic economy expands. Likewise, if the dollars being thrown around in overseas acquisitions are any guide, energy security is also one of the most critical issues facing China. The energy situations facing India and China are strikingly similar. Both have large reserves of coal, which is mostly dirty and inefficient. Both also have oil but not of a sufficient quantity to give them much comfort. Both countries—particularly China—have built controversial dams to boost their hydroelectric capacity.

Twilight of Abundance: Why the 21st Century Will Be Nasty, Brutish, and Short
by David Archibald
Published 24 Mar 2014

And until the global warming myth is exploded, the security of the United States—and thus of the world—is also at risk. A STRATEGIC ENERGY PLAN FOR THE UNITED STATES For the last forty years, American presidents have noted that energy security is a problem that needs addressing and solving. But none of those presidents has understood energy—even though one worked in the oil industry. A number of the presidents have acted against U.S. energy security, often unwittingly. Under President Nixon, the thorium molten-salt reactor project was killed off to free up funds for the plutonium fast-breeder reactor, which was itself later abandoned.

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Some other nations have already arrived at the conclusion that CNG is what should be used as a vehicle fuel when one wishes to save oil. Both Iran and Pakistan have in the order of 2.9 million CNG passenger vehicles each, with market penetration in Pakistan being 70 percent. BLIND ALLEYS Devotees of the global warming myth, who at the moment are very effectively blocking our path to energy security for the future, are meanwhile also cheerleading for a number of alternative technologies, none of which can solve our energy problems. Electrically powered vehicles, for example, are a poor solution to the problem of providing cheap and efficient personal transport. Let’s begin with the question of energy efficiency.

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The open cut would therefore be at least 2,400 feet deep. Mining on this scale is already being undertaken in Utah. Just south of Salt Lake City, the nearly hundred-year-old Bingham Canyon copper mine has already reached a depth of 3,600 feet and is four miles long. CHINA FORGES AHEAD The issues of energy security, energy independence, and energy strategy rise to the top of public and political consciousness in the United States every so often, and then interest fades as the immediate problem seems to be overcome. By comparison, there is one country, and only one country, that has assessed the resources that nature has given it and is getting on with the job of securing its energy future.

Oil: Money, Politics, and Power in the 21st Century
by Tom Bower
Published 1 Jan 2009

The chaos was broadly welcomed in Washington as providing an opportunity to replace Russia’s historic control over the estimated 200 billion barrels of oil and gas around the Caspian Sea. Baku had become a boom town filled with Tex-Mex food, nightclubs and Texans smelling big money. “This is about America’s energy security,” announced Bill Richardson, the energy secretary. “It’s also about preventing strategic inroads by those who don’t share our values.” Ignoring Russia’s antagonism and the region’s recurring wars over control of the Caspian, Richardson added, “We’re trying to move these newly independent countries towards the West.

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The domestic industry could have been expanded to produce nine million barrels a day, but it felt battered, especially by Senator Barbara Boxer of California’s conservation campaign. The crisis gave the oil companies a chance to use the extra profits to invest. Instead, their profits were attacked. “We are now relying on military force rather than energy policy for our energy security,” observed Senator Frank Murkowski of Alaska, unsuccessfully seeking more exploration in his state. “Americans will find it unacceptable to put American lives at risk because we have not made the hard choices to formulate a policy.” In the aftermath of Iraq’s defeat, the industry’s plight worsened.

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Like Lasmo, another British oil company, Enterprise had failed to use its North Sea fields to expand and to gain a place among the major players. Together, Lasmo and Enterprise symbolized Britain’s squandered opportunity. Enterprise had been created in 1983 by a Conservative government ideologically opposed to the state producing oil and gas, and keen, regardless of Britain’s long-term energy security, to immediately receive a large amount of cash. Convinced that there would always be a surplus of oil supplied by BP and Shell, Margaret Thatcher privatized the North Sea’s reserves in 1986, just as prices crashed. This was followed in July 1988 by an explosion on the Piper Alpha platform, killing 167 workers.

Crude Volatility: The History and the Future of Boom-Bust Oil Prices
by Robert McNally
Published 17 Jan 2017

After the tumultuous 1970s and early 1980s, during the long period of relatively stable oil prices from 1986 to early 2000s (with the exception of the 1990–1991 Gulf War), Washington reverted to aloofness and complacency with regard to the oil industry and energy security. In 1986, the Reagan administration decided to ease fuel economy standards for model years 1987 and 1988.23 During the 1990s the Clinton administration and Congress looked the other way when the auto industry and motorists exploited a loophole in fuel economy standards for gas-guzzling sport utility vehicles. SUVs and minivans are also exempt from a federal “gas-guzzler tax” enacted in 1978.24 Public and official concern about energy security abated during the 1990s. Despite a doubling in dependence on imported oil after 1985, from about 25 percent to over 50 percent, in 1996, a Republican Congress and Democratic White House agreed to sell off some of the strategic reserves in 1996 to plug holes in the federal budget.

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Over the four preceding decades, the US and its allies had enjoyed stable oil prices and felt secure about supply security, though the 1967 and especially 1956 disruptions did cause a fright, particularly in Europe. But shifts that began after World War II and gathered force in the 1960s—soaring oil demand and replacement of the U.S. with the Middle East as key supply region—triggered a convulsion and reshaped the global oil market, shattering prior complacency about energy security and energy policy. Western governments and majors had ignored OPEC after it was created in 1960. “But now, in the middle 1970s, all that had changed,” Daniel Yergin wrote. “The international order had been turned upside down. OPEC’s members were courted, flattered, railed against, and denounced.

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Strategic Petroleum Reserve became the centerpiece a comprehensive national energy law signed in December 1975 by Nixon’s successor President Ford to address the ongoing “energy crisis.” Called the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, the law also included a ban on crude oil and refined product exports, conservation standards for appliances, and vehicle fuel limits called Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations. While initially intended to promote energy security by lowering oil imports and save consumers money at the pump, in recent years the federal government has added reducing greenhouse gas emissions to CAFE’s objectives. Oil began pouring into underground salt caverns chiseled under the Texas and Louisiana coasts in July 1977, and the SPR came to life.

Oil Panic and the Global Crisis: Predictions and Myths
by Steven M. Gorelick
Published 9 Dec 2009

Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. Yergin, D. (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Free Press, Simon and Schuster. Darwin, C. (1859). The Origin of Species, reprinted in 1979 by Gramercy Books, Random House, New York: 461 pp. Greene, D. L. (2009). “Measuring Energy Security: Can the United States Achieve Oil Independence?” Energy Policy. ISSN 0301-4215, DOI: 10.1016/j. enpol.2009.01.041 (in press). Porter, E. D. (1995). “Are We Running Out of Oil?” American Petroleum Institute Policy Analysis and Strategic Planning Department, American Petroleum Institute, Discussion Paper #081. 14 End of the Oil Era 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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id=2006-09-05 “Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers 2007,” www.eia.doe.gov/ emeu/perfpro/tab01.htm www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/perfpro/020607.pdf Pirog, R. (2007). The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Oil Market, Congressional Research Service Report, August 21, 2007. Greene, D. L. (2009). “Measuring Energy Security: Can the United States Achieve Oil Independence?” Energy Policy (in press: doi:10.1016/j. enpol.2009.01.041). Energy Information Administration reporting of Oil and Gas Journal value (January 2008); BP Statistical Review (2008); www.opec.org/home/basket.aspx The average price of OPEC oil in 2008 was $95 per barrel.

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“Global Petroleum Resources: A View to the Future,” Geotimes, November 2002. 1 metric ton (or tonne) of coal is equal to 2204.6 pounds, which is equivalent to 3.8 barrels of oil. 2008 BP Statistical Review of World Energy and 2006 World Energy Council Survey of Energy Resources, www.worldenergy.org Lower estimate from 2008 BP Statistical Review and the higher from EIA 2007 World Energy Outlook. 5 Beyond Panic High gasoline prices in 2008 served as a reminder of our vulnerability to limited domestic oil production and dependence on oil imports, especially from OPEC. The future of dependence on imports and, more generally, the oil-energy path requires public policy decisions about energy security, economic stability, and risks to the environment. These issues are discussed in this chapter. The US and other oil-importing nations must resolve the problems of energy dependence and environmental degradation due to oil consumption. Should global oil supply meet demand for the foreseeable future, we must ask: at what cost to our safety, economy, and environment?

Food and Fuel: Solutions for the Future
by Andrew Heintzman , Evan Solomon and Eric Schlosser
Published 2 Feb 2009

We will discuss the content, the analytics, and some results of the soft path approach later in this chapter; for now, however, the key point is that Lovins (and subsequent soft path analysts) took both sides of the energy security vs. environment debate absolutely seriously. Environmentalists taking a soft path approach to energy policy accepted that decision makers must consider and plan for energy security, and that economics did matter. Moreover, they met head-on one of the main criticisms of their opposition to various megaprojects. Instead of merely pointing generally to more efficient technologies and renewable energy sources when challenged as to how, exactly, the demand for energy was going to be met, analysts doing soft path studies provided the comprehensive overview, including the hard numbers detailing energy supply-and-demand balances with alternative technologies, that was required for a serious response.

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His famous Model T was the first flex-fuel car, designed to run on a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, very much like the cars coming off the Ford plant in Dearborn today. A century later, Henry Ford’s ethanol revolution is actually happening. The record-high, volatile oil prices, combined with concerns over energy security and climate change, have made ethanol once again a popular fuel. Politicians of all stripes, including President Barack Obama, are open supporters of the idea that America can grow its energy. After all, ethanol means votes. In Iowa alone — a key state in every U.S. presidential primary season — over 50,000 jobs are dependent on the biofuel business.

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Nonetheless, many inside the energy industry knew that we were at the end of the age of abundance and at the beginning of a much more volatile age of energy scarcity. And then, just as we launched the book, 50 million North Americans were left in the darkness during the blackout of 2003. Suddenly energy security and supply became popular issues. Not long after, increasing media pressure brought to light the cascading problems of global climate change. We also knew that if there was an energy crisis there might well be a food crisis as well. After all, everyone in the energy sector knew that food and fuel are joined at the hip, from the price of artificial, fossil fuel–based fertilizers to the cost of gasoline needed to drive tractors.

Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism
by Kevin Phillips
Published 31 Mar 2008

In a nutshell, it is this total lack of any ‘alternative scenario thinking’ that makes this unavoidable event so alarming.”24 Flynt Leverett, a former aide on Bush’s National Security Council who left for the New America Foundation, wrote in 2006 that “U.S. foreign policy is ill-suited to cope with the challenges to American leadership flowing from the new petropolitics. Current policy does not take energy security seriously as a foreign policy issue or prioritize energy security in relation to other goals.”25 In late 2007, two major oil company chief executives, James Mulva of ConocoPhillips and Clarence Cazalot of Marathon Oil, endorsed the need for a decisive federal energy strategy. Mulva told BusinessWeek editors that “we don’t have a national energy policy,” while rival nations are amassing power.

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For proponents, the last break point and rebalancing came in the 1970s, when prices surged enough that conservation and attention to new energy sources mobilized to cut oil demand, if only for a while. 27 The hints of another watershed snowballed between 2005 and 2007—inadequate world oil and gas reserves; clearly insufficient new discoveries; stepped-up belief in peak oil; the unprecedented new demand from Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America; and the increasing salience of energy-security issues and even resource wars. The tumultuous 1970s were the last decade to experience an economic crisis alongside an energy break point, a precedent few populations would want to repeat. The politics of our current double dislocation is treated in chapter 6, albeit without much conviction that it can still be fixed.

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Absent an energy supply crisis, Democratic election strategies and blueprints for national governance will continue to emphasize energy consumers and environmental constituencies. On the Web site HillaryClinton.com, the one-and-a-half-page outline of her popular energy program, “Powering America’s Future: New Energy, New Jobs,” never uses the word “security” or the phrase “energy security.” By contrast, the word “green” is used ten times. Proposals include a “green building industry,” $20 billion in “green vehicle bonds,” promised new “green collar jobs,” and a new “Connie Mae” agency to help low- and middle-income families “to buy green homes and invest in green home improvements.”27 Moreover, going green isn’t just an energy nuance; it’s a potential opportunity for national uplift and economic mobilization (including five million jobs) on the heroic scale of World War II.

Interventions
by Noam Chomsky

Iran may give up on western Europe, assuming that it will be unwilling to act independently of the United States. China, however, can’t be intimidated. That’s why the United States is so frightened by China. China is already establishing relations with Iran—and even with Saudi Arabia, both military and economic. There is an Asian energy security grid, based on China and Russia, but probably bringing in India, Korea, and others. If Iran moves in that direction, it can become the lynchpin of that power grid. Such developments, including a sovereign Iraq and possibly even major Saudi energy resources, would be the ultimate nightmare for Washington.

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By an accident of geography, the world’s major oil resources are in largely Shiite areas of the Middle East: southern Iraq, adjacent regions of Saudi Arabia and Iran, with some of the major reserves of natural gas as well. Washington’s worst nightmare would be a loose Shiite alliance controlling most of the world’s oil and independent of the United States. Such a bloc, if it emerges, might even join the Asian Energy Security Grid and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), based in China. Iran, which already had observer status, is to be admitted as a member of the SCO. The Hong Kong South China Morning Post reported in June 2006 that “Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad stole the limelight at the annual meeting of the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) by calling on the group to unite against other countries as his nation faces criticism over its nuclear programme.”

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Index Abdullah II, 169, 191 Abraham Lincoln (aircraft carrier), 37 Abu Ghraib, 106 Adams, John, 214 advertising and elections, 98 Afghanistan, 3 bombing, 35, 38–39, 175, 176 public opinion, 3, 39 and U.S., 148, 175–176 See also Taliban African American op-ed writers, xx Agha, Hussein, 30 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 208, 210 Ahmed, Samina, 39 airliner bombings, 68 Al-Aqsa Intifada, 31 Allende, Salvador, 143, 198 al-Qaeda alleged Saddam Hussein involvement, 36–37 and 9/11, 176 ambassadors, 89–92, 126 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 153 anarchism, 217 Annan, Kofi, 113 anthrax terrorism, 37 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 126 “anti-globalization” movement misnamed, 158 antilabor laws Iraq, 79, 164 antiscience, 151–154 antiwar movement, 20–21 apartheid, 30 Arab countries opinion of U.S., 1–3 Arafat, Yasser, 165–166 Arctic ice sheet melting, 153 Argentina, 171, 199 Arkhipov, Vasily, 21 arms control, 125–128 arms inspections, 50 arms race revival, 87–88 arms sales, 15, 28–29, 137 Army Corps of Engineers Bush II funding cuts, 148 Aronson, Geoffrey, 82 Asia foreign economic relations, 169–174 Asian Energy Security Grid, 208 assassinations Oscar Romero, 122 asylum requests, 68 Avnery, Uri, 33–34, 191 Ayalon, Ami, 38 baby boomers and Social Security, 129–130 Bachelet, Michelle, 198 Bacon, David, 79 Badr Brigade, 163 Bagdikian, Ben, xiii Baker-Hamilton Iraq Study Group, 202–203, 205 bankruptcy resulting from medical bills, 131 banks and banking Iraq, 78 Barnett, Corelli, 209 Bass, Gary J., 57 Bassiouni, Cherif, 107 Bechtel Corporation, 27, 53 Benjamin, Daniel, 15 Benvenisti, Meron, 82 Bergen, Peter, 22, 140 biblical prophets as dissident intellectuals, 214 Biden, Joseph, 139 Bin Laden, Osama, 2, 5, 20, 37, 38, 144 finances tracked, 87 biological warfare, 42 bioweapons ban scorned by U.S., 126 Blair, Bruce, 127–128 Blair, Tony and Saddam Hussein, 107 Iraqi public opinion, 43 Bolivia, 171, 199 and Venezuela, 198 Bolton, John, 126 bombings, 137 Afghanistan, 35, 38–39, 175, 176 Cambodia, 203–204 Cuban airliner, 68 Iraq, 74, 117, 134-135 London, 137, 140, 148 Madrid, 73 Palestinian, 31 Serbia, 175, 176, 179 “suicide bombings,” 31, 35 Borón, Atilio, 194 Bosch, Orlando, 68 boundaries Israel-Palestine, 29, 30, 33, 63 Boyce, Michael, 38 Brazil, 199, 200 Bremer, Paul, 44, 75 Brinkley, Joel, 158 Britain.

Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources
by Geoff Hiscock
Published 23 Apr 2012

In contrast, Saudi Arabia is only the third largest supplier to the world’s No. 2 energy consumer, the United States, behind U.S. regional neighbours Canada and Mexico (see Exhibit 5.2). Exhibit 5.2 World’s biggest importers of crude oil (in millions of tonnes) Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics Oct 2011 In its quest for energy security, China has made some big investments overseas, primarily through its three main national oil companies—China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. (Sinopec), and China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC). Although they are state-owned (with listed arms in Hong Kong, New York, and Shanghai), they are not necessarily “state-run,” in the view of the International Energy Agency.

…

Brazil has a thriving sugarcane-based ethanol industry to fuel its automobiles, with at least 12 global makers—VW, Ford, GM, Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Renault, Peugeot, Citroen, Fiat, and Kia—offering flex-fuel models for the Brazilian market that are capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. In the United States, pioneering automaker Henry Ford was an early advocate of biofuel, with some of his Model T Fords capable of running on ethanol as well as petrol or kerosene. Under U.S. energy security legislation, by 2022 at least 36 billion gallons (136 billion litres) of fuel used in the United States must come from renewable sources. Although the United States produces more ethanol than Brazil, it mainly uses corn as its feedstock rather than sugarcane. As more people question whether producing biofuel from the cornfields of Iowa and Nebraska is the best use of fertile croplands, some companies are starting to look beyond traditional feedstocks.

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The listed company Kazmunaigas Exploration Production (KMGEP), which is held 59 percent by Kazmunaigas and 11 percent by China Investment Corp., produces about 500,000 barrels a day from its fields in Kazakhstan, including Uzenmunaigas, Embamunaigas, and its stakes in the Kazgermunai joint venture, the CCEL venture with China’s Citic, and PetroKazakhstan. The International Energy Agency said in its most recent world energy outlook that the Caspian Sea region has the potential to make a “significant contribution to ensuring energy security in the rest of the world, by increasing the diversity of oil and gas supplies.” But potential barriers to developing the Caspian’s oil and gas reserves include “the complexities of financing and construction transportation infrastructure passing through several countries, the investment climate and uncertainty over export demand.”12 In the IEA’s New Policies scenario, Caspian oil production jumps from 2.9 million barrels a day in 2009 to a peak of around 5.4 million barrels between 2025 and 2030, before falling back to 5.2 million barrels by 2035.

Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States Together
by Andrew Selee
Published 4 Jun 2018

“We can’t talk about US energy independence,” says Wallace, “but we can talk about energy independence in North America.” One report predicts that if Mexico’s energy reform generates the kind of investment that’s expected over the next few years, the three countries of North America could be close to energy security by 2020. Others put that date a few years further out. But almost all analysts agree that Mexico, the United States, and Canada will soon reach the point at which their combined energy resources meet and even exceed their needs. The reform process has already led to new collaborations between Mexico and the United States—and between Mexico and the rest of the world.

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Roger Wallace believes the effects will go well beyond Mexico, making the entire North American region—and perhaps the whole world—far less vulnerable to supply shocks from crises in any specific country. “Mexico’s energy reform could help create a powerful new North American shock absorber,” he says, one “that would enhance energy security and diminish energy volatility in the years to come.” Few sights are more awe-inspiring than the transformation of scrap metal into steel. Bits and pieces of desks, chairs, signs, and leftover car bodies are poured into a 150-ton metal cauldron and heated to 1,600 degrees Celsius. After a few minutes the bubbling contents pour out in a red-hot river of iron, ready to be mixed with additives in another bubbling cauldron a few feet away.

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See specific drug dual citizenship, 219, 221 See also binationalism dual heritage, 209–210 Duarte, Alfonso, 139 Ducey, Doug, 68, 69, 72 Dziczek, Kristen, 58 Ebright, Randy, 215 economic competitiveness, 59 economic decline, 8, 51, 190 economic growth, 18, 21, 67, 185, 186, 191, 192, 196–197, 201–202, 248 See also innovation economy economic track, concerns about, shorthand for, 21 education investment in, 189, 191 opportunities for, 192 reform of, 212 See also colleges/universities educational attainment, 4, 16, 18, 37, 65, 66, 86, 87, 97, 183, 186, 188, 191, 212, 228, 233, 241 El Colegio de México, 194, 207 El Mariachi, 2, 10, 12 El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC), 171 electric power industry cross-border transmission lines in, 122 emergency ties in, 125 natural gas supply for, 119 oil supply for, 118, 119 percentage of renewables in, 123 prices in, 117, 118, 121, 124 shared electrical grid in, 117, 125–128 solar power for, 117, 123, 124 wind power supply for, 121–122, 123 Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), 126 electricity trading hub, 127 electronics industry, 30, 37–38, 58 Ellis, Mark, 97 embassy, 160, 161, 221 employment decline in, 8, 59, 60, 61, 275 demographic change in, 9 micro-business loans and, 190 NAFTA and, 59, 61, 76 offshoring impacts on, 60 opportunities for, 192 remittances and, 191 rise in, 5, 63, 81, 88–89, 90, 91, 248, 270, 271 Enel, 124 energy costs of, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124 flow of, rise in, 6, 271 trade balance involving, 51 See also electric power industry energy independence, 116, 131, 132 energy reform, 114, 115–117, 121, 123, 131–132 energy security, 117, 131 engineering, 18, 37, 38, 55, 87, 98, 99 English language and adaptation issues, 220 biculturalism and writing in, 216–217 call centers and, 193, 194, 207 eTrace in, issue with, 141 expatriates and, 215 film industry and, 227, 230, 234, 235, 237, 249 learning, 16, 32, 135, 186 limited, 187 newspaper, 213 preferences for, 194 radio, 206 song recording in, 222 sports outreach to fans using, 251 television, 251, 254, 255, 256 See also bilingualism entrepreneurship, rate of, 10, 185 envy, 30 Escalante, Amat, 242 Esquivel, Gerardo, 65 eTrace, 141 Europe ancestry from, superiority of, notion of, 210 eastern, emigration from, 2, 9, 13, 186, 188 See also specific countries European Union, 50, 59, 280 expatriate communities, 204, 206 expatriation and adaptation issues for children, assistance with, 219–221 biculturalism and, 213–215, 215–216, 217, 218–219 communities, 206, 215, 273 as embedded, 215 growth in, 205 history of, 208–209 population figures for, 24, 206 reasons for, 203–204, 205–206, 208–209, 212–213 exports agricultural, 49–50 auto industry, 55 border crossing and, 68, 71 manufacturing, dominance of, 63–64 mezcal, 263 natural gas, 6, 120, 271 oil, 120, 271 shared production process for, percentage of, 58–59 and tariffs, 36 See also imports; trade extortion, 166, 171, 180 extradition, 155 Family Portrait (film), 229 farming.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism
by Stephen Graham
Published 30 Oct 2009

As the manager of Future Combat himself remarked, ‘We use many of the same sorts of technology for autonomous navigation as the DARPA vehicles’.133 OIL SHOCKWAVE Military force and energy security are inseparable twins.134 Another aspect of the SUV, and of the broader culture of automobility, that must be examined in connection with the new urban militarism relates to the combination of rapidly rising oil demand and rapidly diminishing oil supply. Obviously, this presents major challenges for Western military doctrine. In light of the growing reliance on volatile supplies from the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, how can Western and US military forces support energy security – given the increasing military and economic strength of major competitors like China and India, which are struggling to meet their own exploding oil demand?

…

‘It is this centering of the life of the population rather than the safety of the sovereign or the security of territory’, writes David Campbell, ‘that is the hallmark of biopolitical power and that distinguishes it from sovereign power’.26 In oil wars, as in many other spheres of contemporary state activity, state violence – organized to defend the oil-dependent life of Western populations – operates in legal grey zones. In the name of this Western manner of life, norms of state sovereignty are often suspended, with the result that ‘the geopolitical pursuit of energy security is likely to produce new and intensive forms of insecurity for those in the new resource zones’.27 Oil wars, and the resultant deaths, should thus be understood in terms of Agamben’s notion of ‘bare life’ – life that can be extinguished with sovereign impunity. Urban automobile cultures tend to materialize and territorialize the separation between the domestic city, situated within the home space of the Western nation, and the borderlands, cursed with the ongoing resource wars which surround oil exploitation.

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As a result, he predicts, the world will see recurring US military interventions, characterized by ‘the constant installation and replacement of client regimes, systemic corruption and repression, and the continued impoverishment of the great majority of those who have the misfortune to inhabit such energy-rich regions’. There is little doubt that the US military is putting much thought into the military and geopolitical imperatives associated with rapidly growing crises in energy security. Ironically, this is driven in part by the need to secure oil to supply its own stupendous appetite for oil: the US military itself consumed 134 million barrels of oil in 2005, as much as the entire population of Sweden. ‘Every day’, notes Klare, ‘the average G.I. in Iraq uses approximately 27 gallons of petroleum-based fuels’.147 In 2000 the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington argued that ‘the United States, as the world’s only superpower, must accept its special responsibilities for preserving access to the worldwide energy supply’.148 Between 2001 and 2009, through the US Central Command, or CENTCOM, the Bush administration exploited the War on Terror discourse to push highly controversial plans to build a formidable series of bases in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (Figure 9.12).

The Burning Answer: The Solar Revolution: A Quest for Sustainable Power
by Keith Barnham
Published 7 May 2015

In Iran for instance, I suggest that, in return for stopping all uranium enrichment activity, the US and EU should offer to build a solar cell factory and a wind turbine factory, each capable of manufacturing systems producing 1 GW of electrical power a year. This would cost less than a new nuclear reactor. Within ten years Iran could have around 15 GW of new electricity capacity, much more than its nuclear programme will produce in that time. As neither wind nor PV requires fuel, they would give Iran much more energy security than a nuclear programme. Energy security is claimed to be the reason for the Iranian enrichment programme. Hence the leaders of Iran would not lose face with such a compromise. Remember that in many parts of Iran a PV system of a particular power will produce at least twice the electrical energy in a year of the same system in the UK.

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Now there were only two: gravity and electromagnetism. Third, and unintentionally, he had unleashed a technology that was ultimately to give us, though only after two revolutions, which I will describe, most of our modern devices – from giant particle accelerators down to mobile phones and ultimately, I hope, to non-burning energy security. Maxwell died in 1879, two years after the premiere of Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake and, sadly, eight years before electromagnetic waves were first deliberately generated and detected in a laboratory. He therefore could not have been aware of the extraordinary range of practical applications that were made possible by his discovery.

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Naser Odeh, Nikolas Hill and Daniel Forster, ‘Current and Future Lifecycle Emissions of Key “Low Carbon” Technologies and Alternatives’, Ref. ED58386, 17 April 2013, Ricardo-AEA Ltd, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QR, http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Ricardo-AEA-lifecycle-emissions-low-carbon-technologies-April-2013.pdf, accessed 20 January 2014. 22. Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen, ‘Nuclear Power, Energy Security and CO2 Emission’, May 2012, http://www.stormsmith.n1/reports.html, accessed 20 January 2014. 9. How Can We Reduce Our Carbon Emissions? January 2009 was a tipping point for the cost of solar panels and for the solar revolution. This can most clearly be seen on the Solarbuzz site [1] in a diagram which had two lines tracking the retail price of a PV panel in Europe and the US.

Losing Earth: A Recent History
by Nathaniel Rich
Published 4 Aug 2018

On April 3, 1980, Senator Paul Tsongas, a Massachusetts Democrat, held the first congressional hearing on carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere. Gordon MacDonald testified that the United States should “take the initiative” and develop, through the United Nations, a way to coordinate every nation’s energy policies to address the problem. That June, President Carter signed the Energy Security Act of 1980, which directed the National Academy of Sciences to start a multiyear, comprehensive study, to be detailed in a report called Changing Climate, that would analyze the social and economic consequences of climate change. Most urgently, the National Commission on Air Quality, at the request of Congress, invited two dozen experts, including Henry Shaw himself, to a meeting in Florida to develop climate legislation.

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Pomerance had come with an action plan, which he entered into the record: prepare for the climatic changes that were inevitable; fund more research; make conservation the highest consideration in all energy policy; and abolish the federal synthetic-fuels initiative. These measures would have the added benefits of reducing acid rain, increasing energy security, promoting public health, and saving money. “This issue is so big,” said Pomerance, “yet the attitude that is being taken is so relaxed. I mean, it strikes one as a bit incredible.” He took a breath before concluding. “The major missing element in all this is leadership,” he said. “It needs to come from the political community.”

Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future
by Robert Bryce
Published 26 Apr 2011

Power is what we want. And lots of it. CHAPTER 3 Watt’s the Big Deal? (Power Tripping 102) ENERGY GETS THE HEADLINES and the attention. It’s the buzzword that pundits and politicos count on to pack a punch. Thus, we’ve been barraged by the ever-present “energy crisis” as well as other combinations: energy security, energy scarcity, energy management, energy policy, and dozens more. In the consumer world, we have energy bars, energy drinks, and, for consumer electronics, Energy Star. My antique copy of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (printed in 1936) contains half a dozen definitions for “energy.”

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For instance, if a utility has reliable data showing that it is providing enough voltage to its most-distant customers on a given section of the grid, it can reduce the voltage on its generators and thereby reap energy savings of as much as 4 percent.23 In July 2009, the consulting firm McKinsey & Company released a report that predicted that if the United States adopted aggressive efficiency policies it could reduce primary energy consumption by about 20 percent when compared to a “business as usual” scenario.24 The consulting firm determined that there are big gains to be had from efficiency upgrades in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The report concludes that, “in the nation’s pursuit of energy affordability, climate change mitigation, and energy security, energy efficiency stands out as perhaps the single most promising resource.”25 While that may be true, the McKinsey report contains an enormous caveat, a warning that efficiency is not a panacea, not easily funded, and not easily measured or verified:By their nature, energy efficiency measures typically require a substantial upfront investment in exchange for savings that accrue over the lifetime of the deployed measures.

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In Germany and Denmark, opposition to CCS projects has helped stop plans by two major electricity producers to bury captured carbon dioxide in saline aquifers deep below the surface of the Earth.59 Despite the problems, the coal industry continues to perpetuate the myth that CCS is viable. In September 2009, Vic Svec, a senior vice president at St. Louis–based Peabody Energy, the world’s largest private-sector coal company, told the New York Times that “coal with carbon capture and storage is the low cost, low carbon solution and has fantastic implications for the nation’s energy security.”60 The myth that the United States can (or will) substantially cut its carbon dioxide emissions is closely related to the belief that placing a tax on carbon will ignite a revolution in alternative-energy technologies. And that belief leads to the next myth-busting opportunity: Any scheme to tax carbon is doomed to failure.

Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies
by Judith Stein
Published 30 Apr 2010

Not only did the energy story take a backseat to the political story, which was a lot more appealing and comprehensible to reporters, but the public could wonder about the soundness of an energy plan which was put together by men who were then fired.40 Nevertheless, the Congress embraced the energy program, approving the Energy Security Corporation in June 1980. Containing something for everyone—incentives for oil shale, alcohol fuels, geothermal energy, solar, etc.—the corporation would guarantee loans, support prices, buy fuel, and even own production facilities. Funded up to $88 billion by a windfall profits tax, it seemed both self-financing and guaranteed to provide an elusive energy security. By 1985, the United States was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent more oil efficient than it had been in 1973.

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Carter’s six-point action plan, offered in the final third of his speech, promised to limit oil imports to 1977 levels, 8.7 million barrels, which he could do alone on the basis of the 1975 energy legislation. But the long-term goal was to cut American oil imports in half, to 4.5 million barrels a day by 1990. Congress was already considering legislation supporting alternative energy technologies. Now Carter asked Congress to create an Energy Security Corporation to replace 2.5 million barrels of imported oil through the development of alternative energy sources. The funds would come from the windfall profits tax. Most of the estimated $17-billion revenue from the windfall profits tax of 1979 would be invested by the new energy corporation.

…

-Soviet Dodd, Christopher Dole, Robert Douglas, Paul Dowd, Douglas Drudge, Matt Dukakis, Michael Dunlop, John Du Pont Durbin, Richard Durkin, John Eagleton, Thomas Eckes, Alfred Economic Opportunity Act Economic Planning Act Economic Policy Board Economic Revitalization Board Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisner, Robert Eizenstat, Stuart Emergency Committee for American Trade (ECAT) Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act Emminger, Otmar Energy Independence Authority Act Energy Policy and Conservation Act Energy Security Corporation environmental movement Equal Rights Amendment Ervin, Sam European Community (EC) European Economic Community (EEC) European Payments Union exchange rates, international Export-Import Bank Fahd, of Saudi Arabia Faisal, king of Saudi Arabia Falk, Richard Fallows, James families, U.S.: legislation supporting relative wealth of Family Assistance Plan federal budget, U.S.

The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order
by Bruno Macaes
Published 25 Jan 2018

Russian doubts and hesitations – its excess of alternatives – anticipate the new Eurasian age of competitive integration between different political models, and thus Russia may yet prove especially suited for it. Think of all the important and still undecided international questions of the last ten years. Energy security. Islamic radicalism. Ukraine. The future of Turkey and its position in the global system of alliances. The refugee crisis. They all point to the borderlands dividing Europe and Asia and are a direct result of flows – of people, goods, energy and knowledge – made possible by the gradual decline or collapse of the barriers keeping the two continents apart.

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For the time being, of course, the great ocean linking the Eurasian supercontinent is the Indian. Many of the most important questions of our time will be decided in this long arc of heavily populated coastlines and busy shipping lanes: the relation between Islam and its neighbours in Europe and Asia; the growth of global trade and the struggle for energy security; the competition between India and China for the top place as the great economic success story of the century. In the west, the Suez Canal has traditionally been seen as the sea gate to Europe. In the east the Strait of Malacca can open or close the route to China and Japan. Even as it quickly becomes the most important body of water in the world, the Indian Ocean is increasingly the focus of competition between different actors, none of which can play a hegemonic role.

…

Likewise, if the next few decades witness a naval conflict between China and the United States that conflict will more likely be centred in the Indian Ocean than the Pacific, thanks to its greater strategic importance, and in that case India and the Indian navy will be a decisive factor. As opposed to the Atlantic or the Pacific, which lie from north to south like great open highways, the Indian Ocean is distinguished by a land rim on three sides creating numerous chokepoints, critical for international trade and energy security. Indian maritime doctrine recognizes that these chokepoints are sources of potential disruption, but also levers of control. To the east the Straits of Malacca, Sunda and Lombok create a natural barrier against Chinese sea power. To the west the busiest sea lane passes through the Strait of Hormuz, granting access to the Persian Gulf and its littoral, the source of a majority of Indian oil and gas supplies and home to an estimated 7 million expatriate Indians.

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power
by Daniel Yergin
Published 23 Dec 2008

In the meantime, the stage has been set for one of the great and intractable clashes of the 1990s between, on the one hand, the powerful and increasing support for greater environmental protection and, on the other, a commitment to economic growth and the benefits of Hydrocarbon Society, and apprehensions about energy security. These, then, are the three themes that animate the story that unfolds in these pages. The canvas is global. The story is a chronicle of epic events that have touched all our lives. It concerns itself both with the powerful, impersonal forces of economics and technology and with the strategies and cunning of businessmen and politicians.

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No longer could the United States continue its historical role as supplier to the rest of the world. Now it was dependent on other countries for that marginal barrel, and an ominous new phrase was being heard more often in the American vocabulary—"foreign oil." The Great Oil Deals: Aramco and the "Arabian Risk" That shift added a new dimension to the vexing question of energy security. The lessons of World War II, the growing economic significance of oil, and the magnitude of Middle Eastern resources all served, in the context of the developing Cold War with the Soviet Union, to define the preservation of access to that oil as a prime element in American and British—and Western European-security.

…

This time, however, there was no spare capacity in the United States. Its disappearance represented a major change in the underlying dynamics of politics and oil as they had existed as recently as six years earlier, during the 1967 Six-Day War. America's spare capacity had proved to be the single most important element in the energy security margin of the Western world, not only in every postwar energy crisis but also in World War II. And now that margin was gone. Without it the United States had lost its critical ability to influence the world oil market. Other producers, led by Iran, were able to increase their output by a total of 600,000 barrels per day.

Zero-Sum Future: American Power in an Age of Anxiety
by Gideon Rachman
Published 1 Feb 2011

And in this case, “strategic importance” is essentially shorthand for the fact that the Gulf states are home to two-thirds of the world’s known oil reserves. The biggest foreign policy dilemma of the European Union also revolves around energy and the Union’s dangerous reliance on Russian gas. It is not just “energy security” that is exercising the world’s political leaders. “Food security” is also back on the agenda. The world’s population is rising, the emerging middle classes of Asia are eating better, and that is forcing up the price of food. In 2007, the year before the financial crisis hit, the world price of basic foodstuffs rose by 50 percent.8 Several countries were shaken by riots over rising food prices, including Mexico, Indonesia, and China.

…

When President Obama attempted to stage a last-minute meeting at the Copenhagen summit with the Indians, he was told that the Indian prime minister had already flown home—only to discover that Manmohan Singh was, in fact, quietly meeting China’s prime minister, Wen Jiabao.19 On nuclear proliferation, the need for binding UN sanctions on Iran meant that the U.S. government felt that it was crucial to cultivate cooperation with the Russians and the Chinese. When it came to energy security, there is no getting around the fact that America’s biggest suppliers of oil are authoritarian states, including Venezuela. Global economic imbalances could not be tackled cooperatively without close coordination with China. One of the biggest divisions on economic management was between countries that were amassing large current-account surpluses and others that were running big deficits—but this too did not divide the world neatly into democracies and autocracies.

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My friend Charles Grant, the head of one of Britain’s leading think-tanks, recalls that when he launched his Centre for European Reform in 1995, “the big issues were whether Britain should join the euro and how fast Poland should join the European Union. … Most of the problems that worry us now—climate change, energy security, how to handle a more assertive Russia, the rise of China and terrorism—were scarcely on the agenda then.”1 In Washington, my contemporary Andrew Sullivan seems to feel the same way: “It feels like the late 1970s,” he wrote at the end of 2009, “but with no cheerful Ronald Reagan waiting in the wings. … I’ve never experienced such widespread gloom in the 25 years I’ve lived here.”2 For some Americans the Age of Optimism ended on 9/11.

When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Rise of the Middle Kingdom
by Martin Jacques
Published 12 Nov 2009

The environmental impact of energy use in China is particularly adverse because its dependence on coal - of a particularly dirty kind - is unusually high (60 per cent compared with 23 per cent in the US and 5 per cent in France) and carbon emissions from coal are proportionately much greater than from oil and gas.79 Although the Chinese leadership has resisted the idea that the country should be subject to internationally agreed emission targets, it has accepted the scientific argument concerning global warming and, in both speeches and the growing volume of new environmental regulations, is displaying a heightened awareness of the problem.80 In fact on paper China already has some of the most advanced laws in the world on renewable energy, clean production, environmental impact assessment and pollution control, though these still remain widely ignored in practice.81 The government continues to resist the idea that environmental considerations should detract from the priority of rapid economic growth, but there is, nonetheless, widespread recognition of their urgency at the highest levels of the Chinese leadership.82 The need for China to embrace a green development strategy, rather than relying on the old intensive model, has been powerfully argued by the influential Chinese economist Hu Angang.83 Figure 15. CO2 emissions compared. Figure 16. Growing concern over environmental problems. China’s position on climate change is evolving rapidly. The two targets it has adopted as part of its 2007 energy security strategy will have a significant impact on reducing the growth in emissions - namely, decreasing the energy intensity of the Chinese economy by 20 per cent by 2010 and increasing the use of renewables from 5 per cent to 20 per cent of energy production by 2020. It is already the world’s largest user of alternative energies, including wind power.84 It is making huge investments in a wide range of clean-technology innovations, especially in wind, solar and hydrogen.

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Cheung, eds, The Globalization of Chinese Food (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002) Xie, Andy, Asia/Pacific Economics, report for Morgan Stanley, November 2002 Xinran, What the Chinese Don’t Eat (London: Vintage Books, 2006) Xu, Gary Gang, Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007) Yahuda, Michael, ‘The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power’, in David Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) ——Hong Kong: China’s Challenge (London: Routledge, 1996) Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’, Journal of Contemporary China, 10:26 (2001) Yardley, Jim, ‘After the Fury in Tibet, Firm Hand Trembles’, International Herald Tribune, 18 March 2008 ——‘China Offers Defense of Its Darfur Stance’, International Herald Tribune, 8-9 March 2008 ——and Somini Sengupta, ‘Beijing Blames the Dalai Lama’, International Herald Tribune, 19 March 2008 Yoshino, Kosaku, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan (London: Routledge, 1992) Yu Bin, ‘China and Russia: Normalizing Their Strategic Partnership’, in David Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) Yu Yongding, ‘China’s Macroeconomic Development, Exchange Rate Policy and Global Imbalances’, unpublished paper, Asahi Shimbun Symposium, October 2005 ——‘China’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, unpublished paper, Namura Tokyo Club Conference, Kyoto, 21 November 2005 ——‘China’s Structural Adjustment’, unpublished paper, Seoul Conference, 2005 ——‘The Interactions Between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005 ——‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes Against the Backdrop of the Asian Financial Crisis’, unpublished paper, Japanese Ministry of Finance, 2000 Zakaria, Fareed, The Post-American World (London: Allen Lane, 2008) Zha Daojiong, ‘China’s Energy Security and Its International Relations’, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 3:3 (2005) Zhang, Peter G., IMF and the Asian Financial Crisis (Singapore: World Scientific, 1998) Zhang Wei-Wei, ‘The Allure of the Chinese Model’, International Herald Tribune, 1 November 2006 Zhang Yunling, ed., Designing East Asian FTA: Rationale and Feasibility (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006) ——East Asian Regionalism and China (Beijing: World Affairs Press, 2005) ——and Tang Shiping, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, in David Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) Zhao Suisheng, ed., Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behavior (New York: M.

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‘China’s Priorities’, Financial Times, 9 March 2008. 61 . Yu Yongding, ‘China’s Structural Adjustment’, p. 5. 62 . Yu Yongding, ‘China’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, pp. 24-5. 63 . ‘What Will the World Gain from China in 20 Years?’ China Business Review, March/April 2003. 64 . Zha Daojiong, ‘China’s Energy Security and Its International Relations’, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 44; and Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005, p. 2. 65 . Lester R. Brown, ‘A New World Order’, Guardian, 25 January 2006. 66 .

The new village green: living light, living local, living large
by Stephen Morris
Published 1 Sep 2007

Distributed generation is where electricity is fed into power lines by small, scattered power plants such as wind mills, solar electric arrays on roof tops, small-scale hydro power, methane captured at farms or landfills, or fossil fuel powered turbines. The energy from these decentralized power sources tends to be used on-site by whoever is producing it, with the excess going out onto the grid for everyone else. Energy security analysts think distributed generation is preferable because reducing the demand on a single, central power plant makes widespread power interruptions less likely. Another way to increase power plant efficiency is by way of co-generation (cogen) also known as combined heat and power (CHP). Co-generation means pro44 chapter 2 : Silent Spring ducing useful energy for more than one use from the same fuel source.

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When applied to a wide variety of renewable energy technologies, this strategy is known as Community Supported Energy (CSE) or sometimes Community Based Energy Development (C-BED). Regardless of the name you use, these projects are somewhat similar to Community Supported Agriculture. The main difference, however, is that instead of investing in potatoes, carrots, or cucumbers, with CSE, local residents invest in energy projects that provide greater energy security and a wide variety of other benefits. Many Advantages A cooperative or community owned energy project offers many advantages. It stimulates the local economy by creating new jobs and new business opportunities for the community while simultaneously expanding the tax base and generating new income for local residents.

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The main point is to identify the project as belonging to the community, which may avoid (or at least minimize) the usual conflicts between local residents and developers, whose large-scale, commercial proposals are often viewed as primarily benefiting absentee owners. Local ownership is the key ingredient that transforms what would otherwise be just another corporate energy project into an engine for local economic development and greater energy security. Community Supported Energy projects offer yet another advantage; they retain a greater amount of income in the local area and increase the economic benefits substantially over projects owned by out-of-area developers. This fact was highlighted by a study conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the Governmental Accountability Office.

Europe old and new: transnationalism, belonging, xenophobia
by Ray Taras
Published 15 Dec 2009

In 2005, Germany and Russia decided to route a major gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea, therefore outside of Polish control. The Polish defense minister compared the decision to the secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin to carve up Poland in 1939. At subsequent EU summits, the Polish leadership emphasized the urgency of reaching a common energy security treaty for all EU states, which was made more difficult by Russia reaching special energy deals with Germany, Italy, France, and the Netherlands. A second issue in German-Polish relations concerned recognition of minorities in each country. Adam Krzemiński, longtime editor of a leading Polish weekly, Polityka, asked: “Must mass immigration involve giving minority status to the new ethnic groups in the EU member states?

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In his turn, the Polish president warned that Poland could counter German lawsuits with its own multibillion-Euro claims for destruction suffered under the wartime Nazi occupation of Poland. He added how “obvious anti-Polish sentiment that is often racist”100—that term again—had increased in Germany. The 2006 Weimar summit eased frictions in Polish-German relations. The main topic between President Kaczyński, Chancellor Merkel, and President Chirac was the energy security of Europe. Kaczyński argued that the fact that this subject was seen not simply as an economic but also a political matter was a success for Poland. The three leaders expressed hope that negotiations with Russia on energy issues and, more broadly, on a new EURussia partnership and cooperation agreement, would begin soon.

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See European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECSC. See European Coal and Steel Community ECU. See European Currency Unit EEC. See European Economic Community Elementary Particles (Houellebecq), 216, 218–19 11-M, 152 Élysée Treaty, 21 . The Emigrants (Mrozek), 192–93 emigration, 192–93, 194 ENAR. See European Network Against Racism energy security, 109–10, 111 Englishness, 157 ENP. See European Neighborhood Policy entitativity, 59 Equalities Review report, 158–59 ESM. See European Social Model Estonia: conservative government in, 105; economy of, 51; minority discrimination in, 126 ethnic cleansing, 4 ethnocentric norms, 119 EU. See European Union EU commandments, 4 EU constitution: drafting of, 44, 45–46; French referendum (2005), 2; religion in, 69; resistance to, 45, 49.

What's Next?: Unconventional Wisdom on the Future of the World Economy
by David Hale and Lyric Hughes Hale
Published 23 May 2011

Climate Negotiations and the Move to a Lower-Carbon Energy Mix With peak oil concerns alleviated until at least 2020 (subject to the quadrupling of Iraqi oil production, and therefore to peace in the Iraqi Shiite region), the other long-term consideration for the global supply-demand balance is about the implications of the transition to a low-carbon energy economy. For a brief period, considerations of energy security, peak oil, and climate security converged to make the transition to a new energy mix appear inevitable. As we have seen when assessing peak oil realities, 2009 spelled the end of this convergence, depriving climate negotiators of the broad-based consensus that this convergence could have fostered.

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Therefore, it is likely that with British and Dutch gas production continuing to decline, more gas will have to be procured from the global LNG market and/or from Russia and Algeria. LNG sources include Qatar and Trinidad as well as Libya, Egypt, Nigeria, and some newcomers. In addition, one interesting question will be whether the United States is ready to develop a large-scale LNG export capacity, which would be at odds with its subjective definition of energy security as “energy independence.” Russian gas is now very expensive compared to spot prices as a result of the oil-product indexation clauses in take-or-pay Russian contracts. European companies failed to import as much Russian gas as was called for under these contracts. It was all the more intriguing, therefore, to see the Paris-based European electric utility EDF join the South Stream consortium that was put in place by Gazprom and commit to large volumes of Russian gas imports.

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The stance of the G-77 developing countries, which includes China, has not changed. They continue to state, with justification, that their key priority is economic development and poverty eradication. A key driver in developing countries is an effort to increase energy efficiency in light of likely future increases in real energy prices and concerns about energy security. For example, China’s announced aim to reduce the emissions intensity of GDP is largely motivated by a desire to increase the efficiency with which its economy uses energy. Of course, this action has the secondary benefit of reducing the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, but it falls far short of a policy that would lead to a reduction in emissions.

Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow
by Tim Jackson
Published 8 Dec 2016

See www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/g20-warns-of-oil-price-threat-to-global-economic-stability-5348403.html (accessed 30 March 2016). The long-term concern was widely acknowledged. See, for example, the IEA’s World Energy Outlook (IEA 2008) and the report of the Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security (ITPOES 2008). 34 Mohr et al. (2015: figure 5, for example). 35 Turner (2008, 2014). A second study (Pasqualino et al. 2015) puts the world on one of the Limits scenarios associated with enhanced technology; this scenario suggests that collapse will come from pollution rather than from resource depletion. 36 Ragnarsdottír and Sverdrup (2015), Sverdrup and Ragnarsdottír (2014). 37 Rockström et al. (2009); Steffen et al. (2015). 38 Stern (2007: xv).

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The Emotional Life of Your Brain: How Its Unique Patterns Affect the Way You Think, Feel, and Live – and How You Can Change Them. London: Penguin. Dawkins, Richard 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. DB 2008. Economic Stimulus: The Case for ‘Green’ Infrastructure, Energy Security and ‘Green’ Jobs. New York: Deutsche Bank. de Botton, Alain 2004. Status Anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press. de Groot, Rudolf, Luke Brander, Sander van der Ploega, Robert Costanza, Florence Bernardd, Leon Braate, et al. 2012. ‘Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units’.

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Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contributions of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC. ITPOES 2008. The Oil Crunch: Securing the UK’s Energy Future. First Report of the Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security. London: ITPOES. Jackson, Andrew and Ben Dyson 2013. Modernising Money: Why Our Monetary System is Broken and How it Can be Fixed. London: Positive Money. Jackson, Tim 2016. ‘Emission pathways in historical perspective: an analysis of the challenge of meeting the 1.5°C target’. PASSAGE working paper 16/01.

Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World
by Ian Bremmer
Published 30 Apr 2012

In the dead of winter in 2009, Gazprom, Russia’s natural gas monopoly, cut supplies to Ukraine to build leverage in a dispute over pricing, and perhaps to remind Ukrainians that they continue to depend on their big brother to the east. Moscow would like Kiev to join a customs union that now includes Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus—a personal priority for Vladimir Putin—and has promised natural gas deliveries at substantially lower prices to sweeten the deal.28 Given the stakes for energy security, that’s an offer Ukraine must take seriously, because lower gas prices can help political officials avoid both the need to hit voters with new energy taxes and the public backlash that would follow. Ukraine would like to escape Russia’s gravitational pull and become a pivot state, preserving relations with Russia while building new ties with Europe.

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Learning from mistakes means accepting that deficits matter, that compromise is a virtue, and that even a colossus must live within its means. Adapting to changing circumstances means avoiding doctrinaire approaches to the country’s challenges. Emerging stronger from the G-Zero will require innovative approaches to issues such as energy security, the growth of cyberthreats, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and climate change—and it will require Washington to maximize its strength by partnering with an ever-shifting constellation of potential allies on each of these individual tests. Most of all, Americans should have faith in their country’s core strengths.

A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption
by Steven Hiatt; John Perkins
Published 1 Jan 2006

Agreeing with right-wing think tanks in Washington that African oil should be labeled an area of vital U.S. interest, Morrison also asserted that these dealings needed to be transparent and to promote development and human rights. A cynical observer might argue that this stance is clever: there have been so many decades of corrupt deals with little money going to the local population that the status quo cannot continue. If U.S. energy security can be guaranteed only by African oil, exploiting that oil can be guaranteed only if America can claim that Africans are benefiting from oil development. Transparency in oil deals then becomes a tool to make exploitation of African oil acceptable to the wider community. Just as Washington and European capitals were wielding these new tools of exploitation, however, here came China advocating the same old tools: the raw power of money, with little or no regard for human rights, let alone transparency.

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ITIC, “Petroleum and Iraq’s Future: Fiscal Options and Challenges,” Fall 2004, p. 10. 26. Dunia Chalabi (International Energy Agency), “Perspective for Investment in the Middle East/North Africa Region,” presentation to the OECD, Istanbul, February 11-12, 2004, p. 7. 27. Ian Rutledge, Addicted to Oil: America’s Relentless Drive for Energy Security (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005). 28. These figures are in real terms (2006 prices), undiscounted. The calculation is based on data from the Iraqi Ministry of Oil and industry sources, for the fields Halfaya, Nahr Umar, Majnoon, West Qurna, Gharaf, Nasiriya, Rafidain, Amara, Tuba, Ratawi, East Baghdad, and Ahdab.

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The Freedom: Shadows and Hallucinations in Occupied Iraq. New York: New Press, 2004. Phillips, Kevin. American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century. New York: Viking, 2006. Rutledge, Ian. Addicted to Oil: America’s Relentless Drive for Energy Security. London: I. B. Tauris, 2005. Simmons, Matthew. Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Free Press, 1993. General Union of Oil Employees: www.basraoilunion.org.

Why Your World Is About to Get a Whole Lot Smaller: Oil and the End of Globalization
by Jeff Rubin
Published 19 May 2009

But we don’t have access to those fields any more. They have long been sucked dry by our parents’ cars. From the North Sea to Mexico and from Russia to Indonesia, oil wells are producing less oil than they used to. For a long time, the International Energy Agency (a body set up by the OECD to prevent supply disruptions and promote energy security) kept telling us the world’s wells were declining at 3.7 percent each year. Then, in late 2008, after a rigorous international study, they revised that figure to 6.7 percent. At the stroke of a pen, the global economy lost millions of barrels of oil. The situation is particularly dire in the world’s biggest oil market—the United States.

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For those blessed by ethanol production, times have never been better. But for energy consumers in the United States as well as for American taxpayers, who are ultimately footing the bill for all those subsidies, the production of corn-based ethanol is a costly head fake whose attraction is all about local politics, not about national energy security, or, for that matter, even energy common sense. Surging food inflation and mounting budgetary costs are already beginning to undercut public support for ethanol’s ill-conceived subsidies. The sooner that public support collapses, the better. The only thing this renewable energy policy will fuel is inflation.

A Swamp Full of Dollars: Pipelines and Paramilitaries at Nigeria's Oil Frontier
by Michael Peel
Published 1 Jan 2009

As the world oil price climbed steeply between 2004 and 2008, so the battles over Nigeria’s crude became more violent, the Niger Delta turning ever closer to a Mad Max world of roving bandits. Yet, paradoxically – and worryingly – Nigeria and the broader West African region were at the same time assuming an increasingly important role in the energy security policies of Washington and Western allies such as Britain, who are keen for a bulwark against troubles in the Arabian Gulf. Nigeria has historically sent about half its oil production – between 2m and 2.6m barrels of oil daily – to the USA, where it has accounted for about 10 per cent of total imports.

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Those who raised questions about the Obasanjo administration’s agenda risked being tagged cynics by both London and Abuja, incapable of either seeing change or overcoming their prejudices. But those who claim to be optimists can be cynical, too, particularly when – like the two governments – they share an interest in projecting an impression of rapid improvement in the state that has styled itself the ‘Heart of Africa’ and is key to Western energy security. I always found it revealing that – for all the achievements and bravery of a handful of Nigerian officials – few people outside government seemed to think reform was going far enough or fast enough to pull society from its oily mire. Most strikingly of all, by the time the president left office in 2007, events in the Niger Delta oil heartlands were making the international case for a Nigerian renaissance look at best foolish and at worst disingenuous. 178 A SWAMP FULL OF DOLLARS STARK ILLITERATES AND JUNKIES 179 9 NOT HOSTAGES BUT JOURNALISTS I am sitting sweating in a car pulled up outside one of Port Harcourt’s waterside slums, nervous and impatient for the day to begin.

Badvertising
by Andrew Simms

Ineos owns several UK petroleum exploration and development licences (PEDL) throughout the country and at offshore locations and is estimated to have development rights to around 1.2 million acres of land. A moratorium on fracking in the UK was lifted by the Conservative government using the excuse of energy security following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and volatile energy prices (this, despite energy analysts pointing out it that could not, in any meaningful way, contribute to the UK’s energy security, and there being far better ways to deliver that). When they did, Ineos quickly offered to drill a test site for free to demonstrate the potential for fracking.16 Although, amidst the turmoil of British politics, one month later another, new Conservative prime minister, Rishi Sunak, reimposed the moratorium.17 Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, is a technology which involves the process of high pressure horizontal drilling as a way to extract oil and gas from rock formations.

The Powerhouse: Inside the Invention of a Battery to Save the World
by Steve Levine
Published 5 Feb 2015

These estimates excluded manufactured materials used to make the batteries, not to mention the market for automobiles themselves, which was enormous. Companies elsewhere in the world—in China, in Japan, in South Korea, for example—were gearing up to capture that business, to create jobs for their societies. That was one reason Argonne was on a mission to create a lithium-ion battery industry in the United States. Another was energy security. “So we import a lot of oil, a little over a billion dollars a day,” he told the silent room. “Some of that is from friends, some from enemies. So that’s not a secure position.” And the third component was environmental security—if the United States could move away from fossil fuel consumption, climate change would be less of a threat as well.

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.: Annual Merit Review, 141, 227–28 and ARPA-E, 193–95, 199–206 and auto industry, 105–6, 107 and Battery Hub, 133, 138, 204, 216, 218–19, 224, 226, 245, 247, 249, 250–52, 282 conference held by, 190–91 and En-Caesar, 134–36 and Envia, 165–66, 231–32 and national laboratories, 10, 11, 40, 77, 78, 105, 119, 122, 123, 127, 135, 140, 167, 287 and publication, 166 risk aversion in, 125–26 and Sematech, 129–31 and voltage fade, 158–61, 167, 283 energy outlook, 178–80 Envia Systems: and ARPA-E, 193–95, 201–3, 207, 213 and battery competition, 78, 105–8, 193–95, 197, 201–3, 204–6, 207–8, 213–14 buyout sought by, 108, 201, 205–6 and Croy, 238–41 and DC resistance, 230–31 and GM, 110–17, 205, 206, 230–31, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286 and Kumar, see Kumar, Sujeet lawsuits against, 280–81 and licensing, 86–87, 151, 156 and NMC, 72, 111, 156, 162, 169–71, 195, 196, 197–98, 202, 233–34, 286 start-up, 71–72, 78, 86, 165, 201 and venture capital, 86–87, 111–14 and voltage fade, 157–58, 163–65, 171 ExxonMobil, 8, 21, 35, 134 energy outlook by, 178–80, 191, 232 Faguy, Peter, 159–61, 166, 227, 283 Faraday, Michael, 27 Fermi, Enrico, 10, 23 financial meltdown (2008–2009), 7, 181, 190 Ford, Henry, 124 Ford Motor Company, 19–20, 21, 25, 158, 183, 286 fossil fuels, 121, 143, 178, 180, 183, 188 Franklin, Benjamin, 18 Freund, Erwin O., 11–12 Frisch, Damon, 231, 260 Gallagher, Kevin, 100, 185, 207–10, 224, 233 and ARPA-E, 201, 204 and Battery Hub, 212–14, 228, 243–45, 252 and Envia, 201, 208, 213–14, 277, 279 and Nelson-Gallagher model, 212, 213–14, 243–44 and Obama visit, 268–71 and voltage fade, 158, 239, 285–86 Galvani, Luigi, 18 Gates, Bill, 195, 199 Geely, 6, 284 General Electric (GE), 8, 62 General Motors (GM), 71, 183, 188, 196, 284, 285 bankruptcy filing by, 114 and Chevy Spark, 214 and DC resistance, 230–31 and Envia, 110–17, 205, 206, 230–31, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286 and EV1, 184 GM Ventures, 109–16, 151, 205 and Volt, see Volt Goldwasser, Eugene, 127 Goodenough, John, 21, 22–26, 91, 113, 210, 269 and Battery Hub, 242–43 leadership style of, 25–26, 30, 101 and lithium-cobalt-oxide battery, 25, 27, 28–29, 31, 35, 38, 44, 45, 52, 58, 119, 152, 154 and Padhi, 37–39 and patents, 33, 36, 38–39, 66 and Thackeray, 30–32, 33, 38 Goodenough-Kanamori rules, 23 Greenberger, Jim, 130–31 Grove, Andrew, 75–76, 129 Gruen, Dieter, 10–11, 13–15, 209 Henriksen, Gary, 236–37 Herschel, William, 27 Higgs boson, 119 Hillebrand, Don, 182–85, 187–89, 228, 284, 286 Honda, 115, 116, 117, 206, 231, 257 Howard, Matt, 268–69 Howell, Dave, 107, 134–35, 160, 167, 210 Hu Jintao, 4 hybrid vehicles, 8, 20, 36, 76, 109, 177–78, 179, 184, 185, 257 Hyundai, 196 IBM, 186, 206 India, Union Carbide leak in, 36 Intel, 75–76, 121, 129 intercalation, use of term, 21 internal combustion engine, 19, 45, 109, 132, 154–55, 179, 181, 183 iPhone, 129, 187, 198, 250–51 Isaacs, Eric, 119, 269, 286 and Battery Hub, 135, 137–38, 216, 218–19, 220–21, 225–26, 243–44, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254 and En-Caesar, 135, 137 Iyer, Hari, 256, 258, 262–66, 274, 276, 277 Jae-kook Kim, 56, 57 Japan: battery production in, 35, 102–3, 136, 178, 192 competition in, 36, 75, 99, 129, 130, 177–78, 214, 280 consumer battery market in, 5, 7, 8, 9, 142 and electric vehicles, 184, 284 patents in, 39, 66, 98–99, 197 U.S. ideas moving to, 36, 187, 205 Jobs, Steve, 202 Johnson, Chris: and lithium-ion, 41, 43, 58, 153 and NMC, 41, 43, 58–59, 72, 153, 159, 236, 278 and patents, 46, 56–57, 72, 153 and Thackeray, 40–41, 42, 43, 46, 287 and voltage fade, 159, 227–28 Johnson, Lady Bird, 179 Johnson Controls, 68, 131, 149, 150 Joshua, Matthus, 266, 273, 276 Jun Lu, 99 Kang Eun Kyung, 100–101 Kapadia, Atul, 91 and Envia/Kumar, 86, 106–7, 114–17, 166, 202–6, 255, 257–58, 261, 262–67, 274, 276–77, 279, 280–81 and venture capital, 85–86, 106–7, 112, 117 Khosla, Vinod, 190–91 Kumar, Sujeet, 83–87, 88–90, 91, 192–98 and Argonne, 83–85, 86, 152 and ARPA-E, 193–98, 201–6, 207, 230, 233, 277 and Chamberlain, 86–87, 88, 115–17, 203–4 and Energy Department, 105, 165–66, 190, 193, 231–32 and Envia, 86, 107–8, 111, 114, 116–17, 162–66, 206, 238–41, 239, 255–59, 260–67, 272–75, 276–81, 286 and GM, 110–14, 165, 205, 230–31, 256–59, 260–67, 276, 278–80, 286 and NanoeXA, 94–95, 267, 280–81 and NMC, 83, 84, 94, 95, 111, 128, 152, 155, 165, 169, 170–71, 193–96, 231, 261, 277, 286 and venture capital, 84–87, 106, 116, 126, 205–6 and voltage fade, 155, 157, 163–64, 168–69, 233–34, 238–39 lattice, 44 Lauckner, Jon, 109–14, 205, 231, 280, 286 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 132–33, 135–36, 165, 166, 260 Lawroski, Stephen, 13 LG Chemical, 9, 70–72, 110, 113–14, 156, 257, 261, 267, 285 Lindbergh, Erik, 286 Littlewood, Peter, 118–20, 122, 243–44, 286 Madia, Bill, 218–22, 223–24, 226, 253–54 Majumdar, Arun, 195, 199, 200–201, 203–5, 279 Manhattan Project, 10, 11, 129, 143 Mansfield, Mike, 23 Markovic, Nenad, 243 Mathias, Mark, 216, 231 Matsushita, 197 microchips, 75, 186 Microsoft model, 118 MIT, Lincoln Laboratory, 23 mobile phones, 122, 186 Moore’s law, 186 Morse, Edward, 180 Musk, Elon, 232–33 NanoeXa, 83–84, 94–95, 267, 280–81 Naperville, 13 natural gas, 60 Nelson, Paul, 16–17, 210–13 Newman, John, 132, 134–35 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), 37–38, 39 Nissan, 107, 115, 116, 158, 183, 202, 284 Leaf, 177, 179, 183, 186 Nitz, Larry, 266–67, 273 nuclear age, 10, 14, 20 Oak Ridge National Lab, 11, 14, 137, 228, 242–43, 260 Obama, Barack: Argonne visit of, 268–71 one-million-car goal, 5, 60 Obama administration, 135, 280 and battery competition, 70–71, 84, 107–8, 130, 187, 252, 253 and economic stimulus, 131, 203 and electric cars, 60, 106, 125, 145, 177, 178, 187, 261 and LG Chemical, 70–71, 113 oil: Arab embargo (1973), 21, 23, 28 demand for, 8, 60–61, 178 electricity as challenge to, 152 and energy security, 142–43, 284 prices of, 8, 35, 60, 178, 179, 180, 183, 189 public image of, 84, 146 shale gas and, 180, 190 Okada, Shigeto, 37–39 omnivorous engine, 188 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 8, 23, 61, 183 Orbach, Ray, 242 Ovshinsky, Stan, 36 Oxford University, 24, 29–30, 32, 33, 36 Padhi, Akshaya, 37–39 Pak, Michael, 84, 94–95, 267 Panasonic, 9, 36, 197, 214, 232, 265 Park Sang-Jin, 102–3 Patel, Anish, 113 patent applications: for NMC, 45, 58–59, 66, 170, 197 race for, 39, 47 for spinel, 33, 38–39 patents: challenges to, 47 contributions described in, 57 enforcement of, 73 failure to patent, 127 government-funded, 68 infringement of, 39, 71 international, 65–69, 98, 153, 197 inventors’ names on, 156 lawsuits for, 39, 197 lead time for, 57–58 and licensing, 36, 68–69, 95 protection of, 78 provisional, 46, 55 and royalties, 36, 98, 149–51 signing away rights to, 36, 77 stealing ideas for, 38, 55 Pentagon, 127 Persson, Kristin, 243 Peters, Mark, 218, 220, 228, 251, 253 Planté, Gaston, 19 plutonium, creation of, 11 Popular Science, 19–20 Preto, Sandy, 16 Prius, 36, 153, 158, 177–78, 179, 185, 186, 188–89 Putin, Vladimir, 8, 284 Ralston Purina, 36 RCA, 62 Reagan, Ronald, 35, 122, 129 Redpoint Ventures, 112 Rickover, Hyman, 14 Riley, Bart, 154–58, 163 RockPort Capital Partners, 84–85 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 11 Russia, oil production in, 61, 183 Sadoway, Donald, 199 SAGE (computer memory), 23 Samsung, 9, 155, 158, 202, 205, 213, 231, 261, 265, 267, 284 Samsung SDI, 102–3, 104 Sattelberger, Al, 5 Schroeder, Dave, 62, 63–65 Seaborg, Glenn, 10 Seegopaul, Purnesh, 202–3, 263, 266, 274–75 Sematech (Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology), 129–31, 133, 282 Sharp, 214 Shin-Etsu, 265, 266, 281 silicon chips, 75–76 Silicon Valley, 129, 150, 201 Asian immigrants in, 90–94 Sinkula, Mike, 83–87, 88, 95, 110, 114, 116–17, 202, 263, 280 Slater, Mike, 207, 209 smart phones, 5, 167, 186, 187 Smil, Vaclav, 199 Solyndra, 203, 240 Sony, 35, 41, 118, 152, 197, 198, 214 South Africa, 27–28, 41–42, 43, 47 South Korea: battery competition in, 99, 103, 114, 136, 214, 280, 284 consumer battery market in, 5, 8, 9, 37, 142 patents filed in, 66, 197 trade alliance with, 70–72 spec sheets, 115–16 spinel, 28–29, 30–32, 33, 38–39, 41–42, 45–46, 110, 113, 152, 153 Spitfire (chip), 85 Srinivasan, Venkat, 91, 120, 149, 220 Straubel, JB, 232 Sun-Ho Kang, 100–104, 155, 157–59, 213, 231 Sun Microsystems, 190 technology: and global financial crises, 7–8 and Moore’s law, 186 usual path of, 185–86, 189, 192, 201 Teller, Edward, 23 Temping Yu, 99 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 11 Tesla Motors, 232–33, 284 Thackeray, Lisa, 42, 217 Thackeray, Mike, 27–33, 40–48, 67, 103, 235–36, 237, 269, 270 and battery competition, 78, 91, 126, 180, 182 and Battery Hub, 132, 135, 137, 141–42, 149, 217–18, 221, 227–28, 248, 251, 254, 269 and Chamberlain, 27, 73–74, 77–78, 128, 141–42, 221 and collaboration, 140–42, 170 and Croy, 168, 170–72, 238, 241, 286, 287 and Envia/Kumar, 78, 85, 166, 168–72, 207, 255–56, 277, 278 and Johnson, 40–41, 42, 43, 46, 287 and lithium-ion, 31–33, 41–42, 45–46, 152, 153 move to Argonne, 41–42, 48, 53, 98, 102 and NMC, 41, 43–47, 55–57, 58, 66, 70–72, 72, 74, 79, 84, 102, 127, 132, 141, 152, 153–57, 160, 197 and patents, 33, 46–47, 73, 78, 84, 127, 153, 156, 170 and spinel, 28–29, 30–32, 33, 38, 41–42, 45–46, 110, 113, 152, 153 and voltage fade, 154–57, 159–60, 210, 238 Thatcher, Margaret, 35 thermodynamics, 154, 169, 170 3M Company, 58, 66, 153, 197–98 Toda, 67, 156 Toyota, 8, 115, 116, 117, 189, 231, 257, 284 and Prius, see Prius Trahey, Lynn, 207, 208–10, 212, 268–71 transistor, 122 Tulgey Wood, 11–12 Ullrick, Brad, 224–25 Union Carbide, 36 Union of Concerned Scientists, 214–15 United States: and battery competition, 5, 6, 7, 9, 68, 71, 74, 107, 151 energy requirements of, 75 industrial decline in, 37, 129 research cutbacks in, 62, 65 University of Chicago, 127 Stagg Field, 10, 11 University of Texas, 39, 242 uranium-235, 11 Vaughey, Jack, 135, 228, 235, 237–38 Vegetabile, Jim, 147 Venkatachalam, Mani, 163, 165 venture capital, 84–87, 106–7, 111–13, 116–17, 126, 128, 190–91, 201, 266, 274 Verbrugge, Mark, 111 Vissers, Don, 41–42, 53, 55, 102 Volt, 109–13, 145–48 batteries for, 3, 4, 5, 47–48, 70, 107, 113, 146–48, 155, 197–98, 233, 257, 266, 272, 280, 285 as concept car, 109, 110, 147 cost of, 72, 107, 109, 257 fires in, 145–46 as hybrid, 109, 185 in the lab, 188 market for, 72, 109, 183 next generation of, 110, 112, 256–57 sales of, 109, 177, 186 Volta, Alessandro, 18, 19, 45 Wan Gang, 60, 76, 96, 178, 180, 280, 282–83, 284 U.S. visit of, 3–6, 7, 9, 27, 79 Wanxiang, 252 Watson, T.

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril
by Satyajit Das
Published 9 Feb 2016

The government resents external pressure on its economic policies, currency value, trading practices, political system, foreign policy, and human rights record. China sees diminishing gains from engagement with external parties other than on its own terms. There is also resentment towards developed nations for a perceived lack of respect in dealing with a great power. China has shifted its priorities to food and energy security, needed to sustain its development. For China, a reversal of a policy of international engagement represents a return to traditional economic self-reliance with a limited interest in trade. In 1793, the Chinese emperor told British envoy Lord Macartney that China did not value “ingenious articles” and “had not the slightest need of [England's] manufactures.”9 As Robert Hart, nineteenth-century British trade commissioner for China, wrote, “[The] Chinese have the best food in the world, rice; the best drink, tea; and the best clothing, cotton, silk, fur.

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Steven Solomon, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilisation, Harper Perennial, 2010. Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Alan Weisman, The World without Us, Picador, 2007. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power, Touchstone Books, 1991. ——, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, Penguin, 2011. Inequality and Trust Geoffrey Hosking, Trust: A History, Oxford University Press, 2014. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Belknap Press, 2014. Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger, Bloomsbury Press, 2011.

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein
Published 15 Sep 2014

It also led research that has been used to counter claims that high methane leakage disqualifies fracked natural gas as a climate solution. The EDF has partnered with Shell, Chevron, and other top energy companies on one in a series of studies on methane leaks with the clear goal, as one EDF official put it, of helping “natural gas to be an accepted part of a strategy for improving energy security and moving to a clean energy future.” When the first study arrived in September 2013, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, it made news by identifying fugitive methane leakage rates from gas extraction that were ten to twenty times lower than those in most other studies to date.56 But the study’s design contained serious limitations, the most glaring of which was allowing the gas companies to choose the wells they wanted inspected.

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So we need money, we need technology, to be able to do things differently.”43 And that means the wealthy world must pay its climate debts. And yet financing a just transition in fast-developing economies has not been a priority of activists in the North. Indeed a great many Big Green groups in the United States consider the idea of climate debt to be politically toxic, since, unlike the standard “energy security” and green jobs arguments that present climate action as a race that rich countries can win, it requires emphasizing the importance of international cooperation and solidarity. Sunita Narain hears these objections often. “I’m always being told—especially by my friends in America—that . . . issues of historical responsibility are something that we should not talk about.

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Jenny Yuen, “Gore Green with Envy,” Toronto Star, November 25, 2009; “International Support for Ontario’s Green Energy Act,” Government of Ontario, Ministry of Energy, June 24, 2009. 7. “Feed-in Tariff Program: FIT Rules Version 1.1,” Ontario Power Authority, September 30, 2009, p. 14. 8. Michael A. Levi, “The Canadian Oil Sands: Energy Security vs. Climate Change,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2009, p. 12; Gary Rabbior, “Why the Canadian Dollar Has Been Bouncing Higher,” Globe and Mail, October 30, 2009. 9. GAS: Mississauga Power Plant Cancellation Costs, Special Report, Office of the Auditor General of Ontario, April 2013, pp. 7–8; Oakville Power Plant Cancellation Costs, Special Report, Office of the Auditor General of Ontario, October 2013, pp. 7–8; WIND: Dave Seglins, “Ont.

The Asylum: The Renegades Who Hijacked the World's Oil Market
by Leah McGrath Goodman
Published 15 Feb 2011

A second source in San Francisco told me about how he personally knew somebody building a bunker in his backyard for his extended family and stockpiling it with food, guns, and gold bars, after losing all faith in the government’s ability to put a lid on high energy prices and maintain national energy security. Wartime oil prices also were being met with warnings from economists of another great reckoning in the form of a global recession. Yet more than a year later, no recession had materialized. OPEC, which tried to keep oil prices as high as possible (just shy of fomenting worldwide backlash), seized the moment in late 2004, announcing a cut in production of a million barrels a day.

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Oil markets were concerned about a storm because global supplies are really tight.” Little could be proven about oil supply itself, but it definitely was provable that oil supply was not rising as fast as global demand, and the two were approaching a dead heat. There was only about a million barrels of oil a day of wiggle room, which left the world’s energy security hanging in the balance. “It’s going to be really hard to keep up with demand, because there are fewer and fewer places to explore for oil, except really exotic places like Western Siberia, or Chad,” Thiel said. “These places are really hot, really cold, or just politically dangerous. People are looking in the last corners of the earth.”

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It was understood back then that the nation would need to develop cleaner, cheaper energy resources by the time it entered the twenty-first century—or risk ongoing war, more oil price spikes, and a long-term threat to its prosperity. Yet the United States has only fallen further behind and has become used to depending on oil-rich nations—many of which are not particularly friendly with the United States—to deal with its energy problems. As the country turned a blind eye to its energy security, the failed potato traders of downtown Manhattan, without much forethought, assembled their own high-stakes casino, which became Nymex. “It was our very own Manhattan Project,” one trader recalls. “And we sort of looked at it that way. You know how the real Manhattan Project scientists afterward were like, ‘We didn’t realize how big it would be, we didn’t know what we were doing, and, come to think of it, maybe we shouldn’t have done it?’

The Butterfly Defect: How Globalization Creates Systemic Risks, and What to Do About It
by Ian Goldin and Mike Mariathasan
Published 15 Mar 2014

See, for example, Ken Belson, 2008, “’03 Blackout Is Recalled, amid Lessons Learned,” New York Times, 13 August, accessed 1 February 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/nyregion/14blackout.html?_r=0. 20. Eben Kaplan, 2007, “America’s Vulnerable Energy Grid,” Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounders, 17 April, accessed 20 March 2012, http://www.cfr.org/energy-security/americas-vulnerable-energy-grid/p13153. 21. Ibid. 22. Cro Forum, 2011, “Power Blackout Risks: Risk Management Options,” Emerging Risk Initiative Position Paper, November, 9, accessed 25 January 2013, http://www.agcs.allianz.com/assets/PDFs/Special%20and%20stand-alone%20articles/Power_Blackout_Risks.pdf. 23.

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Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 30: 119–133. ———. 2003. “Integration of Lending and Underwriting: Implications of Scope Economies.” Journal of Finance 58 (3): 1167–1191. Kaplan, Eben. 2007. “America’s Vulnerable Energy Grid.” Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounders, 17 April. Accessed 20 March 2012. http://www.cfr.org/energy-security/americas-vulnerable-energy-grid/p13153. Kaufman, George G. 1995. “Comment on Systemic Risk.” In Research in Financial Services: Banking, Financial Markets, and Systemic Risk, vol. 7, ed. George G. Kaufman. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 47–52. Kaufman, George G., and Kenneth E. Scott. 2003. “What Is Systemic Risk, and Do Bank Regulators Retard or Contribute to It?”

The Weather of the Future
by Heidi Cullen
Published 2 Aug 2010

The plant symbolized a way to solve the problems of climate change and energy security simultaneously—and if everything went according to plan, it might help Africans as well. North African governments sold their desert in return for water. Let us use your desert to generate power, the Desertec consortium argued, and you can use our energy to desalinate seawater so as to irrigate crops that will help feed your growing populations. North Africa’s demand for water had, in fact, increased by two-thirds—an amount that was far beyond the available supply. For Africa, energy security was far less of a concern than water security.

Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
by Michael Jacobs and Mariana Mazzucato
Published 31 Jul 2016

Third, and perhaps most important, well-managed SIBs with a clear mandate are able to provide the kind of patient, long-term and mission-oriented finance that is needed to support investment in infrastructure and new technologies. Many of these long-term, capital-intensive and risky projects, which are necessary to deal with great challenges like climate change and energy security, will not be given credit by a private financial sector increasingly oriented towards the short term.2 This chapter starts by outlining the weak macroeconomic conditions currently exhibited in the EU, in particular in the euro zone. We then discuss the main EU policy measures that have been implemented in recent years to counteract the decline in productive fixed investment.

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The value of high-carbon assets, such as the stocks of coal mining companies, is already in decline, and investors are increasingly analysing the risks to such assets which further climate policy may bring.44 Meanwhile, policy-makers are increasingly recognising the short-term benefits from effectively managing a low-carbon transition in terms of energy efficiency, energy security, urban pollution, congestion and generating innovation.45 It is too early to say that a low-carbon transformation tipping point has been reached; but it is no longer fanciful to imagine it on the horizon. Indeed, the historic Paris Accord was as much a reflection as a cause of a fundamental change in perceptions about the economics of decarbonisation; one that has shifted from cost (and burdens to be shared) to opportunities and self-interest.

Nuclear War and Environmental Catastrophe
by Noam Chomsky and Laray Polk
Published 29 Apr 2013

The API spokesperson quoted in the article was contacted to verify accuracy; she responded, “If they [Tar Sands Action participants] are protesting the pipeline they are protesting a shovel-ready job that will put thousands of Americans to work. This industry is focused on creating jobs, producing energy responsibly and strengthening America’s energy security.” Sabrina Fang, API Media Relations, e-mail correspondence, November 16, 2011. On how Saudi interests infuse money into US elections through trade associations, namely, API, see Lee Fang, “How Big Business Is Buying the Election,” The Nation, September 17, 2012. 104 The Tar Sands Action is part of an ongoing campaign to protest the proposed 1,661-mile pipeline from Alberta, Canada, to refineries on the Texas Gulf Coast.

The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century
by Ronald Bailey
Published 20 Jul 2015

If an “oil crisis” fails to materialize, it will be chiefly because nimble private oil companies will have succeeded in boosting production capacity in enough places around the world that temporarily losing one or two major producers to incompetence or malice won’t matter much. But the sad fact is that the world’s energy security would be a lot greater if more of the world’s oil and gas resources were in the hands of private companies. Peak oil, if it occurs, will be the result of human folly and government greed, not because the world has suddenly run out of crude. Finally, it should be noted that many environmentalists aren’t scared that we will soon run out of oil; instead, they fear that we won’t.

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The super-cycles are: Martin Stuermer, “150 Years of Boom and Bust: What Drives Mineral Commodity Prices?” Munich RePEc Archive Paper 51859, December 4, 2013. mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51859/1/MPRA_paper_51859.pdf. “Since 1871, the Economist”: Blake Clayton, “Bad News for Pessimists Everywhere,” Energy, Security, and Climate, Council on Foreign Relations, March 22, 2013. many researchers believe: David Jacks, “From Boom to Bust: A Typology of Real Commodity Prices in the Long Run,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 18874, March 2013, 4. www.nber.org/papers/w18874; and Maria Kolesnikova and Isis Almeida, “Goldman Sees New Commodity Cycle as Shale Oil Spurs U.S.

The Future of Fusion Energy
by Jason Parisi and Justin Ball
Published 18 Dec 2018

Fusion, by replacing the need for fission power, would make it easier. 10.8Reshaping Geopolitics The geopolitics of energy has become critical to national interests, especially in the past half century. Wars have been fought and governments destabilized in the pursuit of energy security. Fusion has the power to instill order here as well. Because, for fusion, the critical resources are intellectual and technological, rather than natural. This removes a major driver of global conflict. Developed countries that currently need to import large amounts of energy will save money and improve their energy security. Underdeveloped, fossil fuel-rich countries will escape from under the heels of more powerful countries. They can finally progress in peace, without the continual interference of third parties seeking to install a friendly regime.

The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World
by Russell Gold
Published 7 Apr 2014

To understand better what Aubrey McClendon and Chesapeake have created, I returned to the Farm for a week to spend time traveling around Sullivan County. Chesapeake had leased thousands of acres and drilled nearly one hundred wells, including one on my parents’ property. The debate over fracking here isn’t abstract. US energy security and climate change don’t come up that often in conversation. When residents of Sullivan County talk about fracking, they talk about their water and land as well as the trucks on the roads. What I learned—and would have realized long ago if I had thought about it—was that my parents’ approach to the land was out of step with their neighbors’.

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Paper presented at SPE Unconventional Gas Recovery Symposium, Pittsburgh, May 16–18, 1982. Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company (Briefer Version). Edited by David M. Chalmers. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Free Press, 1991. ———. The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: Penguin Press, 2011. Yost II, A. B., W. K. Overbey Jr., and R. S. Carden. “Drilling a 2,000-ft Horizontal Well in the Devonian Shale.” Paper presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, September 27–30, 1987. Yost II, A.

Green Tyranny: Exposing the Totalitarian Roots of the Climate Industrial Complex
by Rupert Darwall
Published 2 Oct 2017

blogno=85066 (accessed January 18, 2016). 21Joel Kotkin, The New Class Conflict (Candor, NY, 2014), p. 39. 22Steven Malanga, “The Green Behind California’s Greens,” City Journal, Spring 2015. 23Kathleen Hartnett-White and Stephen Moore, Fueling Freedom: Exposing the Mad War on Energy (Washington, D.C., 2016) p. 48. 24Pope Francis, Address to the FAO, Rome June 11, 2015, http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/conference/c2015/address-pope-francis/en/. 25LIUNA, “LIUNA Leaves BlueGreen Alliance,” January 20, 2012, http://www.liuna.org/news/story/liuna-leaves-bluegreen-alliance (accessed January 19, 2016). 26Wall Street Journal, “California’s Climate Change Revolt,” September 11, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/californias-climate-change-revolt-1442014369 (accessed September 14, 2015). 20. The Washington, D.C., Energiewende 1George W. Bush, State of the Union address, January 23, 2007. 2Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on America’s Energy Security, Georgetown University Washington, D.C.,” March 30, 2011, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/30/remarks-president-americas-energy-security. 3George W. Bush, State of the Union address, January 23, 2007. 4George W. Bush, State of the Union address, January 28, 2008. 5U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Natural Gas Marketed Production, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9050us2a.htm (accessed January 26, 2016). 6Mark P.

Moneyland: Why Thieves and Crooks Now Rule the World and How to Take It Back
by Oliver Bullough
Published 5 Sep 2018

An alternative is to fund an all-party parliamentary group linked to their home country, which brings with it the possibility of taking politicians to a foreign capital, away from the prurient eyes of the British tabloid press, where they can be treated to the goodies their hard work as earned. That’s not enough, though. The billionaire needs to establish a connection of some kind, particularly if he’s still in business in his home country. If he owns a gas company, then the PR advisers will push hard on energy security, boost him as an independent supplier of the vital resources that the West needs. If he has interests in agriculture, that’s an easy one: food security is crucial to any country, and providing enduring sources of cheap, good-quality food is vital. There’s always a connection that can be made, and once that has been done, he can host conferences to which he can invite famous ex-politicians.

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Hunter Biden is an undistinguished corporate lawyer with no previous Ukraine experience. Why then would a Ukrainian tycoon hire him? Hunter Biden failed to reply to questions I sent him, but he told the Wall Street Journal in December 2015 that he had joined Burisma ‘to strengthen corporate governance and transparency at a company working to advance energy security’. That was not an explanation that many people found reassuring. The Washington Post was particularly damning: ‘The appointment of the vice president’s son to a Ukrainian oil board looks nepotistic at best, nefarious at worst,’ it wrote, shortly after Hunter Biden’s appointment. ‘You have to wonder how big the salary has to be to put US soft power at risk like this.

Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet
by Roger Scruton
Published 30 Apr 2014

And that nation – the United States of America – is passing through an extended economic crisis at the very moment when the greatest need is for the costly research and far-reaching policies that only the United States can afford and that, indeed, only the United States has the political will to pursue. As I write, the US Congress is considering the American Climate and Energy Security Act, presented by Congressmen Waxman and Markey. This bill – heavily influenced by input from climate activists and radical NGOs – aims to reduce the total of American greenhouse gas emissions to 83 per cent below 2005 levels by the year 2050 – in other words to a total of 1 billion tons per year.

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Index Abbey, Edward, ref1 accountability, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 acidification, ref1 acquis communautaire, ref1 Adams, Ansel, ref1, ref2 Adams, John, (Geographer) ref1, ref2 Adams, John, (Composer) ref1 adaptation, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8f, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 Addison, Joseph, ref1 Adorno, Theodor W., ref1 advertising, ref1 aesthetic judgment, ref1, ref2, ref3 Africa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 ageing, ref1 agricultural subsidies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 agriculture, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 alarms, ref1, ref2 Albrecht, Glenn, ref1n Alexander, Christopher, ref1 Amazon, (rainforest) ref1, ref2 America (USA), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6f, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23f, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32 American Climate and Energy Security Act, ref1 anarchism, ref1 Anderson, Terry, ref1n, ref2n, ref3 Anglers Conservation Association, ref1, ref2, ref3 angling, ref1 animal rights, ref1, ref2, ref3 Apel, Karl-Otto, ref1n Aquinas, St Thomas, ref1 Arabia, ref1, ref2, ref3 architecture, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Aristotle, ref1n, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5f, ref6 Arnold, Matthew, ref1 Aron, Leon, ref1 Arrow, Kenneth J., ref1n, ref2, ref3n, ref4n asbestos, ref1 Attlee, Clement R., Earl, ref1 Augustine, St, ref1 Austen, Jane, ref1, ref2 Australia, ref1, ref2 Austrian economics, ref1 Avery, Alex, ref1n Axelrod, Robert, ref1 Baird Callicott, J., ref1 Balfour, Lady Eve, ref1, ref2 Balling, Robert C., ref1 bankruptcy, ref1 Barber, Samuel, ref1 Barker, Paul, ref1 Barrell, John, ref1n Barry, Brian, ref1n Bate, Roger, ref1n Bath Preservation Society, ref1 Baudelaire, Charles, ref1 Bauhaus, ref1, ref2, ref3 Baum-Snow, Nathaniel, ref1n beauty, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4f, ref5 Beck, Ulrich, ref1 Beckel, J.

The Oil Age Is Over: What to Expect as the World Runs Out of Cheap Oil, 2005-2050
by Matt Savinar
Published 2 Jan 2004

It takes about two barrels of oil in energy investment to produce three barrels of oil equivalent from those resources.42 The cost of Canadian non-conventional oil projects is so high that in May 2003, the oil industry publication Rigzone suggested, "President Bush, known for his religious faith, should be praying nightly that PetroCanada and other oil sands players find ways to cut their costs and boost US energy security."43 2. The environmental costs are horrendous and the process uses a tremendous amount of fresh water and also natural gas, both of which are in limited supply. 3. Although non-conventional oil is quite abundant, its rate of extraction is far too slow to meet the huge global energy demand. Dr.

The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future
by Laurence C. Smith
Published 22 Sep 2010

How much of each commodity is needed to provide the other is something not well appreciated by the public.”242 It is something not well appreciated by politicians and planners either. Instead of recognizing this marriage between energy and water, their respective planning and regulatory agencies are almost always totally separate entities. “Energy analysts have typically ignored the water requirements of their proposed measures to meet stated energy security goals. Water analysts have typically ignored the energy requirements to meet stated water goals,” concluded a recent Oak Ridge National Laboratory report.243 Historically we have gotten away with this thanks to cheap water, cheap energy, or both. That cushion will continue to narrow as supplies of both tighten out to 2050.

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H. van der Meer, “The Water Footprint of Energy from Biomass: A Quantitative Assessment and Consequences of an Increasing Share of Bio-energy in Energy Supply,” Ecological Economics 68 (2009): 1052-1060. 242 Telephone interview with M. Pasqualetti, April 14, 2009. 243 T. R. Curlee, M. J. Sale, “Water and Energy Security,” Proceedings, Universities Council on Water Resources, 2003. 244 For climate model simulations of Hadley Cell expansion, see J. Lu, G. A. Vecchi, T. Reichler, “Expansion of the Hadley Cell under Global Warming,” Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): L06085; for direct observations from satellites, see Q.

Brexit: What the Hell Happens Now?: The Facts About Britain's Bitter Divorce From Europe 2016
by Ian Dunt
Published 11 Apr 2017

Indian students often find it hard to come to the UK and that has not become any easier since May’s crackdown on student visas. Despite all the talk of cutting immigration, UK negotiators will come under strain to make concessions to Indian requests in return for a trade deal. With China, the concern will be energy security. Beijing is likely to demand a greater role in the provision of our energy infrastructure. May’s decision to authorise the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant, where the Chinese committed to one-third of the £18 billion cost, gave them a foothold in western Europe, as well as a stake in a new project at Sizewell and the possibility of building its own reactors at Bradwell, Essex.

Elon Musk: A Mission to Save the World
by Anna Crowley Redding
Published 1 Jul 2019

Romney spouted at Obama, “But don’t forget, you put $90 billion, like fifty years’ worth of breaks, into—into solar and wind, to Solyndra and Fisker and Tesla and Ener1. I mean, I had a friend who said you don’t just pick the winners and losers, you pick the losers, all right? So this—this is not—this is not the kind of policy you want to have if you want to get America energy secure.”126 So at a moment when the world was watching, Tesla was branded a loser. Yikes. The media seized on the exchange. A month later, Romney had lost the election. And by the next spring, Elon went on national television to reveal the final tally. Tesla had just repaid that loan in full—nine years ahead of schedule127 and with interest.

That Used to Be Us
by Thomas L. Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum
Published 1 Sep 2011

If we do not find a new source of abundant, cheap, clean, and reliable energy to power the future of all these “new Americans,” we run the risk of burning up, choking up, heating up, and smoking up our planet far faster than even Al Gore predicted. This means, however, that the technologies that can supply abundant, cheap, clean, and reliable energy will be the next new global industry. Energy technology—ET—will be the new IT. A country with a thriving ET industry will enjoy energy security, will enhance its own national security, and will contribute to global environmental security. It also will be home to innovative companies, because companies cannot make products greener without inventing smarter materials, smarter software, and smarter designs. It is hard to imagine how America will be able to sustain a rising standard of living if it does not have a leading role in this next great global industry.

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There is every reason to believe, in other words, that clean energy will become the successor to information technology as the next major cutting-edge industry on which the economic fortunes of the richest countries in the world will depend. That is the bet that China has made in its twelfth five-year plan, authorized in March 2011, which stresses that development of renewable energy will be the key to China’s energy security for the next decade. That plan places special emphasis on developing solar and nuclear energy. Moreover, renewable energy depends on new technology, which the United States has historically led the world in developing. China is now seeking to seize that position. “Chinese solar panel manufacturers accounted for slightly over half the world’s production last year,” Keith Bradsher, the New York Times Hong Kong business reporter, wrote (January 14, 2011).

The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters
by Gregory Zuckerman
Published 5 Nov 2013

Russell Gold, “The Man Who Pioneered the Shale-Gas Revolution,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 2012. 3. Dan Steward, The Barnett Shale Play: Phoenix of the Fort Worth Basin; A History (Fort Worth, TX: Fort Worth Geological Society/North Texas Geological Society, 2007). 4. Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011). 5. Daniel Yergin, “Stepping on the Gas,” Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2011. 6. Jim Fuquay, “Q&A, George Mitchell, Founder of Mitchell Energy,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, April 2, 2008. CHAPTER FIVE 1. Jerry Shottenkirk, “OKC-Based SandRidge Energy CEO Tom Ward Says He Has Much to Be Thankful For,” Oklahoma Journal Record, January 8, 2007. 2.

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Ana Campoy, “Natural-Gas Producers Cut Output,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2007. 9. John J. Fialka, “Wildcat Producer Sparks Oil Boom on Montana Plains,” Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2006. 10. Joe Carroll, “Peak Oil Scare Fades as Shale, Deepwater Wells Gush Crude,” Bloomberg News, February 6, 2012; Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011). CHAPTER ELEVEN 1. Christopher Helman, “In His Own Words: Chesapeake’s Aubrey McClendon Answers Our 25 Questions,” Forbes, October 5, 2011. 2. Joshua Schneyer, Jeanine Prezioso, and David Sheppard, “Inside Chesapeake, CEO Ran $200 Million Hedge Fund,” Reuters, May 2, 2012. 3.

The Future Is Asian
by Parag Khanna
Published 5 Feb 2019

Overall, the United States’ financial position is weakening as Asians expand local currency borrowing and regional trade rather than depend on the US dollar and US markets. At the same time, the United States’ energy and technology position is robust and growing. US oil and liqufied natural gas exports are major contributors to energy security for East Asian countries, while US military hardware and computing software are in high demand as well. US strategic influence in Asia is thus declining even as its economic dependence on Asia is growing. In the age of Asianization, Asia will shape the United States more than the reverse. 4 Asia-nomics China watchers have often been polarized between two views: either China will devour the world or it is on the brink of collapse.

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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Dychtwald, Zak. Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018. Ebinger, Charles K. “India’s Energy and Climate Policy: Can India Meet the Challenge of Industrialization and Climate Change?” Brookings Institution Energy Security and Climate Initiative Policy Brief 16-01, June 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/india_energy_climate_policy_ebinger.pdf. Economy, Elizabeth, and Michael Levi. By All Means Necessary: How China’s Resource Quest Is Changing the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Unsustainable Inequalities: Social Justice and the Environment
by Lucas Chancel
Published 15 Jan 2020

Under the terms of the treaty, this executive order cannot take effect before November 4, 2020, one day after the next presidential election—which leaves a faint glimmer of hope, if the Democrats manage to regain the White House. Trump said it was necessary to leave the Paris Agreement because it harmed American workers and threatened the country’s energy security. Whatever his real motives may be, it is interesting that he should have resorted to an argument from social justice (the protection of workers) to justify his decision. But is it a sound argument? It is clear that climate protection requires a gradual abandonment of coal, and therefore a reassignment of workers in the coal industry.

America in the World: A History of U.S. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
by Robert B. Zoellick
Published 3 Aug 2020

The secretary brought about a durable truce between Egypt and Israel that laid the foundation for a historic peace treaty. Kissinger demonstrated to the Arab states that successful negotiations depended on Washington, not Moscow. And he pushed to end an OPEC oil embargo and rework America’s diplomatic approach to energy security.99 In 1976, when Governor Ronald Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the Republican nomination, he called for “superiority” instead of détente. “The evidence mounts that we are Number Two in a world where it’s dangerous, if not fatal, to be second best.” Détente had not stymied aggressive Soviet moves in missiles and military power, Asia, and Africa.

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After World War II, the U.S. dollar served as the principal reserve currency. In the 1970s, the United States abandoned the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, launching in its stead a floating (and sometimes pegged) exchange rate system. The rise of OPEC in the 1970s compelled the United States to experiment with approaches to energy security. More recently, technological, market, and environmental innovations have again transformed energy and environmental politics. The United States adapted the economic system, often fitfully, to assist with development. The United States and other developed nations offered trade preferences to developing economies.

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My challenge for China—and for U.S. diplomacy—was to move beyond questions of Chinese participation to encouraging Beijing’s behavior—attention to norms, not just forms. The United States, China, and many others have mutual interests in resisting protectionism, thwarting proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and missiles, and countering terrorism; they need to cooperate on energy security, climate change, diseases, exchange rate policies, economic growth, development, and regional security, including dangers in North Korea, Central Asia, and the Persian Gulf. Differences over Taiwan need to be managed peacefully. As Ronald Reagan demonstrated, the United States can speak up for its values—and for freedom—even as it works with China on mutual responsibilities and manages conflicts.

The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
by Joel Bakan
Published 1 Jan 2003

Found at www.bpamoco/alaska/qanda/qanda.htm (print copy on file with the author). 29. Letters to Presidents Clinton, December 11, 2000, and Bush, March 20, 2001, from groups of scientists; Kenneth Whitten, retired research biologist, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, gave written testimony at a hearing on the Republican energy bill on July 11, 2001: U.S., Energy Security Act of 2001: Hearing on H.R. 2436 Before the House Committee on Resources: 107th Cong. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002). 30. Sir John Browne, "The Case for Social Responsibility," presentation to the Annual Conference of Business for Social Responsibility, Boston, November 10, 1998. 31.

Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization
by Parag Khanna
Published 18 Apr 2016

Chinese proclamations, like America’s, are vague and contradictory, while internal authorities jockey for influence, and success is rationalized after the fact. But China remains ruthlessly clear about one thing: Its power is focused on serving commercial interests and protecting the connectivity on which it depends. A simple equation is usually offered to explain China’s clear linkage between domestic and foreign policy: Energy security = economic growth = political stability = continuation of party rule. The formula breaks down without robust global connectivity: inflows and outflows. By contrast, both the Bush and the Obama administrations have defaulted to military posture as a proxy for influence, forgetting that America’s foreign policy failures from Vietnam to Iraq to Afghanistan have come from intervening rather than from not intervening.

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.*4 An LNG terminal network and Asian gas pipeline grid, along with a gas-trading hub to replace rigid contracts with flexible pricing, would together represent the triumph of supply-demand complementarity over geopolitical division.*5 For Asians, “Drill, baby, drill” is a rallying cry for both energy security and regional stability. SOVEREIGNS OF THE SEA China’s state-owned oil companies and the American navy are not the only players in the maritime great game for undersea resources. Powerful and quasi-stateless global firms have also developed their own type of mobile sovereignty: very large floating structures.

Making the Future: The Unipolar Imperial Moment
by Noam Chomsky
Published 15 Mar 2010

But NATO quickly took on new missions, expanding to the east in violation of promises to Mikhail Gorbachev, a serious security threat to Russia, naturally raising international tensions. President Obama’s national security adviser, James Jones, NATO supreme allied commander in Europe from 2003 to 2006, advocates NATO expansion east and south, steps that would reinforce U.S. control over Middle East energy supplies (in technical terms, “safeguarding energy security”). He also champions a NATO response force, which will give the U.S.-run military alliance “much more flexible capability to do things rapidly at very long distances.” China may represent Washington’s greatest concern. The China-based Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which some analysts regard as a potential counterbalance to NATO, includes Russia and the Central Asian states.

Global Financial Crisis
by Noah Berlatsky
Published 19 Feb 2010

Overarching goals—to advance democracy, economic opportunity and security—are likely to remain unchanged, although the new president has emphasized in discussions with several Latin American presidents the importance of working together in partnership. In signaling a new approach, President [Barack] Obama has made clear that the United States does not have all the answers and can learn from the experience of regional leaders. A top priority is to work toward energy security in Latin America, and both energy and climate change are critical areas of future U.S.-Latin America cooperation. The upcoming Summit of the Americas will provide an opportunity to unveil new initiatives. The administration is committed to expanding trade benefits to all countries, and will increase the emphasis on the labor and environmental provisions of trade agreements.

50 Future Ideas You Really Need to Know
by Richard Watson
Published 5 Nov 2013

The Moon may represent the next frontier in terms of resources, bringing with it low-cost flights and permanent Moon colonies. A peaceful and abundant future that science-fiction writers and moviemakers have imagined for many years. Conversely, the Moon may represent a dangerous new frontier, where increasingly desperate nations, eager to secure energy security for their own people, battle it out with other nations to survive. Extrapolating again? The argument that we’re running out of much-needed minerals and other key resources seems fairly solid, but it’s quite possible that we’re doing what we often do—extrapolating, either from present conditions or past experience.

The Passenger
by The Passenger
Published 27 Dec 2021

The Midlands has tended to be viewed as peripheral, despite its proximity to the capital, but the region was transformed entirely in the 1940s by the establishment of the Bord. ‘These weren’t ordinary jobs,’ said Noone. ‘These were good jobs, real jobs, pensionable jobs, jobs for life, skilled jobs.’ The development of large-scale peat extraction had the dual benefit of strengthening Ireland’s energy security and summoning thousands of jobs out of soil that historically had almost no economic value. Much of the Midlands still consists of small farms eking out an existence from land that – precisely because of its peat – remains marginal. Peat extraction, like farm work, is seasonal, mostly taking place between July and September when drier weather allows machines to access the bogs and the milled peat to dry.

The Future of War
by Lawrence Freedman
Published 9 Oct 2017

Russia was left facing budget deficits but also a loss of markets, as its past attempts to coerce countries using its market position had led the targeted countries to seek alternative suppliers.20 Meanwhile, because of the exploitation of shale gas, the US had become once again a major energy producer. There was a familiar pattern to future projections of energy security, which was to assume that supply was close to its peak while demand was continuing to grow. Such claims tended to ignore more sanguine market information, failed to think about the impact of prices on discovery of new reserves or the development of more efficient alternatives to fossil fuels, and assumed that consumers would be left helpless after supplies were cut off without being able to find alternative routes.21 It was less straightforward than assumed to disrupt supply for a long period.

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These effects will be all the more pronounced as people continue to concentrate in climate-vulnerable locations, such as coastal areas, water-stressed regions, and ever-growing cities. As examples it cited how the terrorist group al-Shabaab exploited the 2011–13 famine in Somalia to coerce and tax international aid agencies, while insurgent groups in northern Mali used deepening desertification to enlist local people in a ‘food for jihad’ arrangement.31 As with energy security there was a presumption that issues of environmental security were unavoidable and were bound to intense disputes between communities and even states. This presumption was criticised as being too deterministic, not allowing for ways by which human ingenuity and economic incentives would lead to new ways of managing resources.

Independent Diplomat: Dispatches From an Unaccountable Elite
by Carne Ross
Published 25 Apr 2007

It was well-known that Saddam Hussein had allocated all the massively lucrative post-sanctions exploration contracts to French, Chinese, Russian and other non-US and non-British companies (and it bothered the companies a lot, as they would tell us). It is hard to believe that the immense potential for money-making and energy security did not exert some pull in the decision to invade, but the evidence for some sort of conspiracy led by Big Oil is hard to come by. But again, we do not know, because we have not been told. Instead we were given not the “noble lie”, but the somewhat less-than-noble half-truth. The full answer will perhaps be revealed by the chief protagonists in years to come.

Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order
by Bruno Maçães
Published 1 Feb 2019

Addressing a Delhi audience, Luhut suggested that the port of Sabang at the westernmost point of Indonesia and just 700 km from Indian territory could be leased to India. China’s acknowledgement of Sabang’s strategic value was reflected in a Global Times editorial, which reiterated the significance of the Malacca Strait to China’s “economic and energy security” and warned of “disastrous consequences” if India develops Sabang into a strategic base. “If India really seeks military access to the strategic island of Sabang, it might wrongfully entrap itself into a strategic competition with China and eventually burn its own fingers. A misconception by India in terms of outbound investment is that it always sees China as a rival that it pits itself against.

How Bad Are Bananas?: The Carbon Footprint of Everything
by Mike Berners-Lee
Published 12 May 2010

Jackson (2009), Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Earthscan, London. A recommended read. 15. Kilotons of TNT equivalent. 16. Duncan Clark in www.guardian.co.uk, “The carbon footprint of nuclear war” (2 January 2009), drawn from M.Z. Jacobson (2009), “Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security,” Energy Envir Sci 2, 148–173, DOI:10.1039/b809990c (first published as an Advance Article on the web on 1 December 2008: www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/pdf%20files/ReviewSolgw09.pdf). 17. The Three Trillion Dollar War by Joseph Stiglitz, a Colombia University professor who won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2001, and Linda Bilmes.

Bomb Scare
by Joseph Cirincione
Published 24 Dec 2011

A first step to building the needed consensus could be a new international arrangement that would guarantee fuel cycle services (supply and disposal of fuel) to states that do not possess domestic capabilities. Such a mechanism would have to provide a credible international guarantee of fresh reactor fuel and removal of spent fuel at prices that offer an economic incentive to the recipient state. Such an arrangement would reduce, if not eliminate, the economic or energy security justification for states to pursue their own fuel cycle facilities, and in so doing would test states’ commitment to a non-weapons path. States that turn down reliable and economically attractive alternatives to costly new production facilities would engender suspicion of their intentions, inviting sanctions and other international pressures.

The Secret World of Oil
by Ken Silverstein
Published 30 Apr 2014

By 2000, the United States was already buying 15 percent of its oil imports from Africa, with Nigeria and Angola the two biggest individual suppliers and Equatorial Guinea poised to grow quickly. “Sub-Saharan Africa is an area of US vital interest, and is also of increasing strategic importance to the United States as it applies to American energy security needs,” Paul Michael Wihbey, then of the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, told a congressional subcommittee in March of 2000.6 The September 11 attacks the following year led national security planners to call for greater diversification of imports away from the Middle East, especially toward non-OPEC suppliers in Africa and Central Asia.

Everything Under the Sun: Toward a Brighter Future on a Small Blue Planet
by Ian Hanington
Published 13 May 2012

These spills are just a visual reminder of the damage that our fossil-fuel addiction wreaks on the environment every day. After all, if the oil weren’t being spilled, it would eventually be burned, spewing carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Environmental havoc is only one reason to conserve energy and switch to cleaner energy. Security is also a crucial issue when it comes to global oil supplies. From the costly war in Iraq to the instability of some of the main oil-producing countries, we’re seeing increasing problems with our reliance on this increasingly scarce energy resource. We don’t seem to be good at learning from the past.

How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance
by Parag Khanna
Published 11 Jan 2011

China’s payback of the fuel subsidy would be directed toward investments in alternative energy technologies. UN veterans should be jealous. Students at the AID simulation are learning a far more accurate picture of the twenty-first-century landscape of power and influence than many diplomatic trainees today. Their role-playing exercise wasn’t the “real” world, and yet it was: Energy security and climate change are two sides of the same coin, not parallel conversations in bureaucratic silos. Seth Green, one of AID’s founders, realized early on that young change makers are inspired by alternatives to the UN system: “By playing not just Gordon Brown but also Bill Gates, students take on roles that allow them to navigate a much more complex world.”

The Plundered Planet: Why We Must--And How We Can--Manage Nature for Global Prosperity
by Paul Collier
Published 10 May 2010

The romantics prefer wind power, tidal power, and solar power, all of which are readily intelligible to ordinary citizens; nuclear power harnesses forces of nature only intelligible to a scientific elite. Unfortunately, however, wind, wave, and sun power are not yet scalable in the way that nuclear power is scalable. By far the most carbon-efficient advanced economy is France, which, following the oil shock of 1974, decided to achieve energy security by investing in nuclear power. France was able to do this because whereas elsewhere the political left was hostile to nuclear energy, in France it was nationalistic and so supported the idea of independence from imported oil. Wind, wave, and solar power may eventually become scalable (provided enough money is put into research), but for the moment pragmatists such as Stewart Brand, one of the pioneers of the environmental movement, have accepted that nuclear power is an essential part of the battle to contain global warming.

How to Avoid a Climate Disaster: The Solutions We Have and the Breakthroughs We Need
by Bill Gates
Published 16 Feb 2021

In addition to cleaner air, smart energy policies have given us the following: Electrification. In 1910, only 12 percent of Americans had electric power in their homes. By 1950, more than 90 percent did, thanks to efforts like federal funding for dams, the creation of federal agencies to regulate energy, and a massive government project to bring electricity to rural areas. Energy security. In response to the oil shocks of the 1970s, the United States set out to increase domestic production from various energy sources. The federal government began its first major research and development projects in 1974. The next year saw major legislation related to energy conservation, including fuel efficiency standards for cars.

GDP: The World’s Most Powerful Formula and Why It Must Now Change
by Ehsan Masood
Published 4 Mar 2021

Blair oversaw new laws committing the government to tough reductions in greenhouse gas emissions,5 and when Brown became prime minister he appointed a dedicated minister for climate change.6 Blair also knew (or he was advised) that climate protection faced many hurdles, one of which was the view of many of his colleagues that taking action to slow down global warming is essentially bad news for energy security and for jobs: that it is antigrowth. Around Blair’s cabinet table, there was only one minister arguing the other way. His long-serving environment minister, Michael Meacher, was often a lone voice in cabinet, though experienced and adept at knowing how to pull the levers of power when he needed to.7 The Blair government had decided that something had to be done to persuade the doubters, and on an altogether larger scale than had been tried by individual heads of government before.

A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order
by Richard Haass
Published 10 Jan 2017

There has long been a debate as to whether this is rooted in history or morality or strategy, and the only honest answer is all of the above. A third set of interests is the well-being and orientation of countries long friendly to the United States, whether for reasons of regional stability, counterterrorism, nonproliferation, energy security, a willingness to live in peace with Israel, humanitarian considerations, or some combination thereof. This may mean on occasion countering what Iran or Russia does, but such a calculation should be made on a situation-by-situation basis, as the possibility of selective cooperation with either should not be ruled out.

The End of Growth
by Jeff Rubin
Published 2 Sep 2013

this page: The US Energy Information Agency (EIA—not to be confused with the IEA, the International Energy Agency) identifies seven global oil transit choke points: the Strait of Hormuz, the Strait of Malacca, the Suez Canal, the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, the Turkish Straits (comprising the Bosporus and the Dardanelles), the Panama Canal and the Danish Straits. These narrow channels are part of shipping routes considered critical to global energy security. The Strait of Hormuz is the most important of these waterways. In 2011, roughly 35 percent of all seaborne-traded oil passed through the Strait, or nearly a fifth of the oil traded globally (www.eia.gov/cabs/world_oil_transit_chokepoints/full.html). this page: OPEC’s Middle Eastern members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

The New Class Conflict
by Joel Kotkin
Published 31 Aug 2014

Catherine Rampell, “The Return of China,” Economix (blog), New York Times, March 26, 2010, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/the-return-of-china; UNIDO, “World Manufacturing Production: Statistics for Quarter I, 2013,” quarterly report, http://www.unido.org//fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Research_and_statistics/Branch_publications/Research_and_Policy/Files/Reports/World_Manufacturing_Production_Reports/STA_Report_on_Quarterly_production_2013Q1.pdf; John Boudreau, “Japan’s Once-Mighty Tech Industry Has Flagged,” Phys.org, October 19, 2012, http://phys.org/news/2012-10-japan-once-mighty-tech-industry-flagged.html. 24. Liam Pleven and Russell Gold, “U.S. Nears Milestone: Net Fuel Exporter,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2011; Daniel Yergin, “America’s New Energy Security,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2011; Vinod Dar, “World’s Largest Producer of Natural Gas? Now It’s the U.S.,” SeekingAlpha.com, January 13, 2010; and Robert Bryce, “America Needs the Shale Revolution,” Wall Street Journal, June 13, 2011. 25. Molly Ryan, “Siemens CEO Emphasizes ‘Tectonic Shift’ in U.S.

Green Economics: An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice
by Molly Scott Cato
Published 16 Dec 2008

Lord Beaumont of Whitley, speaking in the House of Lords For a couple of decades the proponents of globalization have been winning the ideological battle, in spite of strong and growing opposition and proposals for more humane ways of organizing international economic relationships, as outlined in the previous chapter. During this time the few green economists calling for local food and energy security, or protection of local economies and communities, have seemed like voices in the wilderness. Yet, partly as a result of the imminence of climate change and increasing oil prices, putting all our eggs in the globalization basket has begun to seem rather a risky strategy. Put this together with the recognition that globalization means vastly more carbonintensive transport of people and goods and localization begins to be an increasingly popular strategy.

The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East
by Andrew Scott Cooper
Published 8 Aug 2011

Shultz, a no less confused amateur economist; I, the only one there with any knowledge of the subject, but even I not a real expert on some aspects of the intricate international problem! What a way to reach decisions! No one from the State Department there, no technical experts to aid us!” Nixon was convinced that his national security adviser lacked the expertise to grapple with oil policy and energy security. When the president hired Peter Peterson as his special assistant for international economics he warned him that economics was “a field Kissinger knew nothing about,” and the two advisers repeatedly clashed over policy. “Peterson, that’s just a minor economic consideration,” Kissinger lectured his colleague on one occasion, to which Peterson replied, “Henry, for you that’s a redundancy because you see every economic consideration as minor.”

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Whereas Nixon had enjoyed a long-term working relationship with the Shah and relished their exchanges and deal making, in his first months in office Ford lacked the requisite knowledge to ask Kissinger and his other advisers the right questions about geopolitics, strategy, and foreign economic policy. Ford kept Bill Simon on at Treasury because he appreciated his fiscal conservatism. These two reappointments ensured the carryover into his own administration of the disagreement over whether the key to America’s energy security and future oil needs ran through Iran or Saudi Arabia. President Ford’s first briefing on oil, OPEC, and the Shah came on Saturday morning, August 17. A transcript of their conversation shows Kissinger anxious to deflect blame for the oil shock away from the Shah and onto the Saudis and the rest of the OPEC cartel.

Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the Twenty First Century City
by Anna Minton
Published 24 Jun 2009

WOLFE, The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age NORMAN DAVIES, Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe MICHAEL LEWIS, Boomerang: The Meltdown Tour STEVEN PINKER, The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes ROBERT TRIVERS, Deceit and Self-Deception: Fooling Yourself the Better to Fool Others THOMAS PENN, Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England DANIEL YERGIN, The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World MICHAEL MOORE, Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life ALI SOUFAN, The Black Banners: Inside the Hunt for Al Qaeda JASON BURKE, The 9/11 Wars TIMOTHY D. WILSON, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change IAN KERSHAW, The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944-45 T M DEVINE, To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750-2010 CATHERINE HAKIM, Honey Money: The Power of Erotic Capital DOUGLAS EDWARDS, I'm Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 JOHN BRADSHAW, In Defence of Dogs CHRIS STRINGER, The Origin of Our Species LILA AZAM ZANGANEH, The Enchanter: Nabokov and Happiness DAVID STEVENSON, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 EVELYN JUERS, House of Exile: War, Love and Literature, from Berlin to Los Angeles HENRY KISSINGER, On China MICHIO KAKU, Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 DAVID ABULAFIA, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean JOHN GRIBBIN, The Reason Why: The Miracle of Life on Earth ANATOL LIEVEN, Pakistan: A Hard Country WILLIAM D COHAN, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World JOSHUA FOER, Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything SIMON BARON-COHEN, Zero Degrees of Empathy: A New Theory of Human Cruelty MANNING MARABLE, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention DAVID DEUTSCH, The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World DAVID EDGERTON, Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War JOHN KASARDA AND GREG LINDSAY, Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next DAVID GILMOUR, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples NIALL FERGUSON, Civilization: The West and the Rest TIM FLANNERY, Here on Earth: A New Beginning ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 MARK MALLOCH-BROWN, The Unfinished Global Revolution: The Limits of Nations and the Pursuit of a New Politics KING ABDULLAH OF JORDAN, Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril ELIZA GRISWOLD The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches from the Faultline between Christianity and Islam BRIAN GREENE, The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos JOHN GRAY, The Immortalization Commission: The Strange Quest to Cheat Death, PATRICK FRENCH, India: A Portrait LIZZIE COLLINGHAM, The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food HOOMAN MAJD, The Ayatollahs' Democracy: An Iranian Challenge DAMBISA MOYO, How The West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly - And the Stark Choices Ahead EVGENY MOROZOV, The Net Delusion: How Not to Liberate the World RON CHERNOW, Washington: A Life NASSIM NICHOLAS TALEB, The Bed of Procrustes: Philosophical and Practical Aphorisms HUGH THOMAS, The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V AMANDA FOREMAN, A World on Fire: An Epic History of Two Nations Divided NICHOLAS OSTLER, The Last Lingua Franca: English until the Return of Babel RICHARD MILES, Ancient Worlds: The Search for the Origins of Western Civilization NEIL MACGREGOR, A History of the World in 100 Objects STEVEN JOHNSON, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation DOMINIC SANDBROOK, State of Emergency: The Way We Were: Britain, 1970-1974 JIM AL-KHALILI, Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science HA-JOON CHANG, 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism ROBIN FLEMING, Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise, 400 to 1070 TARIQ RAMADAN, The Quest for Meaning: Developing a Philosophy of Pluralism JOYCE TYLDESLEY, The Penguin Book of Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON, Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life PAUL GREENBERG, Four Fish: A Journey from the Ocean to Your Plate CLAY SHIRKY, Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age ANDREW GRAHAM-DIXON, Caravaggio: A Life Sacred and Profane NIALL FERGUSON, High Financier: The Lives and Time of Siegmund Warburg SEAN MCMEEKIN: The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power, 1898-1918 RICHARD MCGREGOR, The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers SPENCER WELLS, Pandora's Seed: The Unforeseen Cost of Civilization FRANCIS PRYOR, The Making of the British Landscape: How We Have Transformed the Land, from Prehistory to Today RUTH HARRIS, The Man on Devil's Island: Alfred Dreyfus and the Affair that Divided France MICHAEL HUNT ed., A Vietnam War Reader: American and Vietnamese Perspectives PAUL COLLIER, The Plundered Planet: How to Reconcile Prosperity With Nature NORMAN STONE, The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War SIMON PRICE AND PETER THONEMANN, The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine HAMPTON SIDES, Hellhound on his Trail: The Stalking of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the International Hunt for His Assassin JACKIE WULLSCHLAGER, Chagall: Love and Exile RICHARD MILES, Carthage Must be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization TONY JUDT, Ill Fares The Land: A Treatise On Our Present Discontents MICHAEL LEWIS, The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine OLIVER BULLOUGH, Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys among the Defiant People of the Caucasus PAUL DAVIES, The Eerie Silence: Searching for Ourselves in the Universe RICHARD WILKINSON, KATE PICKETT, The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone TOM BINGHAM, The Rule of Law JOSEPH STIGLITZ, Freefall: Free Markets and the Sinking of the Global Economy JOHN LANCHESTER, Whoops!

The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths
by Mariana Mazzucato
Published 1 Jan 2011

It is also interesting to consider the degree to which the fact that DARPA operates under the banner of ‘national security’ rather than ‘economic performance’, contributes to the covering up of the State as a key economic actor. Maybe a ‘solution’ to ARPA-E is to operate under the banner of ‘energy security’. Like DARPA, ARPA-E doesn’t create its own research agenda; instead, it invites researchers from academia and industry to explore high-risk ideas, setting an agenda through collaboration and collective knowledge of the state-of-the-art and realm of possibilities. Project funding draws from government and business sources, indicating that its R&D agenda attracts funding from multiple stakeholders (Hourihan and Stepp 2011).

American Marxism
by Mark R. Levin
Published 12 Jul 2021

Nuclear dropped 26 percent due to a reactor shutting off because the sensor could not relay that the system was stable—a safety feature…. [T]he state’s electricity grid that depends increasingly on subsidized, intermittent wind and solar energy needs backup power to handle surges in demand. Natural gas helps but reliable coal and nuclear power are also needed.”88 IER issued this warning: “Energy security and resilience is the opposite of what… Biden and other politicians want for our future when they advocate for a ‘green new deal’ or something similar by indicating that the United States should stop consuming hydrocarbons and use only carbon free sources. They want electricity to be almost entirely generated by renewable energy and for all sectors of the economy to be supplied solely by electricity.

There Is No Planet B: A Handbook for the Make or Break Years
by Mike Berners-Lee
Published 27 Feb 2019

This skill compels our media and our politicians to raise their game1. (7) Complex and complicated thinking. Because we have created an ever more complicated AND complex world, our capacity for this kind of thinking simply has to rise in step with it. We’ve touched on the spiralling complexities of sorting out the energy mix in even one country. We have seen that neither climate change, nor energy security, nor feeding the world, nor any of the other presenting physical challenges can be tackled in isolation. We need to get our heads around the interdependencies at the same time as dealing with the growing technical challenges that lie within each small part of the puzzle. (8) Joined-up perspective.

Ten Technologies to Save the Planet: Energy Options for a Low-Carbon Future
by Chris Goodall
Published 1 Jan 2010

Even the global warming pessimists should recognize that the world’s entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and scientists are devoting unprecedented amounts of ingenuity and hard work to the greatest challenge of our age. This is a global effort, and the following pages look at people and companies in places as diverse as Canada, China, the U.S., Ireland, Spain, Korea, Britain, India, and Australia. If the world fails to solve its climate change and energy security problems, it won’t be because these individuals didn’t try hard enough. THE SECOND GLASS PROBLEM When speaking in public, almost all specialists engaged in the climate change debate offer a positive and hopeful view of the world’s ability to tackle global warming. They know that if they say that the situation is too awful and frightening, they will lose the audience’s sympathy.

Climate Change
by Joseph Romm
Published 3 Dec 2015

The report found “The global energy efficiency market is worth at least USD 310 billion a year and growing.” The IEA’s Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven summarized the core findings: “Energy efficiency is the invisible powerhouse in IEA countries and beyond, working behind the scenes to improve our energy security, lower our energy bills and move us closer to reaching our climate goals.” The IEA explains that “in the IEA scenario consistent with limiting the long-term increase in global temperatures to no more than 2 degrees Celsius, the biggest share of emissions reductions—40%—comes from energy efficiency.”

The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 31 Dec 2009

During the reign of Julius Caesar, nearly a third of the citizens of Rome were receiving some form of public assistance.75 The sheer logistical weight of maintaining a vast empire became increasingly costly. Garrisoning troops throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, maintaining roads, and administering annexed territories consumed more and more energy, while the net return in energy secured from the territories steadily dropped. Marginal returns had set in. In some instances, it cost Rome more money to manage certain colonies—Spain and England, for example—than revenue generated.76 No longer able to maintain its empire by new conquests and plunder, Rome was forced to look to the only other energy regime available to it: agriculture.

…

The skill levels and managerial styles of the Third Industrial Revolution workforce will be qualitatively different from those of the workforce of the Second Industrial Revolution. A fully integrated intelligent intergrid allows each country to both produce its own energy and share any surpluses with neighboring countries in a “network” approach to assuring global energy security. When any given region enjoys a temporary surge or surplus in its renewable energy, that energy can be shared with regions that are facing a temporary lull or deficit. The Third Industrial Revolution leads to a new social vision where power itself is broadly distributed, encouraging unprecedented new levels of collaboration among peoples and nations.

The Great Disruption: Why the Climate Crisis Will Bring on the End of Shopping and the Birth of a New World
by Paul Gilding
Published 28 Mar 2011

We live on an abundant planet and our future progress is now only constrained by our thinking. There is further reinforcing logic at a system design level for solar and wind power. The fuel cost for generation is zero and the energy is available all over the planet, meaning all those imports and impacts on balance of payments are gone. This global energy security also largely eliminates a whole range of related geopolitical risks and the resulting military threats and instability, not to mention the enormous costs involved. The savings on offer are tangible and we don’t have to look hard to find real numbers. A fascinating peer reviewed study reported in the journal Foreign Policy pointed out that keeping aircraft carriers in the Persian Gulf from 1976 to 2007 cost over $7 trillion.

The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa
by Calestous Juma
Published 27 May 2017

Evidence suggests that if a regulator is established prior to negotiation of the IPP, and acts in a transparent, fair, and accountable manner, this office can have a significantly positive effect on the outcomes for the host country and investor. A coherent power sector plan follows from a strong policy framework and includes setting a reliability standard for energy security, supply and demand forecasts, a least-cost plan, and agreements on how new generation will be divided between public and private sectors. It is equally important that these functions are vested in one empowered agency. Failure to meet these goals is apparent in the examples of Tanzania (Songo Songo), Kenya (Westmont plant, Iberafrica plant), Nigeria (AES Barge), and Ghana, which fast-tracked IPPs to meet intermediate power shortages in the midst of drought conditions.

Utopias: A Brief History From Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities
by Howard P. Segal
Published 20 May 2012

Yet the NRC does not routinely require plants to review their seismic risks as they seek to renew their operating licenses for an additional twenty years.42 Nevertheless, twenty-one companies now expect to seek permission to build thirty-four new plants, ranging in location from New York to Texas to Idaho, and factories are being built in Indiana and Louisiana to manufacture plant parts. Much of the renewed interest derives from the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which “is stuffed with generous subsidies for nuclear power and other alternatives to fossil fuels.” As the head of General Electric, Jeffrey Immelt, has argued, “it’s hard to believe simultaneously in energy security and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions without believing in nuclear power.”43 Increasing numbers of environmentalists are conceding this point, among them the famous Stewart Brand, creator of The Whole Earth Catalog. Brand confessed to his traditional opponents: “I’m sorry. I was wrong, you were right.

The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
by Daniel Ammann
Published 12 Oct 2009

It is this very instability which in the final analysis provides the raison d’être of trade,” says the French economics professor Philippe Chalmin, an expert in commodities markets with practical experience in the field.7 This ability to deal with instability and in turn secure a stable flow of oil was, ironically, also of use to the U.S. Department of Defense, which hired Marc Rich + Co. as a defense contractor. In July 1978 the DoD bought 45.6 million worth of oil from Marc Rich + Co. for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, established after the oil shock of 1973, in order to guarantee the nation’s energy security. That was followed by a further 46.7 million worth of oil in August. Altogether these purchases amounted to approximately 7.1 million barrels of oil (1 million metric tons). The Secret of Trust The employees at Marc Rich + Co. soon enjoyed a reputation as young, aggressive traders. Rich cultivated a distinct meritocracy.

Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations
by Nandan Nilekani
Published 4 Feb 2016

Research from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) shows that most fuel subsidies are misdirected; only 7 per cent of the subsidies in poor countries go to the poorest 20 per cent of households, while the richest 20 per cent of society claim a disproportionate 43 per cent.19 Cutting these subsidies altogether would result in a worldwide savings of over $500 billion, accompanied by a 6 per cent drop in global carbon emissions by 2020.20 A further impetus to the scrapping of fuel subsidies came from the G20 Pittsburgh Summit.21 A declaration released by the G20 nations, a group which includes India, pledged to phase out ‘inefficient fossil fuel subsidies’, which ‘encourage wasteful consumption, reduce our energy security, impede investment in clean energy sources and undermine efforts to deal with the threat of climate change’. Technology as superglue: Mending a broken system The central government currently offers subsidies on over a dozen commodities, including everything from coal to car parts, to oil, jute and cattle fodder; state governments can and do add to that list.

The Emperor's New Road: How China's New Silk Road Is Remaking the World
by Jonathan Hillman
Published 28 Sep 2020

—Analysis,” Eurasia Review, February 8, 2019, https://www.eurasiareview.com/08022019-gwadar-trade-hub-or-military-asset-analysis/. 108. Andrew S. Erickson and Gabriel B. Collins, “China’s Oil Security Pipe Dream: The Reality, and Strategic Consequences, of Seaborne Imports,” Naval War College Review 63, no. 2 (Spring 2010): 88–111; Guy C. K. Leung, “China’s Energy Security: Perception and Reality,” Energy Policy 39, no. 3 (2011): 1330–1337. 109. “PR and CRCC to Cooperate on (ML) II (Kotri-Attock Line) and ML III (Rohri Chaman Line) Projects,” Times International News Service, May 10, 2018, https://tns.world/pr-and-crcc-to-cooperate-on-ml-ii-kotri-attock-line-and-ml-iii-rohri-chaman-line-projects/. 110.

The Premonition: A Pandemic Story
by Michael Lewis
Published 3 May 2021

—RENÉ LERICHE, The Philosophy of Surgery, 1951 CONTENTS Introduction: The Missing Americans PART I PROLOGUE The Looking Glass ONE Dragon TWO The Making of a Public-Health Officer THREE The Pandemic Thinker FOUR Stopping the Unstoppable FIVE Clairvoyance PART II SIX The Red Phone SEVEN The Redneck Epidemiologist EIGHT In Mann Gulch NINE The L6 PART III TEN The Bug in the System ELEVEN Plastic Flowers EPILOGUE The Sin of Omission Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION The Missing Americans This book began with an unholy mix of obligation and opportunism. During the first half of the Trump administration I’d written a book, The Fifth Risk, that framed the federal government as a manager of a portfolio of existential risks: natural disasters, nuclear weapons, financial panics, hostile foreigners, energy security, food security, and on and on and on. The federal government wasn’t just this faceless gray mass of two million people. Nor was it some well-coordinated deep state seeking to subvert the will of the people. It was a collection of experts, among them some real heroes, whom we neglected and abused at our peril.

Windfall: The Booming Business of Global Warming
by Mckenzie Funk
Published 22 Jan 2014

“There are enormous hopes for the Arctic,” he said, “and I think you’ll see that reflected in the prices at this Anchorage lease sale.” • • • IN THE OPTIMISTIC WORLD of Blueprints, wrote Jeroen van der Veer in the booklet introducing Shell’s two scenarios to 2050, “growing local actions begin to address the challenges of economic development, energy security and environmental pollution. A price is applied to a critical mass of emissions giving a huge stimulus to the development of clean energy technologies.” There would be energy efficiency measures, electric cars, solar panels—“increasingly a world of electrons rather than molecules”—and, crucially, widespread adoption of carbon capture and storage, or CCS, the still embryonic process to catch carbon at power plants before it enters the atmosphere.

MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them
by Nouriel Roubini
Published 17 Oct 2022

I relied on financial institutions to stay solvent, good companies to flourish, and a stable dollar and other currencies to ensure that my savings held their worth. Western governments provided safeguards against economic depressions and virulent financial crisis. They were committed to liberal democracy, freedoms, the rule of law, energy security, and a healthy environment. I had faith that regional conflicts would not erupt into world wars. The chance that robots with artificial intelligence might surpass my skills and replace me never entered my mind. So, in spite of conflicts, risks, and threats, the world was relatively stable. What if the last seventy-five years has been the exception rather than the rule?

How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors Behind Every Successful Project, From Home Renovations to Space Exploration
by Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner
Published 16 Feb 2023

Sovacool, Benjamin K., and L. C. Bulan. 2011. “Behind an Ambitious Megaproject in Asia: The History and Implications of the Bakun Hydroelectric Dam in Borneo.” Energy Policy 39 (9): 4842–59. Sovacool, Benjamin K., and Christopher J. Cooper. 2013. The Governance of Energy Megaprojects: Politics, Hubris and Energy Security. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Sovacool, Benjamin K., Peter Enevoldsen, Christian Koch, and Rebecca J. Barthelmie. 2017. “Cost Performance and Risk in the Construction of Offshore and Onshore Wind Farms.” Wind Energy 20 (5): 891–908. Stanovich, Keith, and Richard West. 2000. “Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate.”

Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future
by Paul Mason
Published 29 Jul 2015

As a result, infrastructure planning remains one of the disciplines least transformed by networked thinking. This needs to change. In addition, because of the global nature of the problems we face, the state has to ‘own’ the agenda for responses to the challenges of climate change, demographic ageing, energy security and migration. That is to say, whatever micro-level actions we take to alleviate these risks, only national governments and multilateral agreements can actually solve them. The most pressing issue, if states are to help drive the transition to a new economic system, is debt. In today’s world, developed countries are paralysed by the size of their debts.

Bean Counters: The Triumph of the Accountants and How They Broke Capitalism
by Richard Brooks
Published 23 Apr 2018

It will also commit the taxpayer to underwriting the consortium’s debts and, above a certain amount, the costs of dealing with the waste from what most nuclear experts consider an overpriced project based on flawed, out-of-date technology.52 Once the financial terms were agreed, the civil servant responsible for nuclear energy advice to government ministers, Simon Virley, left the government on a five-year ‘career break’ to become ‘head of power and utilities’ at none other than KPMG. The firm pronounced itself ‘delighted’ with its new man, trumpeting his experience with ‘overall responsibility for advice to the UK Government on renewables, nuclear, oil and gas, shale, carbon capture and storage, and UK energy security issues’.53 Needless to say, KPMG has a long roster of corporate clients in these areas, including the French company behind the Hinkley Point deal, EDF, and others that are standing by to capitalize on any nuclear building renaissance that it might mark. The Big Four firms can win such vast consultancy contracts, and sway major government decisions, precisely because of their size and all-encompassing ‘professional services’ proposition.

Our Lives in Their Portfolios: Why Asset Managers Own the World
by Brett Chistophers
Published 25 Apr 2023

This is clearly important for several reasons, not the least of which is that it means the transition from fossil fuels to renewables also represents a transition to asset-manager society. Asset managers are slowly but surely displacing oil and gas companies in the custodianship of the core of the world’s energy infrastructure. Writing these words in 2022, when Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has thrust questions of energy security and cost into the spotlight, underlines the significance of this ongoing but seldom-discussed transition in infrastructure ownership. The year 2017 had something of a symbolic importance in this regard: it was the first year in which institutional investors committed more capital to asset managers’ renewable-energy funds than to their conventional-energy counterparts.25 In turn, of the $263 billion of energy infrastructure investments held by OECD/G20-based asset managers in 2020, fully $171 billion represented renewables investments.

Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World
by Adam Tooze
Published 31 Jul 2018

When Germany and Russia signed the first Nord Stream pipeline deal in 2005, enormously increasing the flow of Gazprom’s gas to the West, it was denounced by Poland’s foreign minister as a second coming of the Hitler-Stalin Pact that had sealed Poland’s fate in 1939. When Moscow tweaked Ukraine’s gas prices over the winter of 2005–2006, it only confirmed the Poles’ worst fears. By early 2006 Warsaw and Washington were calling for a new division of NATO to confront Russia on its chosen terrain of energy security.33 But it wasn’t just gas supplies that were in play. In April 2006 at the meeting of the IMF and the World Bank in Washington, with central bankers Mario Draghi, Ben Bernanke and Jean-Claude Trichet looking on, Putin’s finance minister, Alexei Kudrin, shook hands with the American Treasury secretary.

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Anderson, “Incommensurate Russia,” New Left Review 94 (July–August 2015). 31. World Bank in Russia, Russia Economic Report 17 (November 2008), table 1.9. 32. A. E. Stent, The Limits of Partnership (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014); and Hill and Gaddy, Mr. Putin. 33. P. Gallis, NATO and Energy Security, CRS Report for Congress (August 15, 2007). 34. “Kudrin Has Reservations on Dollar,” Moscow Times, April 24, 2006. 35. Johnson, “Forbidden Fruit.” 36. The text of Putin’s speech is at “Putin’s Prepared Remarks at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy,” Washington Post, February 12, 2007. 37.

A Pipeline Runs Through It: The Story of Oil From Ancient Times to the First World War
by Keith Fisher
Published 3 Aug 2022

Shankman, Andrew, ed., The World of the Revolutionary American Republic: Land, Labor, and the Conflict for a Continent (New York: Routledge, 2014). Shaw, Tony, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media: Propaganda and Persuasion during the Suez Crisis (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996). Shulman, Peter A., Coal and Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015). Shwadran, Benjamin, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd edn (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973). Siegel, Jennifer, Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia (London and New York: I.B.

…

Earle, Edward Mead, ‘The Secret Anglo-German Convention of 1914 Regarding Asiatic Turkey’, Political Science Quarterly 38, no. 1 (March 1923). ——, ‘The Turkish Petroleum Company – A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy’, Political Science Quarterly 39, no. 2 (June 1924). Ediger, Volkan Ş., and John V. Bowlus, ‘Farewell to King Coal: Geopolitics, Energy Security, and the Transition to Oil, 1898–1917’, Historical Journal 62, no. 2 (June 2018). ——, ‘Greasing the Wheels: The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Ottoman Oil, 1888–1907’, Middle Eastern Studies 56, no. 2 (March 2020). Egnal, Marc, ‘The Origins of the Revolution in Virginia: A Reinterpretation’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser. 37, no. 3 (July 1980).

A Sea in Flames: The Deepwater Horizon Oil Blowout
by Carl Safina
Published 18 Apr 2011

And that’s the problem: the things that should have us on fire demanding change somehow fail to rouse we, the people, to the passion that could free us from our dependence on our pushers. Senator John Kerry, one of the first sponsors of the Senate’s energy bill, back before the blowout, seems to share such sentiments. He believes America is confronting three interrelated crises: an energy security crisis, a climate crisis, and an economic crisis. He says our best response to all three “is a bold, comprehensive bill that accelerates green innovation and creates millions of new jobs as we develop and produce the next generation of renewable power sources, alternative fuels and energy-efficient cars, homes and workplaces.”

The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values
by Sam Harris
Published 5 Oct 2010

For nearly a century, the moral relativism of science has given faith-based religion—that great engine of ignorance and bigotry—a nearly uncontested claim to being the only universal framework for moral wisdom. As a result, the most powerful societies on earth spend their time debating issues like gay marriage when they should be focused on problems like nuclear proliferation, genocide, energy security, climate change, poverty, and failing schools. Granted, the practical effects of thinking in terms of a moral landscape cannot be our only reason for doing so—we must form our beliefs about reality based on what we think is actually true. But few people seem to recognize the dangers posed by thinking that there are no true answers to moral questions.

Poisoned Wells: The Dirty Politics of African Oil
by Nicholas Shaxson
Published 20 Mar 2007

And if, as the Elf affair shows, poor oil states can seriously threaten our own democracies, then distributing the money to African citizens neutralizes this threat, by deflating these mischief-making balloons of oil cash. As a bonus, citizens would be less likely to disrupt the industry that directly feeds them. This would enhance the West’s energy security. Could this really be put into practice? African politicians would detest it, for it would hand “their” money to ordinary Africans. Even today’s African “civil society” activists might oppose it: many of them make a living from the current set-up and might lose out in such a revolution. “IMF Working Paper tosh!”

Radicals Chasing Utopia: Inside the Rogue Movements Trying to Change the World
by Jamie Bartlett
Published 12 Jun 2017

In 2014 New York banned fracking after a two-year study into its impact on public health, noting in particular the risk of water and surface spill leading to local drinking-water contamination and heightened risk of earthquakes in the area.18 (Poor regulation in Wyoming resulted in fifty times the safe level of benzene, a flammable fuel component, in the local drinking supply.19) It’s also an eyesore, damaging areas of natural beauty and animal habitats, and can be extremely loud. Independent studies have found that the risks associated with fracking can be managed, and advocates argue it will create thousands of local jobs and improve the United Kingdom’s energy security. Yet since 2011 the United Kingdom has been frack-free because local Nimbys got angry, and then got organised, with the help of activists. And when activists and Nimbys work together, something can really happen. In April 2011 the energy company Cuadrilla started test-fracking in Lancashire and shortly after there were two small earthquakes.

David Mitchell: Back Story
by David Mitchell
Published 10 Oct 2012

It’s like Stinking Bishop: recent, yet quickly adopted as a go-to reference for those wishing to be cosily humorous. It got its Alan Bennett licence too early and easily. I suspect the advertising agency was involved.) I adjust the collar of my jacket, massaging a slightly jarred wrist from my high-energy security check. It’s a spring day and slightly too warm for a jacket really – certainly once I get walking. Unless the temperature is absolutely Siberian, a brisk walk always warms me up, especially when I’ve got a jacket on. Or at least warms up the middle of my back, which then sweats through my shirt.

Business Lessons From a Radical Industrialist
by Ray C. Anderson
Published 28 Mar 2011

. … mobilize the market by putting a price on carbon with upstream cap-and-auction; end public subsidies of fossil fuels; and offer a billion-dollar “platinum carrot” award, over five years, for transformative technologies that help America reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Allocate a billion dollars yearly to states and localities that adopt policies that help the nation meet its carbon reduction and energy security goals. 6. … set off an economic boom by creating millions of new green jobs economywide. Establish a program of voluntary training and service for disadvantaged young people. Begin a rural renaissance in which farms and rural communities become the nation’s chief suppliers of energy. 7. … prevent “carbon lock-in” by banning the construction of new coal-fired power plants that are not able to capture and store their greenhouse gas emissions; and do not provide public subsidies to new carbon-intensive fuels, such as liquid fuels from coal. 8. … rapidly increase CAFE standards for all U.S. vehicles, starting now. 9. … rebuild the federal capacity to lead by appointing (or reappointing) bona fide climate experts to climate-critical positions within the federal government, and rescind the Bush administration’s executive order that permits political oversight of (and interference with) scientific reports. 10. … assert your executive authority to move the nation forward when rapid action is required for the public interest.

The Land Grabbers: The New Fight Over Who Owns the Earth
by Fred Pearce
Published 28 May 2012

But at any rate her view was that “we are on an up-cycle of commodity prices, and we see resource conflicts around 2020.” These stories of waves and cycles determining history sound flaky. And the company is inclined to oversell its insight. Its website boasts that Murrin and Payne peered into their geopolitical crystal balls to get ahead of the game by spotting “in late 2007 . . . food security as the next energy security.” The phrase has a ring to it, but this wasn’t so much unique insight as fanning the flames of growing panic. In July 2007, the seers at the BBC were already writing headlines about “food prices on the rise and rise” and relaying “doomsday predictions of the price of staple foods.” But a cynic would suggest this is how the masters of the universe operate.

Planet Ponzi
by Mitch Feierstein
Published 2 Feb 2012

Italy is, as you may have noticed, a low-growth, poorly governed, somewhat corrupt country with an organized crime problem and a wholly untested and unelected government. Japan is, as you may have noticed, an earthquake-prone country with an aging population, a stagnant economy, a two-decades-old problem with deflation, no energy security, no raw materials, a huge and increasingly assertive neighbor, and a political class that seems perennially unable to implement radical change. Oh yes, and a nuclear mess that isn’t cleared up and seems all set for a tragic replay. As for the purported health of the private sector: don’t be fooled.

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar
Published 6 Sep 2021

In the case of the US, the sheer cost of maintaining global security and stability has run to trillions of dollars over the past decades, and has meant an almost permanent state of war.25 Since 2019, when the US achieved energy sufficiency through its investments in fracking – a new method of extracting natural gas from bedrock – the country has been more willing to see chaos in petrostates the world over. In the words of Nick Butler of King’s College London, American energy security ‘removes one central argument for intervention in areas such as the Middle East, reinforcing the view that the US has nothing to gain from sending its troops to fight other people’s wars’.26 The effects of exponential technology will be even more transformative. The institutions of a globalised world require nations to keep talking to each other, trading and cooperating.

Human Frontiers: The Future of Big Ideas in an Age of Small Thinking
by Michael Bhaskar
Published 2 Nov 2021

Instead spending on student services over a decade is up more than double against spending on teaching and research.49 Investment is channelled into sports stadia, gyms and luxury leisure facilities rather than towards labs, experiments and researchers. Departments of philosophy or languages or the arts close while new dining halls and shops spring open. Senior managers care about rankings and public profile, as audited by the media, government or internally. In practice, every elite university spends enormous energy securing a good place in the global rankings. In the UK every university and academic must justify their existence with extensive exercises that grade every layer of research and teaching. Universities have thus become classic victims of Goodhart's Law: that when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.

Hopes and Prospects
by Noam Chomsky
Published 1 Jan 2009

Jones, Dreyfuss observes, “is a fierce advocate of NATO expansion,” Clinton’s policy that reneged on gentlemen’s agreements with Gorbachev, guaranteeing confrontation with an encircled Russia. Jones urged that NATO should move to the south as well as the east, to expand U.S. control over Middle East energy supplies (in preferred terminology, “safeguarding energy security”). He also advocates a “NATO response force,” which will give the U.S.-run military alliance “much more flexible capability to do things rapidly at very long distances.” Europe has been reluctant, but will probably succumb to pressure from a militaristic and expansionist administration in Washington.36 The new director of national intelligence is Dennis Blair, former head of the U.S.

Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda
by John Mueller
Published 1 Nov 2009

bin Laden’s interest in, network, 213 intelligence agencies closing operation, 164–165 selling secrets, 169–170, 207 Khattab, Ibn, connection to bin Laden, 202–203 Khrushchev, Nikita Britain and France reversing invasion at Suez, 249n.12 Cuban missile crisis, 39–40 struggle against capitalism, 34–35 supporting Shevchenko, 248n.31 world war, 33 Korean War, 38, 47–48, 50 Kornienko, Georgy, world war and Soviets, 33 Kosko, Bart, government overestimating threat, 220 Kramer, Stanley, On the Beach, 57 Krauthammer, Charles, Arab world, 261n.1, 261n.4 Kremlin, 246n.15, 247n.22 Kristof, Nicholas, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe, 181 Kristol, William, 261n.4 Langewiesche, William Atomic Bazaar, 183, 268n.5 book jacket flap, 268n.5 constructing bomb, 111, 173 obtaining nuclear weapons, 105 odds against terrorists, 184 passed “point of no return,” 93 Lapp, Ralph, A-bombs, 242n.19 Laqueur, Walter, proliferation of WMD, 228 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 266–267n.43 leadership, nuclear weapons programs, 113 Lenin, Vladimir, 34 Levi, Michael, 165, 171, 175, 184, 187, 189, 213, 264n.6 Lewis, Jeffrey, 178, 191 Libya, 124–126, 145, 258n.31 likelihood acceptable risk, 197–198 acquisition scenarios, 190–191 arraying barriers, 184, 186 assessing, 186–191 assigning and calculating probabilities, 187–189 comparisons of improbable events, 191–193 multiple attempts, 189–190 policy for reducing, 193–197 probability of nuclear fission bomb, 267n.48 terrorist bomb, 183, 238 World at Risk, 182 Lockerbie bombing, 125, 258n.32 London, image of destruction, 24 longer-term effects, nuclear attack, 8 The Looming Tower, Wright, 201 “loose nukes,”165–168, 208–210, 238 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 267n.48 Los Alamos scientists bomb design, 173–174 difficulties of making nuclear weapons, 174–175 sensitive detection equipment, 176 Los Angeles, port security, 141 Los Angeles International Airport, 19 lottery tickets, terrorism comparison, 191 Lugar, Senator Richard, 20, 171, 181, 194 McCain, Senator John, 130–131, 230 McCarthyism, Communist menace, 49 McCone, CIA Director John, Chinese threat, 91, 96 McNamara, Robert, 66–67, 68, 248n.33 McNaugher, Thomas, missiles, 116 McPhee, John, sense of urgency, 162 Mahmood, Sultan Bachiruddin, 203–205, 271n.16 Majid, Abdul, Pakistani nuclear scientist, 203–204 marijuana bale, smuggling atomic device, 177 Martin, Susan, 232 measured ambiguity, catchphrase, 86 melancholy thought, Winston Churchill, 35 Middle East, 225, 261n.4 Milhollin, Gary, 174, 175 military, Canada, 106 military attacks, appeal of nuclear weapons, 147 military planning, nuclear weapons, 14–15 military strategy, stabilizing or destabilizing, 66 military value, nuclear weapons, 108–110, 236, 237–238 Mir, Hamid, 164, 210–211, 264n.7 credibility of, 273n.36 missile capacity, 153, 154 missile crisis, Cuba, 40 The Missiles of October, Cuba, 40 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 9/11 attack, 206 morality, Canada without weapons, 112–113 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 269n.23 Morrison, Phillip, chance for working peace, 26 Mowatt–Larssen, Rolf, xi, 20 Mueller, Robert, xi, 228, 274n.16, 276n.37 Mukhatzhanova, Gaukhar, points of no return, 94–95 Muller, Richard, 146, 172, 192 multiple groups, likelihood, 189–190 Musharraf, General Pervez, criticism, 260n.24 Muslim extremists, publications of violence, 223 mustard gas, calculation for causalties, 12 mutual assured destruction (MAD), deterrence, 64 Myers, General Richard, 20, 22 Naftali, Timothy, 76, 249n.12, 263n.29 Nagasaki atomic bomb, 9–10 human costs, 141 military value of atomic bomb, 10 surrender of Japanese, 43 taboo of nuclear weapons, 61–63 napalm, 243n.30 National Intelligence Estimate (1958), 119 National Intelligence Estimate (2007), 274n.16 National Planning Association, diffusion, 104 national security threat, terrorism and U.S., 233 NATO missiles, European demonstrations, 60 “naughty child” effect, Russia, 108 neglect, cold war, 86 Negroponte, John, probability of attack, 181 nerve gas, calculation for causalties, 12 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 264n.33 Neufeld, Michael, missiles, 116 neutron bomb, 4, 14, 81 New Jersey Lottery, 270n.6 Nimitz, Admiral Chester W., 269n.23 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), nuclear, 119–121 North Korea American-led forced invading, 247n.27 attention, 108, 238 axis of evil, 144 calm policy discussion, 151, 152–153 deterrence, 262n.19 “eating problem,” 152 hysteria, 263n.25 invasion of South Korea, 49 nuclear weapon, x proliferation, 93 proliferation fixation, 135–137 sanctions, 136, 145 “supreme priority” of, 149–150 Nth country problem, nuclear weapons, 91 nuclear age, verge of new, x nuclear arsenals, 64–65, 145, 237 nuclear bomb, 17, 269n.16 “The Nuclear Bomb of Islam,” bin Laden, 211–212 nuclear crisis, Cuba, 39 nuclear diffusion, 237 nuclear energy, security, 139–140 “nuclear era,” Hiroshima, ix nuclear explosion, 61–62, 181, 243n.9 nuclear fears classic cold war, 56–57 declining again, 60–61 On the Beach, 57 reviving in early 1980s, 58–60 subsiding in 1960s and 1970s, 57–58 nuclear fission bomb, probability of attack, 267n.48 nuclear forensics, 155, 164, 190, 194, 264n.6 nuclear fuel, cartelization, 260n.28 nuclear metaphysics, deterrence, 63–67 nuclear proliferation, xiii, 89 nuclear radiation, dirty bomb, 18 nuclear reactor meltdown, Chernobyl, 7 Nuclear Regulatory Agency, radiation, 7 The Nuclear Revolution, Mandelbaum, 246n.7 nuclear sting operation, 194 Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe, Kristof, 181 nuclear tipping point, Brookings Institution, 93–94 nuclear virginity, Canada, 112 nuclear war, x, 64 nuclear weapons.

Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet
by Jeffrey Sachs
Published 1 Jan 2008

The Bush administration has been more consumed by the scramble rather than by cooperative global investments in a long-term future. The administration’s outlook has been dominated by the oil industry, not by a broader perspective on sustainable energy potential or global sustainable development more generally. The Iraq War has its roots in the misapplied quest of the Bush administration for U.S. energy security, though the war has only deepened the insecurity. Yet the U.S. fixation on Middle East oil goes back more than half a century to the CIA-backed coup that overthrew the prime minister of Iran in 1953 and a seemingly endless series of CIA and military misadventures since then. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in military efforts to ensure the security (for the United States) of Middle East oil fields, swamping the funds that have been applied to developing long-term energy alternatives.

Plutocrats: The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else
by Chrystia Freeland
Published 11 Oct 2012

Red Capitalism: The Fragile Financial Foundation of China’s Extraordinary Rise. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Winters, Jeffrey A. Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Wolf, Martin. Why Globalization Works. Yale University Press, 2004. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Simon & Schuster, 1991. ———. The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. Penguin Press, 2011. Zakaria, Fareed. The Post-American World. W. W. Norton, 2008. INDEX The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader.

Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know
by P. W. Singer and Allan Friedman
Published 3 Jan 2014

Some cybersecurity standards and regulations already exist, particularly in regulated industries, but they often fail to deliver the needed security gains. In the power grid, for example, standards developed jointly between industry and regulators in 2008 proved to be inadequate just three years later. Michael Assente, an energy security expert who runs an organization for security auditors, explained, “The standards have not been implemented with a strong sense of risk in mind. The complexity of enacting a new regulatory regime has taken our collective eye off security and turned it toward administrative issues and compliance.”

Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design
by Charles Montgomery
Published 12 Nov 2013

alarmed the insurance industry: Fogarty, David, “Climate Change Growing Risk for Insurers: Industry,” Planet Ark, January 20, 2011, http://planetark.org/wen/60947 (accessed January 21, 2011). It would take nine planets: WWF, Zoological Society of London, and Global Footprint Network. Living Planet Report 2008 (Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature, 2008). in the next twenty years: Froggatt, Antony, et al., “Sustainable Energy Security: Strategic risks and opportunities for business,” white paper, London: Lloyd’s, 2010; Industry Task Force on Peak Oil and Energy Scarcity, “2010 Peak Oil Report,” 2010; Hess, Werner, “Energy for Tomorrow’s World—Trends, Scenarios, Tomorrow’s Markets,” Allianz/Dresdner Bank AG, Frankfurt/M., Germany, 2005); International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2008 (Paris: IEA Publications, 2010); Hirsch, Robert L., “Peaking of World Oil Production: Recent Forecasts,” National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2007; U.S.

Very Bad People: The Inside Story of the Fight Against the World’s Network of Corruption
by Patrick Alley
Published 17 Mar 2022

Gavin Hayman took Tom under his wing, initially to investigate how an obscure shell company called RosUkrEnergo had come to control and massively profit from the pipeline that brought natural gas into Europe from Turkmenistan via Russia and the Ukraine, posing a significant threat to Europe’s energy security. Following the publication of the resulting report, It’s a Gas, Tom was approached by an industry insider appalled at what he’d read; during various subsequent conversations, Tom discovered that his new source, codenamed ‘Eric’, knew the failed Russian deal-maker Ednan Agaev. Eric arranged a meeting in Geneva for Tom and Diarmid to meet Agaev.

China into Africa: trade, aid, and influence
by Robert I. Rotberg
Published 15 Nov 2008

In the event of a conflict involving Taiwan, it probably fears that the United States would use its naval power to disrupt the flow of oil to China. Consequently, China will probably seek first to extend its naval capacity into the Straits of Malacca and then to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, which are more essential to Beijing’s energy security. Because of the African coast’s greater distance from China, protecting its interests in the sea lanes around Africa will be a lower priority. For the time being, China will rely on the projection of soft power in the region. Nevertheless, China is almost certainly planning a naval force that eventually can protect the sea lanes around and from Africa.

Vultures' Picnic: In Pursuit of Petroleum Pigs, Power Pirates, and High-Finance Carnivores
by Greg Palast
Published 14 Nov 2011

I want you to take a look at one. It opens with Mother Nature, that harpy, ripping up the coastline. The winds howl. The trees bend and waves crash while a voice tells us, “Crippling storms . . . hurricanes . . .” The ad continues: These storms and hurricanes are not threatening birds or fish but . . . “our energy security.” It’s that beast Nature against the defenseless . . . oil industry. An odd message for a charity. But it’s done so slickly, you really have to watch twice, and slowly, to know you’ve been greased. The actress Sandra Bullock even lent her voice to one. The Nature-did-this-to-us campaign has expanded.

Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America
by Shawn Lawrence Otto
Published 10 Oct 2011

Please set out what your positions are on the following measures that have been proposed to address global climate change: a cap-and-trade system, a carbon tax, increased fuel-economy standards, firm carbon emissions targets, and/or research? What other policies would you support? 3. Energy. Many policy makers and scientists say energy security and sustainability are major problems facing the United States during this century. What policies would you support to meet demand for energy while ensuring an economically and environmentally sustainable future? 4. Education. A comparison of fifteen-year-olds in thirty wealthy nations found that average science scores among US students ranked seventeenth, while average US math scores ranked twenty-fourth.

The Story of Stuff: The Impact of Overconsumption on the Planet, Our Communities, and Our Health-And How We Can Make It Better
by Annie Leonard
Published 22 Feb 2011

Trade—national or international—isn’t the goal, but a means to promote well-being, good jobs, a healthy environment. Judy Wicks, one of the founders of the local food movement and of BALLE, even makes a connection between local self-reliance and security: “Wars are often fought over access to basic needs like energy, food, and water. Helping every region achieve food security, energy security, and water security builds the foundation for world peace. Self-reliant societies are less likely to start wars than those dependent on long-distance shipments of oil, water or food.”130 Internationally, there’s a growing group of more than one hundred communities that have declared themselves “Transition Towns”—many in Great Britain but a handful in the United States (including Boulder County, Colorado; Sandpoint, Idaho; and Berea, Kentucky) and elsewhere—that are working toward reducing energy consumption and increasing local energy production, food self-reliance, and industrial ecology, in which the waste of one factory or business is used as the raw materials of the next.

Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers
by Stephen Graham
Published 8 Nov 2016

Such peaks have been proven to lead to major power blackouts.63 Behind the unprecedented blackout across the megalopolitan Northeastern US on 14 August 2003 – the most powerful example thus far – lay an overstretched electricity system that was particularly overburdened with demands from air-conditioning systems.64 The extraordinary rates of growth in air-con use force the use of extra fossil fuels for electricity generation, increase related threats to energy security, lead to the release of more particulate matter and greenhouse gasses, and increase the risk of major power outages. The vicious circle here seems unbreakable: more air conditioning; exaggerated climate change–related temperature rises; increasingly intolerable urban heat-islands; further demands for air-con environments; and so on.

Londongrad: From Russia With Cash; The Inside Story of the Oligarchs
by Mark Hollingsworth and Stewart Lansley
Published 22 Jul 2009

Nevertheless, the Rosneft prospectus contained one of the longest sections ever devoted to ‘risk factors’, with extensive details of lawsuits the company was facing from Yukos and its former shareholders. Billionaire international investor and philanthropist George Soros claimed that the Rosneft float raised ‘serious ethical and energy security issues’ and should not have been permitted by British regulators.35 His criticisms were widely echoed. The Cooperative Insurance Society described those investing in such companies as ‘speculators not savers’.36 The Independent described the investment banks and accountancy firms that pocketed some £70 million in fees between them as having ‘City snouts in the trough’.37 While New York tightened the rules for Russian companies seeking to list their shares, London financial markets became what one critic described as a ‘colossal boot sale for the crony capitalists of the Kremlin’.38 Deripaska’s IPO plans for UC Rusal were dogged by both the ongoing issue of the visa ban to North America and the convoluted nature of the ownership of UC Rusal’s assets.

The Profiteers
by Sally Denton

NIF, housed in a ten-story building the size of three football fields, is described by LLNS as the cornerstone of NNSA’s stockpile stewardship program. The government claims that its temperatures of 100 million degrees allow it to create the same states of high-energy-density matter that exist in stars and planets. Among its chief missions, according to NNSA, the fusion device would provide a clean source of energy security for America—hence its national security component. Critics saw the LLNS budget to NIF as a slush fund for a government research program geared to benefit private industry, especially Bechtel. But the crucial factor of ignition eluded the project, rendering the “giant array of lasers designed to fuse hydrogen atoms” effectively impotent.

Operation Chaos: The Vietnam Deserters Who Fought the CIA, the Brainwashers, and Themselves
by Matthew Sweet
Published 13 Feb 2018

“a former LaRouche associate who has sold out himself”: Jonathan Tennenbaum, “Washington Is Heading for a New Iraq War,” Executive Intelligence Review, March 1, 2002. the NCLC counterintelligence staffer: Michelle Steinberg, a member of LaRouche’s counterintelligence staff, turned up at a Brookings event on March 23, 2009. See Brookings Institution conference transcript, “US-Russian Leadership for Global Financial and Energy Security,” http://www.ifs.ru/download.php?id=658. Steinberg’s authorship of the notebooks is suggested by “Did FBI, NBC Try to Frame LaRouche in Palme Death?,” Executive Intelligence Review, July 24, 1992, and by her attempts to use the courts to oblige the Boston branch of the FBI to release “any and all documents pertaining to and surrounding the United States government’s release of and/or disclosure of evidentiary material and any other documents turned over to the Swedish Police or other Swedish authorities.”

Kleptopia: How Dirty Money Is Conquering the World
by Tom Burgis
Published 7 Sep 2020

Such tactics had included rewarding with a place on the Yukos payroll the former official who, while in government, had written ambiguities into Russia’s commercial legislation to be put to precisely these uses. But this case was far more important than the seizure of an oil company, Amsterdam told Peter. ‘This is the rule of law in Russia. This is geopolitical stability. And this is energy security for Europe. Russia is still a nuclear state. We need Russia to be law-based and stable. And when there is security of property, security of contract, rule of law and human rights in Russia, then it’s in everyone’s interests.’ Part of Bob Amsterdam’s approach to the case was to get deep into the legal theory.

The World for Sale: Money, Power and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources
by Javier Blas and Jack Farchy
Published 25 Feb 2021

‘I’m outside the company, outside the industry, outside the family, outside the gender expectations,’ she said. 40 At Chevron, Woertz had warned about the ‘unintended consequences’ of mandating the use of corn-based ethanol. 41 But now, with the faith of a convert, she applauded Washington’s support for ethanol: ‘Biofuels are good for the environment, for energy security and for the American economy.’ 42 With Woertz at the helm, ADM would expand its ethanol capacity with giant new plants across the US Midwest. At the same time, the company increased its lobbying spend from about $300,000 in 2006 to nearly $2.1 million in 2008. 43 ADM’s efforts were not in vain.

Seven Crashes: The Economic Crises That Shaped Globalization
by Harold James
Published 15 Jan 2023

The passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean assumes a global significance, a thin needle that connects the grain producing areas of autocratically controlled central Eurasia to hungry or starving consumers. Sound familiar? This scenario has replayed regularly over the past two centuries: at the end of the 1840s, in the First World War, and of course in 2022. In the 1970s, the Middle East became the focus of an intense global debate about energy security. The traumas engendered by inadequate food or energy supplies, fears that they are controlled by hostile or malign or simply completely alien powers, the challenges that the coordination of effective domestic and foreign policies pose to governments: these constitute the fundamental drivers that make humans more willing to reimagine how human ingenuity, and new techniques, may be used to solve problems and connect peoples across the world.

Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation
by Michael Pollan
Published 22 Apr 2013

WOLFE, The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age NORMAN DAVIES, Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe MICHAEL LEWIS, Boomerang: The Meltdown Tour STEVEN PINKER, The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes ROBERT TRIVERS, Deceit and Self-Deception: Fooling Yourself the Better to Fool Others THOMAS PENN, Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England DANIEL YERGIN, The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World MICHAEL MOORE, Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life ALI SOUFAN, The Black Banners: Inside the Hunt for Al Qaeda JASON BURKE, The 9/11 Wars TIMOTHY D. WILSON, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change IAN KERSHAW, The End: Hitler’s Germany, 1944-45 T M DEVINE, To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland’s Global Diaspora, 1750-2010 CATHERINE HAKIM, Honey Money: The Power of Erotic Capital DOUGLAS EDWARDS, I’m Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 JOHN BRADSHAW, In Defence of Dogs CHRIS STRINGER, The Origin of Our Species LILA AZAM ZANGANEH, The Enchanter: Nabokov and Happiness DAVID STEVENSON, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 EVELYN JUERS, House of Exile: War, Love and Literature, from Berlin to Los Angeles HENRY KISSINGER, On China MICHIO KAKU, Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 DAVID ABULAFIA, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean JOHN GRIBBIN, The Reason Why: The Miracle of Life on Earth ANATOL LIEVEN, Pakistan: A Hard Country WILLIAM D COHAN, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World JOSHUA FOER, Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything SIMON BARON-COHEN, Zero Degrees of Empathy: A New Theory of Human Cruelty MANNING MARABLE, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention DAVID DEUTSCH, The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World DAVID EDGERTON, Britain’s War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War JOHN KASARDA AND GREG LINDSAY, Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next DAVID GILMOUR, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, its Regions and their Peoples NIALL FERGUSON, Civilization: The West and the Rest TIM FLANNERY, Here on Earth: A New Beginning ROBERT BICKERS, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 MARK MALLOCH-BROWN, The Unfinished Global Revolution: The Limits of Nations and the Pursuit of a New Politics KING ABDULLAH OF JORDAN, Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril ELIZA GRISWOLD, The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches from the Faultline between Christianity and Islam BRIAN GREENE, The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos THE BEGINNING Let the conversation begin...

Sixty Days and Counting
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Published 27 Feb 2007

But the Navy, Frank suggested, had no reason to fear critics of any stripe. They did what Congress and the president asked them to do. Gamble concurred. Then, without saying so outright, he conveyed to Frank the impression that the Navy brain trust might be happy to be tasked with some of the nation’s energy security. These days, global military strategy and technology had combined in a way that made navies indispensable but unglamorous; they functioned like giant water taxis for the other services. Ambition to do more was common in the secretary’s office, and over at Annapolis. “Great,” Frank said. While listening to this artful description, vague but suggestive, something had occurred to him: “When there are blackouts, could the nuclear fleet serve as emergency generators?”

Ghost Fleet: A Novel of the Next World War
by P. W. Singer and August Cole
Published 28 Jun 2015

As Master Sun advised, ‘We must build our foes a golden bridge to escape across.’ ” The economics minister responded. “Admiral, the question of what to do with the Hawaii zone is as simple as it would be on any card table. You do not just return to your foes what they have lost. They must give you a proper exchange for it. Both our energy security needs and the honor of the nation deserve that. And, indeed, even if you are right, and the Americans do make another attempt before they accept they have lost, this is for the best. You do not want someone to flee the table; you want him to remain and play the game, hand after hand, until his wallet is empty and his will is gone.”

The Default Line: The Inside Story of People, Banks and Entire Nations on the Edge
by Faisal Islam
Published 28 Aug 2013

It’s the second biggest gas field in the world, the largest field in one country – 10 trillion cubic metres of gas, enough to meet all of Britain’s needs for an entire century. Twice in the past decade, in 2006 and 2009, spats between Russia and Ukraine over the price of natural gas have led Russia to turn off the tap, which has also affected gas supplies to other European countries. ‘Energy security is a complicated matter and it’s a two-way street,’ says Alexander Medvedev. ‘We are as dependent upon our customers as they are on us,’ he says. I ask him if Gazprom is threatening western Europe. ‘We are not threatening anyone, we are simply saying that to call for the role of Russian gas to be artificially diminished is a very dangerous thing.’

Adventures in the Anthropocene: A Journey to the Heart of the Planet We Made
by Gaia Vince
Published 19 Oct 2014

Her colleague, Rodrigo, is also in favour of the dams because he sees them as the only viable energy option for Chile. In 2009, reliance on Argentinian gas led to disaster when a domestic crisis there created a fuel shortage and the country cut Chile off. ‘We can’t rely on another country to provide our energy,’ Rodrigo says. The energy-security argument is one the dam company is focusing on in an orchestrated PR campaign that includes television advertisements threatening catastrophe if the project is blocked. One shows the lights going out mid-surgery in an operating theatre. After repeated back-and-forth between HidroAysén, XSTRATA and the government, and seven court appeals on environmental grounds, Chile’s supreme court ruled in favour of the dams in April 2012.

Politics on the Edge: The Instant #1 Sunday Times Bestseller From the Host of Hit Podcast the Rest Is Politics
by Rory Stewart
Published 13 Sep 2023

Britain was now, perhaps had always been, a place in hectic motion. A country that we were told had closed its industries and gone big into banking. A place that was now gambling on a new existence outside the European Union, and a closer relationship with China, at a time when the old political orders seemed ever more fragile, and energy security and food security ever less secure. An economy 80 per cent based on elusive intangible services; buoyed by an improbable housing bubble, and entirely dependent for its health and care on immigrants, whom citizens seemed to wish to exclude. But these were the facts suitable for a column in the Financial Times.

Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House
by Peter Baker
Published 21 Oct 2013

Others in the White House shared his doubts. In an interconnected energy market, it was impractical to declare that one barrel of oil came from an undesirable source while another was acceptable, not to mention that allies would still be dependent on the same sources. Energy independence, they argued, was something of a misnomer; energy security might be better. Besides, while net oil imports had risen from 53 percent of American consumption to 60 percent since the president took office, only 11 percent of the country’s oil came from the Persian Gulf, even less than before Bush’s arrival. The United States was depending increasingly on Canada and Mexico for oil, much more reliable partners.

…

“The wrong way is to raise taxes, duplicate mandates, or demand sudden and drastic emissions cuts that have no chance of being realized and every chance of hurting our economy,” Bush said in the Rose Garden on April 16. “The right way is to set realistic goals for reducing emissions consistent with advances in technology, while increasing our energy security and ensuring our economy can continue to prosper and grow.” In the end, Cheney’s office had muddied the language enough that no one even realized the president had agreed to a cap-and-trade system. “Most people looked around and had no idea what he just said because it was a big muddle,” Patel said.

Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right
by Jane Mayer
Published 19 Jan 2016

“What we didn’t take into account”: Michael Mann, interview with author. “it’s like the switch from whale oil”: Ibid. He owned, by one count: Fisher, “Fuel’s Paradise.” Only the U.S. government: Neela Banerjee, “In Climate Politics, Texas Aims to Be the Anti-California,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 7, 2010. “unleash what became known”: Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (Penguin, 2011), 328–29. The Kochs, too: For more on the Kochs’ fracking investments, see Brad Johnson, “How the Kochs Are Fracking America,” ThinkProgress, March 2, 2012. If the world were to stay: See “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” by Bill McKibben, Rolling Stone, July 19, 2012.

MacroWikinomics: Rebooting Business and the World
by Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams
Published 28 Sep 2010

A $34.6 billion investment in the clean energy economy in 2009 places China at the top of the clean energy investment league and well ahead of the United States, in second place with an annual investment of $18.6 billion.7 Though $34 billion sounds large, it is still only 10 to 20 percent of the annual investment in renewable sources that some analyst reports claim will be necessary to contain China’s greenhouse gas emissions while still meeting rapidly growing domestic energy demand.8 Nevertheless, China’s stake in the ground is evidence that it will be a major force in determining how the green energy economy evolves in the coming decades. Where does all this leave the United States, the world’s largest consumer of energy? Will it fall behind in the race to develop new industries, address energy security, and reduce emissions? Or will it seize the moment to race ahead? Green energy enthusiasts like to point to past efforts at reindustrialization as inspiration for how to mobilize government and industry behind the new energy revolution. After all, it’s true such grand feats of engineering have been accomplished in the past.

Smart Grid Standards
by Takuro Sato
Published 17 Nov 2015

In this section, we briefly introduce some of these organizations, forums, and alliances. 1.2.3.1 International Energy Agency (IEA) The International Energy Agency (IEA) was founded in response to the 1973 oil crisis with the role to coordinate response to major disruptions in oil supply by releasing emergency oil stocks [25]. Its current work is to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy. The four core areas of IEA’s works are energy security, economic development, environmental awareness, and engagement worldwide. The IEA consists of 28 member countries including Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, An Overview of the Smart Grid 13 Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and so on.

The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire
by Wikileaks
Published 24 Aug 2015

As one cable puts it, in spite of an “imperfect, crabbed” Turkish democracy that does not reach out to opponents, and the fact that “AK appointees at the national and provincial level are incompetent and narrow-minded Islamists,” still the US looks forward to “continuing to work with Turkey on behalf of common interests in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, the Balkans, on terrorism, on energy security, on the Cyprus problem and elsewhere in the region and the world” [04ANKARA348_a]. A major interest for the US is the competition between the two dominant Islamic political currents in Turkey—Erdoğan’s AKP and the Gülen Community. While many of the observations in these cables are insightful, they also seem contradictory, a stance that puzzles even some Turkish observers.4 Fethullah Gülen, who currently lives in self-imposed exile in rural Pennsylvania, leads the Gülen Community.

Circle of Greed: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Lawyer Who Brought Corporate America to Its Knees
by Patrick Dillon and Carl M. Cannon
Published 2 Mar 2010

The judge directed him to hand the verdicts to his court clerk, who then read them aloud, beginning with Executive Life Insurance Company, a separate plaintiff from Lerach’s class action plaintiffs, which had bought Nucorp notes through Drexel Burnham: “We the jury, in the above-entitled cause unanimously find as follows: In Nucorp Energy Securities Litigation on claims brought by Executive Life Insurance Company—we find against Executive Life Insurance Company.” Four more counts remained, and to each the jury assigned the same unfavorable judgment. Finally, Bunch said: “We assess the amount of damages to be zero.” Judge Irving peered down at the plaintiffs’ table, his eyes meeting Lerach’s.

The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order
by Rush Doshi
Published 24 Jun 2021

Hu saw American ill intentions throughout the global economy: “China’s overseas oil and gas resource development, its cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and its importation of advanced technology have been continuously suffering from interference. This is because of the willful instigation and malicious sensationalization of some people,” presumably Americans, though Hu allowed that “in some cases there is an actual conflict of interests” rather than political maneuvering.39 Hu’s answer was to formulate “a new energy security concept” that entailed considering the “diplomatic, security, and economic risk” and supporting state-owned enterprises in their “overseas energy development” and their purchase of other commodities.40 As a consequence, China began to pursue trade with more developing countries and to take equity stakes in commodity projects across Latin America, Africa, and Central Asia under what Hu called the “going out” policy.

Energy and Civilization: A History
by Vaclav Smil
Published 11 May 2017

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Shift Project. 2015. Redesigning Economy to Achieve Carbon Transition. http://www.theshiftproject.org. Shockley, W. 1964. Transistor technology evokes new physics. In Nobel Lectures: Physics 1942–1962, 344–374. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Shulman, P. A. 2015. Coal and Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Sieferle, R. P. 2001. The Subterranean Forest. Cambridge: White Horse Press. Siemens, C. W. 1882. Electric lighting, the transmission of force by electricity. Nature 27:67–71. Sierra-Macías, M., et al. 2010. Caracterización agronómica, calidad industrial y nutricional de maíz para el trópico mexicano.

Lonely Planet Norway (Travel Guide)
by Lonely Planet and Donna Wheeler
Published 1 Apr 2015

With an estimated 120,000 wild moose roaming the Norwegian wilds – the Norwegian authorities authorise an annual nationwide hunting quota of around 37,000 – that adds up to a disturbingly high output of methane, not to mention a heightened state of nervousness among otherwise innocent moose. The Future History of the Arctic by Charles Emmerson is an engaging exploration of the politics of the Arctic with a particular focus on the big issues of energy security, environmental protection and the exploitation of the region's natural resources. Commercial Fishing Fishing and aquaculture (fish farming) remain the foundation of Norway's coastal economy, providing work for an estimated 30,000 people in the fishing fleet, and a host of secondary industries.

Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military
by Neil Degrasse Tyson and Avis Lang
Published 10 Sep 2018

Another maintains that the EU’s reliance on soft power has long been a point of pride for Europeans, even though they see that soft power isn’t enough to address evolving realities. As for the global commons, the European Union sees it as primarily a civil, not a military, domain: “[O]ur security and prosperity increasingly rely on the protection of networks, critical infrastructure and energy security, on preventing and addressing proliferation crises, as well as on secure access to the global commons (cyber, airspace, maritime, space) on which our modern societies depend in order to thrive.”14 The European Commission construes the lengthening list of space actors mostly in economic terms: Europe now faces “tougher global competition,” “high dependence on non-European critical components and technologies,” “a global value chain that increasingly attracts new companies and entrepreneurs.”

The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
by John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt
Published 3 Sep 2007

Human Development Report 2006 (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2006), http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics; and Economist Intelligence Unit, “2005 Quality of Life Rankings,” www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf. 40. Mitchell G. Bard and Daniel Pipes, “How Special Is the U.S.–Israel Relationship?” Middle East Quarterly 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 43. 41. Bishara A. Bahbah, “The United States and Israel’s Energy Security,” Journal of Palestine Studies 11, no. 2 (Winter 1982): 118–30. For the text of the original agreement, see “IsraelUnited States Memorandum of Understanding, September 1, 1975” and “Memorandum of Agreement between the Governments of the United States of America and Israel—Oil,” www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/mou1975.html and www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/cdoilmou.html.

Lonely Planet Norway
by Lonely Planet

Although no forestry operation can be entirely environmentally sound, Norway currently has one of the world's most sustainable forestry industries and much of the visible damage to the forests is due to agricultural clearing and timber overexploitation between the 17th and 20th centuries. The Future History of the Arctic (2011) by Charles Emmerson is an engaging exploration of the politics of the Arctic, with a particular focus on the big issues of energy security, environmental protection and the exploitation of the region's natural resources. Wilderness Areas Norway may have one of the lowest population densities in Europe, but due to its settlement pattern – which is unique in Europe, and favours scattered farms over villages – even the most remote areas are inhabited and a large proportion of the population is rural-based.

The Cold War: A World History
by Odd Arne Westad
Published 4 Sep 2017

Led by Paul Nitze, Jeane Kirkpatrick, and President Johnson’s former undersecretary of state Eugene Rostow, the CPD became a powerful lobbying group critical of the SALT negotiations and Soviet human rights violations, and supportive of increased military expenditure and links with Israel. Carter had hoped to spend time dealing with the broader issues on his foreign policy agenda, first and foremost US energy security, peace in the Middle East, and human rights on a global scale. Instead, with his ratings slipping in the polls, he was forced back to national security issues dealing with the Soviet Union. With SALT negotiations near a standstill, the Soviets, on their side, were losing hope that much could be achieved under this president.

The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
by Peter Frankopan
Published 26 Aug 2015

It is perhaps an ominous sign that President Putin’s PhD dissertation was concerned with strategic planning and the uses of Russian mineral resources – even though some have cast doubt on the originality of the thesis, and even on the veracity of the award of a doctorate.17 To the east, these pipelines are bringing the lifeblood of tomorrow as China buys forward gas supplies on a thirty-year contract, worth $400 billion over its lifetime. This giant sum, partly to be paid in advance, gives Beijing the energy security it craves, while more than justifying the estimated $22 billion cost of a new pipeline, and providing Moscow freedom and additional confidence in how it deals with its neighbours and its rivals. It is no surprise then that China was the only member of the UN Security Council not to rebuke Russia for its actions during the Ukraine crisis of 2014; the cold reality of mutually beneficial trade is far more compelling than the political brinkmanship of the west.

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2011
by Steve Coll
Published 23 Feb 2004

The ex-Soviet governments in charge needed foreign companies to lift and export this energy.8 The Clinton administration’s policy, said its leading National Security Council expert, was to “promote the independence of these oil-rich countries, to in essence break Russia’s monopoly control over the transportation of oil in that region, and, frankly, to promote Western energy security through diversification of supply.” The Clinton White House supported “multiple pipelines” from Central Asia along routes that did not benefit Russia or Iran. Clinton believed that these pipelines were crucial to an evolving American energy policy aimed at reducing dependence on Middle Eastern supplies.

Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations
by Norman Davies
Published 30 Sep 2009

Protracted discussions preceded the reluctant acceptance of Belarus as a member of the EU’s Eastern Partnership, inaugurated in May 2009. The Partnership complements the Union for the Mediterranean, which deals with the EU’s neighbours in North Africa and the Middle East; it aims to promote good governance, energy security, environmental protection and co-operation on common issues of trade, travel and migration.11 The presidential election of December 2010, therefore, took place amid considerable uncertainty. In the run-up to the elections, President Dmitri Medvedyev of Russia fired off a broadside, accusing Lukashenko of repeatedly breaking his promises; among other supposed offences, he had failed to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and had granted asylum to the ousted Kirghiz president, Bakiryev.

Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe
by Norman Davies
Published 27 Sep 2011

Protracted discussions preceded the reluctant acceptance of Belarus as a member of the EU’s Eastern Partnership, inaugurated in May 2009. The Partnership complements the Union for the Mediterranean, which deals with the EU’s neighbours in North Africa and the Middle East; it aims to promote good governance, energy security, environmental protection and co-operation on common issues of trade, travel and migration.11 The presidential election of December 2010, therefore, took place amid considerable uncertainty. In the run-up to the elections, President Dmitri Medvedyev of Russia fired off a broadside, accusing Lukashenko of repeatedly breaking his promises; among other supposed offences, he had failed to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and had granted asylum to the ousted Kirghiz president, Bakiryev.

Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies
by Tim Koller , McKinsey , Company Inc. , Marc Goedhart , David Wessels , Barbara Schwimmer and Franziska Manoury
Published 16 Aug 2015

To do so in a globalizing industry would distort the allocation of resources in the economy, notwithstanding the significant short-term local costs associated with plant closures.9 Energy companies have particularly difficult decisions to make. Government energy policy typically toggles between the goals of cost, energy security, and environmental impact. These do not easily line up in a way that makes for smooth integration into energy companies’ investment decisions. In practice, the companies need to make careful, balanced judgments around the trade-offs embedded in government policy actions in order to factor them into long-term value-creation strategies.

The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan
by Sebastian Mallaby
Published 10 Oct 2016

Saudi Arabia’s oil refineries were clustered in an area not far from Kuwait, rendering them vulnerable to attacks launched from Iraq’s new bases; some Iraqi pilots had already volunteered for kamikaze raids, Greenspan confided to his colleagues. Saddam Hussein’s ability to threaten Saudi Arabia, coupled with his control over Kuwait’s oil, would pose unacceptable risks to U.S. energy security. “If Saddam is perceived to be increasing his power and his clout and his control over the West, he is going to be able to name OPEC’s level of output. He has terrorist groups out there and he can control Indonesia and every far-flung oil producer in the world.” In Greenspan’s opinion, Saddam had to be confronted.10 Having cowed his colleagues with his military insights, Greenspan advanced his monetary prescription: do nothing.

Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980
by Rick Perlstein
Published 17 Aug 2020

(Announcing a federal corporation to issue $5 million in energy bonds, Carter shrewdly harkened back with nostalgia for America’s all-encompassing civic mobilization during World War II: “I especially want them to be in small denominations so that average Americans can invest directly in America’s energy security.”) By mandating that utility companies switch to other fuels to cut their use of oil by half within the next decade. By creating “the nation’s first solar bank, which will help us achieve the crucial goal of 20 percent of our energy coming from solar power by the year 2000”—again, “just as a similar synthetic rubber corporation helped us win World War II.”