fake news

Dangerous Ideas: A Brief History of Censorship in the West, From the Ancients to Fake News

by Eric Berkowitz  · 3 May 2021  · 412pp  · 115,048 words

many on the left have come to look to governments to impose censorship—against pornography and sexism; against racist, hate, and otherwise offensive speech; against fake news; and against the excesses of the wealthy and of industry. The Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. found it difficult to imagine such an agenda

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have been mixed. In many cases, efforts to bar hate speech have been used to suppress legitimate dissent, as have rules against the spread of fake news. Much political censorship over the centuries has been directed at small aggressions against institutional authority: speech that in some way challenges or denigrates a government

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bloom off the online rose. The Internet is the transformative phenomenon of modern life, but it is marred by hate, threats, data privacy breaches, and fake news driven by bots, troll armies, and unseen actors. The US Supreme Court stated, in 1971, that “free expression is powerful medicine” for a diverse society

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platform’s recommendations to legitimate news sources, but the proposal was rejected. And why wouldn’t it be? According to a 2018 study, disinformation and fake news are shared 70 percent more often than factual stories, and spread roughly six times as fast.63 In the years following the 2016 US election

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force online Internet companies to purge disinformation from their platforms. A 2018 German law requires networks with more than two million members to take down fake news within twenty-four hours of notification or face fines of up to €50 million, and a 2018 French law allows authorities to order the deletion

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elections. In Germany, the Network Enforcement Act, or the NetzDG, targets a laundry list of “obviously illegal” materials. French legislators were more precise in defining fake news as “inexact allegations or imputations, or news that falsely report[s] facts, with the aim of changing the sincerity of a vote.”86 In 2018

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, the EU also arm-wrestled the major platforms into signing a “voluntary” agreement to abide by broad guidelines to address fake news, particularly as it relates to elections. As well intentioned as such efforts are, they are censorship, with all the attendant risks that “good” expression will

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to restore the mistakenly deleted videos, but there is no such good faith in the censorship schemes of authoritarian governments. Under the pretense of combating fake news, online dissent has been widely suppressed. In 2017 alone, seventeen countries, including Belarus, Egypt, and Malaysia, passed or proposed laws outlawing

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fake news. While Russia’s law is perhaps the most obvious in its hypocrisy—criminalizing false reports along with “blatant disrespect” for authorities—other regimes have the

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in prison. Approximately five hundred websites have also been blocked, including those of prominent human rights organizations.89 In 2019, Singapore adopted its own anti-fake-news law, backed by harsh criminal penalties and obligating online platforms to remove whatever the government considers false. There is little chance the law will not

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” for opposing opinions, explains Wu. “In such an environment, flooding can be just as effective as more traditional forms of censorship.”99 When bot-driven fake news is smeared into the mix, along with torrents of messages attacking the credibility of legitimate information sources, truth is lost along with attention. Similar policies

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those who don’t make their points “very well,” is impossible to miss. As the last example shows, hate-speech laws, like many actions against fake news, are also deployed against expressions of dissent. France has been rather touchy about protests against its business relations with Israel, so when twelve activists entered

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troubling outcomes, Europe has of late redoubled its efforts against hate and offensive speech, especially online. The 2016 voluntary “Code of Conduct,” discussed earlier regarding fake news, requires the signatory platforms to police themselves for hate speech, but that was evidently not enough. Claiming that existing law has “not gone far or

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/2018/egypt-is-jailing-more-journalists-on-false-news-charges-than-anywhere-else-in-the-world. 89. Shahbaz, “Freedom on the Net 2018.” 90. “Singapore Fake News Law a ‘Disaster’ for Freedom of Speech, Says Rights Group,” Guardian, May 9, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/09/singapore

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-fake-news-law-a-disaster-for-freedom-of-speech-says-rights-group. 91. Paul Mozur, “Coronavirus Outrage Spurs China’s Internet Police to Action,” New York Times,

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by, 6, 200, 219–20, 222–25, 227–28, 231, 254–55; Trump and, 7, 223, 224, 227–28. See also Internet companies; online speech fake news. See disinformation Falun Gong, 235 Family Limitation (Sanger), 162 Fanny Hill (Dugdale), 143 A Farewell to Arms (Hemingway), 159–60 Far from the Madding Crowd

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of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Berkowitz, Eric, author. Title: Dangerous ideas : a brief history of censorship in the West, from the ancients to fake news / Eric Berkowitz. Description: Boston : Beacon Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020057089 (print) | LCCN 2020057090 (ebook) | ISBN 9780807036242 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780807036259 (ebook

Messing With the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News

by Clint Watts  · 28 May 2018  · 324pp  · 96,491 words

manipulation that authoritarians now duplicate, and, if left unchecked, it will be adopted by politicians everywhere to overwhelm democratic audiences with waves of conflicting information—fake news—designed to manipulate audiences for a hidden puppet master. The Russians initiated the wave, and now they ride the tide as America’s politicians adopt

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perfect, but it was an example of how to provide context with content, how to make secrets digestible for the public and not fodder for fake news. Ultimately, the Paradise Papers and the Panama Papers created far more transparency and accountability than any of WikiLeaks’ data dumps. One can argue about the

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feed throughout the day, looking for signs of conflicts or violence at polling places, praying no armed individuals would surface and do damage based on fake news. Russia’s trolls promoted the #voterfraud conspiracy at a steady pace throughout the day, hoping to sow chaos and create doubt. The first round of

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beaten all the odds. He was completely unconventional, uninformed, unlikable in so many ways, and yet he had become the leader of the free world. Fake news entered the American lexicon, and my team’s pre-election detailing of Russian active measures on the internet was now the subject of hot debate

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. Had fake news swayed the U.S. presidential election? A Washington Post article cited our study, and soon left-leaning trolls, led by the self-righteous Glenn Greenwald

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dangerous trends for democracy. Americans were increasingly getting their news and information from social media rather than mainstream media. Users weren’t consuming factual content. Fake news—false or misleading stories from outlets of uncertain credibility—was being read far more than that from traditional newsrooms. BuzzFeed News analysis of the final

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claims fail to account for the value of the material that Russia obtained through hacking, which powered those political attacks against Clinton. Same goes for fake news peddlers in Macedonia and other locales who used sensational headlines and stories to create clickbait for advertising revenue. Of course, they influenced the election, but

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their stories. After the election, one set of researchers at the University of Indiana undertook the due diligence of analyzing the relationship between social bots, fake news, mainstream media, and influence.7 After analyzing fourteen million messages spreading four thousand claims on Twitter from before and after the 2016 election, the Indiana

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could avoid consuming or inadvertently promoting Russian propaganda. Journalists could research the outlets pumping Kremlin themes, and citizens could work to discredit false personas pushing fake news. J. M., Andrew, and I teamed up with Jonathon Morgan to create a real-time dashboard displaying the summation of the key Twitter accounts we

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atrocities and popular support for his actions come in large part from the spreading of social media falsehoods. “No such thing as Rohingya . . . it is fake news,” uttered an officer in Myanmar’s Rakhine state security. The Rohingya are a long-persecuted Muslim minority that has been run out of Myanmar’s

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the day she was born. I gave her the required vaccinations, but through a regimen of fear. Above all, I had fallen for “fake news.” Everyone falls for fake news sometimes, and if people say they don’t, they either are lying to themselves, lack the humility to admit it, or still don’t

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someone on an autism conspiracy, it’ll be even easier to hook them on a social or political conspiracy. But why did I fall for fake news? I research social media and study this stuff, and yet I still convinced myself to space out my daughter’s vaccinations and demand single packaged

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shots, just in case vaccinations caused autism. I had created my own fake news back when I socially engineered prank calls at West Point as a cadet, and later I fell for fake news in trying to care for my daughter. I fell for the vaccine-autism conspiracy due to

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first-time parents, we both were more likely to spread the emotionally potent conspiracy.7 Social media has only made the danger of falling for fake news worse. Craig Silverman of BuzzFeed News provides superior analysis on social media’s spread of false stories and rumors, and why I and everyone else

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can fall for fake news, particularly when we get emotional. His team analyzed a week of Facebook content during the lead-up to the 2016 presidential election, a polarizing, competitive

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that were being shared across communities and found two categories of content that did well: misleading or false stories and memes expressing partisan opinions.8 Fake news outperformed real news, and visual expressions shareable on social media outpaced reporting—smaller bits of false content were seen more than longer pieces of factual

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social inception, will create their own news outlets and academic think tanks to manufacture the facts, research, and confirmatory science necessary to advance their agenda. Fake news is a fuel used by social media manipulators to power preference bubbles that will ultimately create serious dangers for all of society. Today’s preference

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as a whole. The alternative realities they create will slow down technological improvements, impede advances in medicine, and prevent the protection of our environment. The fake news epidemic harms society as a whole, but social media itself may also be damaging the citizens addicted to it. Adam Alter’s 2017 book Irresistible

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differences. Democracies require a baseline of fact and fiction; otherwise, policy debate can’t really occur and preference bubbles will continue to diverge into parallel fake-news-pumping factories. Google and Facebook initially sought to correct this problem by fact-checking news articles, but this approach quickly failed. Social media companies instead

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, and subscriptions. Those assessed as poor would lose audience over time. Most important, this would put the responsibility on the consumer. If they read excessive fake news, they’ve no one to blame but themselves for being misled. Facebook, Google, and a handful of media outlets, in the year after the discoveries

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of fake news dominance, seemed primed to create such a system. But Facebook instead chose to put the evaluation to its users, asking the public to rate news

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for its 2018 elections, joined forces with national broadcasters and digital companies “to train a generation of students steeped in social media how to recognize fake news and conspiracy theories online.” Jason Horowitz of the New York Times described how students “will receive a list of what amounts to a new set

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hearing, congressmen didn’t seem to fully understand how search engines and Google as a company work. Facebook took the greatest leaps to tackle its fake news problem, focusing on three key areas to improve the integrity of information on its platform: disrupting economic incentives, building new products to curb the spread

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opposition-research firm to discredit detractors by linking them to George Soros, a wealthy liberal donor who’s been the target of personal attacks and fake news on sites such as Facebook.35 Hiring of the public relations firm sparked public outrage undoing much of the progress Facebook had made countering disinformation

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I began writing this book and threatens not only democratic governance but also public safety. The most poignant example of the deadly implications of rapid fake news proliferation has occurred in India, where WhatsApp groups incite mob killings.40 The year 2018 offered a glimpse of where our social media preference bubbles

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. 7. Chengcheng Shao, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Onur Varol, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer, “The Spread of Fake News by Social Bots,” Indiana University, Bloomington (July 24, 2017). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318671211_The_spread_of_fake_news_by_social_bots. 8. Mike Isaac and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Russian Influence Reached 126 Million Through Facebook

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://www.kaspersky.com/blog/digital-depression/13781. 16. Clint Watts and Andrew Weisburd, “Can the Michelin Model Fix Fake News?,” The Daily Beast (January 22, 2017). https://www.thedailybeast.com/can-the-michelin-model-fix-fake-news. 17. Elizabeth Dwoskin and Hamza Shaban, “Facebook Will Now Ask Users to Rank News Organizations They Trust

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-to-fend-off-putins-information-war. 19. Jason Horowitz, “In Italian Schools, Reading, Writing and Recognizing Fake News,” The New York Times (October 18, 2017). https://www.ny times.com/2017/10/18/world/europe/italy-fake-news.html. 20. Katherine Quinn, “Cornell Researchers Study Snapchat’s Appeal,” Cornell Daily Sun (March 15, 2016

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/2018/09/05/artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-social-media-can-american-democracy-survive/?utm_term=.3446fd4e2ff3. 40. https://www.wired.com/story/how-whatsapp-fuels-fake-news-and-violence-in-india/. 41. https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/22/election-security-bill-congress-437472. 42. https://www.politico.eu/article/internet

Outnumbered: From Facebook and Google to Fake News and Filter-Bubbles – the Algorithms That Control Our Lives

by David Sumpter  · 18 Jun 2018  · 276pp  · 81,153 words

Us Chapter 9: We ‘Also Liked’ the Internet Chapter 10: The Popularity Contest Chapter 11: Bubbling Up Chapter 12: Football Matters Chapter 13: Who Reads Fake News? PART 3: BECOMING US Chapter 14: Learning to be Sexist Chapter 15: The Only Thought Between the Decimal Chapter 16: Kick Your Ass at Space

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story in the newspapers. An uncertainty was spreading across Europe and the US. Google’s search engine was making racist autocomplete suggestions; Twitterbots were spreading fake news; Stephen Hawking was worried about artificial intelligence; far-right groups were living in algorithmically created filter-bubbles; Facebook was measuring our personalities, and these were

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Facebook and Google were personalising our searches to such an extent that we only saw what we wanted to see. The focus then turned to fake news. Teenagers from Macedonia were automatically generating news stories, trying out different combinations of nonsense rumours about Trump and Clinton, in order to create traffic for

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about the people who ignore the mainstream media? I had already peeked into a few conspiracy bubbles and what I found there was pretty worrying. Fake news: the spreading of untrue rumours about political leaders, was rife and it could be influencing the groups of people who were eschewing the traditional media

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disappearing into a world of entertainment gossip, sports results, short film clips of pets and online memes. A world where real news is boring, and fake news is a source of constant entertainment. A post-truth world. Are some people living in a post-truth world? I needed to find out. CHAPTER

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THIRTEEN Who Reads Fake News? Master Bates and Seaman Staines. When I heard the rumour as a student in the early 1990s that these were the names of the crew

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article in the Guardian newspaper, which I never saw myself. I just accepted that it might be true and passed it on. It was funny. Fake news. The creator of Captain Pugwash sued the Guardian and won. For many years after the Pugwash rumours, I would laugh with friends about how we

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of people believing that Mandela died in jail never happened, it has become, on YouTube, the name for the scientifically established phenomenon of false memory. Fake news is a growing industry. The YouTube videos about the Mandela effect had millions of views. The YouTubers are paid for the ads I have to

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the zeitgeist. These particular videos were only slightly misleading, specifically on the point about Mandela, but other fake news sites have much more dubious content. During the US presidential election and in the year that followed, fake news really took off. BuzzFeed’s founding editor, Craig Silverman, has created a list of the big

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hope of the story going viral and earning them money. Donald Trump has labelled the New York Times, CNN and other traditional news sources as fake news, because of what he perceives as one-sided coverage of his presidency. Trump can have this definition if he wants. My definition is stricter

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: fake news is news that is demonstrably false, not just politically angled. Fake news consists of stories picked up by fact-checker sites like Snopes and PolitiFact, and shown to be factually incorrect. Based

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on this definition, there were at least 65 fake news sites during the election. The alt-right site Breitbart sits delicately balanced on the edge of my definition. The question is not whether or not

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fake news exists. There is little doubt about that. The question is how much influence it has on our political views. Do we live in a post-

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survey and look at the data. This is exactly what economists Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow did.2 They wanted to measure the effect of fake news stories in the run-up to the 2016 US presidential election. They presented participants of an online survey with a series of

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fake news stories, including: ‘Clinton Foundation staff were found guilty of diverting funds to buy alcohol for expensive parties in the Caribbean’ ‘Mike Pence said that “Michelle

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questions, whether they had heard the story reported and whether they believed the story. On average around 15 per cent of people recalled hearing the fake news stories, compared with 70 per cent who had heard true news stories. We might conclude that a 15 per cent chance of hearing any given

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fake news story is quite large. If you want, you can test yourself now. How many of the fake news stories listed above do you remember hearing during the election? If you remembered more than half of

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three themselves. In the experiment, 14 per cent of people said they had heard these fake fake news stories. This was not significantly different from the 15 per cent who said they had heard the actual fake news stories. Even very shortly after the election, the participants couldn’t properly remember which fake things

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they had seen online. Combining these results with an analysis of how news spreads on Facebook and the relative impact of fake news websites compared with traditional news sites, Hunt and Matthew made a ‘back-of-an-envelope’ calculation to show that, at the very most, the average

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American would be able to remember one or two fake news stories as they went to the polls, and they were unlikely to believe these stories. When I contacted him, Matthew was reluctant to draw a

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definitive conclusion that fake news had no influence in the election. He told me: ‘We can’t estimate how actually seeing a story/ad affects how people vote.’ Linking news

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exposure to actual voting requires further study. Even if we are as cautious as Matthew suggests, I just couldn’t see how the fake news effect could add up. Despite Donald Trump’s narrow victory in the election, Hunt and Matthew’s ‘back-of-an-envelope’ calculation implies that

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fake news is nothing more than meaningless noise. The ineffectiveness of fake news gives a very different picture to that implied by the concept of a post-truth world. Yes, there are a lot

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of fake news stories written, but they are instantly forgettable and very seldom believed. Bob Huckfeldt had told me that one of the biggest take-away messages from

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a bunch of teenagers in Macedonia have been making up stories in order to collect advertising revenue. One of the most prominent recent examples of fake news arose the day after Donald Trump’s presidential victory. Americans who typed ‘final election count’ into Google News got a big surprise. The top search

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supporters did question the validity of the post, while emphasising that it didn’t matter either way, since their side had won. Like conspiracy theories, fake news has its perpetrators and followers, but once it grows, it is often challenged. Google’s algorithm had got carried away in this victory celebration and

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benefit the users.’ Apparently, it isn’t as easy as it used to be to spread racism, misogyny and intolerance on social media. Disinformation and fake news have become a prominent feature of all elections. Two days before the French presidential election in 2017, an online disinformation campaign took off around the

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campaign was largely run using bots: accounts that run a computer script to share information on a massive scale. Bots are potentially good at spreading fake news, because it is easy to create lots of them and they will say whatever you tell them to. They are fake ants, telling Google, Twitter

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tended to contain links to alt-right US websites, such as The Gateway Pundit and Breitbart, and to the profit-making sites which had spread fake news during the US election. Ultimately, the effect of the bots on real French voters was, at most, very minor. Macron won the election with 66

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per cent of the vote. Emilio’s results are similar to those found by Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow about fake news in the US presidential election. Hunt and Matthew found that only eight per cent of people in their study believed

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. Moreover, the people who did believe these stories tended to already hold political beliefs that aligned with the sentiment of the fake news. Republican sympathisers would tend to believe that ‘The Clinton Foundation bought $137 million in illegal arms’, and Democrats would tend to believe ‘Ireland [will be]

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are more likely to believe that George W. Bush knew about the 9/11 attacks before they happened.8 The people least likely to believe fake news or conspiracies are those voters who are undecided; exactly the people who are going to decide the election outcome. There is an irony about the

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articles that many newspapers and news magazines ran throughout 2017, about bubbles, filters and fake news, an irony similar to that of the Mandela effect. These stories are written within a bubble. They play on fears, mention Donald Trump, drop references

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with the fame and fortune that makes them so famous in the first place. The same joke applies to the media stories about bubbles and fake news, except many of their authors fail to see the ultimate irony in what has happened. Articles about dangers of bubbles rise to the top of

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Trump from Twitter’ or ‘Trump supporters stuck in bubble’. But very few of these articles get to the bottom of how online communication works. The fake news story ran and ran, generating its own click juice, without anyone looking seriously at the data. There is no concrete evidence that the spread of

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fake news changes the course of elections, nor has the increase in bots negatively impacted how people discuss politics. We don’t live in a post-truth

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talking to each other and a small group of alt-right Americans who want to listen. Hunt and Matthew have shown that following and sharing fake news is an activity for the few, rather than the many. And no one can remember the stories properly anyway. Lada Adamic’s research shows that

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helping with its endless attempts to filter the information we see. Why was the situation different in politics? Why aren’t the black hats of fake news having the same effect as the black hats of CCTV cameras? The first reason is that the incentives are not the same. The Macedonian teenagers

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spreading fake news have very limited income sources. Much of their advertising income is obtained from Trump memorabilia for which, in comparison with all the products on Amazon

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, there is a miniscule market. The income of the most successful fake news-generating Macedonian teenager was (according to the teenagers themselves) at the very most $4,000 per month, but only during the four months leading up

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this company from Oxford or somewhere that downloaded everyone’s profile,’ she says. ‘You see, the problem is that their algorithms have been trained on fake news,’ says the next one. ‘It’s the same with Google. They built some computer to understand language and it started saying it hated Muslims.’ ‘I

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you. Either accept it, or make sure you attack the system and not its lies and deceptions. It’s depressing that Facebook contains so much fake news and Twitter is full of troll bots, but it’s nice to know that hardly anyone is listening to them. It’s worrying that success

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-exclude-users-by-race 11 See www.ajlunited.org 12 Jonathan Albright’s work was part of an article in the Guardian on autocomplete and fake news: www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook 13 Burrell, J. 2016. ‘How the machine ‘thinks’ : Understanding opacity in machine

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, and Aggregation: Transforming Voters into Electorates.’ PS: Political Science & Politics 50.1: 3–11. 3 DiFranzo, D. and Gloria-Garcia, K. 2017. ‘Filter bubbles and fake news.’ XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 23, no. 3: 32–5. 4 Jackson, D., Thorsen, E. and Wring, D. 2016. ‘EU Referendum Analysis 2016

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Karahalios, K. 2017. ‘Quantifying search bias: Investigating sources of bias for political searches in social media.’ arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.01347. Chapter 13 : Who Reads Fake News? 1 www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.rrw0PaV3wP#.qr7rjqJeAj 2 Allcott, H. and Gentzkow, M. 2017

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. Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. No. w23089. National Bureau of Economic Research. 3 For more information see www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11

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/14/googles-top-news-link-for-final-election-results-goes-to-a-fake-news-site-with-false-numbers 4 According to SharedCount in January 2017, there had been 530,858 links to the page on Facebook. 5 Franks, N

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.fdu.edu/2013/outthere. 9 See for example this response by Facebook. http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/12/news-feed-fyi-addressing-hoaxes-and-fake-news 10 Loader, B. D., Vromen, A. and Xenos, M. A. 2014. ‘The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement’: 143–50. Chapter

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Messenger here, here myPersonality project here news feed algorithm here, here patents here Will B. Candid here, here Fair Housing Act (US) here fairness here fake news here, here, here feedback loops here MacronLeaks here post-truth world here, here, here false negatives here, here false positives here, here, here, here Fark

News and How to Use It: What to Believe in a Fake News World

by Alan Rusbridger  · 26 Nov 2020  · 371pp  · 109,320 words

platforms to denigrate people who do – is highly problematic. Journalism positions itself as a safe harbour in a world of information chaos, a defence against fake news. It is hard to reconcile this self-image with the lionising of a figure who regularly peddled fakery and ignorance. BOREDOM When the Mail on

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Johnson describes a peculiarly British attitude to journalism – winking, not to be taken too seriously, but delighting when it is. It also tells you that fake news is not a new thing. It’s difficult to put an exact name to what Johnson was up to in Brussels. ‘He wasn’t making

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in history to skimp on fact-checking – and not just because we have a president who will milk every opportunity to disparage the press as “fake news”. The public, including the subjects of high-profile stories, can easily call out magazines’ mistakes to their followers on social media, potentially sullying a brand

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write in The Elements of Journalism. ‘Their value is in helping to get us close to more thorough verification and a reliable version of events.’ FAKE NEWS Fake news is a particularly problematic term. Depending on the speaker, it can have at least two entirely different meanings: 1) News that is false or invented

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use of the term in Nazi Germany and elsewhere (SEE: LÜGENPRESSE). Donald Trump’s tweet on 17 February 2017 was firmly in this tradition: ‘The FAKE NEWS media is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!’ He named the ‘failing’ New York Times, as well as NBC, ABC

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, CBS and CNN – all broadly reputable news organisations – as fake news. This was, itself, fake news. FALSE AMPLIFIERS Facebook’s definition: ‘Coordinated activity by inauthentic accounts that has the intent of manipulating political discussion (e.g., by discouraging specific parties

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viewership, or deceive.’ This is how Facebook defines the problem. The House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee found itself abandoning ‘fake news’ (SEE: FAKE NEWS) as a term that had any real meaning. In its interim report in 2018 it suggested a variety of more specific types of false information

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an article does not reflect the content Satire and parody: presenting humorous but false stories as if they are true. Although not usually categorised as fake news, this may unintentionally fool readers. FINANCIAL REPORTING In financial markets, news – positive or negative – equals money. Picture the scene: Franco’s on Jermyn Street, London

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be accused of having ulterior motives when writing critically about the companies or institutions under their watch. The sneering dismissal of hard-reported facts as ‘fake news’ is widely seen as a Trumpian phenomenon. But in financial markets the charge of journalistic corruption goes back decades. Broad public knowledge of the financial

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attributed the attack to the Syrian army: the Syrian and Russian governments responded by claiming that the ‘gas’ videotape which had horrified the world was fake news. The incident was used as justification for a series of retaliatory military strikes by the US, France and UK on a number of government sites

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story led to a £1 million increase in ticket sales. The story also made readers laugh. Everyone was happy. Today we would call such inventions ‘fake news’. (SEE : FAKE NEWS) Then, it was all considered a bit of a joke. That’s what the red tops did. MacKenzie later reflected on the headline: ‘Remember

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don’t think something is of direct relevance to us (climate change, ebola, financial derivatives, new viruses in China, etc.). 3) In a world of fake news, we need someone to tell us if something is true or not. And to publish it legally, responsibly and safely. The anti-gatekeeper argument runs

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of the online age is destroying the hierarchy of credibility that gave Watergate-era investigative journalism its special potency. On the screen of an iPhone, fake news and real news look the same. Yet one may come from the Washington Post while the other may be a Russian bot. The real struggle

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Socialist Party before and during the Third Reich to discredit new media and undermine public trust. It was thus similar in intent to the phrase ‘fake news’ (SEE: FAKE NEWS) which became current in the USA and elsewhere in the early twenty-first century. A 2019 study by academics Michael Koliska and Karin Assmann

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therefore not quite what it seemed. This mirrors disillusion found in Reuters Institute research, which identified misleading forms of advertising and sponsored content – along with fake news – as part of a wider discontent about the information landscape. But doubts fade in the face of money. As late as 2013 the then editor

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readers either become irritated by conventional forms of advertising or filter it out altogether. ‘On the one hand,’ says Amazeen, ‘journalists are trying to fight fake news, but on the other hand, the publishers at their organizations are participating in this practice that some find misleading or ethically challenging.’ She found that

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influence the content. So the regulators are actively on the case of native advertising. The same newspapers which publish regular articles on how to spot ‘fake news’ must be alert to the suspicion of some readers that fakeness comes in many forms. NEWS AMNESIA The syndrome – familiar to us all – that when

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independent fact-checker? In one sense, the problem is as old as the printing press. Partisans place damaging information about their opponents, some of it ‘fake news’ whether by accident or design. They do so off the record, knowing that equally partisan media allies will help them try and get away with

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. Faced with a once-unimaginable Aladdin’s cave of information streams, the conscientious citizen must learn to be discriminating or risk being conscripted into the fake-news army. The multiplicity of sources allows them easily to check rival versions of events against each other: always a prudent course. Caveat emptor (SEE: CAVEAT

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few seconds – or so an eye-catching piece of research from Microsoft in 2015 claimed. Perhaps less than a goldfish, though this may have been fake news, and a bit unfair to goldfish. But newspaper metric managers focus an unforgiving eye on how long each reader devotes to each article (SEE: METRICS

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which depend on having informed citizens. SNOPES Snopes.com calls itself the internet’s definitive fact-checking resource. Its history pre-dates tweeted declarations of ‘fake news’ by two decades: it began in 1994, a year in which Yahoo.com launched under the charming moniker ‘Jerry and David’s Guide to the

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month and had hired a research team. It had become such a staple of the fact-checking world that Facebook hired it to help identify fake news on its platform. (Snopes pulled out of the partnership in early 2019, citing too much staff time spent on it.) Snopes, however, does not call

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things ‘fake news’. If the term once referred to a statement’s inaccuracy, it now ‘behaves like a rhetorical middle finger’ denoting a politician’s dislike of a

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. A 2017 Gallup/Knight poll found that 51 per cent of American adults agree that accurate stories portraying politicians negatively sometimes constitute ‘fake news’ (28 per cent said these are ‘always’ fake news). Instead of fanning the flames, Snopes kicked the term out of their style guide. A more pressing danger they have observed

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style and the absence of spelling and grammatical errors are essential to the credibility of a news organisation. One of the most common features of fake news stories is their sloppy spelling and grammar. Editing a stylebook entails arbitrating such long-running arguments as whether there should be two spaces or just

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in office. British prime minister Boris Johnson was fired from his first job as a reporter for making up a quote, became notorious for his fake news coverage from Brussels, which became known as Euromyths (SEE: BREXIT), and was fired from the cabinet for lying about an affair. In the current climate

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result, their media literacy when it comes to distinguishing opinion from news is lower than other age groups, although they are less likely to share fake news. The Pew Research Center found that 95 per cent of American teens have access to a smartphone, with 45 per cent online ‘almost constantly’, mostly

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the video app and also created a ‘Learn the facts about Covid-19’ click-through banner which appeared at the bottom of any related content. Fake news also hits Gen Z particularly hard, but perhaps not as hard as it hits millennials, who are much more likely to use

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fake news hothouses such as Facebook. What’s different for Gen Z is that click-worthy content, whether fake or real, reaches them only when it goes

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Shape How You Think?’ The New York Times Magazine, 26 August 2010. <https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html> ‘Disinformation and “Fake News”: Final Report’. House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee. London, 18 February 2019. <https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/179102

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: Little Brown & Co., 2009. ‘Expert: Judith Miller’. Manhattan Institute, n.d. <https://www.manhattan-institute.org/expert/judith-miller> Fairyington, Stephanie. ‘In the era of fake news, where have all the fact-checkers gone?’ Columbia Journalism Review, 23 February 2018. <https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/fact-checking.php> Farrow, Ronan

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Hoax’. Newsweek, 5 October 1997. <https://www.newsweek.com/jfk-marilyn-hoax-174044> Huberman, Bond. ‘“Fake News”: Why Snopes Prefers Not to Say It Anymore’. Snopes, 9 July 2019. <https://www.snopes.com/2019/07/09/fake-news-why-snopes-prefers-not-to-say-it-anymore/> Hutt, David. ‘The Trouble With John Pilger’s

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://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.592648> Lutzke, Lauren, Caitlin Drummond, Paul Slovic and Joseph Árvai. ‘Priming critical thinking: Simple interventions limit the influence of fake news about climate change on Facebook’. Global Environmental Change, Vol. 58, September 2019. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101964> MacKenzie, Kelvin. ‘I’ve

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/our-research/bias-bullshit-and-lies-audience-perspectives-low-trust-media> Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis and Lucas Graves. ‘“News you don’t believe”: Audience perspectives on fake news’. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, October 2017. <https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives

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-fake-news> Norris, Michele and Melissa Block. ‘Former Death Row Inmate Freed In Texas’. All Things Considered, NPR, 28 October 2010. <https://www.npr.org/templates/story/

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/GranthamInstitute/news/fundamental-flaw-in-press-watchdogs-complaints-process-helps-newspapers-to-promote-climate-change-denial/> Ward, Bob. ‘“The Mail on Sunday” admits publishing more fake news about climate change’. LSE Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment blog, 22 April 2018. <http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/news/the

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-mail-on-sunday-admits-publishing-more-fake-news-about-climate-change/> Wardle, Claire. ‘Fake news. It’s complicated’. First Draft, 16 February 2017. <https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79> Wardle, Claire and Hossein Derakhshan. ‘Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research

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Zest: How to Squeeze the Max Out of Life

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Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism

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Futureproof: 9 Rules for Humans in the Age of Automation

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Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth

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The People vs Tech: How the Internet Is Killing Democracy (And How We Save It)

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Thinking in Bets

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AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order

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Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu

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The Player of Games

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Blitzscaling: The Lightning-Fast Path to Building Massively Valuable Companies

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Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models

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Giving the Devil His Due: Reflections of a Scientific Humanist

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Conscience of a Conservative: A Rejection of Destructive Politics and a Return to Principle

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The Ethical Algorithm: The Science of Socially Aware Algorithm Design

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Greater: Britain After the Storm

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Freezing Order: A True Story of Money Laundering, Murder, and Surviving Vladimir Putin's Wrath

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After the Fall: Being American in the World We've Made

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Imaginable: How to See the Future Coming and Feel Ready for Anything―Even Things That Seem Impossible Today

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Corbyn

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Data Action: Using Data for Public Good

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Pure Invention: How Japan's Pop Culture Conquered the World

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Decoding the World: A Roadmap for the Questioner

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Unthinkable: Trauma, Truth, and the Trials of American Democracy

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Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires

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Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy

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More Everything Forever: AI Overlords, Space Empires, and Silicon Valley's Crusade to Control the Fate of Humanity

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The Fund: Ray Dalio, Bridgewater Associates, and the Unraveling of a Wall Street Legend

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Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism

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Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives

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Rage Inside the Machine: The Prejudice of Algorithms, and How to Stop the Internet Making Bigots of Us All

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Think Like a Rocket Scientist: Simple Strategies You Can Use to Make Giant Leaps in Work and Life

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Bezonomics: How Amazon Is Changing Our Lives and What the World's Best Companies Are Learning From It

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If Then: How Simulmatics Corporation Invented the Future

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Dawn of the New Everything: Encounters With Reality and Virtual Reality

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Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress

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Rendezvous With Oblivion: Reports From a Sinking Society

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Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think

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The History of the Future: Oculus, Facebook, and the Revolution That Swept Virtual Reality

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Surveillance Valley: The Rise of the Military-Digital Complex

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The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity

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21 Lessons for the 21st Century

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Valley of Genius: The Uncensored History of Silicon Valley (As Told by the Hackers, Founders, and Freaks Who Made It Boom)

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I'm Judging You: The Do-Better Manual

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Kingpin: How One Hacker Took Over the Billion-Dollar Cybercrime Underground

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There Is No Planet B: A Handbook for the Make or Break Years

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New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future

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Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms

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Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley

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Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again

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Experience on Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, and What It Can Do

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Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work

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Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making

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The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure

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Frenemies: The Epic Disruption of the Ad Business

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Open: The Story of Human Progress

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Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet Against Democracy

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The Platinum Age of Television: From I Love Lucy to the Walking Dead, How TV Became Terrific

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Tech Titans of China: How China's Tech Sector Is Challenging the World by Innovating Faster, Working Harder, and Going Global

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Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems

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Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing

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New Power: How Power Works in Our Hyperconnected World--And How to Make It Work for You

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Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military

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Talk to Me: How Voice Computing Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Think

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The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot

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Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman's OpenAI

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Big Business: A Love Letter to an American Anti-Hero

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The Revolution That Wasn't: GameStop, Reddit, and the Fleecing of Small Investors

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We're Not Broken: Changing the Autism Conversation

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My Friend Anna: The True Story of a Fake Heiress

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Deadly Quiet City: True Stories From Wuhan

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Paper Girl: A Memoir of Home and Family in a Fractured America

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AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications

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The Ones We've Been Waiting For: How a New Generation of Leaders Will Transform America

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Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World

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We Need New Stories: Challenging the Toxic Myths Behind Our Age of Discontent

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Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America's Future

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Humankind: A Hopeful History

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The World as It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House

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The Truth About Lies: The Illusion of Honesty and the Evolution of Deceit

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System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot

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Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World

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Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy

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The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America

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The Unknowers: How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World

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Kleptopia: How Dirty Money Is Conquering the World

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Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason

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Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber

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The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President

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Beyond: The Astonishing Story of the First Human to Leave Our Planet and Journey Into Space

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Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House

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Men Who Hate Women: From Incels to Pickup Artists, the Truth About Extreme Misogyny and How It Affects Us All

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Fall Out: A Year of Political Mayhem

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Amazon Unbound: Jeff Bezos and the Invention of a Global Empire

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Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future

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How to Be Right: In a World Gone Wrong

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Picnic Comma Lightning: In Search of a New Reality

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Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now

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The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything

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Tailspin: The People and Forces Behind America's Fifty-Year Fall--And Those Fighting to Reverse It

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#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media

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Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know

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Duped: Double Lives, False Identities, and the Con Man I Almost Married

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Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Storming of the Presidency

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Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping

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The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder

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Culture Warlords: My Journey Into the Dark Web of White Supremacy

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The Plague Year: America in the Time of Covid

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Trumpocalypse: Restoring American Democracy

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Samsung Rising: The Inside Story of the South Korean Giant That Set Out to Beat Apple and Conquer Tech

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Vaxxers: The Inside Story of the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine and the Race Against the Virus

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by William Davies  · 28 Sep 2020  · 210pp  · 65,833 words

Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America

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The Identity Trap: A Story of Ideas and Power in Our Time

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Money Men: A Hot Startup, a Billion Dollar Fraud, a Fight for the Truth

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There's a War Going on but No One Can See It

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Who’s Raising the Kids?: Big Tech, Big Business, and the Lives of Children

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A Hacker's Mind: How the Powerful Bend Society's Rules, and How to Bend Them Back

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The Disappearing Act

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Merchants of the Right: Gun Sellers and the Crisis of American Democracy

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Win Every Argument: The Art of Debating, Persuading, and Public Speaking

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Black Pill: How I Witnessed the Darkest Corners of the Internet Come to Life, Poison Society, and Capture American Politics

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The Great Wave: The Era of Radical Disruption and the Rise of the Outsider

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Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles--And All of US

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Superbloom: How Technologies of Connection Tear Us Apart

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The Science of Hate: How Prejudice Becomes Hate and What We Can Do to Stop It

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Careless People: A Cautionary Tale of Power, Greed, and Lost Idealism

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Blank Space: A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century

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How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason

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The Quiet Damage: QAnon and the Destruction of the American Family

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The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth

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The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power

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The Laundromat : Inside the Panama Papers, Illicit Money Networks, and the Global Elite

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Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks From the Stone Age to AI

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Homeland: The War on Terror in American Life

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Wanderers: A Novel

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The Contrarian: Peter Thiel and Silicon Valley's Pursuit of Power

by Max Chafkin  · 14 Sep 2021  · 524pp  · 130,909 words

Technically Wrong: Sexist Apps, Biased Algorithms, and Other Threats of Toxic Tech

by Sara Wachter-Boettcher  · 9 Oct 2017  · 223pp  · 60,909 words

Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters

by Steven Pinker  · 14 Oct 2021  · 533pp  · 125,495 words

Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order

by Colin Kahl and Thomas Wright  · 23 Aug 2021  · 652pp  · 172,428 words

The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent

by Ben Shapiro  · 26 Jul 2021  · 309pp  · 81,243 words

A Bit of a Stretch: The Diaries of a Prisoner

by Chris Atkins  · 6 Feb 2020  · 335pp  · 98,847 words

Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections

by Mollie Hemingway  · 11 Oct 2021  · 595pp  · 143,394 words

Traffic: Genius, Rivalry, and Delusion in the Billion-Dollar Race to Go Viral

by Ben Smith  · 2 May 2023

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It

by Azeem Azhar  · 6 Sep 2021  · 447pp  · 111,991 words

Competition Overdose: How Free Market Mythology Transformed Us From Citizen Kings to Market Servants

by Maurice E. Stucke and Ariel Ezrachi  · 14 May 2020  · 511pp  · 132,682 words

No Filter: The Inside Story of Instagram

by Sarah Frier  · 13 Apr 2020  · 484pp  · 114,613 words

Nobody's Fool: Why We Get Taken in and What We Can Do About It

by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris  · 10 Jul 2023  · 338pp  · 104,815 words

The Future Is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies Are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives

by Peter H. Diamandis and Steven Kotler  · 28 Jan 2020  · 501pp  · 114,888 words

The Controlled Demolition of the American Empire

by Jeff Berwick and Charlie Robinson  · 14 Apr 2020  · 491pp  · 141,690 words

We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, the Internet's Culture Laboratory

by Christine Lagorio-Chafkin  · 1 Oct 2018

The Twittering Machine

by Richard Seymour  · 20 Aug 2019  · 297pp  · 83,651 words

The Lonely Century: How Isolation Imperils Our Future

by Noreena Hertz  · 13 May 2020  · 506pp  · 133,134 words

Hate Inc.: Why Today’s Media Makes Us Despise One Another

by Matt Taibbi  · 7 Oct 2019  · 357pp  · 99,456 words

Can It Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America

by Cass R. Sunstein  · 6 Mar 2018  · 434pp  · 117,327 words

Spooked: The Trump Dossier, Black Cube, and the Rise of Private Spies

by Barry Meier  · 17 May 2021  · 319pp  · 89,192 words

How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age

by Andrew Keen  · 1 Mar 2018  · 308pp  · 85,880 words

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism

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Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe

by Roger McNamee  · 1 Jan 2019  · 382pp  · 105,819 words

Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World

by Clive Thompson  · 26 Mar 2019  · 499pp  · 144,278 words

Nerds on Wall Street: Math, Machines and Wired Markets

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Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest

by Zeynep Tufekci  · 14 May 2017  · 444pp  · 130,646 words

Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare

by Thomas Rid

No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need

by Naomi Klein  · 12 Jun 2017  · 357pp  · 94,852 words

Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History

by Kurt Andersen  · 4 Sep 2017  · 522pp  · 162,310 words

The Great Firewall of China

by James Griffiths;  · 15 Jan 2018  · 453pp  · 114,250 words

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists

by Julia Ebner  · 20 Feb 2020  · 309pp  · 79,414 words

Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media

by Tarleton Gillespie  · 25 Jun 2018  · 390pp  · 109,519 words

The Internet Trap: How the Digital Economy Builds Monopolies and Undermines Democracy

by Matthew Hindman  · 24 Sep 2018

The Data Detective: Ten Easy Rules to Make Sense of Statistics

by Tim Harford  · 2 Feb 2021  · 428pp  · 103,544 words

An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination

by Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang  · 12 Jul 2021  · 372pp  · 100,947 words

WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us

by Tim O'Reilly  · 9 Oct 2017  · 561pp  · 157,589 words

Hiding in Plain Sight: The Invention of Donald Trump and the Erosion of America

by Sarah Kendzior  · 6 Apr 2020

The Four: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google Divided and Conquered the World

by Scott Galloway  · 2 Oct 2017  · 305pp  · 79,303 words

The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It

by Yascha Mounk  · 15 Feb 2018  · 497pp  · 123,778 words

The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics

by Ben Buchanan  · 25 Feb 2020  · 443pp  · 116,832 words

Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth

by Stuart Ritchie  · 20 Jul 2020

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News

by Eliot Higgins  · 2 Mar 2021  · 277pp  · 70,506 words

Calling Bullshit: The Art of Scepticism in a Data-Driven World

by Jevin D. West and Carl T. Bergstrom  · 3 Aug 2020

Democracy for Sale: Dark Money and Dirty Politics

by Peter Geoghegan  · 2 Jan 2020  · 388pp  · 111,099 words

Reset

by Ronald J. Deibert  · 14 Aug 2020

Chokepoint Capitalism

by Rebecca Giblin and Cory Doctorow  · 26 Sep 2022  · 396pp  · 113,613 words

You've Been Played: How Corporations, Governments, and Schools Use Games to Control Us All

by Adrian Hon  · 14 Sep 2022  · 371pp  · 107,141 words

How to Stand Up to a Dictator

by Maria Ressa  · 19 Oct 2022

Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech

by Jamie Susskind  · 3 Sep 2018  · 533pp

Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought A. I. To Google, Facebook, and the World

by Cade Metz  · 15 Mar 2021  · 414pp  · 109,622 words

The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age

by David E. Sanger  · 18 Jun 2018  · 394pp  · 117,982 words

Fantasyland

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Off the Edge: Flat Earthers, Conspiracy Culture, and Why People Will Believe Anything

by Kelly Weill  · 22 Feb 2022

Dawn of the Code War: America's Battle Against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat

by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff  · 15 Oct 2018  · 568pp  · 164,014 words

Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events

by Robert J. Shiller  · 14 Oct 2019  · 611pp  · 130,419 words

They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy

by Lawrence Lessig  · 5 Nov 2019  · 404pp  · 115,108 words

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI

by Frank Pasquale  · 14 May 2020  · 1,172pp  · 114,305 words

Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology

by Anu Bradford  · 25 Sep 2023  · 898pp  · 236,779 words

Flowers of Fire: The Inside Story of South Korea's Feminist Movement and What It Means for Women's Rights Worldwide

by Hawon Jung  · 21 Mar 2023  · 401pp  · 112,589 words

Pandemic, Inc.: Chasing the Capitalists and Thieves Who Got Rich While We Got Sick

by J. David McSwane  · 11 Apr 2022  · 368pp  · 102,379 words

Battle for the Bird: Jack Dorsey, Elon Musk, and the $44 Billion Fight for Twitter's Soul

by Kurt Wagner  · 20 Feb 2024  · 332pp  · 127,754 words

Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now

by Alan Rusbridger  · 14 Oct 2018  · 579pp  · 160,351 words

The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How Social Media Rewired Our Minds and Our World

by Max Fisher  · 5 Sep 2022  · 439pp  · 131,081 words

Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination

by Mark Bergen  · 5 Sep 2022  · 642pp  · 141,888 words

The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump

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Sandy Hook: An American Tragedy and the Battle for Truth

by Elizabeth Williamson  · 8 Mar 2022  · 574pp  · 148,233 words

Targeted: The Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower's Inside Story of How Big Data, Trump, and Facebook Broke Democracy and How It Can Happen Again

by Brittany Kaiser  · 21 Oct 2019  · 391pp  · 123,597 words

The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health--And How We Must Adapt

by Sinan Aral  · 14 Sep 2020  · 475pp  · 134,707 words

Merchants of Truth: The Business of News and the Fight for Facts

by Jill Abramson  · 5 Feb 2019  · 788pp  · 223,004 words

Facebook: The Inside Story

by Steven Levy  · 25 Feb 2020  · 706pp  · 202,591 words

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media

by Peter Warren Singer and Emerson T. Brooking  · 15 Mar 2018

Four Battlegrounds

by Paul Scharre  · 18 Jan 2023