by Jacob Siegel · 24 Mar 2026 · 348pp · 103,246 words
not make decisions. Computers had not demanded the eradication of national borders or the construction of a single global marketplace. The claim that information required financial deregulation and unfettered access to goods and labor did not come from machines. It was an ideology that served a particular constituency—knowledge-class professionals and
by George R. Tyler · 15 Jul 2013 · 772pp · 203,182 words
a lesser degree) Bill Clinton. Not until the election of President Obama was an effort made to address at least some symptoms of Reaganomics like financial deregulation. But why would Americans make these earlier economically harmful choices? Part of the answer rests with the nature of economic information. Economic results are slow
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2011.80 The reality is that the discipline of market forces has proven no match for the practices that have proliferated in the wake of financial deregulation. Alan Greenspan called Wall Street bankers who exploited deregulation to conjure new financial products like subprime mortgages “pollinating bees” in his 2009 book, Age of
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with high-income equality experienced higher average rates of economic growth by avoiding disruptions such as credit crises that are precipitated when economic elites achieve financial deregulation.31 In family capitalism countries, gains from trade and economic growth are widely distributed. They met the challenges of globalization and technology change by opening
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credit to the private sector surpasses 110 percent of GDP.”17 Iceland, the United States, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom were adoptees of financial deregulation—and each has struggled to attain solid growth in the years since unharnessing the financial sector. Their conclusion that growth suffers from bloated financial sectors
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Friedman of Harvard has concluded, “Overmighty finance levies a tithe on growth.”19 Finance Deregulation Reduced Productivity These analyses form the weight of evidence that financial deregulation, when coupled with the other features of Reaganomics such as short-termism, account for the drop in American productivity growth rates. It would be strange
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, Angela (Virginia Commonwealth University), 22, 136, 272 de Neubourg, Chris, 403–06 Deregulation, 25, 28, 35, 65-66, 72, 75, 82, 85, 119, 149, 219 financial deregulation reduced productivity, 385–86 savings and loan banks of, 75 Desplatz, Rozenn (economist), 342 Detert, Neal (economist), 394 Dew-Becker, Ian (economist), 234, 260, 272
by Marc Levinson · 31 Jul 2016 · 409pp · 118,448 words
no longer did so.28 One cause of this disappointment was what sociologist Greta Krippner refers to as “financialization.” As she argues, a combination of financial deregulation and high interest rates made it sensible for businesses to focus on making money from money in the rapidly expanding credit markets. This shift “took
by Nicholas Lemann · 9 Sep 2019 · 354pp · 118,970 words
and loan industry, which had lost its ability to attract deposits at its old modest interest rates, persuaded Congress to pass a major piece of financial deregulation, permitting it to acquire deposits in nontraditional ways, to offer adjustable-rate mortgages, and to make new and riskier kinds of investments—all while retaining
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masse, and he was replaced by a savings and loan lobbyist. One of the few members of Congress who was consistently and loudly skeptical of financial deregulation was James Leach, a moderate Republican from Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Leach was the grandson of a small-town banker who had also served as state
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about was the impeachment drama that took up much of the last three years of his presidency. In a sense this was collateral damage from financial deregulation, since it had all begun with an investigation of a typically risky real estate investment, called Whitewater, made by an Arkansas savings and loan that
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when George W. Bush became president, there was no sense among the members of his economic team that the Clinton administration had overdone it on financial deregulation. Alan Greenspan, reappointed by Clinton for a second time toward the end of his term, was at the height of his prestige, held in awe
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fixed interest rates. The homeowner would make identical monthly payments to the lender until the loan was retired. Now, after more than two decades of financial deregulation, local savings and loans were disappearing, and most new mortgages were made at low initial rates that rose steeply after two years. The new growth
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people who had their hands on the levers of finance, such views were probably atypical. Rubin and Summers remained stout defenders of their roles in financial deregulation. Just after Obama took office, Brooksley Born was invited to a small White House dinner to discuss how to respond to the financial crisis; there
by Binyamin Appelbaum · 4 Sep 2019 · 614pp · 174,226 words
supply, velocity began to jump around. Ironically, the stability Friedman had taken for granted was undermined by the unwinding of rules he regarded as unnecessary: financial deregulation was shifting patterns of money use. The instability meant Friedman had overstated the central bank’s power to influence economic conditions. It also meant that
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restrictions in 1974 and encouraged other nations to follow its example. The interaction of Reagan’s tax cuts, the Fed’s monetarism, floating rates, and financial deregulation sent the dollar up, up, and away.73 Imports flooded into the United States, creating a windfall for American consumers and a disaster for domestic
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they will be able to buy the promised grain at a lower price than the price at which they have agreed to sell it. As financial deregulation opened new markets, and created new risks, financial engineers created new kinds of derivatives — as insurance against those risks and as new opportunities for gambling
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electricity.85 Fish, tourism, and aluminum — that was the economy until the 1980s, when Iceland discovered Milton Friedman. Over the next two decades, Iceland embraced financial deregulation as fully as any country ever has done. One economist described the boom that followed as “the most rapid expansion of a banking system in
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a disruption in trading that the Fed had issued a formal denial. 60. Volcker and Gyohten, Changing Fortunes, 170. 61. The pain was exacerbated by financial deregulation, a story told in full color in chapter 10. In previous recessions, the Fed had removed the proverbial punch bowl by driving interest rates above
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,” July 1993, G-30, Washington, D.C. The episode deserves to be placed on the scales in weighing Volcker’s reputation as an opponent of financial deregulation. 20. Tett, Fool’s Gold, 30. 21. Teri Sforza, “We’re Out! Orange County Pays Final Bankruptcy Bill,” Orange County Register, June 30, 2017. 22
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year after the Big Bang, one quarter of the 300 members of the exchange came under foreign ownership. 50. Julia Tanndal and Daniel Waldenstrom, “Does Financial Deregulation Boost Top Incomes? Evidence from the Big Bang,” Economica 85, no. 338 (2018). 51. Jesse Eisinger, “London Banks, Falling Down,” Portfolio, August 1, 2008. 52
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, Institute for Fiscal Studies. 53. Deregulation increased by about 20 percent the share of income delivered to the top 10 percent of the British population. Financial deregulation in Japan in the 1990s yielded a similar result. The sale of British firms to foreign investors provided an immediate windfall for London’s bankers
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. The eventual effect on income inequality was about the same as cutting the top income tax rate by 30 percent. See Tanndal and Waldenstrom, “Does Financial Deregulation Boost Top Incomes?,” 232–65. 54. Binyamin Appelbaum, “As Subprime Lending Crisis Unfolded, Watchdog Fed Didn’t Bother Barking,” Washington Post, September 27, 2009. 55
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, ref2 Federal Aviation Administration, ref1, ref2, ref3 Federal Reserve Bank: creation of, ref1; economists in leadership of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; and financial deregulation, ref1, ref2, ref3; Milton Friedman on, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5; and inflation target, ref1, ref2, ref3; and interest rates, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
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. Congress: and airline deregulation, ref1; on anticompetitive practices, ref2, ref3; economic information used by, ref4; and economic regulation, ref5, ref6; on economists, ref7, ref8; and financial deregulation, ref9; and military draft, ref10, ref11, ref12; military funding of, ref13, ref14; and monetarism, ref15, ref16; and taxation, ref17, ref18; and trucking deregulation, ref19; and
by Paul Krugman · 30 Apr 2012 · 267pp · 71,123 words
Reagan signed, the Garn–St. Germain Act, which Reagan described at the signing ceremony as “the first step in our administration’s comprehensive program of financial deregulation.” Its principal purpose was to help solve the problems of the thrift (savings and loan) industry, which had gotten into trouble after inflation rose in
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of 2008, movers and shakers insisted, as Greenspan did in the quotation that opened this chapter, that all was well. Moreover, they routinely claimed that financial deregulation had led to greatly improved overall economic performance. To this day it’s common to hear assertions like this one from Eugene Fama, a famous
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rise in income under deregulation, achieved mainly though longer working hours rather than higher wages. For a small but influential minority, however, the era of financial deregulation and growing debt was indeed a time of extraordinary income growth. And that, surely, is an important reason so few were willing to listen to
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point here as well. I noted at the end of chapter 4 that even before the crisis of 2008 it was hard to see why financial deregulation was considered a success story. The savings and loan mess had provided an expensive demonstration of how deregulated bankers could run wild; there had been
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economic triumph. In the preceding chapter I observed that Eugene Fama, a celebrated finance theorist at the University of Chicago, declared that the era since financial deregulation began has been one of “extraordinary growth,” when it has in fact been nothing of the sort. What might have led Fama to believe that
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-adjusted dollars. One is average family income—total income divided by the number of families. Even this measure shows no hint of “extraordinary growth” following financial deregulation. In fact, growth was faster before 1980 than after. The second shows median family income—the income of the typical family, with income higher than
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just how well people at the top—in this case, the “1 percent” made famous by Occupy Wall Street—actually did. For them growth since financial deregulation has indeed been extraordinary; their incomes adjusted for inflation fluctuated with the rise and fall of the stock market, but more or less quadrupled since
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contributions to the economy as a whole. But why should those incomes have skyrocketed beginning around 1980? Part of the explanation surely rests with the financial deregulation I discussed in chapter 4. The tightly regulated financial markets that characterized America between the 1930s and the 1970s didn’t offer the opportunities for
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—a relaxation of the “outrage constraint”—that played a significant role in the sudden surge of top incomes. And the same rightward turn led to financial deregulation and the failure to regulate new forms of banking, which as we saw in chapter 4 did a lot to set the stage for crisis
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in the United States remained strong despite growing inequality, and far from rising, personal saving was on a long downward trend during the era of financial deregulation and rising inequality. A better case can be made for the opposite proposition—that rising inequality has led to too much consumption rather than too
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rising inequality to the depression we’re in was and is political. When we ask why policy makers were so blind to the risks of financial deregulation—and, since 2008, why they have been so blind to the risks of an inadequate response to the economic slump—it’s hard not to
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directors of UBS, another financial giant. But let’s not make this a partisan thing. Democrats also supported the repeal of Glass-Steagall and of financial deregulation in general. The key figure in the decision to support Gramm’s initiative was Robert Rubin, who was Treasury secretary at the time. Before entering
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extent to which economists have been part of the problem, not part of the solution. Many, though not all, leading economists argued in favor of financial deregulation even as it made the economy ever more vulnerable to crisis. Then, when crisis struck, all too many famous economists argued, fiercely and ignorantly, against
by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and William Greider · 9 Jan 2009 · 278pp · 82,069 words
D I T O R S O F T H E N AT I O N November 15, 1999 Although wall street has pushed for financial deregulation for two decades, it was last year’s merger of Citicorp and Travelers that set the stage for Congress’s effective revocation of the Glass
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Street” would cheer a Summers appointment for the same reason the rest of us should fear it: because traders will assume that Summers, champion of financial deregulation under Clinton, will offer a transition from Henry Paulson so smooth we will barely know it happened. Someone like FDIC chair Sheila Bair, on the
by Josh Ryan-Collins, Toby Lloyd and Laurie Macfarlane · 28 Feb 2017 · 346pp · 90,371 words
would be able to evict their tenants at will, without having to show grounds, and tenancies could be as short as six months. Meanwhile, further financial deregulation drove a greater allocation of credit to house purchases, fuelling a new house price boom (see Chapter 5) that would burst spectacularly in 1990 when
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.1 Introduction In the last two chapters we have seen how a combination of ill-thought-out housing policy, changes in welfare and taxation and financial deregulation have resulted in land and housing in the UK becoming ‘financialised’. In this chapter we explore how this has interacted with two other key economic
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has originated from windfalls resulting from exclusive control of a scarce natural resource in the face of rising demand from economic development, population growth and financial deregulation. As discussed in Chapter 3, the classical economists would have viewed this as an accumulation of unearned economic rent; a transfer of wealth from the
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, by extending credit. The ability of banks to create new money in the form of loans, which has been greatly enhanced following successive waves of financial deregulation, plays a key role in facilitating leverage in the economy. This may in part explain why the profitability of the financial sector has expanded so
by Ian Goldin and Mike Mariathasan · 15 Mar 2014 · 414pp · 101,285 words
also stock markets Estonia, cyberattacks on, 114, 116 Esty, Daniel C., 139 Europe: air travel in, 15–16, 17f, 205; energy supply networks in, 110; financial deregulation in, 50, 62; transportation infrastructure in, 104 European Aviation Safety Agency, 205 European Central Bank (ECB), 56, 59–60, 63 European Commission, 189 European Parliament
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and, 192 United Kingdom: airports in, 104; corporate taxes in, 205; defense spending of, 214; effects of Icelandic financial crisis, 38, 50; exports of, 74f; financial deregulation in, 49; financial sector of, 50; Independence Party, 200; Scottish independence referendum, 200; transportation infrastructure in, 104 U.K. Manufacturers’ Organisation (EEF), 91 United Nations
by Manuel Castells · 31 Aug 1996 · 843pp · 223,858 words
market, after Chicago, was established in London in 1982. France followed, setting up its own futures exchange, MATIF, in 1986. Germany remained more cautious about financial deregulation, although cross-border capital controls were eliminated in 1981. The Asian financial markets, particularly Hong Kong and Singapore, took advantage of their loosely regulated environment
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