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by Michael Easter · 25 Sep 2023 · 318pp · 95,383 words
the reality is this: we’re usually too blinded by our spotlight to stare at anyone else’s. There’s also what psychologists call the “fundamental attribution error.” It’s how we attribute other people’s actions to their character but attribute our actions to factors outside our control. When someone else is
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a dumb argument. I wasn’t backing down. She wasn’t backing down. It was as if we were both sipping strong cocktails of the fundamental attribution error, overconfidence effect, and naive cynicism. During the stalemate, I vented to this friend. I explained to him in agonizing detail why I was right, why
If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Happy?
by Raj Raghunathan · 25 Apr 2016 · 505pp · 127,542 words
Foremost Relationship Expert (New York: Harmony, 2015). found in a set of studies: R. Raghunathan, and E. J. Han, “Default Social Cynicism: Asymmetries in the Fundamental Attribution Error,” working paper, University of Texas at Austin, 2014. Interpersonal Trust Scale: The items in the scale have been adapted from J. Rotter, “A New Scale
Uncomfortably Off: Why the Top 10% of Earners Should Care About Inequality
by Marcos González Hernando and Gerry Mitchell · 23 May 2023
. We apply to them an ‘individualising lens’ – the exact opposite of our approach to others’ successes and our own failures. This is known as the ‘fundamental attribution error’.26 In countries where levels of inequality are increasing, people become less aware and less concerned about the issue, which affects how and the extent
Why Buddhism is True
by Robert Wright
Samaritan didn’t increase the chances of being a Good Samaritan. This experiment fits into a large body of psychological literature about something called “the fundamental attribution error.” The word attribution refers to the tendency to explain people’s behavior in terms of either “dispositional” factors—in other words, the kind of person
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tend to underestimate the role of situation and overestimate the role of disposition. In other words, we’re biased in favor of essence. The term fundamental attribution error was coined in 1977 by the psychologist Lee D. Ross, and its implications can be disorienting. For example, it’s common to think of criminals
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consistently like clergy and that induce criminals to look, act, feel, and think like criminals.” The philosopher Gilbert Harman, after reviewing the literature on the fundamental attribution error, raised questions about the very existence of such character traits as honesty, benevolence, and friendliness. “Since it is possible to explain our ordinary belief in
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’t the “real me” who did the bad thing. But with other people, I’m less likely to ponder that possibility. That’s what the fundamental attribution error is: I attribute their behavior to disposition, not situation; I locate the badness in them, not in environmental factors. Why would the human mind be
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seem to have a mechanism designed to deal with this particular threat. You might call it the essence-preservation mechanism. It turns out that the fundamental attribution error—the tendency to overestimate the role of disposition and underestimate the role of situation—isn’t quite as simple as psychologists originally thought. Sometimes we
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’s Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom. New Harbinger Publications. Harman, Gilbert. 1999. “Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the Fundamental Attribution Error.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 99: 315–31, new series. Harris, Dan. 2014. 10% Happier: How I Tamed the Voice in My Head, Reduced Stress
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Aspects of Mate Attraction in Human Males.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29: 393–404. Sabini, John, Michael Siepmann, and Julia Stein. 2001. “The Really Fundamental Attribution Error in Social Psychological Research.” Psychological Inquiry 12(1): 1–15. Salzberg, Sharon. 2002. Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness. Shambhala Classics. ———. 2003. Faith: Trusting Your
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, 292n Four Foundations of Mindfulness, The, 12, 52–53 Four Noble Truths, 190, 209, 271 Freud, Sigmund, 133 friends, 124, 178, 179 frustration, 44, 46 fundamental attribution error, 176–78, 179–81 fusiform gyrus, 154 future, 108 Gazzaniga, Michael, 78, 79, 88–89, 94, 109, 110 genetics, 3–4, 7, 9, 29, 33
Stocks for the Long Run 5/E: the Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns & Long-Term Investment Strategies
by Jeremy Siegel · 7 Jan 2014 · 517pp · 139,477 words
), pp. 552-564. 13. A. H. Hastorf, D. J. Schneider, and J. Polefka, Person Perception, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1970. This is also called the Fundamental Attribution Error. 14. For reference to a model that incorporates success as a source of overconfidence, see Simon Gervais and Terrance Odean, “Learning to Be Overconfident,” Review
Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age
by Clay Shirky · 9 Jun 2010 · 236pp · 66,081 words
to innate character rather than to local context runs deep. It runs so deep, in fact, that psychologists have a name for it: the fundamental attribution error. The fundamental attribution error is at work when we explain our own behavior in terms of the constraints on us (“I didn’t stop to help the stranded driver
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same behavior in others to their character (“He didn’t stop to help the stranded driver because he’s selfish”). Similarly, we fell into the fundamental attribution error when we thought Gen Xers weren’t working hard because they were lazy. Theories of generational difference make sense if they are expressed as theories
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to lose from experimentation. To understand why people are spending so much time and energy exploring new forms of connection, you have to overcome the fundamental attribution error and extend to other people the set of explanations that you use to describe your own behavior: you respond to new opportunities, and so does
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we would have happily behaved that way if we’d had the chance). The generational explanations of Napster’s success fall apart because of the fundamental attribution error. The recording industry made that error when it became convinced that young people were willing to share because their generation was morally inferior (a complaint
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music could now be shared like thoughts rather than like objects. People who hailed Napster as evidence of a communitarian generation were also making a fundamental attribution error, mistaking a new behavior for a change in human nature rather than a change in opportunity. Young people using Napster weren’t inherently more community
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’s Soma experiment and industrialization and making and sharing and opportunities for combining as social asset television viewing and French Impressionist painters Frey, Bruno Friendster fundamental attribution error Gabriel, Shira garbage pick-up generational difference generosity See also sharing Geocities Gleyre, Charles global availability of information global organization Gneezy, Uri Goette, Lorenz governance
The 9/11 Wars
by Jason Burke · 1 Sep 2011 · 885pp · 271,563 words
Muslim holy place by other Muslims.70 The problem with this highly ideological vision of the Long War was that it perpetuated one of the fundamental attribution errors that had underpinned the conceptualization and execution of the entire ‘Global War on Terrorism’. Men like Abizaid within the military may have instinctively sensed that
Unhealthy societies: the afflictions of inequality
by Richard G. Wilkinson · 19 Nov 1996 · 268pp · 89,761 words
tendency—mentioned earlier—to see social institutions as if they were expressions of human nature seems to be supported by what has been called ‘the fundamental attribution error’. This is a systematic tendency noted by social psychologists for people to underestimate the impact of external situational factors and to overestimate the role of
The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
by Joseph Henrich · 7 Sep 2020 · 796pp · 223,275 words
and do a range of mental gymnastics to relieve their discomfort. Second, dispositional thinking also influences how we judge others. Psychologists label this phenomenon the Fundamental Attribution Error, though it’s clearly not that fundamental; it’s WEIRD. In general, WEIRD people are particularly biased to attribute actions or behavioral patterns to what
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are so much more likely than others to impute the causes of someone’s behavior to their personal dispositions over their contexts and relationships (the Fundamental Attribution Error), and why they are so uncomfortable with their own personal inconsistencies (Cognitive Dissonance). Reacting to this culturally constructed worldview, WEIRD people are forever seeking their
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states, beliefs, feelings, and dispositions. In one battery of studies, Cohen and his collaborators showed that Protestants are more inclined than Catholics to make the Fundamental Attribution Error—that tendency of WEIRD people to focus on others’ internal dispositions over obvious contextual factors when judging them. Cohen’s team makes the case, through
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; see also rice cultivation food sharing formal institutions France Franciscan Order Francois, Patrick Franklin, Benjamin Frederick the Great (King) free riders free will Fujiwara, Thomas Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Gächter, Simon Galileo ≠Gao!na GDP, see Gross Domestic Product Geertz, Clifford Gelfand, Michele gender equality
Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking
by Richard E. Nisbett · 17 Aug 2015 · 397pp · 109,631 words
mistakes in assessing why it is that people—including ourselves—believe particular things and behave in particular ways. But it’s possible to overcome this “fundamental attribution error” to a degree. Finally, psychologists have increasingly come to recognize the importance of the unconscious mind, which registers vastly more environmental information than the conscious
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role of personal dispositions is, I believe, the most pervasive and consequential inferential mistake we make. The social psychologist Lee Ross has labeled this the fundamental attribution error. As it happens, there are big cultural differences in propensity to make this error. This fact offers the hope that people in more susceptible cultures
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may be able to overcome the error to some degree. The Fundamental Attribution Error Bill Gates is the richest person in the world. At the ripe old age of nineteen, Gates dropped out of Harvard to start Microsoft, and
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astute questions my colleagues asked in the final oral examinations of PhD candidates—and usually somewhat disappointed by my students’ less than trenchant answers! The fundamental attribution error gets us in trouble constantly. We trust people we ought not to, we avoid people who really are perfectly nice, we hire people who are
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. We’re much less likely to recognize the situational factors other people are responding to, and we’re consequently much more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error when judging them—seeing dispositional factors as the main or sole explanation for the behavior. If you ask a young man why he dates the
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ignore—important aspects of my situation. So there are few constraints on your inclination to attribute my behavior to my personality. Culture, Context, and the Fundamental Attribution Error People who grew up in Western culture tend to have considerable scope and autonomy in their lives. They can often pursue their interests while paying
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in terms of the person’s dispositions—ignoring the fact that others behaved in the same way in the situation. Easterners are susceptible to the fundamental attribution error, just not as susceptible as Westerners. For example, in a study similar to the one by Jones and Harris demonstrating that people tend to assume
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men and the elephant, and try to force yourself to believe you’re one of those blind men. Note that the interview illusion and the fundamental attribution error (FAE) are cut from the same cloth, and both are amplified by our failure to pay sufficient attention to the quantity of evidence that we
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large numbers applies to events that are hard to attach a number to just as much as to events that can readily be coded. The fundamental attribution error is primarily due to our tendency to ignore situational factors, but this is compounded by our failure to recognize that a brief exposure to a
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bead on someone’s traits by observing their behavior in a single situation that taps that trait. This mistake is part and parcel of the fundamental attribution error, compounded by our failure to recognize that the law of large numbers applies to personality estimates just as it does to ability estimates. We think
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alert us to the possibility that our predictions about that kind of behavior are particularly susceptible to error. Reminding ourselves of the concept of the fundamental attribution error may help us to realize that we may be overgeneralizing. PART IV EXPERIMENTS Inquiry is fatal to certainty. —Will Durant, philosopher Institutions increasingly rely on
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’t constitute abstract blueprints for reasoning but are merely empirical principles that facilitate correct solutions to a broad range of everyday problems. These include the fundamental attribution error, the generalization that actors and observers tend to explain behavior differently, loss aversion, the status quo bias, the principle that some choice architectures are generally
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of emergence, are widely applicable but don’t rest on formal logic. Still others are merely empirical generalizations of great practical utility, such as the fundamental attribution error. 14. Dialectical Reasoning The most striking difference between the traditions at the two ends of the civilized world is in the destiny of logic. For
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insistence on attributing human behavior to a person’s enduring dispositions rather than to situational factors—the fundamental attribution error—is directly traceable to Greek metaphysics. One of the clearest examples of the damage done by the fundamental attribution error has to do with Western (mis)understanding of some important influences on intelligence and academic achievement
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reasoning and skeptical about too much reliance on formal analytic procedures. The book has emphasized the importance of paying attention to context (thereby combatting the fundamental attribution error), the likelihood of variability and change in processes and in individuals (weakening susceptibility to the interview illusion), the fact that the attributes of objects and
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his child at the big-box store. He must have an angry and cruel streak that we hadn’t previously seen. The representativeness heuristic, the fundamental attribution error, and the belief in the “law” of small numbers aid and abet one another in producing such theories willy-nilly. Once generated, evidence that should
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. Darley and Batson, “From Jerusalem to Jericho: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior.” 4. Pietromonaco and Nisbett, “Swimming Upstream Against the Fundamental Attribution Error: Subjects’ Weak Generalizations from the Darley and Batson Study.” 5. Humphrey, “How Work Roles Influence Perception: Structural-Cognitive Processes and Organizational Behavior.” 6. Triplett, “The
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Norms and Student Alcohol Misuse.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 66 (2005): 470–78. Pietromonaco, Paula R., and Richard E. Nisbett. “Swimming Upstream Against the Fundamental Attribution Error: Subjects’ Weak Generalizations from the Darley and Batson Study.” Social Behavior and Personality 10 (1982): 1–4. Polanyi, Michael. Personal Knowledge: Toward a Post-Critical
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El Paso (Texas) emergence empiricism endowment effect England English language Enlightenment Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) epidemiology epiphenomena epistemology Equal Employment Opportunity Commission error; attribution, see fundamental attribution error; causal-hypothesis; converse; inverse; measurement; observational; overgeneralization; post hoc ergo propter hoc; representativeness, see representativeness heuristic error variance estimates; economic; of human behavior; inaccurate; of
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, James focus groups Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Ford, Henry Ford Motor Company Fox News framing France Franklin, Benjamin French language Freud, Sigmund Fryer, Roland fundamental attribution error (FAE); culture, context, and; interview illusion and; personality estimates and Galileo Gallup polls Gates, Bill generalizations, empirical General Motors genetics Geography of Thought (Nisbett) Germany
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Infants’ Exposure to Germs Linked to Lower Allergy Risk (Canadian TV News) inference; causal; logic and; overestimation of role of personal dispositions due to, see fundamental attribution error; postmodernist view of; reasoning schemas in determining validity of; rules of; sample size in; statistical; unconscious processes in institutional choice Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Simon, Herbert Siroker, Dan Skinner, B. F. Smith, Adam social conflict social desirability bias social facilitation effect social psychology; context in; experiments in; founding of; fundamental attribution error in; microeconomics and; in political campaigns; reality in; social influence in Social Security Social Text Socrates Socratic dialogue Sokal, Alan South Carolina Soviet Union Speed
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