by Carissa Véliz · 21 Apr 2026 · 503pp · 129,255 words
me is to side with companies. If I were to write about how wonderful the theft of personal data is, how innovative the exploitation of gig workers, and how safe and reliable generative AI is, I’d stand an excellent chance of being cited by Google, Microsoft, OpenAI, and the like. My
by Jamie Woodcock and Mark Graham · 17 Jan 2020 · 207pp · 59,298 words
important to understand both the histories and futures of this emerging – and increasingly normalized – model of work. The gig economy naturally has immediate effects on gig workers, but as it develops it will affect work more broadly in profound ways. The rise of the ‘gig economy’ has become symbolic of the way
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in the value chains of work, than a single one is. Yet, in most countries, the existing trade union movement lacks effective strategies to organize gig workers. As there are an increasing number of workers finding employment through platforms, the relative lack of collective voice for platform workers poses important questions about
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– providing an account of the development, debates and operation of the gig economy. These themes are then further explored by looking at the experience of gig workers themselves, as well as considering emerging forms of resistance and pathways towards less exploitative forms of work. Why did we write this book? Both authors
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size of the market or the number of workers is extremely difficult to ascertain. In one of the few attempts to construct a headcount of gig workers, Richard Heeks (2017) estimates that up to seventy million people are registered on online outsourcing platforms. However, only about 10 per cent are likely to
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these afford can vary widely around the world. In most countries where there are binary employment statuses, this also makes it challenging to consider how gig workers fit within the traditional employee categorization.2 Figure 2 The spatiality and temporality of platform work Platforms the world over prefer to use the self
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do this work every day, and with whom we interact in both visible and invisible ways. We cannot claim to represent the voices of all gig workers in this chapter – it is far too short for that. The experience of working in the gig economy necessarily varies by place, by platform and
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it as a threat should the worker not agree to extra hours, extra deliverables or lower rates. Notes 1. Mumit, like the names of the gig workers that will be mentioned subsequently in the book, is a pseudonym, chosen to protect their identity. 2. See https://www.thenation.com/article/best-friend
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shared garage and waiting area for drivers, there is no opportunity or reason for Uber drivers to meet. However, it is not the case that gig workers operate in a social vacuum – after all, the geographically tethered nature of the work means they work within the shared space of the city. This
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to resist them on a transnational level.’2 Some of these struggles across Europe have evolved into protracted legal battles over the employment status of gig workers. The problem of self-employment status has made it difficult for workers to organize in traditional forms of trade unionism. As of 2018, the IWGB
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worker again was only added just before the platform folded (Farr, 2015). Cloudwork and resistance As we have discussed with delivery and taxi work, some gig workers share the same workplace – even if that shared space is somewhere as diffuse as a city district. For cloudworkers, however, there are no necessary shared
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(or will face in the near future). Most mainstream unions also simply do not have the ‘boots-on-the-ground’ understanding needed to organize with gig workers. Successful organizing of these highly distributed workers takes time, commitment and resources. If there is an expectation of a quick return on investment through union
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dues, organizing in the gig economy does not make immediate sense – an outcome that leads many to argue that gig workers are unorganizable. These kinds of arguments have been made, and proven wrong, before. For example, workers in the car industry in the early twentieth century
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earn a bit of extra income in a relaxed way. Indeed, in many of those same meetings, when we speak about our own research with gig workers, one of the first comments from the platform representatives tends to be: ‘these people aren’t workers’. We need to have this discussion outside of
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by job type, but we do know that across sectors significant numbers of people rely on platforms for their livelihoods. While we have spoken to gig workers in India and South Africa who regularly work over twelve hours a day, seven days a week, evidence is increasingly showing that it is becoming
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successes in trying to regulate platform work. Much effort has been expended here to get limited protection for workers via the courts, by arguing that gig workers are employees and that they therefore deserve the protections traditionally afforded to employees. For instance, a Valencia court, in June 2018, noted that Deliveroo riders
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white-collar workers in offices and blue-collar workers in factories. In many places, the law simply is not designed to meet the needs of gig workers. If the platform as an intermediating party between clients or customers and workers is here to stay, and if we acknowledge that there are some
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continues in the UK, as well as whether new regulation is needed or how existing implementation can be achieved. The lack of effective regulation for gig workers does not only have to be approached by thinking of new labour law specifically for the gig economy. Instead, one solution being discussed by the
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, many workers seek to set up groups that fulfil many of the same functions of unions without the official designation.14 Once these groups of gig workers are established in either existing unions, new unions or groups that don’t call themselves unions, they can engage in an eye-level discussion with
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, to CLAP in France, the Transnational Courier Federation across Europe, The Movement in South Africa, the New York Taxi Worker Alliance, Rideshare Drivers United, and Gig Workers Rising in the US. Their battles in the courts are often costly and they tend not to have strike funds, so donate to their causes
by Alexandrea J. Ravenelle · 12 Mar 2019 · 349pp · 98,309 words
on how to best address the differing challenges experienced by Strugglers, Strivers, and Success Stories. In the debate between capitalism and community, the experience of gig workers often gets lost along the way. Workers’ stories suggest that while the sharing economy offers a select few an opportunity to manage a small business
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—find themselves without any of the workplace protections enjoyed by their great grandparents. Although workplace protections still exist for full-time and part-time employees, gig workers, as independent contractors, are outside the social safety net of basic workplace protections. In recent years, the number of workers classified as independent contractors has
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financial edge and who have maxed out, or nearly maxed out, credit cards, the reimbursement delay can be problematic.6 The low incomes of many gig workers leave them especially vulnerable to making poor decisions. Researchers have found that juggling the many competing demands of poverty can affect a person’s ability
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was inadvertently involved in money laundering or was a victim in an overpayment scheme. AIRBNB AND THE RISE OF THE ILLEGAL RENTAL In addition, some gig workers end up in illegal situations of their own doing. Although New York is one of the largest markets for Airbnb, with more than twenty-five
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, many professionals are mandatory reporters, individuals who are required by law to report abuse. But in a servant economy, discretion rules the day. Where do gig workers fall in this dichotomy? Joe’s discussion of the lack of policies in place also raises interesting issues. Although modern workplaces are often ridiculed for
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vulnerability of gig economy workers. In 2017, Virginia senator Mark Warner, a former tech entrepreneur, introduced legislation to test-drive a portable benefits plan for gig workers. The bill asked the federal government to set aside twenty million dollars in funding for organizations to use in order to look at the types
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Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy. Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press. Buhr, Sarah. 2017. “A U.S. Senator Has Introduced the First Bill to Give Gig Workers Benefits.” TechCrunch, May 25. Bui, Quoctrung. 2017. “A Secret of Many Urban 20-Somethings: Their Parents Help with the Rent.” New York Times, February 9
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, Julie. 2014. “On the List, and Not in a Good Way.” New York Times, October 16. Scheiber, Noam. 2018. “Tax Law Offers a Carrot to Gig Workers, But It May Have Costs.” New York Times, January 1. Scheiber, Noam, and Mike Isaac. 2016. “Uber Recognizes New York Drivers’ Group, Short of a
by Azeem Azhar · 6 Sep 2021 · 447pp · 111,991 words
stood out: that the company could count on 3.9 million drivers.45 Not a single one of these drivers worked for Uber. They were gig workers; they didn’t have an employment contract with the firm, but rather were paid, in a roundabout way, for every customer they drove – or every
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more than 1 million rides every single day. Such successes turned into revenues, in 2019, of $14 billion. And that platform growth has meant more gig workers. In the same year in the UK, 2.8 million people were estimated to be platform workers – a shade under 10 per cent of those
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ranked pay and flexible schedule as their top priorities.53 In a similar vein, a 2018 British government survey reckoned that more than half of gig workers were satisfied with the independence and flexibility provided by their jobs.54 If gig work is generally more flexible and less formal in richer countries
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of labour. One way this power imbalance manifests is through low pay. The British government’s survey from 2018 concluded that nearly two-fifths of gig workers earned less than the equivalent of £8.44 per hour, only a little over the British national minimum wage.56 Low pay in the gig
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29 per cent less than the local statutory minimum wage, while workers in France make 54 per cent less than its minimum wage.57 Because gig workers often have to meet their own expenses – repairs, fuel, even uniforms – take-home pay can get squeezed. One study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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rely on court decisions – rather than clear rules – reveals that the gap is far from closing. All of this leads to a growing inequality between gig workers and official employees. The self-employed have always had to face the whims of their clients. But in the Exponential Age, their number could swell
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issue is not just surveillance, but wider forms of automated management. Workers on platform apps have diminishing control over how they work. When dozens of gig workers for Uber Eats gathered outside the company’s office in south London in 2016 to protest, they were not only criticising their low pay. They
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gig economy giants, especially ride-hailing companies, successful: algorithmic management. ‘We are people, not Uber’s tools,’ they yelled. These people and millions of other gig workers are managed by computers. Their work is scrutinised through a stream of quantitative performance assessments. Rideshare drivers may only have 10–20 seconds to respond
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with five or more years of experience might make three times that. On the flip side, there are Uber’s drivers. As we’ve seen, gig workers are often paid relatively little. Your typical driver will make $19.73 per hour before expenses, or $30,390 a year if they drive 40
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the legislative and economic shifts we need. In the absence of quick action by lawmakers, some entrepreneurial outfits are devising ways to directly support workers. Gig workers often struggle to get access to loans and mortgages; lenders look to strong credit records, and the agencies that offer credit ratings prefer those on
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methods can result in a declining worker share in profits. And so we need new ways to empower working people. Workers, whether formally employed or gig workers, need to be guaranteed dignity, flexibility and security – so they can continually adapt to the rapidly changing workplace, without their lives becoming unbearable. The best
by Joseph C. Sternberg · 13 May 2019 · 336pp · 95,773 words
. The marketplaces the law created for individuals to buy insurance, sometimes with subsidies, were billed as major boons especially to self-employed entrepreneurs, freelancers, and gig workers—categories that include a lot of Millennials. By allowing young adults up to age twenty-six to stay covered on their parents’ health plans, the
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spare room on Airbnb for extra cash as a “job”?* Differences in how surveys phrase the question may account for differences in the number of gig workers various polls find. For instance, another survey found that 24 percent of Millennials had reported working a freelance or independent contractor gig in 2015, compared
by Klaus Schwab · 7 Jan 2021 · 460pp · 107,454 words
gig economy globally has been on the rise, but traditional unions have so far largely been unable to provide adequate answers to its challenges. For gig workers, forming a modern union may be most important. Already, in the US, an estimated 57 million workers are freelancing,48 meaning that they work without
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lead though to despair but rather to a new form of unionizing workers and international collaboration. A good place to start is probably with those gig workers who work exclusively for one platform or in one industry, such as drivers. It is what the Independent Drivers Guild in New York and
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Gig Workers Rising in California do. Both groups gather drivers who work primarily for Uber, Lyft, and other similar platforms and advocate for “better wages, working conditions,
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Maksimovic, Deutsche Welle, August 2018, https://www.dw.com/en/the-new-balkan-dream-is-a-2000-per-month-telecommute/a-45258826. 50 “About Us, Gig Workers Rising,” https://gigworkersrising.org/get-informed. 51 “Court Orders Uber, Lyft to Reclassify Drivers as Employees in California,” Sara Ashley O'Brien, CNN, August 2020
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Dreams”), 60 ByteDance, 61 C Caballero, Sandra, 163–164 California efforts to reduce emissions in, 167 Gig Workers Rising in, 241 Proposition C proposing tax to help the homeless, 212–213 rejected Proposition (2020) designating gig workers as employees, 187–188 Rideshare Drivers United advocacy group, 187 See also United States Capital in the
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, 2017–2019), 84fig well-managed COVID crisis response in, 79 See also East Germany; West Germany Ghana, 27, 70 Gig workers, 187–188, 237–238, 240–243 Gig Workers Rising (California), 241 Gig worker strike (2019), 187 Gig Workers United (California), 241 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (Twain and Warner), 133 Gini coefficient of China/India
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in, 196 COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 66, 67, 68–69 demographic changes in, 161 economic growth (1980s-2020) in, 66, 67–69, 96–97 gig workers of, 240, 243 Gini Indices on global income inequality impact of, 37fig–38 increasing national income inequality in, 40 protectionist policies and License Raj system
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Indonesia Bandung entrepreneurs story (2012) on MYCL, 93–94, 96, 98, 114 continued trust in public institutions in, 196 economic recession (1997) in, 98, 109 gig workers of, 237, 240 globalization success stories in, 93–99 history of international trade by, 97 IDN Media, 94–95, 114 IT and Internet revolution role
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–Britain), 56 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation and Development (OEEC), 6 Osborne, Michael, 116 Otago University, 222 Oxford Internet Institute (UK), 242 P Pakistan gig workers of, 240, 243 Sheedi population in, 245–246 WHO on unsafe air (2019) in, 72 Palantir (US), 208 Palma, Stefania, 233 Paris Agreement (2015), 150
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, 18, 45fig, 105–106, 116, 119, 134–136, 204 Second Technological Revolution, 45fig–46 Second World War. See World War II Seiner, Joseph, 240 Serbian gig workers, 240, 243 “17 September. Wall Street. Bring Tent” (AdBusters), 39 Sexual orientation, 186 Sham Chun River (China), 55 Shanmugaratnam, Tharman, 123, 125, 229, 232 Shareholder
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capitalism. See Stakeholder capitalism “21st century socialism,” 225 U UAE, 181 Uber (US), 187, 238, 241 Uganda, 70 Uggla, Ane Mærsk Mc-Kinney, 204 Ukrainian gig workers, 240, 243 Ungor, Murat, 222 United Kingdom (UK) Brexit vote (2016) in, 80 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century
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dropping voter turnover and social unrest in the, 188 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 132–134 gig workers making less in the, 238 government debt of the, 30–31 health coverage disparities in the, 43 high cost of health care in the, 227
by Alec Ross · 13 Sep 2021 · 363pp · 109,077 words
these various forms of independent employment gig work. Gig work comes in many different forms, which makes it difficult to measure the exact number of gig workers. The US Department of Labor reports that approximately 10 percent of American workers rely on an “alternative work arrangement” as their primary job, while the
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the cause, the group needed to build its membership, and that required connecting with drivers who could go days without crossing paths with their fellow gig workers. In short, RDU needed to solve the proximity problem. To do so, the organizers turned to technology. If they were working through an app, why
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, and the wardrobe of a disheveled academic, he looks the part. Dolber started driving for Uber on and off between 2015 and 2017. Like many gig workers, he had a day job. Dolber worked as an adjunct professor at California State University San Marcos and was in the process of writing a
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-company basis. In a letter to the New York Times entitled “I am the CEO of Uber. Gig Workers Deserve Better,” Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi wrote, “There has to be a ‘third way’ for gig workers, but we need to get specific, because we need more than new ideas—we need new laws. Our
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Labor Statistics, September 2018, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/electronically-mediated-work-new-questions-in-the-contingent-worker-supplement.htm; “How Many Gig Workers Are There?,” Gig Economy Data Hub, Aspen Institute Future of Work Initiative and Cornell University ILR School, https://www.gigeconomydata.org/basics/how-many
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-gig-workers-are-there. On August 22, 2017, more than one hundred: Marie Targonski-O’Brien, “Uber, Lyft Drivers Crowd LAX, Protest Low Pay,” KCET, August 22,
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.industryweek.com/talent/article/21965429/who-are-the-worlds-biggest-employers. “There has to be”: Dara Khosrowshahi, “I Am the C.E.O. of Uber. Gig Workers Deserve Better,” New York Times, August 10, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/opinion/uber-ceo-dara-khosrowshahi
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-gig-workers-deserve-better.html%20?. Organized labor is in Sara Horowitz’s blood: David Gelles, “To Guide the Labor Movement’s Future, She Looks to Its
by Juliet Schor, William Attwood-Charles and Mehmet Cansoy · 15 Mar 2020 · 296pp · 83,254 words
direct supervision. Some platforms let workers set their own wage rates. These are features of jobs that most of our earners and the majority of gig workers desire.1 For Juan Romero all these factors came into play. Juan is an enterprising young man who emigrated from Latin America to Florida when
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restrictive set of criteria for independent contractors that created momentum for reclassification.19 In September 2019 the California Legislature passed #AB5, which explicitly made many gig workers employees. Uber promptly announced it would fail to comply with the legislation.20 It’s an ongoing drama. Platform earners are not only independent in
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determined organizing using digital strategies.56 As I mentioned in chapter 2, in September of 2019 California passed Assembly Bill 5 (AB5), which explicitly makes gig workers employees.57 This is the most far-reaching legislation in the country and is likely to change the way ride-hail and delivery platforms operate
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or unfair treatment. We didn’t hear complaints from people who put in long hours or invested significant sums without a payoff, in contrast to gig workers on for-profit platforms. Another reason the economics are not more problematic is that unlike on most platforms, there’s a cap on participation. When
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at the Oxford Internet Institute. They are hoping to establish a certification system that signals adherence to a set of principles ensuring fair treatment of gig workers. See Graham et al. (2019). 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_TNCs_by_jurisdiction. 15. Uber’s use of consumers to block regulations
by Annie Lowrey · 10 Jul 2018 · 242pp · 73,728 words
new standard for “dependent contractors,” individuals reliant on but not employed by businesses. The government could, for instance, levy a surcharge on businesses using 1099 gig workers. Those funds could pay for unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and other minimal benefits. At the same time, Uncle Sam could require on-demand businesses to
by Sarah Kessler · 11 Jun 2018 · 246pp · 68,392 words
complete these jobs, more people sought services, which pushed wages up. For digital-only tasks like graphic design or writing, however, wages of Bay Area gig workers were lower than those of their peers who found gigs offline. Though they lived in one of the most expensive areas in the United States
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fractured into a web of contractors, freelancers, temps, and other non-traditional employment. It was also true of employees with full-time jobs, who, unlike gig workers, were covered under all labor protection laws but had still seen the holes in their safety nets widen. Evidence of what the political scientist Jacob
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world where all the benefits are floating to the top 10 percent.”21 The speech wasn’t exactly about the gig economy: “The problems facing gig workers are much like the problems facing millions of other workers,” Warren noted. But the headlines were definitely about the gig economy: “Elizabeth Warren Takes on
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