gigafactory Concepts

Insane Mode: How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil

by Hamish McKenzie · 30 Sep 2017 · 307pp · 90,634 words

plant look like a doll’s house. This time, the company wasn’t going to rely on luck or an advantageous friendship with Toyota. The Gigafactory, at which Tesla would partner with Panasonic to produce more lithium-ion batteries than all companies in the rest of the world combined, would be

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also establishing a reputation as a booster for high-tech manufacturing. As well as Faraday’s billion-dollar factory, the governor had landed Tesla’s Gigafactory in northern Nevada. Over a hill from the Faraday site, Hyperloop One was building a track to test its realization of Musk’s so-called

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, the German media were reporting rumors that VW planned to spend up to $11 billion on an advanced battery factory that would rival Tesla’s Gigafactory. (In March 2018, the company announced that it would spend $25 billion to secure batteries for electric-vehicle production at sixteen of its factories.) In

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some uncertainty because of fluctuating costs of battery materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, the downward trend will likely be accelerated by Tesla’s Gigafactory, at which the company has claimed it will be able to reduce pack costs by a third simply by consolidating production processes under one roof

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that leads to what will be the world’s largest lithium-ion battery factory. The USA Tavern is the nearest watering hole to the Tesla Gigafactory. Danks might not be a fan of the Model 3, but he can see some of the benefits that the factory, still three years from

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of Silver Springs—a project that Danks says the authorities have been talking about for twenty-five years and has been helped along by the Gigafactory’s presence. The factory has also brought the area thousands of new jobs, many of which required skills not possessed by locals, so people have

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values, and high-tech innovation—these are the treats that Governor Brian Sandoval promised Nevadans when he brokered a deal with Tesla to bring the Gigafactory, which would be built in partnership with Panasonic at a cost of $5 billion, to the state. When Tesla announced a short list of five

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states for potential Gigafactory locations in early 2014, there was intense competition to win the electric car company’s favor. Rick Perry, then the governor of Texas, drove into

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badges. In the parking lot were eight Model S’s and Model X’s, sitting outside an unmarked Tesla service center. But signs of the Gigafactory’s economic impact were obvious even in Reno, a city known chiefly for its garish, and fading, casinos. I stayed at a place that boasted

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lined up at a buffet. A server told me that more than two hundred of the hotel’s 350-odd rooms were set aside for Gigafactory workers. A few streets over, a food and beverage enclave that was part of an urban revitalization project peddled goat cheese and rosemary ice cream

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, and kava kava from coconut shells in a Fiji-themed bar. While the staff at these places held the Tesla people in some suspicion—the Gigafactory employees appeared to them almost cult-like in their devotion to the company’s mission—they acknowledged that the arrival of the Muskites helped make

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, in an obvious, high school poetry kind of way, that the juxtaposition of these titans of the gasoline era with the Teslas parked outside the Gigafactory twenty-three miles away told a pat story about the past and future of the automobile—that today’s cars are tomorrow’s relics, that

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, helping to push the vehicles out of the realm of the elite and into the garages of the middle class. A century later, Tesla’s Gigafactory, essential to its mass-market hopes, stood to have a similar catalytic effect on the spread of electric vehicles. Soon, a great electric car would

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Avenue is about more than just cars. It is the anchor weight for a revolution that has significance well beyond the replacement of gasoline. The Gigafactory is the inverse of the oil rigs that Boyd Danks used to work on—not a facility that drills deep into the earth to extract

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its factory in Fremont, but will ramp up production when it moves into the Gigafactory. Then comes a surprise: Tesla is planning to build multiple gigafactories. “There’s going to need to be many other companies building sort of Gigafactory-class operations of their own, and we hope they do,” he says. Tesla

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will make its Gigafactory patents available to use free of charge, just as it does with

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its vehicles. The crowd applauds. He describes the Gigafactory as a “giant machine” and asks people to think of it as a product. It just happens to be a product that’s stuck in

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manufacturing of vehicles, the building of components, the management of infrastructure, and the sale of its products through its website and retail stores. The first Gigafactory is the essential structure underlying this entire system: producer of the fundamental building blocks of Musk’s full-stack vision. This vision came into full

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’s science project, sketched out through rough calculations in a white paper that he had written in an all-nighter. In the same month, the Gigafactory was just an uttered thought, when Musk wondered aloud about the prospect of building a “gargantuan factory of mind-boggling size.” For now, at least

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the Gigafactory part of Musk’s new story is a reality. While Tesla decided to build the factory because it was essential to meet the production needs

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to energy storage. It is thus the bedrock of two potentially giant businesses—or could be. Even in its advanced state of progress, the first Gigafactory project is so complex, enormous, and expensive that it embodies daring and danger in equal proportions. At millions of square feet and a cost of

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billions for its construction through bond sales, share sales, and lines of credit. And there’s no guarantee the costs won’t inflate before the Gigafactory’s planned completion in 2020. Any setbacks that delay its completion wouldn’t be limited to the facility itself. If the

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Gigafactory falters, Tesla’s overall business will falter. It’s not just the Model 3 but also the energy storage business. It’s the future of

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the Tesla pickup, the heavy-duty Tesla Semi, the automated fleet. Musk’s full-stack vision is nothing without the Gigafactory at its base. But this time around, Tesla’s potential competitors are not waiting to see how the crazy bet works out. While traditional automakers

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range of smaller companies in China plan to build enough factories to account for more than 120 gigawatt-hours of capacity by 2021. With the Gigafactory, Tesla has again positioned itself as a pioneer in an industry worth many billions of dollars. Anyone interested in the future of transportation and the

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utmost attention. * * * It was close to 100 degrees Fahrenheit at midday on Tuesday, July 26, 2016. The wind was whipping up loose dirt at the Gigafactory site, so the workers and construction equipment were intermittently enveloped in mini tornadoes. There was no urban pollution—no soda cans, no plastic bags, and

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. Wearing a hard hat and goggles, he did a live cross to the CNBC studio from inside the partially completed facility. “This is Tesla’s Gigafactory, your first look inside,” LeBeau intoned. The floors were gray and shiny, and huge pillars supported the high ceiling. In the background, a mess of

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and resistors. In an afternoon press conference held in the lobby in the factory’s northwest corner, Musk would further underscore the importance of the Gigafactory. It wasn’t just about the cars. He said Tesla’s energy storage business would be as big as its car business in the long

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expands the scope of Tesla’s ambitions, he simultaneously ensures that his company will have further political fights ahead. He’s looking to take the Gigafactory international, too. There’ll be one in Europe, one in China, and probably one in India, he said. Musk lives among movie stars in Los

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the sixteenth century, were protected under a 1971 act that deemed them “living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West.” In the Gigafactory, on lands inhospitable to humans, the horses had an unusual new neighbor. But there was at least some mutual benefit. To aid its construction efforts

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hanging out nearby. It was a convenient arrangement. When thirsty, the horses simply led themselves to the water. Three days later, Tesla celebrated the official Gigafactory opening with a boisterous party for more than two thousand employees, owners, officials, fans, and the press. Musk and Straubel kicked off the party with

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a speech and slide show in a tent erected for the occasion. Fun facts were noted: The Gigafactory is large enough to house ninety-three 747 airplanes, or fifty billion hamsters. At the end of the speech, the cofounders took questions from the

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be built on the Model X platform, a next-generation Roadster would have to wait until later, and Tesla would be recycling batteries at the Gigafactory. Then, in one of the final questions of the night, a man shouted from the crowd: “How can we help?” Musk didn’t hesitate. “I

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. He tweeted a link to the Electrek story that made the accusation and added two words: “Sponsored articles . . .” As evidenced by his warning at the Gigafactory opening party that the industry was putting out “nonstop propaganda,” Musk was already primed to defend against oil industry attacks on his businesses. At a

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-related incentives from Nevada, Texas, and New York for Tesla, SpaceX, and SolarCity, such as the billion-dollar incentives package afforded to Tesla for the Gigafactory. The article quoted hedge fund manager Mark Spiegel, who short-sells Tesla stock, as saying Musk’s companies wouldn’t be around without government support

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totally nonsensical,” he said. He said it didn’t make sense to compare subsidies that Tesla would receive over a twenty-year period for the Gigafactory with fossil-fuel industry subsidies that were a thousand times larger in a single year. In November 2016, another anti-Musk website appeared as part

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be producing Model 3s by the tens of thousands per week by the end of 2018, but a bottleneck in battery module production from the Gigafactory led him to temper that goal considerably. Instead, Tesla set its sights on a five-thousand-per-week production rate by the end of the

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for a big long-term win than in chasing short-term profits to mollify shareholders. Tesla continues to invest heavily in massive projects, including the Gigafactory, Model 3 development, its semitruck, and energy storage systems, and it keeps going back to investors and lenders in search of more capital to fund

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Automotive Industry Corporation), 95, 114–115, 135 Baidu, 103, 110–111, 142–143, 260, 262–263 Bamford, Robert, 156 Barra, Mary, 162 batteries. See also Gigafactory cost of, 172–176, 217 Edison and, 30 safety of, 39–44 Tesla business model and, 8–9, 13, 64, 66 BBC, 34 Beijing Automotive

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also batteries; electric automobiles; fossil fuel industry autonomous vehicles and ride-sharing plans of Tesla, 198–199 electricity and displacement of salt industry, 213–215 Gigafactory construction and, 189–193, 199–203 new energy economy, 193–194 Powerpacks and Powerwalls for, 195–197 SolarCity and, 198 Tesla “secret master plan” for

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, 104 Impact, 31 Lyft and, 169 production volume of, 161 Tucker and, 35 George C. Marshall Institute, 212 George Mason University, 227 Ghosn, Carlos, 158 Gigafactory construction of, 189–193, 199–203 future of, 249 inception of, 81 Nevada factory of, 84 VW factory vs., 169 Global Climate Coalition, 212 Google

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, 231 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 42, 43, 81, 206–207, 265, 269 Neil, Dan, 75 Neuralink, 261 Nevada Faraday Futures in, 82–86 Gigafactory in, 189–193, 199–203 New Jersey on automobile sales, 49–50 on emission standards, 104 New York, on emission standards, 104 NextEV (Nio), 98

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Sproule, Simon, 155–157 steam-powered cars, 29 Stone, Peter, 213 StopElonFromFailingAgain.com, 229 Straubel, JB on battery costs, 172–174 on car software, 264 Gigafactory and, 203 Musk and, 27 Tesla inception and, 63–66 Tesla’s financial investors and, 77, 78 Tesla’s influence on automobile industry and, 178

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conference, 178–181 Tencent, 98, 111, 127–128, 140–141, 143, 236 TerraE, 200 Tesla, Nikola, 66 Tesla Motors, 63–82. See also financial issues; Gigafactory; Model 3; Model S; Roadster author’s work for, 7–8 Autopilot, 183, 205–213 battery fires in the news, 39–44 in China, 138

The Elements of Power: A Story of War, Technology, and the Dirtiest Supply Chain on Earth

by Nicolas Niarchos · 20 Jan 2026 · 654pp · 170,150 words

and data. Everything else is damage control.” —Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization Chapter 20 Accelerating the Transition The Tesla Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg, May 2024 The group of investors had formed fast friendships over the past couple of days, gathering into knots. A New York bank

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in the countryside attacked it,” the American said. “What would you call it? Environmental protests? Environmental terrorism?” It turned out that the Tesla factory—the Gigafactory, to use the moniker that the company’s CEO, Elon Musk, had given all his plants after he built the first one in Nevada in

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capitalism in a green guise, we are fighting to end it!” Just over a month after the bankers visited, eight hundred protesters would attack the Gigafactory, clashing with police who prevented them from crossing the boundary into Musk territory. “Why do the police let the left-wing protestors off so easily

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, some of the investors dashed through the fizzling rain; others turned their collars up and flipped the cameras on their phones to snap selfies. The Gigafactory would probably be the most iconic stop on their trip. Tesla’s facility had been built at an astonishing speed in a country with a

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velocity of Tesla’s production comes at a cost. In 2023, reporters from the German magazine Stern investigated a trove of safety documents from the Gigafactory in Brandenburg and found that “serious accidents happen almost daily.” At the factory, Tesla had also installed an illegal diesel station, hidden under a party

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. But Tesla has also been accused of fostering a “toxic” culture in its U.S. factories; in The Nation, Bryce Covert reported that at one Gigafactory, workers said they were “putting ourselves at even more danger” to meet quotas. * * * As they ambled across the factory floor, the investors peppered the rep

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as fast as its competitors in China. There, companies like BYD had been steaming ahead with government support long before Tesla even built its first Gigafactory. Beijing was cheering on its domestic companies, but in the U.S. and Europe, businesses such as Musk’s were still regarded with suspicion. In

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Brandenburg, thanks to environmental regulations, recent plans for an expansion of the Gigafactory and of the battery-production facility had been stymied. On the investor tour, as molds were pressed and machines clanked, a tattooed Tesla worker connected

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. Tesla, and Musk, had changed the narrative around electric cars. Now they needed to master the production of those cars. Musk began to plan the Gigafactories that would produce Teslas quickly and cheaply, in a style he would dub “Ultra Hardcore” in a 2012 email to staff. “People put their heads

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down, worked through the problems, and ramped up that factory,” said Ryan Melsert, a founding member of Tesla’s Gigafactory design team who has gone on to build a battery-recycling business. “I think it’s hard to picture that time, because it wasn’t

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financially successful; now it is one of the biggest corporations in the world.” The Gigafactory in Brandenburg was the end result of all that grafting. “Industrial scale is an innovation ladder all unto itself,” Mujeeb Ijaz, founder of Our Next

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will be a factor, that they can gain leverage, and they made the investments needed to build those facilities,” said Ryan Melsert, the former Tesla Gigafactory design team member. “I guess I would call it a strategic decision.” It wasn’t as if Washington didn’t see what was happening. At

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. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT a German court allowed: “Tesla Wins Court Approval to Build Gigafactory in Germany,” Deutsche Welle (DW), February 20, 2020, dw.com/en/tesla-wins-court-approval-to-build-gigafactory-by-clearing-forest-in-germany/a-52454649. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “We need to keep

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-model-y-production-45-seconds-giga-berlin/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT an illegal diesel station: Christian Esser et al., “Bizarrer Vorfall in Teslas Gigafactory: Wie eine illegale Tankstelle unter einem Partyzelt verschwand,” Stern, October 5, 2023, stern.de/wirtschaft/tesla-recherche--wie-eine-illegale-tankstelle-unter-einem-partyzelt-verschwand

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NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Musk had publicly mused: For BYD batteries, see “Exklusiv: Tesla Startet Produktion von Model Y Mit Akku von BYD in Deutscher Gigafactory,” Teslamag, May 8, 2023, teslamag.de/news/exklusiv-tesla-model-y-rwd-deutsche-fabrik-struktur-akku-byd-58282; and for CATL batteries, see Cristian Agatie

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.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT where molten aluminum: Maria Merano, “Tesla Begins Installing IDRA Giga Press Casting Machine at Gigafactory Berlin,” Teslarati, March 21, 2021, teslarati.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-idra-giga-press-video/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Tesla can trim: Evannex, “Learn About Tesla’s Giga Press

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Musk,” CBS News, August 22, 2023, cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-pay-package-vote-cbs-news-explains/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT plan the Gigafactories: Ben Tarnoff, “Ultra Hardcore,” New York Review of Books, January 18, 2024, nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/. GO

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. W. Norton, 2023. Eriksson, Rolf. Adolf H. Lundin: No Guts No Glory. Ehrenblad Editions, 2003. Esser, Christian, Manka Heise, and Tina Kaiser. “Vorfall in Teslas Gigafactory: Wie eine illegale Tankstelle unter einem Partyzelt verschwand.” Stern, September 20, 2023. Fage, J. D., and Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. The Cambridge History of Africa

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Craa mine, 304, 306 Boulle, Jean-Raymond, 116, 119–20 Boulle, Max, 116, 117, 119–20 Boulos, Massad, 300–301 Braeckman, Colette, 200 Brandenburg. See Gigafactory, Brandenburg Brasseur, Clément, xii, 32 Bräutigam, Deborah, 234–35 Bredenkamp, John, 120 bribery, 277 Brussels, 44 Buffett, Warren, 113 Bukavu, 208 Bunker Hill Mine, 363

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, 165–66 lawsuits against, 172–73 loans taken, 137–38 Gertler, Hanna, 123 Gertner, Mendi, 153, 165 Gertner, Moises, 153, 165, 209 Ghana, 43, 374 Gigafactory, Brandenburg, 141, 142 building of, 143 employees at, 144 environmental regulations and, 146 production at, 149 protests at, 143 Gilliam, Eva, 169 Gizenga, Antoine, 50

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, 269–70, 290 Terakawa, Akira, 260 Ternate, 325, 326 terra nullius, 32 Terror Squad, 146 Tesla, 1–3, 62, 250, 304, 320, 360. See also Gigafactory, Brandenburg carbon footprint of, 142–43 critiques of, 12–13 factory conditions, 142–43, 149 factory tours, 145 Musk as head of, 143–44, 148

The Future Is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies Are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives

by Peter H. Diamandis and Steven Kotler · 28 Jan 2020 · 501pp · 114,888 words

in capacity. But producing enough of them to meet demand has been an ongoing problem. Enter the Gigafactory—Tesla’s attempt to double global lithium-ion battery production. Located outside of Reno, the Gigafactory churns out twenty gigawatts of energy storage per year, marking the first time we’ve seen lithium-ion

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batteries produced at scale. A second Gigafactory has been built in Buffalo, a third in Shanghai, and a European location is under consideration. While it remains to be seen, Elon Musk has

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calculated that one hundred Gigafactories could manufacture enough storage for our planet’s needs. Tesla has also shown their batteries work at scale. In a 2018 project to upgrade a

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plunked down more than $300 billion in investments. A lot of this cash has been spent on batteries. Beyond teaming up with Tesla on the Gigafactory, Panasonic has also teamed up with Toyota to develop new battery technology, while Porsche and BMW are collaborating on ultra-fast charging stations. Volkswagen has

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-energy-jason-pontin/. plummeting 90 percent between 1990 and 2010: Naam, author interview. eleven-fold increase in capacity: Ibid. Enter the Gigafactory: See Gigafactory 1’s website here: https://www.tesla.com/gigafactory. See also: Matthew Wald, “Nevada a Winner in Tesla’s Battery Contest,”New York Times, September 4, 2014, https://www

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.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/business/energy-environment/nevada-a-winner-in-teslas-battery-contest.html. A second Gigafactory has been built in Buffalo: See

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Gigafactory 2’s website here: https://www.tesla.com/gigafactory2. a third in Shanghai: Simon Alvarez, “China Formally Adds Tesla

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Gigafactory 3 Area to Shanghai’s Free-Trade Zone,” Teslarati, August 6, 2019. See: https://www.teslarati.com/china-adds-tesla-gigafactory-3-shanghai-free-trade-zone/. European location: At the time that we are publishing this

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book, Tesla is still in the planning phase for Gigafactory 4. For more info, see this article: Simon Alvarez, “Tesla Closing In on

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Lower Saxony, Germany as Final Europe Gigafactory Location: Report,” Teslarati, August 22, 2019, https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-europe

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-gigafactory-4-location-lower-saxony-germany/. one hundred Gigafactories: Leonardo DiCaprio, Before the Flood (documentary), National Geographic, October 21, 2016. You can watch a

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, personalized, 158–60 Georgia Institute of Technology, 130 Germany, electric cars in, 221 Germany, Nazi, 238–39 germline engineering, 67–68 Giegel, Josh, 17–18 Gigafactory, 219, 222 GitHub, 146 Glaxo, 152 Global Learning XPRIZE, 146 Global Risks Report (World Economic Forum), 212 global warming, see climate change Gmail, Smart Compose

Elon Musk

by Walter Isaacson · 11 Sep 2023 · 562pp · 201,502 words

with an experienced automaker to handle the assembly of the Roadster. That flew in the face of Musk’s fundamental instincts. He aspired to build Gigafactories where raw materials would go in one end and cars would come out the other. During their debates over Marks’s proposal to outsource assembly

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“the astonishing inflection point the Model S represents”: it was the first time that the award had gone to an electric vehicle. The Nevada battery Gigafactory The idea that Musk proposed in 2013 was audacious: build a gigantic battery factory in the U.S., with an output greater than all other

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Kazuhiro Tsuga. “It was a come-to-Jesus session where we had to make him truly commit that we were going to build the insane Gigafactory together,” Straubel says. The dinner was a formal, multicourse affair at a traditional low-table Japanese restaurant. Straubel was fearful about how Musk would behave

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do. And then, all of a sudden, he pulls it all together.” At the dinner, Tsuga agreed to be a 40 percent partner in the Gigafactory. When asked why Panasonic decided to do the deal, he replied, “We are too conservative. We are a ninety-five-year-old company. We have

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all-hands-on-deck cadre of fellow fanatics—that came to define the maniacal intensity that he demanded at his companies. He began with the Gigafactory in Nevada, where Tesla made batteries. The person who designed the line there told Musk that making five thousand battery packs a week was insane

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apartment near Tesla’s Silicon Valley headquarters, he was swept up in the surge and spent the next three months working at the Nevada battery Gigafactory and crashing at a $20-a-night motel nearby. Seven days a week, he would get up at 5 a.m., have a cup of

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. Once the mini-sub had been delivered to the cave site, Musk flew to Shanghai, where he was signing a deal to open another Tesla Gigafactory. By that time a rescue operation using scuba divers was underway, and Musk’s sub was not needed. The boys and their coach were safe

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ask him to stop tweeting until the matter had been discussed. Musk was unfazed by the flurry his tweet caused. He flew to the Nevada Gigafactory, where he joked with managers about how “420” was a marijuana reference, and worked for the rest of the day on the battery assembly line

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took pride in protecting its pockets of weirdness? The issue was where to build a new Tesla factory, one big enough to merit the label Gigafactory. The Fremont, California, plant was about to become the most productive car-making facility in America, churning out more than eight thousand cars a week

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, “Okay, great. We’ll do it in Austin and you should run it.” A similar process led to the choice of Berlin for a European Gigafactory. It and Austin would get built in less than two years and join Fremont and Shanghai as the pillars of Tesla’s car production. By

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July 2021, a year after construction began, the basic structure of the Austin Gigafactory was complete. Musk and Afshar stood in front of a wall in a temporary construction office and studied photos of the site at various stages

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could meet in Austin. “Just landed,” Gates texted on the afternoon of March 9, 2022. “Cool,” replied Musk, who sent Omead Afshar down to the Gigafactory entrance to meet him. * * * In the rarefied fraternity of people who have held the title of richest person on Earth, Musk and Gates have some

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–20, 407 Model Y, 249–50, 318, 338, 407, 417, 439 Musk as CEO, 167 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration investigations of, 406 Nevada battery Gigafactory, 221–22, 253, 267, 270–75 next generation platform, 504–5 OpenAI and, 244 Phoenix radar system and, 405, 407 production quality issues, 219–20

Volt Rush: The Winners and Losers in the Race to Go Green

by Henry Sanderson · 12 Sep 2022 · 292pp · 87,720 words

this will require batteries on a scale unimaginable a few years ago. Tesla’s South African-born founder Elon Musk had built a vast battery ‘Gigafactory’ in the desert of Nevada to supply his electric cars as well as the batteries to store renewable sources of energy. But he was not

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a defunct solar panel plant. Stretching over twenty-three hectares (around 100 football fields), the $2 billion plant was Germany’s first large-scale battery ‘Gigafactory’ with the capacity to pump out enough batteries for hundreds of thousands of electric cars every year. Germany invented the internal combustion engine in 1876

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left the ground open for Elon Musk’s upstart Tesla Motors. As CATL’s factory was breaking ground, Tesla was in negotiations to build a Gigafactory outside Berlin – another encroachment on Germany’s home turf. The move was called a ‘declaration of war’ by the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper.2 German

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Australia – the country had few electric cars on the road. His interest increased after Tesla announced in September 2014 it would build a giant battery ‘Gigafactory’ outside Reno in Nevada. ‘It became very obvious very quickly that Pilgangoora was a big lithium deposit. Everywhere we drilled we were getting lithium.’ A

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nearby shopping centre to have lunch in a crowded café. The shopping centre had fifty Tesla chargers, Wang told me. Tesla’s construction of a Gigafactory in Shanghai had been a boost to Ganfeng’s business, he said, as the Shanghai government preferred Tesla to choose local suppliers. A year earlier

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the largest car companies in the world, as well as into our smartphones. Two years later Tesla’s Elon Musk opened the company’s new Gigafactory on the outskirts of Shanghai, which had been built in just ten months. Sitting in the audience were two young men from Glencore. Tesla’s

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Shanghai Gigafactory was a watershed for the car company, as it opened up the largest electric car market and also turned Tesla into a global company. Tesla

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at Tesla, taking the title of chief technology officer at the age of thirty. At Tesla, Straubel designed its first batteries, led development of the Gigafactory in Nevada and served as chief technology officer for fifteen years. So, when the soft-spoken engineer left in 2019, he could have raised money

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mountains’, Carson City was home to fewer than 60,000 residents.2 Straubel had bought a 300-acre ranch there to be near Tesla’s Gigafactory. He still drove an original bright yellow Roadster, one of the early prototypes of Tesla’s first electric car. It was not the most obvious

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becoming increasingly clear that we kept moving some of the challenges further upstream,’ Straubel said.3 Adding to the problem, battery factories such as the Gigafactory produced a large amount of waste materials from the battery manufacturing process – roughly around ten percent of material was wasted. That waste was worth hundreds

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. In the fall of 2016, they decided to form Northvolt, operating initially under the name SGF Energy. They studied the feasibility of building a battery Gigafactory in Europe and spent six months travelling the world to meet customers, suppliers and politicians. They started to recruit battery experts. Carlsson soon settled on

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competitive and sustainable, battery cell manufacturing in Europe supported by a full EU-based value chain.’5 Europe needed at least fifteen to twenty-five Gigafactories to catch up with Asia, Šefčovič said – requiring around twenty billion euros of investment. Šefčovič saw the issue in starkly geopolitical terms. China was out

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echelon,’ Zeng said.10 Šefčovič was happy: he claimed that by 2025 the EU would be self-sufficient for battery cells. Of the 272 battery Gigafactories in the pipeline globally, twenty-seven were now in Europe, according to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. It was an acknowledgement that reaping the jobs and economic

Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century

by Tim Higgins · 2 Aug 2021 · 430pp · 135,418 words

the cost of its cars and make a mainstream electric vehicle. Gasoline cars were still about $10,000 cheaper than comparatively sized electrics. Straubel’s Gigafactory, as Musk called it, came about as the chief technology officer increasingly needed a new focus. Musk was looking to expand his senior leadership team

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courting Field, he knew Field would be brought in with the promise that he could oversee Model 3 development. Straubel would need something new. The Gigafactory, then, would allow him to build his own empire. Just as he had solved the critical problem that made a lithium-ion-powered electric car

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prior, when Martin Eberhard first began thinking about ways to convert AC Propulsions’ tzero into a production car: battery costs. Straubel’s idea for a Gigafactory and his partnership with Panasonic were a start. Tesla estimated the location of the factory, near Reno, Nevada, would help reduce costs by close to

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the company. * * * — As Field was trying to unify the company, some members were looking to chart their own path. JB Straubel’s team at the Gigafactory had been debating how to transport battery packs from Sparks to the Fremont factory, and one idea thrown around was developing an electric train powered

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point. Field, in particular, was vocal in his opposition to the idea. Straubel, too, was concerned, saying he wasn’t sure he could get the Gigafactory up to speed in time to meet demand. Musk wouldn’t budge. It wasn’t a discussion. He had made up his mind. Field kept

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members being too shortsighted. The idea took on a new, greater significance in early 2015, as the Tesla board visited the construction site for the Gigafactory in Sparks, where Musk and Straubel planned to work with Panasonic to build millions of battery cells and battery packs. As they looked at the

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a place to hold parties and private dinners. Though investors showed new enthusiasm, inside Tesla there was cause for concern. Both the Fremont factory and Gigafactory were behind schedule. As Musk looked for reasons why, some were laying the blame—fairly or unfairly—on Panasonic. Almost from the beginning, the Tesla

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been pushing aggressive timelines. Accelerating production plans didn’t make things easier. Just as the Model S had been worked out as production began, the Gigafactory was still being designed as Tesla approached Model 3 production. Fearing what the delays could turn into, Dan Dees at Goldman Sachs, Musk’s longtime

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wasn’t any happier with Kelty; he had the unenviable job of liaising with them over Tesla’s rush deadlines and its troubles at the Gigafactory. Stuck between a Musk and a hard place, Kelty decided he’d reached the end of his time with Tesla. He watched the Model 3

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. Tesla attributed the results to undefined “production bottlenecks.” “Although the vast majority of the manufacturing subsystems at both our California car plant and our Nevada Gigafactory are able to operate at a high rate, a handful have taken longer to activate than expected,” the company said in a statement. A few

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for the Model 3 body shop, including hundreds hung upside down from the ceiling to pack more into the space. The same was true at Gigafactory. But while the body shop was making some admittedly halting progress, Straubel’s team was in a knotted mess. In some places, engineers struggled simply

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to be put into battery packs. Hundreds of millions of dollars of inventory just sitting around, eating away cash. Gigafactory’s problems drove Musk into a rage. He began flying to the Gigafactory more often to personally address the matter. He’d always been quick to fire people, but it had historically

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tiger. Perhaps sensing that he needed to bolster his team, Musk ordered up a party for some of the managers on the roof of the Gigafactory one night. He wanted a campfire and s’mores. Kassekert, director of infrastructure development, was aghast at the directive: Musk wanted to light a fire

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later that morning to Tripp: “I’m definitely interested in what you’re saying here.” She began digging into his claims of troubles at the Gigafactory, as workers began to erect a giant tent next to the Fremont factory more than 250 miles away in California. Many inside Tesla leadership thought

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.” Citing internal Tesla documents from Tripp (whom she didn’t name), the article said the company was generating an incredible amount of waste at the Gigafactory: as much as 40 percent of the raw materials used to make the battery packs and drive units was being scrapped or needed reworking. It

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recycling for electric car batteries. A few days later, Lopez followed up with another story from Tripp that said Musk’s new robots for the Gigafactory weren’t fully operational yet. Musk had said on Twitter just a few weeks earlier that those machines were key to getting production boosted past

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new to Tesla, having gotten an offer to work at the company the previous September, one of many new recruits as the company boosted its Gigafactory employment to more than 6,000 workers. He was hired at $28 an hour. Earlier in 2018, he’d been reprimanded for not playing well

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in the company, instantly making it one of the carmaker’s largest shareholders. Minutes later, as Musk headed to the airport to fly to the Gigafactory in Nevada, he typed out a fateful message on Twitter: “Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured.” It was the kind of half

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onslaught that these nine words would bring. The reaction on Wall Street was instantaneous. Shares, which had already been rising, soared. Musk arrived at the Gigafactory almost giddy, asking managers if they knew what 420 stood for? It was a marijuana reference, he told them. He laughed. Normally, a company alerts

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final agreement were generous for Tesla in other respects—in some ways even more generous than what the company had gotten in Nevada. The China Gigafactory would sit on 214 acres of land granted by Shanghai, under a deal in which Tesla agreed to invest about $2 billion into the project

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battery supplies. GM would partner with LG Chem to invest a combined $2.3 billion in a giant battery factory in Ohio, similar to the Gigafactory. Volkswagen had committed to investing $1 billion in a European startup, which was building its own plant in Sweden. The startup was made up of

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his own—would be departing the company. With fifteen years of shared history, their relationship had grown strained, especially as Tesla floundered in getting the Gigafactory up and running.*3 Musk was as demanding as ever, requiring nothing less than perfection. In late 2018, Straubel had opted to step away from

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all of its gas-powered luxury competitors in the U.S.,*4 he called for Straubel to join him to discuss the success of the Gigafactory. They stood on the stage answering questions for almost an hour. As their time wound down, Musk grew reflective. Straubel’s still-secret departure was

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building permits, for example. The electric grid extended electricity to the site in half the time it would normally take. Lessons learned from the first Gigafactory were also being applied to how the team designed and built the new factory. As Kevin Kassekert, Straubel’s deputy, worked on the final touches

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for tax breaks. Tesla’s longtime partner, Panasonic, was balking at going into China. The two companies’ relationship had soured with the problems at the Gigafactory. Musk’s erratic behavior in 2018 didn’t help either, especially appearing to smoke marijuana during a live interview. One Panasonic executive watched the interview

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had already been lobbying to limit further exposure to Tesla as its stock fell almost 50 percent. When it had been announced, Tesla said the Gigafactory in Nevada would span more than one hundred football fields, but it hadn’t reached that size in 2019. With Kurt Kelty, who had helped

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his way out, Tesla’s tie to the partner was weakened. Yoshi Yamada, the senior Panasonic executive who helped bring the companies together for the Gigafactory, had reached mandatory retirement age. Musk quickly hired him in hopes he could help preserve the relationship. But increasingly, it was Musk himself calling the

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in future cars. It was an idea that came to him as he struggled to rein in waste during the spring of 2018 at the Gigafactory. His wealth from Tesla afforded him the ability to pursue many of his ideas. The Tesla shares that he held when he left the company

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up control of Tesla. As 2020 came to an end, Musk’s faith in the judicial system was further renewed when Martin Tripp, the former Gigafactory worker who in 2018 claimed to be a whistleblower, agreed to settle the legal battle with Tesla. As part of the deal, Tripp wouldn’t

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Duhigg, “Dr. Elon & Mr. Musk: Life Inside Tesla’s Production Hell,” Wired (Dec. 13, 2018), https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/. If a critical workstation: Author interviews. Musk told him to: Claim laid out in a federal lawsuit against Tesla filed in 2017. They were still

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Model 3 Delays, Citing Inexperienced Workers, Manual Assembly of Batteries,” CNBC.com (Jan. 25, 2018), https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/tesla-employees-say-gigafactory-problems-worse-than-known.html. He estimated there were 100 million cells: Author interview with Tesla workers. On one occasion: Charles Duhigg, “Dr. Elon & Mr

Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

by Ashlee Vance · 18 May 2015 · 370pp · 129,096 words

batteries to produce the Model 3. This is why, in 2014, Musk announced plans to build what he dubbed the Gigafactory, or the world’s largest lithium ion manufacturing facility. Each Gigafactory will employ about 6,500 people and help Tesla meet a variety of goals. It should first allow Tesla to

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sold by SolarCity. Tesla also expects to be able to lower the costs of its batteries while improving their energy density. It will build the Gigafactory in conjunction with longtime battery partner Panasonic, but it will be Tesla that is running the factory and fine-tuning its operations. According to Straubel

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, the battery packs coming out of the Gigafactory should be dramatically cheaper and better than the ones built today, allowing Tesla not only to hit the $35,000 price target for the Model

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to open lots of new stores and service centers while advancing its manufacturing capabilities. “We don’t necessarily need all of the money for the Gigafactory right now, but I decided to raise it in advance because you never know when there will be some bloody meltdown,” Musk said. “There could

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like the idea of it.” What’s fascinating is that Musk remains willing to lose it all. He doesn’t want to build just one Gigafactory but several. And he needs these facilities to be built quickly and flawlessly, so that they’re cranking out massive quantities of batteries right as

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the Model 3 arrives. If need be, Musk will build a second Gigafactory to compete with the Nevada site and place his own employees in competition with each other in a race to make the batteries first. “We

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already constrained, and Tesla looks like the only company addressing the problem in a meaningful way. “The competitors are all sort of pooh-poohing the Gigafactory,” Musk said. “They think it’s a stupid idea, that the battery supplier should just go build something like that. But I know all the

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supply of batteries for their vehicles. “I think it is going to be a bit like that,” Musk said. “When will the first non-Tesla Gigafactory get built? Probably no sooner than six years from now. The big car companies are so derivative. They want to see it work somewhere else

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symbol of Musk’s ability to thrive in the green technology industry that has destroyed so many other entrepreneurs. And Tesla continues to build its Gigafactory in Nevada at pace, while its network of charging stations has saved upward of four million gallons of gas. During a quarterly earnings announcement, J

Material World: A Substantial Story of Our Past and Future

by Ed Conway · 15 Jun 2023 · 515pp · 152,128 words

carbon footprint, which is why today there is quite so much obsession with batteries, and why places like this building are quite so important. The Gigafactory Up until a few years ago, a battery company was considered a big deal if it was turning out 5 million cells a month. This

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and child on the planet, and all from this hidden valley in the wilds of Nevada. This is Tesla’s Gigafactory 1 (also known as Gigafactory Nevada); the world’s very first gigafactory. There are a fair few other buildings that go by that name these days; at the time of writing Tesla

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, one in Berlin, one in Texas and another in upstate New York, though while Tesla still calls that last one a gigafactory most others do not. The definition of a gigafactory is anyway rather vague, in large part because the term was essentially plucked out of the air a few years ago

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in the battery business seem to have converged on a broad definition: a gigafactory is any big manufacturing plant turning out a lot of batteries – and since that last Tesla ‘gigafactory’ makes solar panels, it doesn’t qualify. However, Gigafactory Nevada undoubtedly does. Still only a third of its eventual planned size, this

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by this century-old Japanese electronics company. Indeed, if you were feeling particularly cheeky, you might even go so far as calling it the Panasonic Gigafactory.1 The point here is that in much the same way as Apple doesn’t make its own computers or indeed its own silicon chips

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nod to those Swiss roll log cakes, which also have a spiral cross-section, but over time the term has stiffened into a technical term: gigafactories around the world stand or fall on the performance of their ‘jelly-roll loader’ machines. Having been slotted into the canisters these jelly rolls are

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in their cars, most of Tesla’s cars still run on a tray of thousands of tiny laptop batteries – many of them made here in Gigafactory Nevada’s ‘dry room’. It is so named because the air is kept free of the moisture that could damage the fragile chemical compounds on

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itself here on the factory floor in Nevada is in an almost obsessional level of discipline and fastidiousness. Stand in the Panasonic end of the gigafactory and it feels a little like you have been teleported to a high-tech Japanese plant, or for that matter a semiconductor fab in Taiwan

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can’ batteries turn out to be very tricky to manufacture – more prone to overheating and malfunctioning. All of which helps explain why the mood in Gigafactory Nevada is oddly uneasy – these two companies are locked in a dysfunctional relationship of dependence and rivalry.fn2 It is a useful reminder, anyway, that

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80 per cent of the world’s battery production capacity. Indeed, according to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, one of the chroniclers of this new era of gigafactories, even if all the European and American grand visions for battery production actually materialised, by the beginning of the 2030s China will still be turning

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out seven out of every ten batteries produced anywhere in the world.2 When I began writing this book, the Tesla/Panasonic gigafactory in Nevada was so much bigger than any other rival facility that most insiders expected things to remain that way for the foreseeable future. Then

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plugged into the mains. All of which means we will need even more of the jelly rolls Panasonic and others are putting together in their gigafactories. This is all very exciting, but it further increases the demand for the chemicals inside these cells. In the long run there are possible alternatives

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for the twenty-first-century race for minerals. As it happens, one of the sites of this stockpile can be found not far from the gigafactory in Nevada. Drive about a hundred miles south and just after you pass Walker Lake, a silvery body of water ringed by desert and mountain

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far easier said than done. Battery manufacturers tend to prioritise passenger safety over everything else, with the upshot that the packs being put together at Gigafactory Nevada are so tightly closed with adhesives and fasteners that there is no easy way to disassemble them. So one of the hardest steps in

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million dollars. The more we learn about how to transform materials into products, the more jelly rolls clink their way down the conveyor belts of gigafactories like the one we visited in Nevada, the better we get at it, and, for the most part, the cheaper these products become.3 That

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1 Stanford Energy, ‘Sustainable Supply Chain for Batteries | Straubel, Mikolajczak, & Urtel | StorageX Symposium’, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQ0yFAGELnE . 2 ‘Lithium Ion Battery Gigafactory Assessment’, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, June 2022. 3 IEA, Role of Critical Minerals . 4 G. James Herrera and Frank Gottron, ‘National Stockpiles: Background and Issues for

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42 Ghawar oil field, Saudi Arabia 314–17 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 329 , 358 , 362 , 364 , 366 Gibson, Reginald 351 , 352 , 358 Gigafactory Nevada 399–400 , 403–4 , 405 , 406–7 , 408 , 422 Gilf Kebir, Egypt: Palaeozoic sandstones 31 Glasgow 156 glass/glassmaking 8 , 9 , 21 , 31 , 35

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’s Flash, Cheshire 157 Newcomen, Thomas 221 Newton, Isaac 37 New York American Museum of Natural History 266 concrete 74 Corning 59 electricity 262 , 264 Gigafactory 399 Hudson Yards, Manhattan 210 New York State 132 , 144 , 148 , 157 , 399 New York Times 325 New Yorker 235 Niagara Falls: hydroelectric dam 263

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TenCent (company) 115 Tennessee: electricity 251 , 255 Tesla, Nikola/Tesla (company) 58 , 264 , 399 , 403 , 407 , 421 , 427 Gigafactory Nevada 399–400 , 403–4 , 405 , 406–7 , 408 , 422 Texas fracking 322–4 Gigafactory 399 oil and gas 321 , 322 , 330 , 335 Permian Basin 324–5 , 365 wind power 431 Texas Instruments

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cylinder’s shape: 46mm diameter and 80mm height. Cells in early Teslas were 18650 (18mm diameter and 65mm height) while the ones being made in Gigafactory Nevada are 2170 cells – ever so slightly taller and fatter than those earliest versions. Conclusion fn1 As it happens, Kuznets’s effort to create a

Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors

by Edward Niedermeyer · 14 Sep 2019 · 328pp · 90,677 words

partnership would become Tesla’s most important and most enduring supplier relationship, culminating in a 2014 commitment to build a massive joint plant called the Gigafactory in northern Nevada. Panasonic would build battery cells and Tesla would assemble them into packs for vehicles at this massive facility outside Reno, which was

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any plan to replace a mass-market car’s entire production system every year or two was a recipe for profound capital inefficiency. Meanwhile, the “Gigafactory” that Tesla was building outside Reno, Nevada, to house battery-pack production, as well as cell manufacturing by its supplier Panasonic, was showing the dangers

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troubling were the problems with the one thing Tesla was supposed to be better at than anyone: the battery packs. “Production hell” had hit the Gigafactory, where Panasonic made battery cells and Tesla assembled them into packs for cars. Ambitious automated battery-pack production lines weren’t working, forcing Tesla to

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those batteries were good. What the fuck are we supposed to do? That’s the how it was for months.” These quality issues with the Gigafactory’s battery production were corroborated by reports published at BusinessInsider, CNBC, and Bloomberg, alleging chaos, waste, dependence on manual assembly, high scrap rates, and a

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driving down its heady stock price, Musk had held limited discussions with the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund about taking Tesla private and building a Gigafactory in the gulf kingdom that was increasingly looking to technology and renewable energy as a hedge on the uncertain future of its oil-dependent economy

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Duhigg. “Dr. Elon & Mr. Musk: Life Inside Tesla’s Production Hell.” Wired, December 13, 2018. https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/ Chapter 2 21The post, titled “The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (just between you and me)”: https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master

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to build a massive joint plant: Tesla Motors Press Release. “Panasonic and Tesla Sign Agreement for the Gigafactory.” July 31, 2014. https://ir.teslamotors.com/news-releases/news-release-details/panasonic-and-tesla-sign-agreement-gigafactory 78Musk would repeatedly blame Eberhard. “In the Beginning.” Tesla Motors Blog (since deleted, accessed via web

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plunges Tesla into Nevada’s housing crisis.” Reno Gazette Journal, October 12, 2018. https://www.rgj.com/story/news/2018/10/12/elon-musk-tesla-gigafactory-nevada-housing-crisis/1619609002/ 184were already pointing the way to the trouble ahead: Jeff Cobb. “Model 3 ‘Bottleneck’ Blamed on Chaos and Incompetence at Tesla

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.com, October 31, 2017. https://www.hybridcars.com/model-3-bottleneck-blamed-on-chaos-and-incompetence-at-tesla-gigafactory/ 186one of its trademark extravaganza events at the Fremont factory: Model 3 Owners Club. “Model 3 Delivery event live stream.” YouTube video, July 28, 2017.

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the sprawling Nevada plant: Linette Lopez. “Tesla employees describe what it’s like to work in the gigantic Gigafactory.” Business Insider, September 4, 2018. https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-describe-working-in-gigafactory-2018-8; Linette Lopez. “Insiders describe a world of chaos and waste at Panasonic’s massive battery-making

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operation for Tesla.” Business Insider, April 16, 2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/panasonic-battery-cell-operations-tesla-gigafactory-chaotic-2019-4; Lora Kolodny. “Tesla employees say to expect more Model 3 delays, citing inexperienced workers, manual assembly of batteries.” CNBC, January 28, 2018

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. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/tesla-employees-say-gigafactory-problems-worse-than-known.html; Matt Robinson and Zeke Faux. “When Elon Musk Tried to Destroy a Tesla Whistleblower.” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 13, 2019. https

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and electric cars, 11–13, 34 Impact concept car, 24 and Lotus, 36, 37, 53 OnStar system, 194 Germany, 203, 204 Ghosn, Carlos, 197–200 Gigafactory, 77, 183–184, 189, 218 GM. see General Motors G170J1-LE1 screens, 228 Goodwill Agreements, 149 Google, 44, 120–124, 171 Graham, Paul, 41 “A

How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors Behind Every Successful Project, From Home Renovations to Space Exploration

by Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner · 16 Feb 2023 · 353pp · 97,029 words

to come.18 A giant factory, too, may seem to be one huge thing or nothing. But when Elon Musk announced that Tesla would build Gigafactory 1 (today known as Giga Nevada), the world’s largest factory by footprint, he envisioned it in modular terms. His Lego was a small factory

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. Build one, get it working. Build another beside it and integrate the two. Build a third, a fourth, and so on. By building Gigafactory 1 this way, Tesla started turning out batteries and earning revenue within a year of the announcement, even as work continued on the whole giant

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, no. 3 (2015); “Country Profile Norway,” International Hydropower Association, https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/norway. 19. Tom Randall, “Tesla Flips the Switch on the Gigafactory,” Bloomberg, January 4, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-04/tesla-flips-the-switch-on-the

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-gigafactory; Sean Whaley, “Tesla Officials Show Off Progress at Gigafactory in Northern Nevada,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, March 20, 2016; Seth Weintraub, “Tesla Gigafactory Tour Roundup and Tidbits: ‘This Is the Coolest Factory in the World,’” Electrek, July

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28, 2016, https://electrek.co/2016/07/28/tesla-gigafactory-tour-roundup-and-tidbits-this-is-the-coolest-factory-ever/. 20. Atif Ansar and Bent Flyvbjerg, “How to Solve Big Problems: Bespoke Versus Platform Strategies,”

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dissertation. Chicago: Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Randall, Tom. 2017. “Tesla Flips the Switch on the Gigafactory.” Bloomberg, January 4. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-04/tesla-flips-the-switch-on-the-gigafactory. Reichold, Klaus, and Bernhard Graf. 2004. Buildings That Changed the World. London: Prestel. Ren, Xuefei. 2008

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D., Stephen E. Marcus, and Richard P. Moser. 2005. “Smokers’ Unrealistic Optimism About Their Risk.” Tobacco Control 14 (1): 55–59. Weintraub, Seth. 2016. “Tesla Gigafactory Tour Roundup and Tidbits: ‘This Is the Coolest Factory in the World.’” Electrek, July 28. https://electrek.co/2016/07/28/tesla

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-gigafactory-tour-roundup-and-tidbits-this-is-the-coolest-factory-ever/. Weinzierl, Matthew C., Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. 2021. SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and a

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: The Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Whaley, Sean. 2016. “Tesla Officials Show Off Progress at Gigafactory in Northern Nevada.” Las Vegas Review-Journal, March 20. Williams, Terry M., and Knut Samset. 2010. “Issues in Front-End Decision Making on Projects.” Project

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, ref1, ref2, ref3 Walt Disney Concert Hall designed by, ref1, ref2 General Motors, ref1 Generation nightclub, New York City, ref1 Germany, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Gigafactory 1 (Giga Nevada), ref1 Gigerenzer, Gerd, ref1, ref2 Gino, Francesca, ref1 Giroux, Yves, ref1 Gladwell, Malcolm, ref1, ref2 goals, ref1, ref2 Goldberger, Paul, ref1, ref2