green new deal

The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 9 Sep 2019

See also electric vehicles Gabriel, Sigmar Garcetti, Eric Gates, Bill Geis, Aurora Gen Z general-purpose technology platform (society-wide infrastructure) German Alliance for Work and the Environment Germany Autobahn building retrofit project Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party and coal distributed nature of green energies in feed-in tariff for green electricity Green Party and peer assembly governance model presidency of Council of the European Union Social Democratic Party (SPD) GI Bill Giannakopoulou, Elena Gillibrand, Kirsten Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy global warming and agriculture sector and building sector and ICT/communication sector mandates and protocols public opinion on and transportation sector globalization glocalization Google Sidewalk Labs Gore, Al Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Green New Deal roadmap) Great Depression Great Disruption consequences of and feed-in tariffs four phases of energy transition signs of transitional moment and 20–20–20 mandate (European Union) Great Recession Green Bank Act of 2014 Green Bank Design Summit (2019, Paris) green banks Green Corps Green New Deal building retrofits carbon-farming techniques carbon tax data centers electric vehicles and charging stations elimination of fossil fuel subsidies energy storage technology equitable tax laws European origins of 5G broadband global interconnectivity and transparency Internet of Things investment in Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure transition just transition funds labor movement microgrids military expenditures national green bank national smart power organic and ecological agricultural practices and peer assembly governance public lands research and development service programs smart Third Industrial Revolution business development and Sunrise Movement supply chain circularity processes twenty-three key initiatives of Green New Deal (cont’d) and US Green Party US resolution water, sewer, and drainage systems Green New Deal: A Progressive Vision for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Stability (Data for Progress report) Green New Deal: Joined-Up Policies to Solve the Triple Crunch of the Credit Crisis, Climate Change and High Oil Prices (Green New Deal Group declaration) Green New Deal for Europe: Towards Green Modernisation in the Face of Crisis (European Greens report) Green New Deal roadmaps Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Hauts-de-France (formerly Nord-Pas-de-Calais) Metropolitan Region of Rotterdam and The Hague San Antonio Green Party (Germany) Green Party (US) Greenhalgh, Paul greenhouse gas emissions Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) Haier Group Hanergy hard-to-abate sectors Harris, Kamala Hauts-de-France (Green New Deal roadmap) Heinrich Böll Foundation Homestead Acts Homo urbanus Horgan, John Hoyer, Steny Hsiang, Solomon human consciousness Hurricane Sandy hybrid economic system (sharing economy and provider/user networks) ICT and telecommunications sector and antitrust laws data centers decoupling from fossil fuel industry 5G broadband and Green New Deal key initiatives and Green New Deal transition infrastructure internet companies projected greenhouse emissions from and Second Industrial Revolution smartphones and tablets and vertically scaled monopolies ideological consciousness infrastructure American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) report card costs of deteriorating and substandard definition of First Industrial Revolution fossil fuel general-purpose technology platform (society-wide infrastructure) Internet of Things nuclear energy payoffs for improvements to and spending on public-private partnerships and ownership of Second Industrial Revolution Third Industrial Revolution distributed infrastructure Third Industrial Revolution laterally scaled infrastructure Third Industrial Revolution open-source infrastructure Trump administration’s plan and wealth workforce World Economic Forum’s rankings and World War II See also investment in Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure transition infrastructure academies Infrastructure Corps Intel Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) internet.

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Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) electric vehicles autonomous (self-driving) electric vehicles charging stations for cost tipping point for and declining price of lithium batteries and employment and energy storage and government fuel economy standards and Green New Deal key initiatives investment in and Los Angeles’s Green New Deal and Mobility and Logistics Internet and peak oil consumption projected sales and sustainable community pilot projects tax incentives for electricity sector decoupling from fossil fuel industry and Great Disruption warning signs national smart grid See also coal; fossil fuel industry; natural gas; oil; solar and wind energy Employment Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) EnBW Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) energy service companies (ESCOs) business model and investment in Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure transition main feature of and peer assembly governance and performance contracting top ten ENIAC (first electronic computer) E.ON Eugster, Chris European Commission European Greens European Parliament European People’s Party–European Democrats (EPP–ED) European Union and building retrofits Central Bank climate-neutral 2050 game plan Committee of the Regions Energy Performance of Buildings Directive A Green New Deal (declaration) A Green New Deal for Europe (European Greens report) Green New Deal Group Green New Deal origins taxation in Third Industrial Revolution infrastructure in and Toward a Transatlantic Green New Deal (German Green Party manifesto) 20–20–20 mandate European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE–NGL) Exelon Utilities Facebook Farmers Insurance Group Federal Housing Administration (FHA) feed-in tariffs Fields, Mark financial sector Bank of America Bank of England and stranded assets See also investment; pension funds Financial Stability Board (FSB) First Industrial Revolution and building sector definition of and family and kinship and fossil fuels ideological consciousness of infrastructure of and Morrill Land-Grant Acts (1862) and railroads and wealth First Nations 5G broadband Internet Fleissig, Will Ford, Gerald Ford, Henry Ford Motor Company Ford Smart Mobility River Rouge plant (Detroit) and union membership Fortune 500 companies fossil fuel industry collapse of decoupling of building sector from decoupling of electricity sector from decoupling of ICT and telecommunications sector from decoupling of transportation sector from infrastructure post-tax subsidies for See also coal; natural gas; oil; stranded assets Franklin, Benjamin French Revolution Friedman, Milton fuel-cell vehicles.

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While the ink was still drying on the new global warming mandates, the first buds of a Green New Deal movement appeared. Nine people, all of whom had been longtime climate campaigners, came together in the UK to create the Green New Deal Group.2 The group was eclectic, made up of individuals from a wide range of fields, including experts in energy, finance, journalism, and environmental science—just the kind of interdisciplinary collective needed to rethink the economic paradigm in a world facing climate change. In 2008, the Green New Deal Group issued a 48-page declaration titled A Green New Deal: Joined-Up Policies to Solve the Triple Crunch of the Credit Crisis, Climate Change and High Oil Prices.3 This plan encapsulated the central themes adopted that year around the newly mandated 20-20-20 formula and outlined the key building blocks and components of what would become a zero-carbon Third Industrial Revolution paradigm shift.

American Marxism
by Mark R. Levin
Published 12 Jul 2021

Res. 109, 116th Cong. (2019–2020), https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/109 (April 10, 2021). 67 Milton Ezrati, “The Green New Deal and the Cost of Virtue,” Forbes, February 2, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/miltonezrati/2019/02/19/the-green-new-deal-and-the-cost-of-virtue/?sh=6fe12ccd3dec (April 10, 2021). 68 Ibid. 69 Ibid. 70 Ibid. 71 Kevin Dayaratna and Nicolas Loris, “A Glimpse of What the Green New Deal Would Cost Taxpayers,” Daily Signal, March 25, 2019, https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/03/25/a-glimpse-of-what-the-green-new-deal-would-cost-taxpayers/ (April 10, 2021). 72 Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Dan Bosch, Ben Gitis, Dan Goldbeck, and Philip Rossetti, “The Green New Deal: Scope, Scale, and Implications,” American Action Forum, February 25, 2019, https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/the-green-new-deal-scope-scale-and-implications/ (April 10, 2021). 73 “Paris Agreement,” November 2015, https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_agreement_english_.pdf (April 10, 2021). 74 “U.S.

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It states, in part: Whereas climate change, pollution, and environmental destruction have exacerbated systemic racial, regional, social, environmental, and economic injustices (referred to in this preamble as “systemic injustices”) by disproportionately affecting indigenous communities, communities of color, migrant communities, deindustrialized communities, depopulated rural communities, the poor, low-income workers, women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with disabilities, and youth (referred to in this preamble as “frontline and vulnerable communities”); …Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Representatives that— (1) it is the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal— (A) to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through a fair and just transition for all communities and workers; (B) to create millions of good, high-wage jobs and ensure prosperity and economic security for all people of the United States; (C) to invest in the infrastructure and industry of the United States to sustainably meet the challenges of the 21st century; (D) to secure for all people of the United States for generations to come— (i) clean air and water; (ii) climate and community resiliency; (iii) healthy food; (iv) access to nature; and (v) a sustainable environment; and (E) to promote justice and equity by stopping current, preventing future, and repairing historic oppression of indigenous communities, communities of color, migrant communities, deindustrialized communities, depopulated rural communities, the poor, low-income workers, women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with disabilities, and youth (referred to in this resolution as “frontline and vulnerable communities”); (2) the goals described in subparagraphs of paragraph (1) above (referred to in this resolution as the “Green New Deal goals”) should be accomplished through a 10-year national mobilization (referred to in this resolution as the “Green New Deal mobilization”) that will require the following goals and projects— (A) building resiliency against climate change-related disasters, such as extreme weather, including by leveraging funding and providing investments for community-defined projects and strategies; (B) repairing and upgrading the infrastructure in the United States, including— (i) by eliminating pollution and greenhouse gas emissions as much as technologically feasible; (ii) by guaranteeing universal access to clean water; (iii) by reducing the risks posed by flooding and other climate impacts; and (iv) by ensuring that any infrastructure bill considered by Congress addresses climate change; (C) meeting 100 percent of the power demand in the United States through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources, including— (i) by dramatically expanding and upgrading existing renewable power sources; and (ii) by deploying new capacity; (D) building or upgrading to energy-efficient, distributed, and “smart” power grids, and working to ensure affordable access to electricity; (E) upgrading all existing buildings in the United States and building new buildings to achieve maximal energy efficiency, water efficiency, safety, affordability, comfort, and durability, including through electrification; (F) spurring massive growth in clean manufacturing in the United States and removing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing and industry as much as is technologically feasible, including by expanding renewable energy manufacturing and investing in existing manufacturing and industry; (G) working collaboratively with farmers and ranchers in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector as much as is technologically feasible, including— (i) by supporting family farming; (ii) by investing in sustainable farming and land use practices that increase soil health; and (iii) by building a more sustainable food system that ensures universal access to healthy food; (H) overhauling transportation systems in the United States to eliminate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector as much as is technologically feasible, including through investment in— (i) zero-emission vehicle infrastructure and manufacturing; (ii) clean, affordable, and accessible public transportation; and (iii) high-speed rail; (I) mitigating and managing the long-term adverse health, economic, and other effects of pollution and climate change, including by providing funding for community-defined projects and strategies; (J) removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and reducing pollution, including by restoring natural ecosystems through proven low-tech solutions that increase soil carbon storage, such as preservation and afforestation; (K) restoring and protecting threatened, endangered, and fragile ecosystems through locally appropriate and science-based projects that enhance biodiversity and support climate resiliency; (L) cleaning up existing hazardous waste and abandoned sites to promote economic development and sustainability; (M) identifying other emission and pollution sources and creating solutions to eliminate them; and (N) promoting the international exchange of technology, expertise, products, funding, and services, with the aim of making the United States the international leader on climate action, and to help other countries achieve a Green New Deal; (3) a Green New Deal must be developed through transparent and inclusive consultation, collaboration, and partnership with frontline and vulnerable communities, labor unions, worker cooperatives, civil society groups, academia, and businesses; and (4) to achieve the Green New Deal goals and mobilization, a Green New Deal will require the following goals and projects— (A) providing and leveraging, in a way that ensures that the public receives appropriate ownership stakes and returns on investment, adequate capital (including through community grants, public banks, and other public financing), technical expertise, supporting policies, and other forms of assistance to communities, organizations, Federal, State, and local government agencies, and businesses working on the Green New Deal mobilization; (B) ensuring that the Federal Government takes into account the complete environmental and social costs and impacts of emissions through— (i) existing laws; (ii) new policies and programs; and (iii) ensuring that frontline and vulnerable communities shall not be adversely affected; (C) providing resources, training, and high-quality education, including higher education, to all people of the United States, with a focus on frontline and vulnerable communities, so those communities may be full and equal participants in the Green New Deal mobilization; (D) making public investments in the research and development of new clean and renewable energy technologies and industries; (E) directing investments to spur economic development, deepen and diversify industry in local and regional economies, and build wealth and community ownership, while prioritizing high-quality job creation and economic, social, and environmental benefits in frontline and vulnerable communities that may otherwise struggle with the transition away from greenhouse gas intensive industries; (F) ensuring the use of democratic and participatory processes that are inclusive of and led by frontline and vulnerable communities and workers to plan, implement, and administer the Green New Deal mobilization at the local level; (G) ensuring that the Green New Deal mobilization creates high-quality union jobs that pay prevailing wages, hires local workers, offers training and advancement opportunities, and guarantees wage and benefit parity for workers affected by the transition; (H) guaranteeing a job with a family-sustaining wage, adequate family and medical leave, paid vacations, and retirement security to all people of the United States; (I) strengthening and protecting the right of all workers to organize, unionize, and collectively bargain free of coercion, intimidation, and harassment; (J) strengthening and enforcing labor, workplace health and safety, antidiscrimination, and wage and hour standards across all employers, industries, and sectors; (K) enacting and enforcing trade rules, procurement standards, and border adjustments with strong labor and environmental protections— (i) to stop the transfer of jobs and pollution overseas; and (ii) to grow domestic manufacturing in the United States; (L) ensuring that public lands, waters, and oceans are protected and that eminent domain is not abused; (M) obtaining the free, prior, and informed consent of indigenous people for all decisions that affect indigenous people and their traditional territories, honoring all treaties and agreements with indigenous people, and protecting and enforcing the sovereignty and land rights of indigenous people; (N) ensuring a commercial environment where every businessperson is free from unfair competition and domination by domestic or international monopolies; and (O) providing all people of the United States with— (i) high-quality health care; (ii) affordable, safe, and adequate housing; (iii) economic security; and (iv) access to clean water, clean air, healthy and affordable food, and nature.66 Milton Ezrati at Forbes rounded up some of the cost estimates for this proposal.

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That is a hefty price tag, considerably more than the estimated $700 billion a year that would emerge from AOC’s proposal to raise the maximum tax rate to 70%.”70 The Heritage Foundation’s Kevin Dayaratna and Nicolas Loris note that “according to the Heritage Energy Model, as a result of the taxes and carbon-based regulations, by 2040 one can expect: a peak employment shortfall of over 1.4 million jobs; a total income loss of more than $40,000 for a family of four; an aggregate gross domestic product loss of over $3.9 trillion; and, increases in household electricity expenditures averaging approximately 12 to 14 percent. Unquestionably, these projections from the Heritage Energy Model significantly underestimate the costs of the Green New Deal’s energy components. As Ocasio-Cortez’s Frequently Asked Questions sheet notes, the carbon tax is only one of many policy tools Green New Deal advocates hope to implement.”71 And the American Action Forum, headed by former Congressional Budget Office director Douglas Holtz-Eakin, concludes that the Green New Deal may cost up to $93 trillion over ten years—between $8.3 trillion and $12.3 trillion to eliminate, at least theoretically, carbon emissions from the power and transportation sectors, and between $42.8 trillion and $80.6 trillion for its massive social and economic undertakings.72 Apart from the crushing financial costs of these preposterous and perilous undertakings, and the horrendous economic dislocations that would follow, I continue to return to the fact that it would require us to abandon such foundational principles as limited government, private property rights, and the capitalist economic system, and require the assembly of an even more massive bureaucracy with immense regulatory control and police powers.

The Corona Crash: How the Pandemic Will Change Capitalism
by Grace Blakeley
Published 14 Oct 2020

Equally, buzzwords like ‘degrowth’ conjure up images of scarcity and poverty that deter people from climate activism. Tackling climate breakdown requires a mass movement that can fight back against a capitalist system that exploits human beings as much as it does the natural environment. The Green New Deal must be global – it must result from cooperation between working people, outside of existing international institutions. A global Green New Deal is not only necessary to combat the global threat of climate breakdown, but to tackle the regime of imperialism that underpins financial globalisation. Aside from helping to cause the 2008 financial crisis, capital mobility has sucked money out of the Global South and into financial vortexes such as Wall Street and the City of London.

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Subsidies or cheap loans for businesses producing environmentally sustainable products or researching new technologies would remove any incentive these firms might have to use their resources efficiently. Corporate governance would suffer as these firms became subject to corruption and clientelism owing to their increasingly close relationships with state actors. Bureaucrats and their friends in state-backed private corporations would use their power to serve their own interests. The Green New Deal would, according to free market ideologists, only lead to corruption and inefficiency of the kind that would worsen environmental breakdown. But the strength of these arguments is called into question by the evidence about how actually existing capitalism functions. The system is already characterised by widespread collusion between international monopolies and their clients in state and international institutions, with all the corruption and inefficiency this entails.

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Free marketeers will trot out the same arguments against such plans, but they will be confronted by the reality that we already live in an uncompetitive, monopolistic and state-planned economy. They may argue for a return to a different kind of capitalism, but unless they are able to chart a course to actually get there – impossible without huge social and political costs – their arguments will be untenable. Socialists must begin to make the case for a democratic Green New Deal now by pointing to the level of state planning currently underway in response to the coronavirus crisis – planning that has to a lesser extent been in place for years and will likely continue for many years to come. The line between ‘state’ and ‘market’ – constructed by liberal political economy – is now thinner than ever.

The Ones We've Been Waiting For: How a New Generation of Leaders Will Transform America
by Charlotte Alter
Published 18 Feb 2020

One of her staffers accidentally released a fact sheet from her office that contained inflammatory details, including guaranteed jobs even for those “unwilling to work,” retrofitting every building in America, and eliminating airplanes and methane emissions from “farting cows.” The right immediately had a field day, and the Green New Deal quickly became a punching bag instead of a win. It was AOC’s first big misstep, one that would give her opponents ammunition and her potential allies pause. Even Max, whose district was pummeled by Superstorm Sandy and who was all for bold solutions on climate change, couldn’t get on board, because he thought AOC was using the Green New Deal to promote a socialist agenda. The resolution, he said, was a “thinly veiled effort to use climate change as a Trojan horse to advance an economic system that I don’t believe is effective.”

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And It’s Coming to the US Next,” BuzzFeed, February 7, 2019, buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/europe-climate-change-protests-teens. catastrophic hurricanes threatening their homes: Emily Witt, “The Optimistic Activists for a Green New Deal: Inside the Youth-Led Singing Sunrise Movement,” The New Yorker, December 23, 2018, newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-optimistic-activists-for-a-green-new-deal-inside-the-youth-led-singing-sunrise-movement. THE BIG ONE her dead mother’s body: Simon Romero and Julie Bosman, “Clinging to Her Drowning ‘Mama,’ a Little Girl Survives the Raging Flood,” The New York Times, August 30, 2017, nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/victims-harvey-death-toll-houston.html.

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: Melanie Zanona, “‘We’re Not Going To Sit Idly By’: Freshman Dems Look to Seize Shutdown Optics,” Politico, January 17, 2019, politico.com/story/2019/01/17/freshman-house-democrats-government-shutdown-1110462. every building in America: Tara Golshan and Ella Nilsen, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s rocky rollout of the Green New Deal, explained,” Vox, February 11, 2019, vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/11/18220163/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-green-new-deal-faq-tucker-carlson Aides said Pelosi moved: Rachael Bade and Mike DeBonis, “Outright Disrespectful’: Four House Women Struggle As Pelosi Isolates Them,” The Washington Post, July 10, 2019, washingtonpost.com/politics/outright-disrespectful-four-house-women-struggle-as-pelosi-isolates-them/2019/07/10/a33c63a8-a33f-11e9-b7b4-95e30869bd15_story.html.

Shutdown: How COVID Shook the World's Economy
by Adam Tooze
Published 15 Nov 2021

Most of it was improvisation and compromise, but insofar as they managed to put a programmatic gloss on their responses—whether in the form of the EU’s Next Generation program or Biden’s Build Back Better program in 2020—it came from the repertoire of green modernization, sustainable development, and the Green New Deal. The result was a bitter historic irony. Even as the advocates of the Green New Deal went down to political defeat, 2020 resoundingly confirmed the realism of their diagnosis. It was the Green New Deal that had squarely addressed the urgency of huge environmental challenges and linked it to questions of extreme social inequality. It was the Green New Deal that had insisted that in meeting these challenges, democracies could not allow themselves to be hamstrung by conservative fiscal and monetary doctrines inherited from the bygone battles of the 1970s and discredited by the financial crisis of 2008.

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It was the Green New Deal that had insisted that in meeting these challenges, democracies could not allow themselves to be hamstrung by conservative fiscal and monetary doctrines inherited from the bygone battles of the 1970s and discredited by the financial crisis of 2008. It was the Green New Deal that had mobilized energetic, engaged, future-oriented, young citizens on whom democracy, if it was to have a hopeful future, clearly depended. The Green New Deal had also, of course, demanded that rather than endlessly patching a system that produced and reproduced inequality, instability, and crisis, it should be radically reformed. That was challenging for centrists. But one of the attractions of a crisis was that questions of the long-term future could be set aside.

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Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance (Harvard University Press, 2011). 44. A. Kapczynski and G. Gonsalves, “Alone Against the Virus,” Boston Review, March 13, 2020. 45. FT Series, The New Social Contract, www.ft.com/content/774f3aef-aded-47f9-8abb-a523191f1c19. 46. A. Pettifor, The Case for the Green New Deal (Verso, 2020); K. Aronoff, A. Battistoni, D. A. Cohen, and T. Riofrancos, A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal (Verso, 2019). 47. Popularized in 2020 by S. Kelton, The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People’s Economy (PublicAffairs, 2020). 48. J. M. Keynes, 1942 BBC Address (Collected Works XXVII). 49. BIS Annual Economic Report 30 June 2019; www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2019e2.htm. 50.

The Smartphone Society
by Nicole Aschoff

Proponents of another policy initiative, the Green New Deal, are tackling the ecological implications of our smartphone society. Proponents of the Green New Deal embed recent global technological shifts, which are highly energy- and resource-intensive, within the context of broader climate trends. As we have discussed in these pages, many of the issues connected to our ubiquitous smartphones have ecological dimensions that are often ignored or downplayed. The Green New Deal encourages us to confront difficult questions about the sustainability of our new digital-analog lifestyles.22 Supporters of the Green New Deal recognize that energy consumption is vital to modern society.

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In conjunction with action from the Sunrise Movement, US congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and US senator Ed Markey introduced a version of the Green New Deal in Congress in February 2019. Their resolution calls for the United States to take a “leading role in reducing emissions through economic transformations” because it has “historically been responsible for a disproportionate amount of greenhouse gas emissions.” Instead of promoting a “degrowth” philosophy—reducing fossil fuel use by reducing consumption and production—proponents of the Green New Deal advocate a “just transition” toward a green energy ecosystem in which people and communities, particularly those whose livelihoods depend on the fossil fuel industry, are given the support they need during the transition process in the form of job transfers, pensions, and retraining.23 Taking Stock These initiatives, ranging from labor organizing to watchdogs to green policy, are by no means an exhaustive accounting of the current pushback against the ills of our smartphone society.

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For more, see Caplan et al., “Algorithmic Accountability: A Primer,” prepared for the Congressional Progressive Caucus, Tech Algorithm Briefing, “How Algorithms Perpetuate Racial Bias and Inequality,” Data & Society, April 18, 2018. 21. Diakopoulos and Friedler, “How to Hold Algorithms Accountable.” 22. The term “Green New Deal” has been around for more than a decade, but its recent usage refers to a pair of resolutions submitted to Congress by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Ed Markey and to the broader social movement supporting the ideas articulated in the proposals. The Sunrise Movement, a major supporter, has information on its website, https://www.sunrisemovement.org/gnd. 23. Pollin, “De-Growth vs. A Green New Deal.” 24. For a discussion, see Silver, Forces of Labor. 25. Moody, On New Terrain. 26.

Our Lives in Their Portfolios: Why Asset Managers Own the World
by Brett Chistophers
Published 25 Apr 2023

Scherrer, ‘State-Owned Enterprises and the Low-Carbon Transition’, OECD Working Paper No. 129 (April 2018), p. 29. 48 Ibid., p. 16. 49 Ibid., p. 17. 50 Ibid., p. 18. 51 A. Pettifor, The Case for the Green New Deal (London: Verso, 2019); K. Aronoff, A. Battistoni, D. A. Cohen and T. Riofrancos, A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal (London: Verso, 2019). 52 K. Adam, ‘Boris Johnson says Britain Needs Its Own Green New Deal’, Washington Post, 18 November 2020. 53 E. McNally, ‘Whose Green New Deal?’ New Left Review – Sidecar, 4 May 2021 – at newleftreview.org. 54 Although the inclusion in the legislation of so-called direct-pay provisions may create some space for the public sector to assume a more involved role.

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Private construction firms carried out the projects, but otherwise this was overwhelmingly a public-sector enterprise. Almost all the new infrastructure was funded and owned publicly. What is needed today to confront the climate crisis, progressives argue, is a Green New Deal (GND), centred on a large-scale state-funded programme of investment in state-owned, low-carbon infrastructure assets. Books such as Ann Pettifor’s The Case for the Green New Deal (2019) and A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal (2019), by four US-based authors, have force-fully made the case.51 To date, however, the idea of the GND has circulated meaningfully only on a relatively restricted geographical basis.

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The Future Notes Acknowledgements Index Abbreviations APPR Société des Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône (France) ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers AUM assets under management BAM Brookfield Asset Management BREIT Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust BREP Blackstone Real Estate Partners BRI Belt and Road Initiative (China) BRT bus rapid transit BTR build to rent CEO chief executive officer COP26 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference CPP Canada Pension Plan CPPIB Canada Pension Plan Investment Board DfE Department for Education (UK) ESG environmental, social and governance G20 Group of Twenty G7 Group of Seven GIIA Global Infrastructure Investor Association GIP Global Infrastructure Partners GND Green New Deal GP general partner GSE government-sponsored enterprise HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development (US) IFC International Finance Corporation IIJA Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (US) IMF International Monetary Fund INREV European Association for Investors in Non-Listed Real Estate Vehicles IPO initial public offering IRR internal rate of return LP limited partner MAp Macquarie Airports MEIF3 Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund III MIM Manulife Investment Management MIRA Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets MKIF Macquarie Korea Infrastructure Fund MOIC multiple of invested capital MSIP Morgan Stanley Infrastructure Partners NHP Nursing Home Properties OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OMERS Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System PFI Private Finance Initiative (UK) PGII Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment PIF Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia PPA power-purchase agreement PPP public–private partnership PSERS Pennsylvania Public School Employees’ Retirement System REIT real-estate investment trust RTC Resolution Trust Corporation (US) S&L savings and loan SEK Swedish kronor SHP Swedish Hospital Partners SIB Washington State Investment Board SMG Seoul Metropolitan Government SPV special purpose vehicle SVT Sveriges Television SWF sovereign wealth fund UKIB UK Infrastructure Bank UNDP United Nations Development Programme Introduction Summer House Plenty of stories about the modern world are told through the lens of Silicon Valley, the famous region nestled at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay.

Green Swans: The Coming Boom in Regenerative Capitalism
by John Elkington
Published 6 Apr 2020

Which shifts the spotlight to the possibility of creating Global New Deals, most particularly Green New Deals. If handled right, the result could eventually be the sort of global economic boom seen in the wake of the Second World War. This is a metaphor and reality that the legendary Lester R. Brown championed for years in his Plan B work, which is well worth revisiting.60 Meanwhile Carlota Perez, who investigates the sort of long-wave economic cycles I first studied at university and who has powerfully influenced my own thinking, has this to say about New Deals: “I see the Green New Deal (GND) bill presented by [Rep. Alexandria] Ocasio-Cortez and [Sen.

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Les Brown, who I visited several times in Washington, D.C. at both the Worldwatch Institute and then the Earth Policy Institute, had a huge impact on my thinking over the decades. 61.Carlota Perez, “Why Everybody—Including Business—Should Support the Green New Deal,” BTTR (Beyond The Tech Revolution), March 17, 2019. See also: http://beyondthetechrevolution.com/blog/why-everybody-including-business-should-support-the-green-new-deal/. 62.See, for example, Chris Hughes, “It’s Time to Break Up Facebook,” The New York Times, May 9, 2019. See also: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/opinion/sunday/chris-hughes-facebook-zuckerberg.html. 63.http://breakthrough.unglobalcompact.org 64.Lisa Kay Solomon, “How the Most Successful Leaders Will Thrive in an Exponential World,” SingularityHub, January 11, 2017.

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Either capitalism must be transformed root and branch, with new definitions of impact, value, and wealth creation—or it will be replaced. The ultimate test is whether whatever form of wealth creation we do evolve by the 2030s is capable of actively restoring and regenerating our natural environment and, in parallel, our economies and societies. If that sounds strikingly like the sort of Green New Deals now proposed for the 2020s, that is no accident. As President Franklin D. Roosevelt, architect of the original New Deal, summed up both the opportunity and the risk: “In our seeking for economic and political progress, we all go up—or else we all go down.” By extension, will we now allow Black Swans to pull us down, or will we harness Green Swan dynamics to create forms of wealth that many of today’s minds would consider improbable or even impossible?

The New Economics: A Bigger Picture
by David Boyle and Andrew Simms
Published 14 Jun 2009

Other books to read John Adams (1995) Cost-Benefit Analysis: Part of the Problem, not the Solution, Green College Centre for Environmental Policy and Understanding, Oxford Tim Cooper (1994) Beyond Recycling, New Economics Foundation, London Herman Daly and Joshua Farley (2004) Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications, Island Press, Washington DC Greenpeace UK (2007) What are we waiting for? (online film) Andrew Simms (2009) Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations, Pluto Books, London Notes 1 2 3 Green New Deal Group (2008) The Green New Deal, New Economics Foundation, London. G. M. Novo and C. Murphy (2001) ‘Urban agriculture in the city of Havana: A popular response to a crisis’ in Growing Cities Growing Food: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda: A Reader on Urban Agriculture, Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security, The Hague.

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The group eventually included the Guardian economics editor, two former directors of Friends of the Earth, THE FUTURE 157 one of the authors of this book, and a number of other well-known names. What they published in July 2008 was known as the ‘Green New Deal’, launched 75 years after President Roosevelt launched a New Deal to rescue the USA from financial crisis.5 The Green New Deal urged governments to embrace a comprehensive, selfreinforcing programme including to: • • • • • • • invest in a major programme of renewable energy and wider environmental transformation that would create thousands of new green collar jobs; build a new alliance between environmentalists, industry, agriculture and unions to put the interests of the real economy ahead of those of footloose finance; set up an Oil Legacy Fund, paid for by a windfall tax on the profits of oil and gas companies, as part of a wide-ranging package of financial innovations and incentives to assemble the tens of billions of pounds that need to be spent, including local authority green bonds, green gilts and green family savings bonds; make sure fossil fuel prices include the cost to the environment, and are high enough to tackle climate change by creating economic incentives to drive efficiency and bring alternative fuels to market; cut corporate tax evasion by clamping down on tax havens and corporate financial reporting; re-regulate the domestic financial system, inspired by reforms implemented in the 1930s, including cutting interest and much tighter regulation of the wider financial environment; break up the discredited financial institutions that have needed so much public money to prop them up in the latest credit crunch.

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What they published in July 2008 was known as the ‘Green New Deal’, launched 75 years after President Roosevelt launched a New Deal to rescue the USA from financial crisis.5 The Green New Deal urged governments to embrace a comprehensive, selfreinforcing programme including to: • • • • • • • invest in a major programme of renewable energy and wider environmental transformation that would create thousands of new green collar jobs; build a new alliance between environmentalists, industry, agriculture and unions to put the interests of the real economy ahead of those of footloose finance; set up an Oil Legacy Fund, paid for by a windfall tax on the profits of oil and gas companies, as part of a wide-ranging package of financial innovations and incentives to assemble the tens of billions of pounds that need to be spent, including local authority green bonds, green gilts and green family savings bonds; make sure fossil fuel prices include the cost to the environment, and are high enough to tackle climate change by creating economic incentives to drive efficiency and bring alternative fuels to market; cut corporate tax evasion by clamping down on tax havens and corporate financial reporting; re-regulate the domestic financial system, inspired by reforms implemented in the 1930s, including cutting interest and much tighter regulation of the wider financial environment; break up the discredited financial institutions that have needed so much public money to prop them up in the latest credit crunch. Taken together, the Green New Deal urged a programme of re-regulating finance and taxation plus a huge transformational programme aimed at substantially reducing the use of fossil fuels and, in the process, tackling the unemployment and decline in demand caused by the credit crunch. It involved policies and new funding mechanisms that will reduce emissions and allow us to cope better with the coming energy shortages caused by peak oil. The importance was not so much the details of the plan, but its pattern. What the Green New Deal understood was that these crises needed to be tackled together, in a way that modern government finds difficulty doing.

What We Need to Do Now: A Green Deal to Ensure a Habitable Earth
by Chris Goodall
Published 30 Jan 2020

My own website, Carbon Commentary (www.carboncommentary.com), also has useful updates on climate issues, along with source notes for this book. GREEN NEW DEALS Ann Pettifor, The Case for the Green New Deal (Verso, 2019). The UK-based economist looks at how countries can best allocate capital towards projects that improve low carbon infrastructure. Jonathan Ford in the Financial Times summarised Pettifor’s conclusions by saying that ‘she sees the nation state as eminently capable of financing decarbonisation’. Naomi Klein, On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal (Allen Lane, 2019). Klein brings a transatlantic perspective and a more radical emphasis on changing the very structure of our economies.

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And, as I hope to show in this book, this should be a New Deal with real benefits for those who need it most – giving new purpose to the old industrial towns, renovating our housing stock with effective insulation, getting polluting traffic off the roads to create clean air environments. The big gain is to address climate change. But, in parallel, a Green New Deal offers huge possibilities for improving our quality of life and in creating a fairer society. A green new deal The chapters of this book cover matters as diverse as energy supply, wood cultivation and the fabrics used for our clothes, as well as taxation and research. We need to take action across all of these areas. Addressing climate change isn’t just a matter of increasing the percentage of our electricity that comes from renewable sources.

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One of its most effective initiatives was the REA (Rural Electrification Administration), set up to encourage local cooperatives to build electricity supply across the farming regions of the US. The REA increased the percentage of rural homes with electricity from 10 to 40 per cent in just five years between 1935 and 1940. With full support from electorates, countries can make truly striking progress. A group of insightful UK activists and politicians first proposed a Green New Deal in 2008 and I have used many of their ideas in this book. Much more recently, members of the US Congress, and notably Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, have proposed an outline plan for the US. The ideas are sketchy, but the group proposes to move the US to 100 per cent renewable electricity and switch to zero emission vehicles, among many other measures.

Unsustainable Inequalities: Social Justice and the Environment
by Lucas Chancel
Published 15 Jan 2020

The jobs they create—many of them well-paid manufacturing and engineering jobs—cannot be sent abroad, unlike many other jobs in the service sector today. This is the rationale behind the Green New Deal advocated by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in the United States, and by others in Europe over the past decade. Investing now in large-scale ecological transition investments is not only good (and, in fact, necessary) for the planet. It is also just good economics. It is true that certain sectors of the economy (such as coal mining or the oil industry) will be negatively affected by a Green New Deal. But this is precisely the point: transforming an economy’s production structure will help to preserve the environment and protect public health.

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If we are to avoid having to sacrifice one of these objectives in order to achieve the other, we must understand exactly why reducing inequalities is inseparable from the attempt to fundamentally alter our relationship to the environment. Otherwise it will be impossible to work out what must be done to reform current social and environmental policies and to implement a Green New Deal, as progressive political leaders are advocating around the world. Recent studies in economics, political science, and epidemiology have shown that unless economic inequality is reduced, it will be extremely difficult to attain the other goals of sustainable development: democratic vitality, social well-being, economic efficiency, and ecological stability.

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In the short term, however, measures that are conceived independently of policies aimed at improving social justice are liable to exacerbate certain inequalities and, indeed, to create new ones. Industrial polluters routinely threaten to eliminate jobs if stricter environmental regulations are enforced, for example, just as elected officials from rural constituencies protest the adoption of carbon taxes favoring city dwellers. Such arguments have been heard in the context of Green New Deal proposals in the United States and elsewhere. While they are often used cynically, they deserve attention. Is there a way to resolve the apparent contradiction between social justice and environmental protection? I believe there is. But reconciling the two objectives will require a new approach to managing the social state that depends on the collective acceptance of responsibility for socioeconomic risks such as unemployment, sickness, and poverty.

Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All
by Michael Shellenberger
Published 28 Jun 2020

Robert Walton, “New England CO2 Emissions Spike After Vermont Yankee Nuclear Closure,” Utility Dive, February 6, 2017, https://www.utilitydive.com. 39. “Green New Deal Overview” (draft), Office of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5729035/Green-New-Deal-FAQ.pdf. This document is a draft version of a “Green New Deal FAQ” that later appeared on AOC’s website: “Green New Deal FAQ,” Office of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, February 5, 2019, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20190207191119/https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/blog-posts/green-new-deal-faq. For more details, see Jordan Weissman, “Why the Green New Deal Rollout Was Kind of a Mess,” Slate, February 8, 2019, https://slate.com. 40.

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“It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the twenty-first century.”84 As I mentioned, I cofounded a progressive Democratic, labor-environment push for a New Apollo Project, the predecessor to Rep. Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal. We sought $300 billion for efficiency, renewables, electric cars, and other technologies.85 In 2007 our efforts paid off when then-U.S. presidential candidate Obama picked up our proposal and ran with it. Between 2009 and 2015, the U.S. government spent about $150 billion on our Green New Deal, $90 billion of it in stimulus money.86 Stimulus money wasn’t evenly distributed but rather clustered around donors to President Obama and the Democratic Party.

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You can set up a wall to try to contain ten thousand and twenty thousand, one million people, but not ten million.”19 “Around the year 2030, in ten years, 250 days, and ten hours, we will be in a position where we set off an irreversible chain reaction beyond human control that will most likely lead to the end of our civilisation as we know it,” said student climate activist Greta Thunberg, in 2019. “I don’t want you to be hopeful. I want you to panic.”20 2. Resilience Rising In early 2019, newly elected twenty-nine-year-old congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez sat down for an interview with a correspondent for The Atlantic. AOC, as she is known, made the case for a Green New Deal, one that would address poverty and social inequality in addition to climate change. AOC pushed back against critics who claimed it would be too expensive. “The world is going to end in twelve years if we don’t address climate change,” she said, “and your biggest issue is how are we gonna pay for it?”

Paint Your Town Red
by Matthew Brown
Published 14 Jun 2021

In the 2019 general election, the Conservative Party successfully appealed to former Labour voters in the “red wall”, while post-Corbyn Labour have accepted the need to reconnect with voters in the North and with neglected towns, but without losing sight of priorities like the Green New Deal. Local initiatives that see economic and social improvement generated by the community’s own actions, and which fit within the Green New Deal’s agenda on decarbonisation, renewables and sustainability, are a way of taking up these priorities at a grassroots level rather than waiting for top-down direction from Westminster. Beyond Discredited Models and Malaise As Preston itself adapted economic and democratic experiments in community wealth-building from the US and Europe, so several other cities, towns and boroughs around the UK, some of which we explore in Part Three, are establishing or developing their own versions of democratic localism, with greater or lesser degrees of involvement from local authorities and with attention to different priorities and projects.

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mc_cid=c93c02492f&mc_eid=5002eb9982 • Educate and Empower: Tools for Building Community Wealth, https://community-wealth.org/educate-and-empower, • Community-wealth.org Toolbox: https://community-wealth.org/resourcetype/Toolbox • Elements of a Democratic Economy: https://thenextsystem.org/elements • Policies for Community Wealth-building: Leveraging State and Local Resources https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/policies-community-wealth-building-leveraging-state-and-local-resources New Economics Foundation (NEF): produces policy and research shaped by the lived experience of those at the sharp end of the economy and supports practical, on-the-ground projects that devolve power to communities and improve well-being and sustainability. Its work includes: • Developing a new vision for UK coastal towns: https://neweconomics.org/campaigns/blue-new-deal • An online platform mapping new economy projects around the UK: https://letschangetherules.org • Support for a Green New Deal: https://neweconomics.org/about/our-missions/green-new-deal • The New Economy Organisers Network (Neon) — runs workshops to learn how “to build support for a new economy”; for example, by telling effective “stories” about it in the mainstream media. https://neweconomyorganisers.org (US) New Economy Coalition: exists to support a just transition from an extractive to a regenerative economy by building the scale and power of the solidarity economy movement in Black, Indigenous, and working-class communities in every region of the United States. https://neweconomy.net Transnational Institute: The Transnational Institute (TNI) is an international research and advocacy institute committed to building a just, democratic and sustainable planet.

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This, in turn, will depend on a community’s particular circumstances, resources and priorities. Another common concern that is urgently driving the need for local initiatives is the climate crisis. An increasing number of environmentalists, activists, and politicians such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, are advocating the “Green New Deal”. This strategy aims to both address the climate emergency and ameliorate capitalism through an agenda of government support for green technologies and a focus on decarbonisation and shift to renewable energies. But the practical implementation of these still mainly abstract principles obviously depends on governments being amenable to these policies or open to pressure for them from below.

Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow
by Tim Jackson
Published 8 Dec 2016

Downshifting: A Guide to Happier, Simpler Living. London: Hodder and Stoughton. GND 2013. A National Plan for the UK: From Austerity to the Age of the Green New Deal. London: Green New Deal Group. Online at www.greennewdealgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Green-New-Deal-5th-Anniversary.pdf (accessed 17 March 2016). GND 2008. ‘A Green New Deal: joined up policies to solve the triple crunch of the credit crisis, climate change and high oil prices’. The first report of the Green New Deal Group. London: NEF. Godley, W. 1999. ‘Seven unsustainable processes’. Special Report to the Levy Institute. Online at www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/sevenproc.pdf (accessed 21 March 2016).

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The likely investment costs for these more stringent targets could be at least an order of magnitude higher.26 The sheer size of the investment needed to transform the world’s energy system was one of the motivations for the international consensus around a ‘green stimulus’ in the wake of the financial crisis (Chapter 2). As early as 2008, the UK-based Green New Deal group put forward proposals for a low carbon energy system that would make ‘every building a power station’ and the creation and training of ‘a “carbon army” of workers to provide the human resources for a vast environmental reconstruction programme’.27 In the intervening years numerous others have echoed this call. UNEP’s global Green New Deal widened the remit of spending to include investment in natural infrastructure: sustainable agriculture and ecosystem protection.

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Surely more of a publicity stunt than a serious claim, the call nonetheless highlights the profound mess created by the financial crisis, with the vulnerable and not-so-vulnerable alike lobbying for direct support in the matter of their livelihoods.41 By far the most interesting variation on the Keynesian theme was the call for a Green New Deal. If the public sector is going to spend money to reinvigorate the economy, argued its advocates, wouldn’t it be as well to spend it investing in the new technologies that we know we are going to need to address the environmental and resource challenges of the twenty-first century? ‘Investments will soon be pouring back into the economy,’ suggested Pavan Sukdhev, the former Deutsche Bank economist leading research on the United Nations Environment Programme’s Green Economy initiative.

The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 Sep 2020

Christina Zhao, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Warns, ‘World Is Going to End in 12 Years’,” Newsweek, January 22, 2019; Green New Deal Fact Sheet, February 7, 2019, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5729035/Green-New-Deal-FAQ.pdf; “House Resolution 109, Recognizing the Duty of the Federal Government to Create a Green New Deal,” February 2, 2019. For an analysis of a Green New Deal in terms of “how the economy has changed and government has evolved,” see Jason Bordoff, “Getting Real About the Green New Deal,” Democracy Journal, March 25, 2019. Chapter 43: The Renewable Landscape 1. “The Father of Photovoltaics—Martin Green Profile,” ABC, May 26, 2011. 2.

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* * * — For some, the year 2050 is too far away and a transition over thirty years is too long. That is the essence of the Green New Deal launched on the steps of the U.S. Capitol by the left of the Democratic Party in 2019, led by Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who had decided to run for Congress after joining the protest against the Dakota Access pipeline. In its content, this Green New Deal synced up closely with the Green New Deal platform of the Green Party candidate, Jill Stein, in the 2016 presidential election. The talking points released just prior to the official release of the Green New Deal called for the United States to be powered by 100 percent clean and renewable energy by 2030.

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The talking points reflected the viewpoint of some of the advocates, but not all. They were pulled back just prior to the official launch of the Green New Deal. Ocasio-Cortez’s partner in launching the program, Senator Edward Markey, a veteran of decades of legislative battles, explained that the 100 percent was not a forecast, but rather was “aspirational.” The actual congressional resolution was more general, calling for a ten-year “new national, social, industrial, and economic mobilization on a scale not seen since World War II and the New Deal” to generate a Green New Deal that would meet a host of objectives—for instance, “counteract systemic injustices”—but principally “to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions” and “100 percent of the power demand in the United States through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources.”3 In the 2012 U.S. presidential debates, not a single question was asked about climate.

This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook
by Extinction Rebellion
Published 12 Jun 2019

The Gilets Jaunes grasped a simple truth that the supposedly sophisticated centrists of the Macron government failed to see: the issue of the climate and the environment is an issue of social and economic justice, as well as ecological justice. It is this truth that US Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal bill, now being presented for debate in the US Congress, places front and centre. Aside from a fringe of deniers – admittedly well represented by the buffoon currently occupying the White House – all sides will now admit that climate breakdown, and wider environmental collapse, is an issue for all humanity. Above all, the Green New Deal presents society with a clear demand: transform the globalized financial system that fuels consumption, climate breakdown, economic crises and social injustice.

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Houtman 3/ We are Not Prepared to Die – Mohamed Nasheed 4/ The Heat is Melting the Mountains – Kamla Joshi and Bhuvan Chand Joshi 5/ Fighting the Wrong War – JS Rafaeli with Neil Woods 6/ There’s Fear Now – Firefighter, California 7/ Indigenous Peoples and the Fight for Survival – Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim 8/ Survival of the Richest – Douglas Rushkoff 9/ Climate Sorrow – Susie Orbach 10/ The Climate Emergency and the End of Diversity – Matthew Todd 11/ Doom and Bloom: Adapting to Collapse – Jem Bendell 12/ Negotiating Surrender – Dougald Hine PART TWO: ACT NOW 13/ Courting Arrest – Jay Griffiths 14/ The Civil Resistance Model – Roger Hallam 15/ Movement Building – Professor Danny Burns and Cordula Reimann 16/ Building an Action – Tiana Jacout, Robin Boardman and Liam Geary Baulch 17/ Feeding the Rebellion – Momo Haque 18/ Cultural Roadblocks – James and Ruby 19/ Arts Factory – Miles Glyn and Clare Farrell 20/ One by One: A Media Strategy – Ronan McNern 21/ Going to Jail – Cathy Eastburn 22/ Police, Arrest and Support – Legal Team 23/ Reinforcements and Midnight Snacks – William Skeaping 24/ A Political View – Caroline Lucas MP 25/ A New Economics – Kate Raworth 26/ A Green New Deal – Clive Lewis MP 27/ The Zero-carbon City – Paul Chatterton 28/ What If … We Reduced Carbon Emissions to Zero by 2025? – Hazel Healy 29/ The Time is Now – Carne Ross Afterword – Rowan Williams What is Your Place in These Times? – Gail Bradbrook The Social Contract – Adam Wagner About the Author Extinction Rebellion are a new force taking realistic action at a critical time for our species and for life on this planet.

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Support is also being provided to the youth-led school strike movement started by Greta Thunberg, and to the newly emerging Birthstrike movement which is taking off in many countries to support people who are choosing not to bring children into this world unless, and until, conditions improve. In the US, the Sunrise Movement is building bi-partisan support for a ten-year mobilization and investment plan called the Green New Deal. What all these movements have in common is a complete rejection of neoliberal economics and ‘business as usual’ politics. Yes, it is too late to prevent all the negative impacts of climate change. But this cannot destroy our capacity to nurture. It cannot destroy our capacity to love and our sense of justice.

Stolen: How to Save the World From Financialisation
by Grace Blakeley
Published 9 Sep 2019

A National Investment Bank and a Green New Deal The combination of higher taxes on corporations and the wealthy, and much greater levels of collective ownership across the economy achieved through the public system of investment outlined below, would provide the revenues necessary to make such a system sustainable over the long-term. Smart investment, aimed at raising incomes, reducing inequality and greening economic growth, would also increase tax revenues as well as achieving a variety of other objectives. This investment agenda should be undertaken under the mantle of the “Green New Deal”, involving a dramatic increase in state investment to decarbonise the economy.

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When the NIB lends to a promising company, it should identify opportunities for the CWF to invest in that company in order to take advantage of the growth that would be fuelled by the NIB’s lending. The CWF should also invest in other strategic sectors of the economy as part of the Green New Deal— the state could provide bonds to allow the CWF to buy up stakes in private companies if necessary. Future nationalisations could also be undertaken through the CWF. The CWF should balance its investments between domestic and international assets that support the aims of the Green New Deal with maximising risk-adjusted returns. The PAM would also manage the private assets of domestic savers via public pensions pots, and the mutual and insurance funds that currently send their capital to private asset managers for investment.

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Clearly, the massive scale of the challenge means that it cannot be dealt with through small policy tweaks. Systemic breakdown can only be undone through systemic change — a transformation in the very logic of our political and economic systems. Only a mass mobilisation of society’s resources, along the lines of the Green New Deal recently advocated by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in the US, will be enough to avert climate catastrophe. And this will require an increase in state spending directed into greening production, promoting research and development in green technology, and decarbonising energy and transport infrastructure, which would be unthinkable under the political economy of finance-led growth.

Essential: How the Pandemic Transformed the Long Fight for Worker Justice
by Jamie K. McCallum
Published 15 Nov 2022

Jori Kandra et al., Domestic Workers Chartbook: A Comprehensive Look at the Demographics, Wages, Benefits, and Poverty Rates of the Professionals Who Care for Our Family Members and Clean Our Homes, Economic Policy Institute, May 14, 2020, www.epi.org/publication/domestic-workers-chartbook-a-comprehensive-look-at-the-demographics-wages-benefits-and-poverty-rates-of-the-professionals-who-care-for-our-family-members-and-clean-our-homes/. 18. Kandra et al., Domestic Workers Chartbook; Campbell, “Kamala Harris Just Introduced a Bill.” 19. Marilyn A. Brown and Majid Ahmadi, “Would a Green New Deal Add or Kill Jobs?,” Scientific American, December 17, 2019, www.scientificamerican.com/article/would-a-green-new-deal-add-or-kill-jobs1/. 20. Christopher Flavelle, “Work Injuries Tied to Heat Are Vastly Undercounted, Study Finds,” New York Times, July 15, 2021, Climate, www.nytimes.com/2021/07/15/climate/heat-injuries.html; Erika Mahoney, “Farm Workers Face Double Threat: Wildfire Smoke and COVID-19,” NPR, September 7, 2020, www.npr.org/2020/09/07/909314223/farm-workers-face-double-threat-wildfire-smoke-and-covid-19; Whitney Kimball, “Amazon’s New Safety Crisis Could Be Heat Waves,” Gizmodo, June 29, 2021, https://gizmodo.com/amazons-new-safety-crisis-could-be-heat-waves-1847188930. 21.

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In the single largest policy failure of the pandemic era, Build Back Better went bust. What does this mean for workers? What workers needed during the pandemic, and whenever it recedes, is only a more urgent version of what they’ve needed for decades. Three related goals could improve the power that workers have on and off the job: healthcare reform, a Green New Deal for labor, and reducing our overall dependence on paid work. These goals will only be won if workers can increase their power through unions and create a major crisis for corporations. In other words, we should support unions not only for the benefits they bring their members but also as vehicles for larger political change.

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They’re in high demand these days due to the explosion of COVID cases at congregate living settings, the aging population, and the general unmet need for home-based care that predated the pandemic.15 Care work is done predominantly by women and people of color for poverty wages. Ady’s campaign to attach organizing rights to such funding increases would not merely improve the lives of caregivers or perhaps the quality of the care received. It would also overturn a discriminatory policy that has plagued even progressive reformers for almost a century. A Green New Deal for Labor The New Deal was a real attempt to reconcile the carnage of the Great Depression with the long-term promise of shared prosperity. It became an obvious historical flashpoint during the pandemic, provoking comparisons between Biden and Roosevelt. Both inherited a crisis, both showed surprisingly liberal policy stances early in their tenure, and both spoke up on behalf of workers.

Arguing With Zombies: Economics, Politics, and the Fight for a Better Future
by Paul Krugman
Published 28 Jan 2020

On the contrary, the party should spend the next two years figuring out what, exactly, it will try to do if it gains policymaking power in 2021. Which brings me to the big policy slogan of the moment: the so-called Green New Deal. Is this actually a good idea? Yes, it is. But it’s important to go beyond the appealing slogan, and hash out many of the details. You don’t want to be like the Republicans, who spent years talking big about repealing Obamacare, but never worked out a realistic alternative. So what does the Green New Deal mean? It’s not entirely clear, which is what makes it a good slogan: it could mean a number of good things. But the main thrust, as I understand it, is that we should make a big move to tackle climate change, and that this move should accentuate the positive, not the negative.

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Add in investments in technology and infrastructure that supports alternative energy, and a Green New Deal that dramatically reduces emissions seems entirely practical, even without carbon taxes. And these policies would visibly create jobs in renewable energy, which already employs a lot more people than coal mining. Of course, some people would be hurt. The 53,000 Americans still employed in coal mining would eventually have to find other employment (and aid for workers in transition industries should be a part of the Green New Deal). Profits of fossil-fuel companies would also go down, although these companies now give almost all their money to the G.O.P., so it’s not clear why Democrats should care.

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But borrowing at ultra-low interest rates to pay for investments in the future—infrastructure, of course, but also things like nutrition and health care for the young, who are the workers of tomorrow—is very defensible. Which brings us to the question of double standards. You don’t have to agree with everything in proposals for a “Green New Deal” to acknowledge that it’s very much an investment program, not a mere giveaway. So it has been very dismaying to see how much commentary on these proposals either demands an immediate, detailed explanation of how Democrats would pay for their ideas, or dismisses the whole thing as impractical.

The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class
by Joel Kotkin
Published 11 May 2020

But some policies being implemented today—such as wide-scale wind power and battery-powered cars—may be less beneficial than promised, with unexpected costs and other disadvantages.25 The Paris Agreement on climate change appears to be having little effect, according to some observers.26 Draconian climate policies in California and Germany have managed to hurt the middle class and the poor while producing little meaningful reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.27 Extravagant policy proposals such as the recent “Green New Deal” floated in the U.S. Congress would cost trillions of dollars for uncertain benefits and divert resources from other priorities, such as reducing poverty or cleaning the oceans. In developing countries, an agenda like the Green New Deal could have the unintended effect of entrenching mass poverty, thus creating more dependency, and could bring new risks to health and sanitation as well.28 Most people naturally support environmental protection and efforts to address climate change, but are generally not willing to give up a large portion of their income for those purposes, especially when the benefits are dubious.

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Expect More This Year,” Foundation for Economic Education, April 22, 2018, https://fee.org/articles/18-spectacularly-wrong-predictions-made-around-the-time-of-the-first-earth-day-in-1970-expect-more-this-year/; James Ridgeway, The Politics of Ecology (New York: Dutton, 1970), 195. 15 Garreau, “Environmentalism as Religion”; Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (New York: Norton, 2018), 42; David Adler, “Straight to Hell: Millenarianism and the Green New Deal,” Quillette, May 21, 2019, https://quillette.com/2019/05/21/straight-to-hell-millenarianism-and-the-green-new-deal/. 16 Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London: Routledge, 1961), 84; Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954), 138; Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Knopf, 1978), 327. 17 Prof.

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q=palier+manow&lang=en&cc=nl; Herbert Kitschelt, “Diversification and Reconfiguration of Party Systems in Postindustrial Democracies,” Europäische Politik, March 2004, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/02608.pdf. 33 “‘Labour will be in serious peril if it loses its working-class voters,’” Spiked, July 19, 2019, https://www.spiked-online.com/2019/07/19/labour-will-be-in-serious-peril-if-it-loses-its-working-class-voters/. 34 Rupert Darwall, “Behind the Green New Deal: An elite war on the working class,” New York Post, March 26, 2019, https://nypost.com/2019/03/26/behind-the-green-new-deal-an-elite-war-on-the-working-class/; David Friedman and Jennifer Hernandez, California, Greenhouse Gas Regulation, and Climate Change, Center for Demographics and Policy, Chapman University, http://www.newgeography.com/files/California%20GHG%20Regulation%20Final.pdf. 35 Timothy Puko, “The Big Name in Coal’s Resurgence: China,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-big-name-in-coals-resurgence-china-1503835205; Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, vol. 1 of Civilization and Capitalism (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 369. 36 Robert Bryce, “How to Lower U.S.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World
by Naomi Klein
Published 11 Sep 2023

“intelligence service”: Naomi Wolf, “A Tale of Two Rape Charges,” The Great Debate (blog), Reuters, May 23, 2011. potentially fraudulent: “Naomi Wolf Compiles Ballot Paper Complaints,” The (Glasgow) Herald, September 27, 2014. not the demands: “Progressive Feminist Naomi Wolf Rips the Green New Deal as ‘Fascism’—‘I WANT a Green New Deal’ but ‘This One Is a Straight Up Power Grab,’” Climate Depot, February 21, 2021. “aluminum on a global level”: Tim Skillet @Gurdur, tweet, March 24, 2018, Twitter. “It was amazing to go to Belfast”: Naomi Wolf @naomirwolf, tweet, July 5, 2019, 1:13 a.m., in Séamas O’Reilly @shockproofbeats, tweet, April 5, 2020, 4:27 a.m., Twitter.

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About the arrest of Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the former managing director of the International Monetary Fund, on allegations that he sexually assaulted a housekeeper in a New York City hotel room (the charges were eventually dropped and a civil suit settled but Wolf wondered if the whole thing had been an “intelligence service” operation designed to take Strauss-Kahn out of the running in French elections where he had been “the odds-on favorite to defeat Nicolas Sarkozy”). About the results of the 2014 Scottish referendum on independence, which the “no” vote won by a margin of more than ten percent (potentially fraudulent, she claimed, based on an assortment of testimonies she collected). About the Green New Deal (not the demands of grassroots climate justice movements, she said, but yet another elite-orchestrated cover for “fascism”). In our era of extreme wealth concentration and seemingly bottomless impunity for the powerful, it is perfectly rational, even wise, to probe official stories for their veracity.

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Looking back, this is really when the problems started for me; the point when Wolf stopped seeming quite as much like her—the Naomi who wrote books about the battles waged over women’s bodies—and started sounding, well, more like me—the Naomi who writes about corporate exploitation of states of shock. Am I saying that this confusion was intentional on Wolf’s part? Not at all. Just deeply unfortunate. And it wasn’t just that one book. I had started writing about the Green New Deal in 2018. She did, too, shortly after, only with her special conspiracy twists. I began publishing about the dangers of geoengineering as a response to the climate crisis, with a particular focus on how high-altitude simulations of volcanoes that were intended to partially dim the sun risked interfering with rainfall in the Southern Hemisphere.

Automation and the Future of Work
by Aaron Benanav
Published 3 Nov 2020

See League of Nations, Economic Stability in the Post-War World: The Conditions of Prosperity after the Transition from War to Peace, 1945, pp. 228–9. 17 See Robert Pollin, Greening the Global Economy, MIT Press, 2015; Ann Pettifor, The Case for a Green New Deal, Verso, 2019; and Kate Aronoff et. al., A Planet to Win: The Case for the Green New Deal, Verso, 2019. For critiques see Geoff Mann and Joel Wainwright, Climate Leviathan: A Political Theory of Our Planetary Future, Verso, 2018, pp. 99–128; Troy Vetesse, “To Freeze the Thames,” New Left Review, no. 111, S2, May–June 2018; Jason Hickel, “Degrowth: A Theory of Radical Abundance,” Real World Economics Review, no. 87, 2019, pp. 54–68; and Nicholas Beuret, “A Green New Deal between Whom and for What?,” Viewpoint, October 24, 2019. 18 See Nixon Apple, “The Rise and Fall of Full Employment Capitalism,” Studies in Political Economy, vol. 4, no. 1, 1980. 19 For the classic account, see Michal Kalecki, “Political Aspects of Full Employment,” Political Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4, 1943.

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On this advanced social foundation, he argued, the state could begin to wind down the economy sometime in the late 1960s, increasing “leisure” to reduce weekly hours of work and favoring an “equitable distribution” of income to reduce levels of economic inequality.16 Add to this program a planned transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy, and Beveridge’s proposal would rival the most radical designs for a Green New Deal today.17 Of course, governments never seriously considered implementing Beveridge’s full employment proposal. Examining the reasons for the failure of the radical Keynesian projects of the past shows why similar plans will hardly fare better today. In the aftermath of World War II, proposed public-investment-led full employment programs were forcefully combatted and soundly defeated, at a time when left-wing organizations were much stronger than they are today (of course, most of those left-wing organizations were fighting for more than public investment: many were calling for the socialization of production).18 Large asset-owners understood, correctly, that public investment posed an existential threat to their prerogatives regarding where and how much of society’s resources to invest in the expansion of production—and hence whether economies would expand or slide into recessions.19 It was not so much full employment they feared, but rather full employment achieved via public investment, which would have neutralized the capacity of large asset owners to throw society into chaos through threats of disinvestment.

Decoding the World: A Roadmap for the Questioner
by Po Bronson
Published 14 Jul 2020

Maybe we can repurpose an existing plan that’s already been written, like the Green New Deal. And swap out green for blue, so it becomes the Blue New Deal. Blue like Blue Cross or Blue Shield. I’m aware this sounds preposterous. So pretend for a moment that I’m not at all serious, and that this is just an interesting thought exercise. Let’s explore the question of whether planetary health and human health have much in common. And let’s evaluate whether the solutions to the former shed any new light on the solutions for the latter. If you’re not a fan of the Green New Deal, no problem. It works for the Paris Accords or Project Drawdown or whichever atmosphere-rescue plan you prefer.

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It works for the Paris Accords or Project Drawdown or whichever atmosphere-rescue plan you prefer. I’m just using the Green New Deal because it’s got the catchiest name. My hunch is that if we force ourselves to view health care reform through this lens, it’s going to reveal new insights—and perhaps change our priorities. I’m fully aware this is uncharted territory. It’s an experiment. To win Super Bowl LIII, the New England Patriots didn’t say, “Hey, let’s borrow the game plan the Lakers used from the Showtime era!” And to beat back Al Qaeda, Gen. Stanley McChrystal didn’t say, “Let’s try Steve Jobs’ plan to create the iPhone.”

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Both build up side effects from energy production. Both are dramatically impacted by microbes. Both require prevention and repair. Both are going to cost a lot. Both have been ignored for decades. Both are encountering problems we’ve never seen on this scale before. So without going through every little detail of the Green New Deal, let’s hit some highlights of this crazy analysis. 1. DECARBONIZE THE ENERGY SUPPLY Oil is 87 percent carbon. Coal is 88 percent carbon. When we burn it, we fill the atmosphere with trouble. At first glance, this has nothing to do with health care. But consider this: Of all the things we eat, the big troublemaker is sugar.

The Production of Money: How to Break the Power of Banks
by Ann Pettifor
Published 27 Mar 2017

The Mess We’re In 1Margaret Thatcher speech to the Conservative Party, October 1983, margaretthatcher.org/document/105454, accessed 1 October 2013. 2Bernie Sanders, ‘Federal Reserve System: Opportunities Exist to Strengthen Policies and Processes for Managing Emergency Assistance’, US Government Accountability Office, July 2011, sanders.senate.gov, accessed 4 October 2013. 3Mervyn King speech, cited in ‘BoE Governor Signals Fragile UK Recovery’, Sky News, 21 October 2009, news.sky.com, accessed 4 October 2013. 4Mervyn King speech to Scottish Business Organisations, Edinburgh, 20 October 2009. 5Liam Byrne quoted in Paul Owen, ‘Ex-Treasury Secretary Liam Byrne’s Note to His Successor: There’s No Money Left’, Guardian, 17 May 2010, theguardian.com, accessed 4 October 2011. 6Rowena Mason, ‘George Osborne: UK Has Run Out of Money’, Daily Telegraph, 27 February 2012, telegraph.co.uk, accessed 4 October 2013. 7Ed Balls speech, ‘Striking the Right Balance for the British Economy’, Thomson Reuters, 3 June 2013, labour.org.uk, accessed 4 October 2013. 8Jeremy Warner, ‘Oh God – I Cannot Take Any More of the Austerity Debate’, Daily Telegraph blog, 11 September 2013, telegraph.co.uk, accessed 3 October 2013. 9Adam Kucharski, ‘Betting and Investment Both Require Skill and Luck’, Financial Times, 5 May 2016, ft.com, accessed 1 September 2016. 10OECD, ‘Stronger Growth Remains Elusive: Urgent Policy Response Is Needed’, Interim Economic Outlook, 18 February 2016, oecd.org, accessed 6 June 2016. 11Richard Koo cited in ‘Quantitative Easing, the Greatest Monetary Non-Event’, Pragmatic Capitalism, 9 August 2010, pragcap.com, accessed 3 October 2013. My emphasis. 12The following paragraphs are drawn from the second report of the Green New Deal of which Ann Pettifor was a co-author. The Green New Deal Group, ‘The Cuts Won’t Work’, New Economics Foundation, 7 December 2009, greennewdealgroup.org, accessed 25 March 2014. 13Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh, ‘Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers’, IMF Working Paper, January 2013, imf. org, accessed 6 June 2016. 14John Maynard Keynes, The Means to Prosperity, London: Macmillan, 1933.

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Daly, H.E., Economics, Ecology, Ethics, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co., 1973. Daly, H.E., Steady-State Economics, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1977. Elliott, Larry and Colin Hines, Tony Juniper, Jeremy Leggett, Caroline Lucas, Richard Murphy, Ann Pettifor, Charles Secrett, Andrew Simms, A Green New Deal, London: Green New Deal Group, 2009, greennewdealgroup.org. See also The Cuts Won’t Work, greennewdealgroup.org. Galbraith, J.K., The Great Crash, 1929, London: Penguin Books, 1992. Geisst, Charles R., Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
by Jason Hickel
Published 12 Aug 2020

He is originally from Eswatini (Swaziland) and spent a number of years with migrant workers in South Africa, writing about exploitation and political resistance in the wake of apartheid. He has authored three books, including most recently The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. He writes regularly for the Guardian, Al Jazeera and Foreign Policy, serves as an advisor for the Green New Deal for Europe and sits on the Lancet Commission for Reparations and Redistributive Justice. He lives in London. ALSO BY JASON HICKEL The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions We don’t have a right to ask whether we are going to succeed or not. The only question we have a right to ask is what’s the right thing to do?

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Global ecological breakdown is being driven almost entirely by excess growth in high-income countries, and in particular by excess accumulation among the very rich, while the consequences hurt the global South, and the poor, disproportionately.32 Ultimately, this is a crisis of inequality as much as anything else. * We know exactly what we need to do in order to avert climate breakdown. We need to mobilise a rapid rollout of renewable energy – a global Green New Deal – to cut world emissions in half within a decade and get to zero before 2050. Keep in mind that this is a global average target. High-income nations, given their greater responsibility for historical emissions, need to do it much more quickly, reaching zero by 2030.33 It is impossible to overstate how dramatic this is; it is the single most challenging task that humanity has ever faced.

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While this target fails to meet the earlier decarbonisation dates required of rich nations, it nonetheless marked a significant shift. Meanwhile, a similar movement was rippling across the United States. In February 2019, Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Edward Markey released a resolution for the Green New Deal, which called for a ten-year national mobilisation with the goal of shifting the United States to 100% clean energy. The idea caught fire: the progressive wing of the Democratic Party lined up behind it, and opinion polls showed that more Americans supported the idea than rejected it. Republican leaders rounded on the plan, and conservative media launched relentless attacks.

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation
by Paris Marx
Published 4 Jul 2022

Locally, transit activists are fighting the removal of fares and for better service in their communities, while housing activists are pushing back against gentrification and demanding public housing so residents can afford to stay in their communities. In the United States, the Green New Deal galvanized climate activists to fight for an ambitious program to address the climate crisis, while empowering them to collectively imagine what an equitable and sustainable future should look like. That challenge was taken up around the world under the Green New Deal banner, but also by activists with Extinction Rebellion, School Strike for Climate, and regional initiatives like the Pacto Ecosocial del Sur in Latin America.

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We Just Call Them ‘Venture Capitalists,’” Intelligencer, December 2, 2020, Nymag.com. 2 Martin Kenney and John Zysman, “Unicorns, Cheshire Cats, and the New Dilemmas of Entrepreneurial Finance,” Venture Capital 21:1, 2019, p. 39. 3 Megan Cerullo, “Uber Loses an Average of 58 Cents Per Ride—and Says It’s Ready to Go Public,” CBS News, May 6, 2019, Cbsnews.com. 4 Mark O’Connell, “Why Silicon Valley Billionaires Are Prepping for the Apocalypse in New Zealand,” Guardian, February 15, 2018, Theguardian.com. 5 Kate Aronoff et al., A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal, Verso Books, 2019, p. 108. 6 Charlie Jarvis, “A Shopper’s Heaven,” Real Life, March 29, 2021, Reallifemag.com. 7 Adam Forrest, “‘It’s Scary’: Shoppers Give Verdict on Amazon’s Futuristic Till-Free Supermarket,” Independent, March 4, 2021, Independent.co.uk. 8 Chris Gilliard, “Pedagogy and the Logic of Platforms,” Educause Review 52:4, July 3, 2017. 9 Chris Gilliard, “Friction-Free Racism,” Real Life, October 15, 2018, Reallifemag.com. 10 Lauren Smiley, “The Shut-In Economy,” Matter, March 25, 2015, Medium.com. 11 David A.

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: Public Transit in the Age of Google, Uber, and Elon Musk, Between the Lines Books, 2020, pp. 193–205. 20 Untokening, “Untokening 1.0—Principles of Mobility Justice,” The Untokening (blog), November 11, 2017, Untokening.org. 21 George Monbiot, “Public Luxury for All or Private Luxury for Some: This Is the Choice We Face,” Guardian, May 31, 2017, Theguardian.com. 22 Aaron Vansintjan, “Public Abundance Is the Secret to the Green New Deal,” Green European Journal, May 27, 2020. 23 For specific proposals, see Callum Cant, Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy, Polity Press, 2019; Dan Hind, “The British Digital Cooperative: A New Model Public Sector Institution,” Common Wealth, September 20, 2019, Common-wealth.co.uk; “Our Plan,” Delivering Community Power, n.d., Deliveringcommunitypower.ca; Paris Marx, “Build Socialism Through the Post Office,” Jacobin, April 15, 2020, Jacobinmag.com. 24 See Salomé Viljoen, “Data as Property?

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future
by Ben Tarnoff
Published 13 Jun 2022

Chattanooga’s EPB interconnects with Level 3, Hurricane Electric, and Cogent Communications; see bgp.he.net/AS26827#_asinfo. 55, In fact, this may become … Comcast, Charter, Verizon, and AT&T account for 76 percent of all internet subscriptions in the country; see Pickard and Berman, After Net Neutrality, 58–59. Verizon, AT&T, and Comcast are the companies that also operate backbones. 56, The Green New Deal might offer … “When clouds soften …”: Kate Aronoff, Alyssa Battistoni, Daniel Aldana Cohen, and Thea Riofrancos, A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal (London: Verso, 2019), 107. Thousands of miles of unused “dark” fiber: There are two main reasons that so much unused fiber exists. The first is the legacy of overbuilding during the dot-com boom. The second is the fact that overbuilding is the norm: fiber is typically laid with more capacity than will be immediately used due to the expense associated with installation. 56, This may seem impractical … The original German line from Dantons Tod (1835) reads, “Wer eine Revolution zur Hälfte vollendet, gräbt sich selbst sein Grab.” 4.

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Warren proposed giving $85 billion in federal grants to cooperatives, local governments, nonprofits, and tribes to build infrastructure for “high-speed public broadband.” Sanders called for $150 billion in both grants and technical assistance to municipalities and states “to build publicly owned and democratically controlled, co-operative, or open access broadband networks.” Significantly, Sanders also tied his proposal to the Green New Deal. The same networks that deliver internet service could support smart grids that improve energy efficiency, as in Chattanooga. This kind of support is indispensable for bringing community networks from the margins to the mainstream. It could help modernize existing networks, and create thousands of new ones.

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Of the four firms that account for 76 percent of all internet subscriptions in the US, three also operate backbones. They could refuse to work with community networks, leaving them stranded. This is the legacy of privatization: a corporate dictatorship over critical infrastructure. Creating alternatives may be the only hope for community networks to achieve their full potential. The Green New Deal might offer one possibility for doing so. Climate activists have been calling for a national electricity grid that could efficiently distribute renewable energy across the US. “When clouds soften the California sun, wind from Texas can charge Los Angeles’s buses; when the Georgia sun sets, offshore winds on the eastern seaboard could power Atlanta’s streetlights,” write Kate Aronoff, Alyssa Battistoni, Daniel Aldana Cohen, and Thea Riofrancos in their co- authored book A Planet to Win.

Trumpocalypse: Restoring American Democracy
by David Frum
Published 25 May 2020

“We have got to be super aggressive if we love our children and if we want to leave them a planet that is healthy and is habitable,” Senator Bernie Sanders said at the Democratic presidential debate in Detroit in July 2019. “What that means is we got to take on the fossil fuel industry.”21 Progressive Democrats united upon a plan for a Green New Deal that rapidly pivoted away from decarbonization to endorse state ownership of industries, government-guaranteed unionized jobs, and a proliferation of committees of “frontline and vulnerable communities” to “plan, implement, and administer” the spending of government clean-energy money, all while protecting “every business person” from “unfair competition.”22 Climate is a summons to human reason and problem solving.

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If so . . . even shifting as colossal a sum as $100 billion a year from military defense to environmental defense would still leave the United States with a more than 3:1 spending advantage over the Chinese armed forces.46 And since most Chinese military spending is focused on repressing its own people at home, the American advantage in projectable power would remain that much greater. A carbon-reversing economy can still be a free-enterprise economy. The Green New Deal’s call for more state ownership is perverse. As the grisly history of the Oak Ridge Tennessee nuclear complex should have taught us—thousands of workers left sick and dying from radiation illness—when government acts as an operator of potentially hazardous technology, it gives short shrift to its more important role as safety regulator.

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“This Changes Everything—The Book,” This Changes Everything, accessed November 13, 2019, https://thischangeseverything.org/book/. 21. “Transcript: The First Night of the Second Democratic Debate,” Washington Post, July 30, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/31/transcript-first-night-second-democratic-debate/. 22. Recognizing the duty of the federal government to create a Green New Deal, H. Res. 109, 116th Cong. (2019), https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/109/text. 23. “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Overview,” NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, accessed November 13, 2019, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/. 24.

A Line in the Tar Sands: Struggles for Environmental Justice
by Tony Weis and Joshua Kahn Russell
Published 14 Oct 2014

Like other such reports, Green Jobs urges a mix of stronger public investment and regulation with market-based policy instruments: carbon markets; payment for ecosystem services schemes; eco-taxes; and redirection of incentives and subsidies from “dirty” to “green” industries. Since the economic crisis, this “institutional ecology” project is associated with the idea of a “Green New Deal,” as part of a Keynesian stimulus package to tackle economic stagnation.11 Government stimulus funds, for example, could be mobilized to build the infrastructure for a transition to renewable—solar, wind, biofuels—energy and other “green” sectors rather than further lock in a high-carbon infrastructure. The Green New Deal also commonly includes: support for research and development into energy- and resource-efficient technologies; upgrading public infrastructure and building “smart grids”; retrofitting buildings; and expanding public transportation.

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A few key Canadian interventions are Tony Clarke, Jim Stanford, Diana Gibson, and Brendan Haley, The Bitumen Cliff: Lessons and Challenges of Bitumen Mega-Developments for Canada’s Economy in an Age of Climate Change (Ottawa: CCPA, 2013); Making the Shift to a Green Economy: A Common Platform of the Green Economy Network (Ottawa: GEN, 2011); Andrea Harden-Donahue and Andrea Peart, Green, Decent and Public (Ottawa: Canadian Labour Congress/Council of Canadians, 2009). 11. A few prominent examples: UNEP, Global Green New Deal Policy Brief (Geneva: UNEP, 2009); Robert Pollin et al., Green Recovery: A Program to Create Good Jobs and Start Building a Low-carbon Economy (PERI and Centre for American Progress, 2008); A Green New Deal: Joined-up Policies to Solve the Triple Crunch of the Credit Crisis, Climate Change and High Oil Prices (London: New Economics Foundation, 2008). 12. ILO, Building a Sustainable, Job-Rich Recovery (Geneva: ILO, 2011); ILO, Towards a Greener Economy: The Social Dimensions (Geneva: ILO, 2011); OECD, The Jobs Potential of a Shift Towards a Low-Carbon Economy (Paris: OECD, 2012). 13.

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A variety of studies suggest that reductions in greenhouse pollution on the order of 2 to 3 per cent or more per year are necessary to avoid irreversible climate tipping points.22 While energy use has been successfully decoupled from economic growth for limited periods of time, especially in the aftermath of the 1970s Arab oil embargo, it is highly unlikely that a successful climate mitigation strategy will be compatible with the levels of growth that are historically associated with economic prosperity and rising employment.23 This remains a significant obstacle to engaging those who remain wedded to the economics of growth. While promising proposals for “green jobs,” a Green New Deal, and a just transition away from fossil fuels have been advanced by labour, business, and environmental groups alike, it is increasingly doubtful that we can reduce carbon dioxide emissions quickly enough without more fundamentally overturning the capitalist growth paradigm. It is also increasingly apparent that fears of impending crisis and catastrophe can serve to increase many people’s resistance to fundamental change.

Vulture Capitalism: Corporate Crimes, Backdoor Bailouts, and the Death of Freedom
by Grace Blakeley
Published 11 Mar 2024

Yet this veneer of consensus obscures deeper divisions about precisely how the world should adapt to climate breakdown. BlackRock has consistently voted against activist investors pushing for sustainability, and one activist accused the company of “undermining the objectives of a climate coalition it just joined.”170 Both President Biden and EU leaders adopted the language of the Green New Deal to describe their stimulus packages, yet both fell far short of the kinds of measures that would be necessary even to make a dent in global emissions. Just as responses to the pandemic reinforced preexisting inequities, the planned response to climate breakdown is unlikely to issue any fundamental challenge to the power of capital.

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In Germany, for example, the largest union has been campaigning for the introduction of a four-day workweek, based on evidence that doing so would boost productivity and employment while improving living standards. In both the US and the UK, a network of unions mobilized behind proposals for the Green New Deal, working tirelessly against fossil-fuel lobbyists attempting to convince workers that the green transition could cost them their jobs. But unions are just one part of the broad and deep coalition that we’ll need to win a more democratic economy. Community organizing will also be critical. The examples of community-led democratic planning in the previous chapter are important not only because they provide a different way of organizing the economy but also because they help inspire people to become active in wider politics.

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Madoff Investment Securities LLC, 120–21 Bevins, Vincent, 191 Bezos, Jeff, 75–77, 80–81, 132 Biden, Joe, 69, 70–71, 136, 140–42 Big Three asset managers, 133, 135, 137 biopolitics (Foucault), 105 BlackRock, 69, 132–37, 257 Blackstone Financial Management, 44, 133 “black swan” events, 50, 114 Blackwater, 104 Bodie, Matthew, 254 Boeing, 3–10, 86, 87, 96, 225 agreements with Southwest Airlines, 5, 10, 16 Boeing 737 MAX, 3–9, 17, 218–19 Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 4–5, 8 capitalism and, 16–17 corporate welfare and, 7–8, 29 MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System), 4, 5–7 merger with McDonnell Douglas, 4, 8–9 shareholder distributions, 6 Bolsonaro, Jair, 251 BP, 64 Braithwaite, Michael, 163–64 Braun, Benjamin, 129–30 Braverman, Harry, 99–100 Brazil Amazon environmental protections, 251 Fordlândia in, 22–23, 186 Porto Alegre model for participatory budgeting (PB), 232–33, 247 Bregman, Rutger, 224 Bretton Woods, 51 British Business Bank (BBB), 156–57 Brook House (UK), 102 Brown, Matthew, 237–38, 247 Brown, Wendy, 33, 34, 143, 167 Buffett, Warren, 95 Builders Labourers Federation (BLF, Australia), 227–29 Bukharin, Nikolai, 182 bureaucratization, 34–35, 147 Burke, Edmund, 103 Bush, George W., 140 C Calhoun, David, 9 Cameron, David, 54, 154–56, 162 campaign finance reform, 259 Canada COVID-19 aid to corporations, 46, 136 Ethyl Corp. lawsuit and, 197 resistance to the labor movement, 78 Toronto Community Housing Corporation (THTC) participatory budgeting, 232–33 Canada Infrastructure Bank, 136 Capita, 164 Capital (Marx), vii capitalism, 11–17 alliances among capitalists in, 13–14 centralization of power in, xvi–xvii, 92, 136–37 central vs. corporate planning and, x–xiv, xvi, xix–xx, 14–16 class divisions in, x, xix, 11–14, 38–39, 82–84, 108, 151, 158–60, 216–18, 252, 259, 268 democracy and, xiv–xv, 147, see also democratic planning dialectic/creative tension between markets and planning, xvi–xvii, 37, 53, 123, 126 distinction between capital and labor, 30–39 feudalism vs., 12–13, 266, 269–71 foundations of, 264–66, 268–71 free markets and competition and, ix, 11–14, 15–17, 30, 36–39, 97–98, 137, 221, 268–70 fusion of political and economic power in, xviii, 10, 13–15, 33, 80, 82–84, 95–96, 104–8, 183–85, 190, 264–65 fusion of public and private power in, 142–43, 159–60 human capital and, 33, 148, 166–67 as hybrid system of competitive pressure and centralized control, ix, 16, 37, 47, 123, 269 imperialism as highest stage of, 183 international finance system as time lords of, 109, 113–14 investor-capitalists, 118, 148 Keynes and, see Keynes, John Maynard Marx and, see Marx, Karl means of production in, 12–13, 247, 264 “mini-capitalists” and, 33, 118, 122–23 nature of capital and, 11, 12–13 need for business firms in, 81–85 negative externalities, 88–89 new industrial capitalism (Galbraith), 37 pursuit of profit in, xiii–xiv, 25, 29 rewards for competitiveness, 225–26 as rule by capital vs. free markets, 10–11, 36–39, 137 socialism vs., 221 socialized capitalism (Galbraith), 97–98 social relationships in, 11, 13, 143, 157–59, 164, 170, 172, 265–66 stakeholder capitalism, 35–36, 135–36, 148 state vs. markets and, 220–22 surveillance capitalism, 27, 54–58, 94, 98–100, 155 see also disaster capitalism CARES Act (2020), 9–10 Cayman Islands, as tax haven, 42, 132 central banks, 124–32 bank bailouts in the United Kingdom and, 31–32 BlackRock and, 136 democratizing, 258 emergence of central banking, 124–25 legitimacy questions, 129–32 loanable funds model and, 114–18 quantitative easing (QE) and, 127–28, 129, 136 swap lines among, 209–10 US dollar and, 178, 209–10 see also specific central banks Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, US), 175, 189, 241 centralized planning by Amazon, 75–81 in capitalist economies, 14–16, 24, 66–71, 98, 143, 266 collective action problem and, 47–48, 67, 70, 159–61, 166–67, 248–49, 253 corporatism/corporate planning vs., x–xiv, 14–16, 27, 30, 84 democratic, see democratic planning empires and, see empire planning financial crisis of 2008 and, 49–50 at Ford Motor Company, 19–24 Galbraith on, 97–98 Gramsci on, 24 Hayek on, x–xii international finance system and, 113–14 neoliberal revolution vs., 24–26 resisting, 71–72 by states, see state planning by Walmart, 88, 264, 265 Chamayou, Grégoire, 27, 30 Chan, Jackie, 168 Chang, Ha-Joon, 146, 180, 182 Chao, Elaine, 42–43 ChemChina, 90, 91, 124 Chemring Group, 46 Chevron, 64, 194–96, 205 Chicago School, 150–51, 199 Chile democratic socialism in, 241–46 National Telecommunications Enterprise, 245 Project Cybersyn, 245–46, 247, 265, 266 State Development Corporation (CORFO), 244–45 violence of the neoliberal state in, 34 Chiluba, Frederick, 206 China Belt and Road Initiative, 171–72, 182–83 COVID-19 surveillance and, 57–58 developmentalism and, 137, 170–72 Evergrande Group implosion, 167–69, 171 state planning in, 167–72 China CITIC Bank International, 124 Chiquita (formerly United Fruit Company, UFC), 186–89 Christophers, Brett, 136 Chrysler, 29 Citigroup, 120, 124 Civil War, 144 climate breakdown, viii, 66–71 Amazon and, 79 decarbonization efforts, 67, 69–71, 78, 135, 140–41, 250–51, 256, 263 economic power of capital and, 15 Extinction Rebellion and Fridays for Future, 251 fossil-fuel sector and, 66, 69, 139–43 Global North and, 263 Global South and, 263 Green New Deal proposal, 69, 248 need for cooperation and, 66–71, 216, 247–52 Climate Leviathan (Wainwright and Mann), 70 Coase, Ronald, 81, 83–85 Coca-Cola, 81 Cold War, ix, xx collective action problems, 47–48, 66–71, 159–61, 166–67, 248–49, 253, see also democratic planning Collins Aerospace, 219 Colombia, surveillance of Teleperformance workers, 99 Communist Manifesto (Marx), 152 Communist Party of China, 171 of Guatemala, 188 of Indonesia, 191 community wealth building (CWB), 237–38 comparative advantage (Ricardo), 179–81 computer technology ARPANET, 244 coop app platforms, 154–55, 254–55 data protection and privacy, 27, 54–58, 94, 99, 155 in democratizing the future, 264–66 dot-com bubble (1997–2001), 110–11, 120, 133 intellectual property rights and, 262 Project Cybersyn (Chile) and, 245–46, 247, 265, 266 surveillance capitalism and, 27, 54–58, 94, 98–100, 155 Walmart centralized planning and, 88, 264, 265 Connolly, James, 59, 61 conspiracy theories, xvi, 38, 43–44, 53 Cooley, Mike, 216–20 Coons, Chris, 141 COP26 (UN Climate Change Conference, 2021), 70–71 Coral Island, The (Ballantyne), 222–24 Corbyn, Jeremy, 250 Cornered (Lynn), 21 corporations central vs. corporate planning, x–xiv corporate crime and, 106–7, 119–24, 156–57, 220–21 corporate sovereignty, xiv, 22–23, 25, 80, 103–8, 143 corporatism and, x–xiv, 14–16, 27, 30, 84 COVID-19 pandemic programs, 9–10, 41–49, 59–60, 141–42, 155–56 democratic planning and, see democratic planning expanding collective ownership of, 253–55, 257 fusion of political and economic power of, xviii, 10, 13–15, 33, 80, 82–84, 95–96, 104–8, 183–85, 190, 264–65 lobbying by, 105–6, 140, 141–42, 151, 159, 259 managerialism and, 34–35, 84, 100, 108, 216 profit maximization by, xiii–xiv, 25, 29 see also taxes and taxation COVID-19 pandemic airline industry and, 9 BlackRock and, 136 call center workers and, 98–99 CARES Act (2020) and, 9–10 corporate beneficiaries of, 9–10, 41–49, 59–60, 141–42, 155–56 cost-of-living crisis, 48, 58, 63–66, 129 Evergrande (China) implosion and, 167–69, 171 fossil-fuel industry and, 64, 141–42 frauds and scams in, 156–57 housing crisis and, 43, 44–45 inflation and, 63–66 McKinsey & Company and, 53–58, 155 mortality measures during, 105 shareholder distributions/share buybacks during, 45–47, 59–60, 64 shipping companies and, 62–63, 64 state economic programs in, 41–48 supply chain financing and, 153–54 surveillance programs, 57–58, 98–99 UK responses to, 45–46, 53–61, 155–57, 162–63 US responses to, 41–45 WeWork business model and, 112 worker loss of income and poverty, 60, 63, 98–99 zoonotic disease and, 68 creative destruction (Schumpeter), 86, 95, 96 Credit Suisse, 52, 123–24, 153–54 crony capitalism, 34 Crothers, Bill, 155–56 Crown Commercial Service (CCS, UK), 155–56 Crown Prosecution Service (CPS, UK), 102 Cunningham, Ceri, 239–40 Curaçao, as tax haven, 45 D Dalton, David, 155 Danone, 46 Dark Waters (2019 film), 91 data protection and privacy, 27, 54–58, 94, 99, 155 Davis, Mike, 68 Dawn of Everything, The (Wengrow and Graeber), 224–25 Dayen, David, 89 Debt (Graeber), 125 Debt Collective (US), 249–50 Decree 900 (Guatemala), 188 de Guzman, Leody, 177 Delinquent Genius (Cooley), 217 democracy capitalism and, xiv–xv, 147 democratizing the state, 257–61 planning and, see democratic planning as synonymous with socialism (Meiksins Wood), xviii “unfreedom” and, xiv–xv Democratic Party (US) fossil-fuel industry and, 140–41, 142 in Mississippi, 236 democratic planning, 215–66 Argentina, Ciudad Futura, 234–35, 255 Australia, green bans, 227–29 Brazil, participatory budgeting, 232–33, 247 in Chile, 241–46 for the future, 264–66 human nature and, 222–26 Iceland, Better Reykjavik program, 235–36, 258–59 India, Kerala people’s planning, 233–34 international finance system and, 255–57 international institutions and, 261–64 Mississippi, Cooperation Jackson program, 236–37, 247, 251–52, 255 participatory budgeting (PB), 232–33, 235–36, 258–59 people-powered planning, 226–40, 247–52 Spain, Marinaleda workers’ collective, 229–30 state-level, 241–46, 257–61 UK, Blaenau Ffestiniog program (Wales), 238–40 UK, Greater London Enterprise Board, 216–17, 219–20 UK, Lucas Plan/Lucas Aerospace Corporation, xix, 215–22, 226, 229, 231, 247, 248, 266 UK, People’s Plan for the Royal Docks (London), 230–31 UK, Preston community wealth building (CWB) program, 237–38, 247, 255 for work and the corporation, 252–55 democratic socialism, 216–17, 241–48, 265 Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), 250 dependency theory, 184–86, 199, 205 deregulation, xv–xvi, 7, 31, 32, 51, 170, 206 Deutsche Bank, 49 developmentalism, 137, 170–72, 205–8 disaster capitalism, 41–71 climate breakdown and, 66–71 collective action problems and, 47–48, 67, 70, 159–61, 248–49, 253 corporate welfare programs and, 31–32 COVID-19 pandemic and, see COVID-19 pandemic financial crisis of 1987 and, 126–27 financial crisis of 1997 and, 51, 200 financial crisis of 2008 and, see financial crisis of 2008 (subprime bubble) nature of, 38 shock doctrine (N.

The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis
by Christiana Figueres and Tom Rivett-Carnac
Published 25 Feb 2020

Women Are Ready to Solve It,” Fortune, September 12, 2018, https://fortune.com/​2018/​09/​12/​climate-change-sustainability-women-leaders/. 90. Project Drawdown. 91. Ibid. 92. Brand New Congress, https://brandnewcongress.org/. 93. Andrea González-Ramírez, “The Green New Deal Championed by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Gains Momentum,” Refinery29, February 7, 2019, https://www.refinery29.com/​en-us/​2018/​12/​219189/​alexandria-ocasio-cortez-green-new-deal-climate-change; on female solidarity and the recognition of U.S. female politicians for the suffragist movement: Sirena Bergman, “State of the Union: How Congresswomen Used Their Outfits to Make a Statement at Trump’s Big Address,” Independent, February 6, 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/​life-style/​women/​trump-state-union-women-ocasio-cortez-pelosi-suffragette-white-a8765371.html. 94.

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In Worldwatch Institute, ed., State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Jackson, Tim. Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. London: Routledge Earthscan, 2009. Klein, Naomi. On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2019. ———. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015. Lovins, L. Hunter, Stewart Wallis, Anders Wijkman, and John Fullerton. A Finer Future: Creating an Economy in Service to Life. Philadelphia: New Society, 2018.

Net Zero: How We Stop Causing Climate Change
by Dieter Helm
Published 2 Sep 2020

The government crushed consumption with high taxation and rationing, and then rerouted the tax revenues to investment in war machinery and the associated wartime infrastructure. Now, the revenues from pollution taxes could be rerouted to green infrastructure spending and R&D. This is a switch, whereas many advocates of a ‘green new deal’ want to maintain consumption, paying for investment through borrowing, and not through higher levels of saving. They want aggregate consumption to go up to increase aggregate demand and to decarbonise, and get future people to pay back the debt. What climate change demands is to reduce consumption to a sustainable level and use the savings generated to pay for investment, as in a wartime economy.

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It is not difficult to see what a hard sell to the electorate this is going to be, if taxes are to pay for the massive investment needed. It takes wars to get people to vote for substantial tax hikes, and successive left governments have found it very difficult to introduce even modest wealth taxes. This is where the honest activities get overtaken by less honest ones. In the US and some European ‘green new deals’, the tax issue is avoided by advocating borrowing instead, playing the classic Keynesian card. New national investment banks and national transformation funds are going to be tasked with borrowing to finance the investments. It is going to be pay-when-delivered, rather than pay-as-you-go (the model under the nationalised industries in the postwar period).

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Some of this saving we will have to do anyway to pay for our pensions, which we chronically underfund, and for growing healthcare demands, especially in old age. Even more brutal is the moral obligation to address the pollution we have already caused and which we are going to dump on the young and future generations, in addition to all the public and private debt we have piled up. This is where the easy fantasy of a green new deal drops away, and especially the assumption that if we have a carbon tax, the money can just be recycled back to us to spend. While it is true that it is better to tax ‘bads’ like pollution rather than ‘goods’ like labour, the first call on the carbon revenues should be to do the reparations. We have done the sort of damage that belligerent armies and air forces do in wars to their enemies.

Nomad Century: How Climate Migration Will Reshape Our World
by Gaia Vince
Published 22 Aug 2022

To earn national pride rather than suffer divisive tribalism, a nation needs to reduce inequality. The state must invest in the people for the people to feel invested in the state. That means regulations and limits to free-market capitalism by applying social and environmental regulatory controls for the benefit of all, rather than simply a small tribe of global aristocrats. The Green New Deals proposed in the European Union and the US are examples of policies aimed at restoring economies and providing jobs and dignity while helping unite people in a bigger social project of environmental transformation. * * * Try, if you will, to clear from your mind the idea of people being fixed to a location they were born in, as if it affects your value as a person or your rights as an individual.

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Kung peoples; lack of water resources; low levels of migration to; migration from as relatively low; poor infrastructure and city planning; population rise in; rainfall due to Indian irrigation; remittances from urban migrants; and restoring of planet’s habitability; Transaqua Project of water diversion; transatlantic slave trade; transport infrastructure in; urbanization in African Union agoraphobia AI and drone technology aid, development/foreign air-conditioning/cooling airships or blimps Alaska algae Aliens Act (UK, 1905) Alps, European Amazon region Americas Anatolia Anchorage, Alaska Anderson, Benedict animals/wildlife; global dispersal of; impact of fires on; impact of ice loss on see also livestock farming Antarctica; ice sheet Anthropocene era; four horsemen of Aravena, Alejandro Archaeology architecture/buildings: Aravena’s ‘partial houses’; energy-efficiency retrofits; floating infrastructure; heat- and light-responsive materials; low-carbon concrete; prefabricated and modular housing; in successful migrant cities; wooden skyscrapers; zero-carbon new-builds Arctic region; first ice-free summer expected; opening up of due to climate change Argentina Arrhenius, Svante Asia: cities vulnerable to climate change; drought-hit areas; extreme La Niña events; extreme precipitation in monsoon regions; Ganges and Indus river basins; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; huge populations of South Asia; lack of water resources; rivers fed by glaciers; small hydropower installations; urbanization Aswan High Dam asylum-seekers: Australia’s dismal record on; Britain’s proud history on; dominant hostile narratives about; drownings in English Channel; limbo situation due to delayed claim-processing; misinformation about see also refugees Athens Australia: Black Summer (2019–20); energy-supply economy; impact of climate emergency; indigenous inhabitants; low population density in; migration to; and mineral extraction in Greenland; renewable power in; treatment of asylum-seekers; White Australia Policy aviation Aztecs Babylon bacteria, in food production bamboo Bangkok Bangladesh; ‘Bangla’ communities in London; Burmese Rohingya refugees; impact of climate emergency; migration across Indian border; population density in; relocation strategies; training for rural migrants Bantu people Barber, Benjamin Barcelona Beckett, Samuel Belarus Belgium Bergamo, Italy Bhutan Bijlmermeer (outside Amsterdam) biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse; coral reefs as probably doomed; crash in insect and bird populations; depletion of fish stocks; due to agriculture; due to farming; four horsemen of the Anthropocene; and human behaviour; Key Biodiversity Areas; links with climate change; and marine heatwaves; and overuse of fertilizers; restoring of; species extinction; and urban adaptation strategies see also environmental sustainability bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) biotech industry birds black soldier flies black-footed ferrets BoKlok (IKEA spinoff) Bolivia Borneo Bosch, Carl Boston, Massachusetts Boulder, Colorado Brazil Brexit Brin, Sergey British Columbia Brown, Pat bureaucracy Burke, Marshall Burma business/private sector Cairo California; forest fires in Cambodia Cameroon Canaan Canada; and charter cities model; Climate Migrants and Refugee Project; economic benefits from global heating; expansion of agriculture in; first carbon-neutral building in; forest fires in; indigenous populations; infrastructure built on permafrost; regional relocation schemes Capa, Robert, capitalism Caplan, Bryan Caprera (Italian warship) carbon capture/storage; BECCS; ‘biochar’ use in soil; carbon capture and storage (CCS); direct capture from the air; by forests; in grasslands; Key Biodiversity Areas; in oceans; by peatlands; by phytoplankton; vegetation as vital carbon pricing/taxing carbon/carbon dioxide: amount in atmosphere now; Arrhenius’ work on; and biomatter decay in soil, ‘carbon quantitative easing’; continued emitting of; decarbonizing measures; effect on crop growth; emissions cut by building from wood; emissions from farming; emissions from human energy systems; emissions from urban buildings; geoengineering to remove; during last ice age; Miocene Era levels; new materials made from; ocean release of; released by wildfires; tree-planting as offsetting method; in tropical rainforests Carcassonne, France Card, David Cardiff Castro, Fidel Çatalhöyük, ancient city of Central African Republic Central America Chad ‘char people’ charcoal (‘biochar’) Chicago children: childcare costs; deaths of while seeking safety; ‘invisible’/living on the margins; left behind by migrant parents; and move to cities; numbers at extreme risk; in refugee camps; and sense of ‘belonging’ Chile China: adaptation for heavy rainfall events; Belt and Road Initiative; cities vulnerable to climate change; demography; desertification of farmland in north; economic domination of far east; emigrants and knowledge-flow; emissions as still rising in; extreme La Niña events; ‘green wall’ tree-planting projects; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; Hong Kong–Shenzhen–Guangzhou mega-region; hukou system; integrated soil-system management; internal migration in; migrant workers in Russia’s east; and mineral extraction; net zero commitment; small hydropower installations; South-to-North Water Diversion Project; ‘special economic zones’; Uyghur Muslim communities in; and water scarcity; ‘zhuan‘ documents Chinatowns Churchill (town in Manitoba) Churchill, Winston cities: adapting to net-zero carbon economy; city state model; coastal cities; as concentrated nodes of connectivity; ‘consumption cities’ in Africa; control of migration by; deadly urban heat; demand for cooling; devolving power to communities; in eighteenth/nineteenth-century Europe; entrenched assets; and extreme flood risk; flood defences; as focal points for trade networks; food production in; genetic impacts of; in high altitude locations; large megacities; merging into mega-regions; as particularly vulnerable to climate change; phased abandonment of; population densities in; private gardens in; relocation of; relocation strategies within; sprawling shanty towns in; strategies against impact of heat; zero-carbon new-builds see also migrant cities; migration, urban citizenship; patriotism of welcomed migrants; ‘UN/international passport’ idea Clemens, Michael climate change, historic: Cretaceous–Palaeogene meteorite impact event; in late-bronze-age Near East; and migration; in Miocene Era; and transition to farming climate change/emergency; 3–5° C as most likely scenario; as affecting all of Earth; cities as particularly vulnerable to; destruction of dam infrastructure; enlisting of military/security institutions against; every tenth of a degree matters; extreme weather events; global climate niches moving north; global water cycle as speeding up; greenhouse gas emissions as still growing; impact of cities; impact on lives as usually gradual; inertia of the Earth’s climate system; lethality by 2100; links with biodiversity loss; near-universal acceptance of as human made; net zero pledges; Paris Agreement (2015); path to 3–4° C-hotter world; situation as not hopeless; slow global response to; as threat multiplier; warming as mostly absorbed by oceans see also biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse; drought; fires; floods; heat climate models: future emissions scenarios; heating predictions; impact of 4° C-hotter world; IPCC ‘Representative Concentration Pathways’ (RCPs); optimum climate for human productivity; threshold for mass migrations coastal areas: coastal cities; migration from; retreating coastlines; seawater desalination plants cochineal scale insect Colombia colonialism, European Colorado Columbia Concretene construction industry copper coral reefs Cornwall Costa Rica cotton Covid-19 pandemic; cooperation during cross-laminated timber (CLT) Crusaders Cruz, Abel Cuba cultural institutions/practices: cultural losses over time; diversity as improving innovation; migration of; in well-planned migrant cities cyclones Cyprus Czech workers in Germany Dar es Salaam Death Valley Delhi Democratic Republic of Congo demographic changes/information: and decline of nationality viewed in racial terms; depopulation crisis; elderly populations in global north; GenZ; global climate niches moving north; global population patterns; global population rise; ‘household formation’; huge variation in global fertility rates; migrants as percentage of global population; population fall due to urban migration; population-peak projection; post-war baby boom; and transition to farming Denmark Denver, Colorado desert conditions Dhaka Dharavi (slum in Mumbai) diet and nutrition: edible seeds of sea grasses; genetically engineered microbes; global disparities in access to nutrition; and Haber–Bosch process; insects as source of protein and fats; loss of nutrition due to heat stress of crops; move to plant-based diet; vitamin D sources; zinc and protein deficiencies dinosaurs direct air capture (DAC) disease; waterborne Doha Domesday Book (1086) Driscolls (Californian berry grower) drone technology drought; as affecting the most people; in Amazon region; impact on farming; in late-bronze-age Near East; and rivers fed by glaciers; and sulphate cooling Dubai Duluth, Minnesota Dunbar, Robin economies; Chinese domination of far east; economic growth; forced move towards a circular economy; GDP per capita measure; Global Compact for Migration; global productivity losses due to heat; immigrant-founded companies; and influx of low-skilled migrant workers; migration as benefitting; mining opportunities exposed by ice retreat; and nation state model; need to open world’s borders; new mineral deposits in northern latitudes; northern nations benefitting from global heating; ‘special economic zone’ concept; taxing of robots see also employment/labour markets; green economy; political and socioeconomic systems; trade and commerce education: availability to migrants; as key to growth; and remittances from urban migrants; systems improved by migration Egypt; Ancient electricity: current clean generation as not sufficient; decarbonizing of production; electric vehicles; grid systems; hydroelectric plants; and net zero world; renewable production Elwartowski, Chad employment/labour markets: amnesties of ‘illegal’ migrants; and arguments against migration; and automation; controlled by city authorities; and global labour mobility; and the green economy; impact of heat on jobs; indentured positions; and influx of low-skilled migrant workers; jobs in growth industries; jobs restoring diversity; jobs that natives don’t want to do; mechanization/automation slowed down by migrant workers; migrants bring greater diversity to; need for Nansen-style scheme; occupational upgrading of locals due to immigration; refugees barred from working; role of business in migrant integration; rural workers moving to cities; skilled migrants; support/access for migrants; Trump’s work visa restrictions; ‘urban visas’ in USA; workforce shortages in global north energy systems: access to in global south; air-conditioning/cooling demand; and carbon capture; ‘closed-loop’ radiator construction; decarbonizing of; and economic growth; geothermal production; global energy use as increasing; new dam-construction boom in south; nuclear power; oceans as source; poor grid infrastructure in global south; power outages; power sharing as not equitable; reducing growth in demand; replacement of inefficient heating/cooling systems; transmission/transport see also electricity English Channel Environmental Protection Agency, US environmental sustainability: decarbonizing measures; decoupling of GDP from carbon emissions; and economic growth; heat- and light-responsive materials; low-energy plastic recycling methods; and migrant cities; need for open mind in planning for; phytoplankton as hugely important; replacement of inefficient heating/cooling systems; zero-carbon new-builds see also biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse environmentalists; negative growth advocates; opponents of geoengineering equatorial belt Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europe: 2003 heatwave; depopulation crisis; eighteenth/nineteenth-century shanty towns; impact of climate emergency; medieval barriers to movement; Mediterranean climate moving north; migrant indentured labour in; migration of women working in domestic service; small hydropower installations; three mass migrations in Stone and Bronze Ages European Union: free movement within; fund for aid to Africa; Green New Deal; no ‘asylum crisis’ within; nuclear power in; open-border policy for refugees from Ukraine; as popular migrant destination; seeks quota system for refugees; as successful example of regional union; war against migrants Fairbourne (Welsh village) farming: in abandoned areas in south; in Africa; ancient transition to; bad harvests as more frequent; barns/storehouses; benefits of warming in Nordic nations; biodiversity loss due to; cereal crops; closing the yield gap; early nineteenth century expansion of; ever-decreasing, sub-divided plots of land; expanded growing seasons; fertile land exposed by ice retreat; genetic research to produce new crops; genetically modified crop varieties; global disparities in food production; Green Revolution; greenhouse gas emissions from; in Greenland; Haber–Bosch process; heat-tolerant and drought-resistant crops; high-yielding wheat and rice variants; impact of climate emergency; indoor industrial systems; modern improvement in yields; nutrient and drip-irrigation systems; pre-twentieth-century methods; relying on new forms of; Russian dominance; salt-tolerant rice; smallholder; and solar geoengineering; solar-powered closed-cycle; urban vertical farms; use of silicates; and water scarcity; wildflower strips in fields see also livestock farming Fiji Fires fish populations: artisanal fishers; boost of in Arctic region; and decommissioned offshore oilrigs; fish farming; future pricing of fish products; as under huge pressure; insects as farmed-fish feed; land-based fish-farming Five Points slum, New York floods; flash floods; low-lying islands and atolls; sea walls/coastal defences; three main causes; in urban areas; water-management infrastructure Florida food: algal mats; carbon-pricing of meat; impact of soaring global prices; insect farming; kelp forest plantations; lab-grown meats; meat substitutes; for migrant city dwellers; move to plant-based diet; need for bigger sources of in global north; need to cut waste; photosynthesizing marine plants and algae; plant-based dairy products; reduced supplies due to temperature rises; refrigerated storage; replication of Maillard chemical reaction; sourced from the oceans see also diet and nutrition; farming; livestock farming food security Ford, Henry forests: advance north of in Nordic nations; deforestation; impact of climate emergency; ‘negative emissions activity’; replanting of; Siberian taiga forest fossil fuels; carbon capture and storage (CCS); as embedded in human systems France Fraser, Sean freedom of movement French Polynesia Friedman, Patri Gargano, Gabriele gas industry Gates, Bill gender: heat related inequalities; physical/sexual danger for female migrants; women in domestic service in Europe; women rejoining workforce genetic modification genetics, population Genghis Khan geoengineering; artificial sill proposals; cloud-brightening idea; as controversial/taboo; and ideal temperature question; possible unwanted effects; proposals for dealing with ice melt; to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide; solar radiation reduction tools; sulphate cooling concept; thin-film technology; tools to reflect the sun’s heat away from Earth geology GERD dam, Ethiopia Germany; Syrian refugee resettlement in Ghana Glasgow climate meeting (2021) Global Parliament of Mayors global south; benefit of solar cooling idea; capital costs of deploying new renewables; cutting of food waste in; future repopulation of abandoned regions; global income gap as rising; little suitable landmass for climate-driven migration; migration to higher elevations with water; need for improved infrastructure; need for sustainable economic growth; new dam-construction boom in; new domestic sources of energy; population rise in; remittances from urban migrants; resource extraction by rich countries; and vested interests in the rich world see also Africa; Asia; Latin America and entries for individual nations golf courses Gore, Al, An Inconvenient Truth (2006) Gothenburg Grand Inga hydroelectric dam project (Congo River) Granville, Earl grasslands Great Barrier Reef Great Lakes region, North America Greece; Ancient green economy; and building of fair societies; Green New Deals; migration as vital to; multiple benefits of see also environmental sustainability; renewable power production; restoring our planet’s habitability greenhouse gas emissions; charging land owners for; in cities; emitters trying to avoid/delay decarbonization; from farming; national emissions-reductions pledges; underreporting of; unfair global impact of see also carbon/carbon dioxide Greenland; ice sheet; potato farming in Gulf states Haber, Fritz Hangzhou Hawaii health: climate change as threat multiplier; dementia care; diseases of poor sanitation; healthcare in successful migrant cities; heat related inequalities; lethality of extreme heat; and life in cities; mental illness and migration; migration as benefitting social care systems; pathogens in frozen tundras; rural living as single largest killer today; and smoke pollution heat: 35°C wet bulb threshold crossed; climate model predictions; cloud and water vapour feedbacks; combined with humidity; and demand for cooling; extreme hotspots; global productivity/work hour losses; impact of 4° C-hotter world; impact on farming/food supplies; infrastructure problems due to; lethality by 2100; lethality of extreme temperatures; Paris pledge of below 2°C; solar radiation reduction tools; subtropical climate spreading into higher latitudes; temperatures above 50°C; threshold for mass migrations; ‘threshold of survivability’; urban adaptation strategies; urban heat island effect; ‘wet bulb’ temperature calculations Held, David Hernando, Antonia HIV Höfn, southeastern Iceland Holocene epoch Honduras Hong Kong horses, domestication of housing: Aravena’s ‘partial houses’; controlled by city authorities; equitable access to; floating infrastructure; in flood-affected areas; and heat related inequalities; and migrants; planning and zoning laws; policies to prevent segregation; prefabricated and modular; twentieth-century social programmes see also slum dwellers Hudson Bay Huguenot immigrants human rights, universal Hungary hunter-gatherers hurricanes hydrogen ice age, last ice loss; as accelerating at record rate; in Antarctica; in Arctic region; artificial reflective snow idea; artificial sill proposals; and flash floods; loss of glaciers; permafrost thaw; reflective fleece blankets idea; retreat of ice sheets; rising of land due to glaciers melting; tipping points for ice-free world Iceland ICON, construction company identity: accentuation of small differences; and ancient transition to farming; borders as ‘othering’ structures; language as tool of self-construction; mistrust of outsiders; pan-species; sense of ‘belonging’; social norms of ‘tribe’; social psychology; stories crafting group identity see also national identity immigration policies: bilateral or regional arrangements; deliberately prejudicial policy; development of since later nineteenth-century; and harnessing migrant potential; immigrant inclusion programmes; immigration lottery schemes; move needed from control to managing,; points-based entrance systems; poorly designed; quota systems; responses to terrorist incidents; restrictions as for people not stuff; restrictive border legislation; Spain’s successful policy Impossible Foods India; crop irrigation in; emigrants and knowledge-flow; emissions as still rising in; falling fertility rate in; Ganges Valley; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; impact of climate emergency; internal migration in; lime-washing of roofs in; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA); National River Linking Project; population density in; young population in indigenous communities Indo-European language Indonesia industrial revolution inequality and poverty: and access to reliable energy; benefit of solar cooling to south; climate change as threat multiplier; climate migration and social justice; and demand for cooling; despair and anger of ‘left behind’ natives; and environmental destruction; and European colonialism; as failure of social/economic policy; and geoengineered cooling; global disparities in access to nutrition; and global food prices; global income gap as rising; heat related; and impact of flooding; increased by ancient transition to farming; as matter of geographical chance; migration as best route out of; and modern farming; and national pride; need for redistributive policies; the poor trapped in vulnerable cities; and post-war institutions; rural living as single largest killer today; slow global response to crisis of; superrich and private jets; tribalism as not inevitable; and vested interests in the rich world insects; collapsing populations; farming of; as human food source insulation insurance, availability of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Labour Organization Iquique (Chile) Ireland iron, powdered Islam islands, small/low-lying Israel Italy Ithaca, city of (New York) Jakarta Japan Jobs, Steve Johnson, Boris Jordan kelp Kenya Khan, Sadiq Khoisan Bushmen Kimmel, Mara King, Sir David Kiribati knowledge and skills: better environment for in rich countries; ‘brain drain’ issue; channelled through migrant networks; diversity as improving innovation; global knowledge transfer; Global Skill Partnerships model; impact of European colonialism; migrants returning to origin countries; and Nansen-style schemes; need for rapid transference of; and points-based entrance systems Kodiak Island, Alaska krill Kuba Kingdom, West Africa !

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Kung peoples; lack of water resources; low levels of migration to; migration from as relatively low; poor infrastructure and city planning; population rise in; rainfall due to Indian irrigation; remittances from urban migrants; and restoring of planet’s habitability; Transaqua Project of water diversion; transatlantic slave trade; transport infrastructure in; urbanization in African Union agoraphobia AI and drone technology aid, development/foreign air-conditioning/cooling airships or blimps Alaska algae Aliens Act (UK, 1905) Alps, European Amazon region Americas Anatolia Anchorage, Alaska Anderson, Benedict animals/wildlife; global dispersal of; impact of fires on; impact of ice loss on see also livestock farming Antarctica; ice sheet Anthropocene era; four horsemen of Aravena, Alejandro Archaeology architecture/buildings: Aravena’s ‘partial houses’; energy-efficiency retrofits; floating infrastructure; heat- and light-responsive materials; low-carbon concrete; prefabricated and modular housing; in successful migrant cities; wooden skyscrapers; zero-carbon new-builds Arctic region; first ice-free summer expected; opening up of due to climate change Argentina Arrhenius, Svante Asia: cities vulnerable to climate change; drought-hit areas; extreme La Niña events; extreme precipitation in monsoon regions; Ganges and Indus river basins; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; huge populations of South Asia; lack of water resources; rivers fed by glaciers; small hydropower installations; urbanization Aswan High Dam asylum-seekers: Australia’s dismal record on; Britain’s proud history on; dominant hostile narratives about; drownings in English Channel; limbo situation due to delayed claim-processing; misinformation about see also refugees Athens Australia: Black Summer (2019–20); energy-supply economy; impact of climate emergency; indigenous inhabitants; low population density in; migration to; and mineral extraction in Greenland; renewable power in; treatment of asylum-seekers; White Australia Policy aviation Aztecs Babylon bacteria, in food production bamboo Bangkok Bangladesh; ‘Bangla’ communities in London; Burmese Rohingya refugees; impact of climate emergency; migration across Indian border; population density in; relocation strategies; training for rural migrants Bantu people Barber, Benjamin Barcelona Beckett, Samuel Belarus Belgium Bergamo, Italy Bhutan Bijlmermeer (outside Amsterdam) biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse; coral reefs as probably doomed; crash in insect and bird populations; depletion of fish stocks; due to agriculture; due to farming; four horsemen of the Anthropocene; and human behaviour; Key Biodiversity Areas; links with climate change; and marine heatwaves; and overuse of fertilizers; restoring of; species extinction; and urban adaptation strategies see also environmental sustainability bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) biotech industry birds black soldier flies black-footed ferrets BoKlok (IKEA spinoff) Bolivia Borneo Bosch, Carl Boston, Massachusetts Boulder, Colorado Brazil Brexit Brin, Sergey British Columbia Brown, Pat bureaucracy Burke, Marshall Burma business/private sector Cairo California; forest fires in Cambodia Cameroon Canaan Canada; and charter cities model; Climate Migrants and Refugee Project; economic benefits from global heating; expansion of agriculture in; first carbon-neutral building in; forest fires in; indigenous populations; infrastructure built on permafrost; regional relocation schemes Capa, Robert, capitalism Caplan, Bryan Caprera (Italian warship) carbon capture/storage; BECCS; ‘biochar’ use in soil; carbon capture and storage (CCS); direct capture from the air; by forests; in grasslands; Key Biodiversity Areas; in oceans; by peatlands; by phytoplankton; vegetation as vital carbon pricing/taxing carbon/carbon dioxide: amount in atmosphere now; Arrhenius’ work on; and biomatter decay in soil, ‘carbon quantitative easing’; continued emitting of; decarbonizing measures; effect on crop growth; emissions cut by building from wood; emissions from farming; emissions from human energy systems; emissions from urban buildings; geoengineering to remove; during last ice age; Miocene Era levels; new materials made from; ocean release of; released by wildfires; tree-planting as offsetting method; in tropical rainforests Carcassonne, France Card, David Cardiff Castro, Fidel Çatalhöyük, ancient city of Central African Republic Central America Chad ‘char people’ charcoal (‘biochar’) Chicago children: childcare costs; deaths of while seeking safety; ‘invisible’/living on the margins; left behind by migrant parents; and move to cities; numbers at extreme risk; in refugee camps; and sense of ‘belonging’ Chile China: adaptation for heavy rainfall events; Belt and Road Initiative; cities vulnerable to climate change; demography; desertification of farmland in north; economic domination of far east; emigrants and knowledge-flow; emissions as still rising in; extreme La Niña events; ‘green wall’ tree-planting projects; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; Hong Kong–Shenzhen–Guangzhou mega-region; hukou system; integrated soil-system management; internal migration in; migrant workers in Russia’s east; and mineral extraction; net zero commitment; small hydropower installations; South-to-North Water Diversion Project; ‘special economic zones’; Uyghur Muslim communities in; and water scarcity; ‘zhuan‘ documents Chinatowns Churchill (town in Manitoba) Churchill, Winston cities: adapting to net-zero carbon economy; city state model; coastal cities; as concentrated nodes of connectivity; ‘consumption cities’ in Africa; control of migration by; deadly urban heat; demand for cooling; devolving power to communities; in eighteenth/nineteenth-century Europe; entrenched assets; and extreme flood risk; flood defences; as focal points for trade networks; food production in; genetic impacts of; in high altitude locations; large megacities; merging into mega-regions; as particularly vulnerable to climate change; phased abandonment of; population densities in; private gardens in; relocation of; relocation strategies within; sprawling shanty towns in; strategies against impact of heat; zero-carbon new-builds see also migrant cities; migration, urban citizenship; patriotism of welcomed migrants; ‘UN/international passport’ idea Clemens, Michael climate change, historic: Cretaceous–Palaeogene meteorite impact event; in late-bronze-age Near East; and migration; in Miocene Era; and transition to farming climate change/emergency; 3–5° C as most likely scenario; as affecting all of Earth; cities as particularly vulnerable to; destruction of dam infrastructure; enlisting of military/security institutions against; every tenth of a degree matters; extreme weather events; global climate niches moving north; global water cycle as speeding up; greenhouse gas emissions as still growing; impact of cities; impact on lives as usually gradual; inertia of the Earth’s climate system; lethality by 2100; links with biodiversity loss; near-universal acceptance of as human made; net zero pledges; Paris Agreement (2015); path to 3–4° C-hotter world; situation as not hopeless; slow global response to; as threat multiplier; warming as mostly absorbed by oceans see also biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse; drought; fires; floods; heat climate models: future emissions scenarios; heating predictions; impact of 4° C-hotter world; IPCC ‘Representative Concentration Pathways’ (RCPs); optimum climate for human productivity; threshold for mass migrations coastal areas: coastal cities; migration from; retreating coastlines; seawater desalination plants cochineal scale insect Colombia colonialism, European Colorado Columbia Concretene construction industry copper coral reefs Cornwall Costa Rica cotton Covid-19 pandemic; cooperation during cross-laminated timber (CLT) Crusaders Cruz, Abel Cuba cultural institutions/practices: cultural losses over time; diversity as improving innovation; migration of; in well-planned migrant cities cyclones Cyprus Czech workers in Germany Dar es Salaam Death Valley Delhi Democratic Republic of Congo demographic changes/information: and decline of nationality viewed in racial terms; depopulation crisis; elderly populations in global north; GenZ; global climate niches moving north; global population patterns; global population rise; ‘household formation’; huge variation in global fertility rates; migrants as percentage of global population; population fall due to urban migration; population-peak projection; post-war baby boom; and transition to farming Denmark Denver, Colorado desert conditions Dhaka Dharavi (slum in Mumbai) diet and nutrition: edible seeds of sea grasses; genetically engineered microbes; global disparities in access to nutrition; and Haber–Bosch process; insects as source of protein and fats; loss of nutrition due to heat stress of crops; move to plant-based diet; vitamin D sources; zinc and protein deficiencies dinosaurs direct air capture (DAC) disease; waterborne Doha Domesday Book (1086) Driscolls (Californian berry grower) drone technology drought; as affecting the most people; in Amazon region; impact on farming; in late-bronze-age Near East; and rivers fed by glaciers; and sulphate cooling Dubai Duluth, Minnesota Dunbar, Robin economies; Chinese domination of far east; economic growth; forced move towards a circular economy; GDP per capita measure; Global Compact for Migration; global productivity losses due to heat; immigrant-founded companies; and influx of low-skilled migrant workers; migration as benefitting; mining opportunities exposed by ice retreat; and nation state model; need to open world’s borders; new mineral deposits in northern latitudes; northern nations benefitting from global heating; ‘special economic zone’ concept; taxing of robots see also employment/labour markets; green economy; political and socioeconomic systems; trade and commerce education: availability to migrants; as key to growth; and remittances from urban migrants; systems improved by migration Egypt; Ancient electricity: current clean generation as not sufficient; decarbonizing of production; electric vehicles; grid systems; hydroelectric plants; and net zero world; renewable production Elwartowski, Chad employment/labour markets: amnesties of ‘illegal’ migrants; and arguments against migration; and automation; controlled by city authorities; and global labour mobility; and the green economy; impact of heat on jobs; indentured positions; and influx of low-skilled migrant workers; jobs in growth industries; jobs restoring diversity; jobs that natives don’t want to do; mechanization/automation slowed down by migrant workers; migrants bring greater diversity to; need for Nansen-style scheme; occupational upgrading of locals due to immigration; refugees barred from working; role of business in migrant integration; rural workers moving to cities; skilled migrants; support/access for migrants; Trump’s work visa restrictions; ‘urban visas’ in USA; workforce shortages in global north energy systems: access to in global south; air-conditioning/cooling demand; and carbon capture; ‘closed-loop’ radiator construction; decarbonizing of; and economic growth; geothermal production; global energy use as increasing; new dam-construction boom in south; nuclear power; oceans as source; poor grid infrastructure in global south; power outages; power sharing as not equitable; reducing growth in demand; replacement of inefficient heating/cooling systems; transmission/transport see also electricity English Channel Environmental Protection Agency, US environmental sustainability: decarbonizing measures; decoupling of GDP from carbon emissions; and economic growth; heat- and light-responsive materials; low-energy plastic recycling methods; and migrant cities; need for open mind in planning for; phytoplankton as hugely important; replacement of inefficient heating/cooling systems; zero-carbon new-builds see also biodiversity loss/ecosystem collapse environmentalists; negative growth advocates; opponents of geoengineering equatorial belt Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europe: 2003 heatwave; depopulation crisis; eighteenth/nineteenth-century shanty towns; impact of climate emergency; medieval barriers to movement; Mediterranean climate moving north; migrant indentured labour in; migration of women working in domestic service; small hydropower installations; three mass migrations in Stone and Bronze Ages European Union: free movement within; fund for aid to Africa; Green New Deal; no ‘asylum crisis’ within; nuclear power in; open-border policy for refugees from Ukraine; as popular migrant destination; seeks quota system for refugees; as successful example of regional union; war against migrants Fairbourne (Welsh village) farming: in abandoned areas in south; in Africa; ancient transition to; bad harvests as more frequent; barns/storehouses; benefits of warming in Nordic nations; biodiversity loss due to; cereal crops; closing the yield gap; early nineteenth century expansion of; ever-decreasing, sub-divided plots of land; expanded growing seasons; fertile land exposed by ice retreat; genetic research to produce new crops; genetically modified crop varieties; global disparities in food production; Green Revolution; greenhouse gas emissions from; in Greenland; Haber–Bosch process; heat-tolerant and drought-resistant crops; high-yielding wheat and rice variants; impact of climate emergency; indoor industrial systems; modern improvement in yields; nutrient and drip-irrigation systems; pre-twentieth-century methods; relying on new forms of; Russian dominance; salt-tolerant rice; smallholder; and solar geoengineering; solar-powered closed-cycle; urban vertical farms; use of silicates; and water scarcity; wildflower strips in fields see also livestock farming Fiji Fires fish populations: artisanal fishers; boost of in Arctic region; and decommissioned offshore oilrigs; fish farming; future pricing of fish products; as under huge pressure; insects as farmed-fish feed; land-based fish-farming Five Points slum, New York floods; flash floods; low-lying islands and atolls; sea walls/coastal defences; three main causes; in urban areas; water-management infrastructure Florida food: algal mats; carbon-pricing of meat; impact of soaring global prices; insect farming; kelp forest plantations; lab-grown meats; meat substitutes; for migrant city dwellers; move to plant-based diet; need for bigger sources of in global north; need to cut waste; photosynthesizing marine plants and algae; plant-based dairy products; reduced supplies due to temperature rises; refrigerated storage; replication of Maillard chemical reaction; sourced from the oceans see also diet and nutrition; farming; livestock farming food security Ford, Henry forests: advance north of in Nordic nations; deforestation; impact of climate emergency; ‘negative emissions activity’; replanting of; Siberian taiga forest fossil fuels; carbon capture and storage (CCS); as embedded in human systems France Fraser, Sean freedom of movement French Polynesia Friedman, Patri Gargano, Gabriele gas industry Gates, Bill gender: heat related inequalities; physical/sexual danger for female migrants; women in domestic service in Europe; women rejoining workforce genetic modification genetics, population Genghis Khan geoengineering; artificial sill proposals; cloud-brightening idea; as controversial/taboo; and ideal temperature question; possible unwanted effects; proposals for dealing with ice melt; to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide; solar radiation reduction tools; sulphate cooling concept; thin-film technology; tools to reflect the sun’s heat away from Earth geology GERD dam, Ethiopia Germany; Syrian refugee resettlement in Ghana Glasgow climate meeting (2021) Global Parliament of Mayors global south; benefit of solar cooling idea; capital costs of deploying new renewables; cutting of food waste in; future repopulation of abandoned regions; global income gap as rising; little suitable landmass for climate-driven migration; migration to higher elevations with water; need for improved infrastructure; need for sustainable economic growth; new dam-construction boom in; new domestic sources of energy; population rise in; remittances from urban migrants; resource extraction by rich countries; and vested interests in the rich world see also Africa; Asia; Latin America and entries for individual nations golf courses Gore, Al, An Inconvenient Truth (2006) Gothenburg Grand Inga hydroelectric dam project (Congo River) Granville, Earl grasslands Great Barrier Reef Great Lakes region, North America Greece; Ancient green economy; and building of fair societies; Green New Deals; migration as vital to; multiple benefits of see also environmental sustainability; renewable power production; restoring our planet’s habitability greenhouse gas emissions; charging land owners for; in cities; emitters trying to avoid/delay decarbonization; from farming; national emissions-reductions pledges; underreporting of; unfair global impact of see also carbon/carbon dioxide Greenland; ice sheet; potato farming in Gulf states Haber, Fritz Hangzhou Hawaii health: climate change as threat multiplier; dementia care; diseases of poor sanitation; healthcare in successful migrant cities; heat related inequalities; lethality of extreme heat; and life in cities; mental illness and migration; migration as benefitting social care systems; pathogens in frozen tundras; rural living as single largest killer today; and smoke pollution heat: 35°C wet bulb threshold crossed; climate model predictions; cloud and water vapour feedbacks; combined with humidity; and demand for cooling; extreme hotspots; global productivity/work hour losses; impact of 4° C-hotter world; impact on farming/food supplies; infrastructure problems due to; lethality by 2100; lethality of extreme temperatures; Paris pledge of below 2°C; solar radiation reduction tools; subtropical climate spreading into higher latitudes; temperatures above 50°C; threshold for mass migrations; ‘threshold of survivability’; urban adaptation strategies; urban heat island effect; ‘wet bulb’ temperature calculations Held, David Hernando, Antonia HIV Höfn, southeastern Iceland Holocene epoch Honduras Hong Kong horses, domestication of housing: Aravena’s ‘partial houses’; controlled by city authorities; equitable access to; floating infrastructure; in flood-affected areas; and heat related inequalities; and migrants; planning and zoning laws; policies to prevent segregation; prefabricated and modular; twentieth-century social programmes see also slum dwellers Hudson Bay Huguenot immigrants human rights, universal Hungary hunter-gatherers hurricanes hydrogen ice age, last ice loss; as accelerating at record rate; in Antarctica; in Arctic region; artificial reflective snow idea; artificial sill proposals; and flash floods; loss of glaciers; permafrost thaw; reflective fleece blankets idea; retreat of ice sheets; rising of land due to glaciers melting; tipping points for ice-free world Iceland ICON, construction company identity: accentuation of small differences; and ancient transition to farming; borders as ‘othering’ structures; language as tool of self-construction; mistrust of outsiders; pan-species; sense of ‘belonging’; social norms of ‘tribe’; social psychology; stories crafting group identity see also national identity immigration policies: bilateral or regional arrangements; deliberately prejudicial policy; development of since later nineteenth-century; and harnessing migrant potential; immigrant inclusion programmes; immigration lottery schemes; move needed from control to managing,; points-based entrance systems; poorly designed; quota systems; responses to terrorist incidents; restrictions as for people not stuff; restrictive border legislation; Spain’s successful policy Impossible Foods India; crop irrigation in; emigrants and knowledge-flow; emissions as still rising in; falling fertility rate in; Ganges Valley; and heat ‘survivability threshold’; impact of climate emergency; internal migration in; lime-washing of roofs in; Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA); National River Linking Project; population density in; young population in indigenous communities Indo-European language Indonesia industrial revolution inequality and poverty: and access to reliable energy; benefit of solar cooling to south; climate change as threat multiplier; climate migration and social justice; and demand for cooling; despair and anger of ‘left behind’ natives; and environmental destruction; and European colonialism; as failure of social/economic policy; and geoengineered cooling; global disparities in access to nutrition; and global food prices; global income gap as rising; heat related; and impact of flooding; increased by ancient transition to farming; as matter of geographical chance; migration as best route out of; and modern farming; and national pride; need for redistributive policies; the poor trapped in vulnerable cities; and post-war institutions; rural living as single largest killer today; slow global response to crisis of; superrich and private jets; tribalism as not inevitable; and vested interests in the rich world insects; collapsing populations; farming of; as human food source insulation insurance, availability of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Labour Organization Iquique (Chile) Ireland iron, powdered Islam islands, small/low-lying Israel Italy Ithaca, city of (New York) Jakarta Japan Jobs, Steve Johnson, Boris Jordan kelp Kenya Khan, Sadiq Khoisan Bushmen Kimmel, Mara King, Sir David Kiribati knowledge and skills: better environment for in rich countries; ‘brain drain’ issue; channelled through migrant networks; diversity as improving innovation; global knowledge transfer; Global Skill Partnerships model; impact of European colonialism; migrants returning to origin countries; and Nansen-style schemes; need for rapid transference of; and points-based entrance systems Kodiak Island, Alaska krill Kuba Kingdom, West Africa !

Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?
by Bill McKibben
Published 15 Apr 2019

I’ve immersed myself in movements working for change, and I helped found a group, 350.org, that grew into the first planetwide climate campaign. Though we haven’t beaten the fossil fuel industry, we’ve organized demonstrations in every country on the globe save North Korea, and with our many colleagues around the world, we’ve won some battles. At the moment, we’re helping as friends and colleagues push hard for a Green New Deal in the United States and similar steps around the world. (This book is dedicated to one of my dearest colleagues in that fight, Koreti Tiumalu, who died much too early, in 2017.) I’ve been to several jails, and to a thousand rallies, and along the way I’ve come to believe that we have the tools to stand up to entrenched power.

…

Pontiac made antiaircraft guns; Oldsmobile churned out cannons; Studebaker built engines for Flying Fortresses; Nash-Kelvinator produced propellers for British De Havillands; Hudson Motors fabricated wings for Helldivers and P-38 fighters; Buick manufactured tank destroyers; Fisher Body built thousands of M4 Sherman tanks; Cadillac turned out more than ten thousand light tanks. And that was just Detroit. The same sort of industrial mobilization took place all across America. If (as the proposal for a Green New Deal envisions) we did something like that again, in the name of stopping climate change instead of fascism, we wouldn’t have to kill a soul. In fact, we’d be saving great numbers of lives that would otherwise be lost not just from global warming but from breathing in the smoke of fossil fuel combustion.

…

Her action galvanized sentiment across northern Europe, and on the other side of the globe, Australian schoolchildren were soon on strike, too, and occupying the foyer of their Parliament. Meanwhile, in Britain an Extinction Rebellion movement had sprung up, staging civil disobedience actions to shut down traffic across London. In the United States, young people staged a sit-in at Congress to demand a special committee on a “Green New Deal” by early 2019 pollsters reported that 80 percent of Democrats and 60% of Republicans backed the idea, or at least the slogan.” The Earth is running a fever, and the antibodies are starting to kick in. Which doesn’t mean we’ve won. We haven’t. The Koch brothers and the oil companies are holding on, thanks in part to Mr.

The Joy of Tax
by Richard Murphy
Published 30 Sep 2015

For several years the book remained a title without content: occasional drafts came and went but what I’ve written took a decade of thinking, more than 11,000 blog posts, and vast numbers of discussions to bring to life over the relatively short period in which it was eventually written. Who else to thank then? Two colleagues stand out. The first is John Christensen, the director of the Tax Justice Network. We have been on an amazing journey together over the last twelve or so years. And then there is Colin Hines who is the convener of the Green New Deal Group, without whom many of the ideas I have promoted on the broader economic agenda would not have been cajoled into life. Both have been true friends during my campaigning career who have enriched my life far beyond the matters referred to in this book. Academic colleagues Ronen Palan, Prem Sikka, Anastasia Nesvetailova and Sol Picciotto (professors all) demanded I improve my thinking over the years and each challenged me to go further than I had ever considered I might.

…

I am grateful. As with all others mentioned in this introduction, none have any responsibility for the ideas and errors in this book, which, for better or worse, are all mine. Howard Reed has been a friend and inspiration on many an occasion: it would be great to do more together. The members of the Green New Deal Group are all also due thanks: they know who they are, with Andrew Simms and Ann Pettifor standing out for special mention. Some persistent commentators on the Tax Research UK blog, and most especially Ivan Horrocks and Andrew Dickie, encouraged me in my moderating of thousands of comments when that has, on occasion, been a thankless task.

…

K. 51 GDP 171 debt and 213 and economy 84 fiscal policy and 58–9 government spending as proportion of 76+n, 77, 81–2 taxation as proportion of 34–5 General Anti-Abuse Rule 112, 113, 224 General Anti-Avoidance Principle, proposed 224 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, UK 222 gifts 183, 184 gilts 49–52 Gini coefficient 63n global warming see climate change global wealth tax 190 Global Witness 124 Google 135 government(s) 27, 39–40 balancing books/budget 52, 60–1, 76, 86–7, 94–5, 212–13, 238 borrowing 89 businesses, mistaken analogy with 86–7, 89 and creation of money 49, 209–10 demand for services to be supplied by 157–60 and the economy 104, 156–60, 170, 210 (see also austerity) intervention following 2008 crash 78, 79 and ownership 59 participation and 31, 37–44 spending see government spending states without 32 surpluses 58, 59, 60, 76–8, 130 and ‘taxpayers’ money’ 39–44 see also democracy government debt 46, 49–52, 59–60, 87, 213–14 government spending and business success 185 effects of cutting 89–90 flat taxes and 75 need for 95–6, 210 relationship to taxation 45, 52–5, 80–4, 162, 210, 211–12, 214 Greece 148 Green New Deal Group 9, 10 Green parties 84, 94 growth 83, 84, 90, 104, 158, 170, 171–2, 215 Guernsey 124 harmonization, international 133 health services 64, 158, 168 see also NHS Heritage Foundation 35 HM Treasury 109, 110–11, 114, 117 HMRC 112–14, 116, 119–21 access to 118–21, 202–3 and accountability 116–18, 203, 204–6, 218–20 attitudes 119–20 on compliance 33–4, 35, 67 and data exchange 123–4, 127 and research 108, 110 staff and resources 113, 120–1, 202–4 structure and governance 203–4, 219, 220 Hodge, Margaret 114, 117 horizontal equity 138–9, 197 House of Commons Library 109 House of Commons Select Committees 205, 220–1 see also Public Accounts Committee and Treasury Committee house prices 185–6, 214, 225–6, 229 housing 159, 175–6, 186, 225–7, 228–9, 238 housing support 192, 194, 229 identity theft 201 ignorance 68, 108 illegitimate economic activity 56 imports 88 income(s) 180–1 falling in real terms 83, 90 sources of 138–9 taxation and 31 under-declaration of 98–9 income tax 14, 16, 65, 163–5, 230 citizen’s income and 193–4 higher rates 73 as proportion of tax paid 28, 29, 30, 72 schedular form 152 tithing and 15 as universal 235 voting and 65 inequality 63n, 74 see also equity/equality and redistribution inflation 46, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 182, 210 flat taxes and 75 house prices and 185–6 influence 31, 37 information exchange 123–4, 127, 184 infrastructure 158–9, 229 inheritance taxes 15, 29, 31, 73, 183, 226 innovation 136–7 Institute of Directors 68–9, 72 Institute of Economic Affairs 68–9, 70–1, 101 Institute for Fiscal Studies 109 insurance premiums 29, 223 interest 51, 52n, 58, 181–2 banks and 49, 50 monetary policy and 59 money and 51 tax and 30, 196, 223, 228–9, 231 interests 69, 70, 71, 109, 113, 116 conflicts of 115 government and 19, 44 intergenerational contract 143 International Financial Reporting Standards 222 International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation 199 international issues 133–6, 197–8 see also tax havens interpretation 111–12, 153 investment 89, 176, 234 savings and 209, 231 investment income 72, 98, 99, 138, 163, 180, 224, 231–2 Ireland 126, 134, 146, 163 ISAs 175, 231 Jersey 10, 124, 126 Jesus 16 Joffe, Lord 114–15 Kennedy, John F. 32n labour, taxing 190 see also national insurance land ownership 185 land value tax, proposed 186–7, 227–8 land-based taxes 15, 16, 21, 163, 164, 185–7 landfill tax 31 landlords 228, 229 language 115–16, 153, 196, 218 law 36–7, 39, 148, 153 complexity 154, 217 letter and spirit of 112, 153, 154, 218 purposive basis 112, 217–18 law and order 132, 159 Lawson, Nigel 182 lawyers 69, 102, 114, 116, 217 liability 184, 221, 225, 226 see also companies libertarians and libertarian views 39–40, 42, 68–80, 132 life expectancy 167n, 168 Lincoln, Abraham 61+n living standards/needs 35, 57, 61, 141–4, 168 loans 47–8+nn, 49–52, 208, 209 repayment of 49, 50, 53 local government 65, 186 see also council tax London, City of 18–19, 187 loopholes 97, 112, 153–4, 168, 187, 196, 197 Luxembourg 126, 134–5, 146 macroeconomics 85, 87–8, 161, 165, 170–1 Magna Carta 18–19, 22, 37, 131 Man, Isle of 124, 126 marginal tax rates 145, 172–3, 174, 192, 194, 235 markets, government policy/taxation and 58–9, 61, 63–4, 170–1, 187–8, 191, 212, 215, 236 marriage 24–5, 225 Mazzucato, Mariana 136 Meacher, Michael 153–4 media comment 157, 158 microeconomics, misapplication to government 86–7 middle ground in politics 157–8 minimal-state ideology 155–6, 158 Mirrlees Review 109 misconceptions 86 mistrust 152, 154 Mitchell, Dan 134 monarchy 20–2, 117, 219 monetary policy 58, 59–60 money 46–7 creation of 45–52+nn, 53, 86–7, 181–2, 208–9, 214 debt and 213 decreasing value to individuals 144–5, 181 destruction of 48n, 49, 53, 213 and the economy 209 equivalence 181, 224, 233 importance of 57 profit and 48–9 promises and 49, 51, 56 tax and 14, 56–7, 85–8, 180 value of 56–7, 66 see also bank transactions and financial transactions mortgages 89, 228–9 MPs, resources available to 109–10, 112 multinational companies 124–7, 150–2, 198, 201, 222 Murphy, Richard 110, 112, 113, 126, 131n, 153–4, 192, 203n mutuality 133 nation states 23, 24, 25–7, 35 National Audit Office 205 national debt 46, 52, 76, 213 national insurance 167–9, 172–3, 189, 232 and benefits system 189, 191 as proportion of tax paid 29, 161, 169, 189 proposals for replacing 72, 164, 189, 190, 194, 232–3 and unearned income 231–2 needs 57, 141–4 see also sufficiency Netherlands, the 126, 135, 146 NGOs 110 NHS 158, 167, 189 Northern Ireland 166 objectivity 105 OECD 125, 126, 134n, 150, 151 Office for Budget Responsibility 52, 91–3, 205 Office for Tax Responsibility, proposed 205, 220–1 offshore arrangements 99–100, 190 oil 35, 63 opacity see secrecy Osborne, George 59, 76–8, 82, 90–1, 174 overdrafts 48 ownership, tax and 38–44 Oxford Centre for Business Taxation 108–9, 110 Oxford Dictionary, definition of tax 30–2, 35–6, 37, 43 Paine, Thomas 24 parties, political 84, 94 partnerships, business 42 partnerships (marriage) 24–5, 225 Paul, St 16 Pay As You Earn 167, 173 PCS (Public and Commercial Services Union) 203n peace 131–3, 136, 137 Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 20, 37 pension funds 50, 60 pensioners 72, 232 pensions 143, 167, 168, 174–5, 189, 192, 235 citizen’s income and 192 personal allowances 72, 193, 230, 235 Pickett, Kate 145 Piketty, Thomas 190 Plaid Cymru 84, 94 plutocracy 71 politicians 84–5 poll taxes 15, 16, 20, 33, 37, 186 pollution 63, 191, 212 poverty 192, 194 power 17, 20, 23 price elasticity of demand 64 product safety 159 profit, banking and 48–9 profit-shifting 134–5 proof, onus of 196, 217, 224 property taxation and 31, 39–44, 54, 71 see also council tax, housing and land property rights 39, 41, 42–3, 132 protest 33, 37 see also conflict Public Accounts Committee, House of Commons 109, 114, 117, 204 public spending see government spending Quaker beliefs 10, 131n quantitative easing 46, 47n, 49–52, 58, 60, 229–30, 238 Rabushka, Alvin 78–9 recession 78, 79–80, 191 reciprocal rights and double tax treaties 223 reclamation see under tax/taxation redistribution 62–3, 66, 144, 185, 230, 238 Reed, Howard 192 representation, taxation and 19–20, 22–7, 31, 37–8, 65, 66, 70–1 repricing, tax as 64, 66 research 108–10, 135–6, 236 responsibility 39 retirement, saving for 174–5, 231 see also pensions right-wing views 68–80, 156–7, 158 rioting 33 road use 191 Roman Empire 15–16 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 26–7 royalties 181, 223 sales taxes 15–16, 163, 187 see also VAT saving 59, 87, 89+n, 90–1, 172 investment and 209 tax and 175, 231 schools 108 Scotland 33, 37, 166 independence referendum (2014) 23, 24, 26, 128–9 Scottish National Party 84, 94 secrecy 69, 99, 122, 151, 152, 201 secrecy jurisdictions 135 seigniorage 182 self-employed people 98, 167, 168, 173 shadow economy 55–6, 146–8 shareholders 200–1, 233 simplicity 133, 152–5, 218, 230, 236 of money creation 51 see also flat taxes Singapore 126 skills, funding 136–7 Smith, Adam 24, 70, 129–31, 137 smuggling 14, 163 social contract 26–7, 132–3 social mores, taxation and 24–7 social security systems 191–2 see also welfare benefits socialism 157 speculation 171, 185, 187, 214, 224 Spirit Level, The 145 stamp duty 29, 73, 187, 228 Starbucks 135 states and statehood 23, 24, 25–7 extent of role 156–60 see also government(s) stigma 194, 235 student loans 173–4 subjectivity 105 sufficiency 141–4 sustainability 57, 215 Switzerland 135 tax/taxation acceptance of 25–6, 32–8, 67–8, 96 administration of 16, 123, 219–21 (see also HMRC) alternatives to 45–7 and choice 68, 96, 103, 106, 126–9 as counterbalance 53–5 definitions and perceptions of 30–2, 35–6, 37, 40–4 education concerning 102, 106–8 efficient 160–1 embracing 25, 27, 44, 238 functions 55–66 history 13–26 inclusivity and default 196, 217 indirect 74 ownership 38–44, 216 payment in kind 14, 15, 16 political context 37–9, 105 process, stages of 122–3 progressive 15, 139, 145, 181, 189, 230 and property 39–44, 54 as proportion of income 74–5 range of and proportions of revenue raised in UK 28, 29 reasons and purposes for 52–66, 160, 178 as reclamation of money spent 52–5, 75, 81, 180, 210 regressive 139, 189–90, 227, 237 responsibility for 219 right to spend 39 scope of 196, 217 unacceptable 33, 37 see also under government spending tax abuse 14, 16, 96–102, 103, 168, 195–6 victims of 101 see also tax avoidance and tax evasion tax avoidance 43, 96–7, 99–102, 103, 110, 173, 198 anti-avoidance principle 112, 113, 196 flat taxes and 74 proposed legislation against 153–4, 224, 236 tax base(s) 16, 31, 122, 179, 222–3 defining 179, 196 finding 197, 201 inclusive 195–7, 217 inconsistent 183 tax competition 133–4, 135–6 tax design 169 tax evasion 43, 69, 96–9, 100–1, 103, 110 tax gap 110, 220 tax havens 35, 69, 99–102, 123–4, 126, 134, 135–6, 201–2 registration of companies in 151 and secrecy 149–50 UK and 146, 174 wealth taxes and 184 tax justice 220 tax justice movement 149, 151, 184, 201 Tax Justice Network 9, 124 tax offices 118–21 tax policy 156, 229–30 tax reliefs 25, 97, 165, 175, 176, 196 Tax Reporting Standards Board, proposed 222 Tax Research Network 109 Tax Responsibility, Office for, proposed 205, 220–1 Tax Select Committee, proposed 205 tax systems 129–55, 168–9, 171, 178–80, 224 Taxation, Department of, proposed 219–21, 227 Taxation and State-Building in Developing Countries (Brautigam et al.) 26n Taxpayers’ Alliance 68–9, 70, 72 ‘taxpayers’ money’ 39–44, 216 Teather, Richard 101 technology 135–6, 176 temporary residence rule, proposed 197, 222 tenants 228, 229 Thatcher, Margaret 33, 68, 70, 86, 101 theft 36, 43, 44 tithing 15 tobacco 64, 74, 191 trade deficit 89 transparency 123–7, 216 transport 158–9, 176, 191 Treasury Committee, House of Commons 117 tribunals 118 trust 119–20, 148–9, 152, 154 trusts 42, 184 truth 30, 52, 84, 133, 146–52 Turner, Adair 52n 2020 Tax Commission 72, 75, 76 Tyler, Wat 20 UK aggregate tax rate 35 proportion of tax taken by different taxes 28, 29, 139 right to leave 32 shadow economy 146 and tax havens 146, 174 tax paid by income decile 139–40 UK GAAP 222 ‘UK plc’ 86 UK political parties 84, 94, 157–8 unemployment, effects 83, 89 universal credit 174 universities 107–9 US dollar 55–6 USA, Declaration of Independence 22–3, 24, 26 VAT 64, 74, 174, 187, 189, 236–7 exemptions 64, 236 as proportion of tax paid 29, 161 vertical equity 139 Virgin Islands, British 124 voting rates 42, 65 Walmart 150 Walmsley, Brad 70–1 wars 18, 53, 131–2 wealth concentration of 185 taxation and 28–30, 31, 73–4, 180–7, 190–1 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith) 24, 129–31 wealth taxes 16, 123, 163, 165, 183–7 global 190, 226–7 proposed 226–7, 228 see also financial transactions tax welfare benefits 62–3, 167 interaction/integration with tax 142, 174, 191–5, 234–6 national insurance and 189 unclaimed 194 as universal 235 welfare state 142–3 well-being, taxation and 35, 61 Wilkinson, Richard 145 work 194–5, 238 see also employment World Economic Forum 74 Worstall, Tim 71 Zimbabwe 35 About the Author Richard Murphy is a UK chartered accountant.

The Rare Metals War
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 15 Feb 2020

Their combination is ushering in an era of energy abundance, stimulating new industries, and has already created 10 million jobs worldwide.13 This is a boon not lost on political leaders: to help these new markets take off, Europe is now urging its member states to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by 40 per cent (in relation to 1990 levels) by 2030, and to increase to 27 per cent the renewable-energy share of their energy consumption. But why stop there? A 2015 report by the Royal Society of Chemistry confirmed it was economically and technically feasible for the US to rely only on renewable-energy sources by 2050.14 In 2019, Democratic representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez defended the very same objective under the ‘Green New Deal’.15 The acceleration of rare metal consumption This technological diversification has multiplied the types of metals that humanity uses. Between the ages of antiquity and the Renaissance, human beings consumed no more than seven metals;16 this increased to a dozen metals over the twentieth century; to twenty from the 1970s onwards; and then to almost all eighty-six metals on Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements.

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Leads in Greenhouse Gas Reductions, but Some States Are Falling Behind’, Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 27 March 2018 van der Voet, Ester, Salminen, Reijo, Eckelman, Matthew, Mudd, Gavin, Norgate, Terry, Hisschier, Roland, Spijker, Job, Vijver, Martina, Selinus, Olle, Posthuma, Leo, de Zwart, Dick, van de Meent, Dik, Reuter, Markus, Tikana, Ladji, Valdivia, Sonia, Wäger, Patrick, Hauschild, Michael Zwicky, and de Koning, Arjan, ‘Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles: a report of the working group on the global metal flows to the International Resource Panel’, Kenya, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2013 ‘World Energy Outlook 2014 Factsheet: Power and renewables’, International Energy Agency, 2014 Essential reading: articles Apremont, Bernard, ‘L’économie de l’URSS dans ses rapports avec la Chine et les démocraties Populaires’, Politique étrangère, 1956, vol. 21, n° 5, p. 601–13 Buss, Sandro, ‘Des aimants permanents en terres rares’, La Revue polytechnique, no. 1745, 13 April 2010 Chellaney, Brahma, ‘The Challenge from Authoritarian Capitalism to Liberal Democracy’, China-US Focus, 6 October 2016 ‘China Declared World’s Largest Producer of Scientific Articles’, Scientific American, 23 January 2018 Paarlberg, Robert L., ‘Lessons of the Grain Embargo’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1980 issue Petersen, John, ‘How Large Lithium-ion Batteries Slash EV Benefits’, 2016 ‘Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Releases Green New Deal Outline’, NPR, 7 February 2019 Vidal, Olivier, Goffé, Bruno and Arndt, Nicholas, ‘Metals for a low-carbon society’, Nature Geoscience, vol. 6, November 2013 Essential viewing Mönch, Max, Lahl, Alexander, Ocean’s Monopoly, Werwiewas, 2015 Guillaume, Pitron and Turquier, Serge, Rare Earths: the dirty war, 2012 Secrets of the Super Elements, presented by Mark Miodownik, BBC, 2017 Tison, Coline and Lichtenstein, Laurent, Datacenter: the hidden face of the web, Camicas Productions, 2012 Useful websites by region Africa African Development Bank (Ethiopia): https://www.afdb.org Royal Bafokeng Holdings (South Africa): www.bafokengholdings.com United Nations Environment Programme (Kenya): www.unep.org Asia The Chinese Society of Rare Earths (China): https://fr.linkedin.com/company/the-chinese-society-ofrareearths New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (Japan): www.nedo.go.jp/english PT Timah TBK (Indonesia): www.timah.com Australia Association of Mining and Exploration Companies: www.amec.org.au Australia’s Mining Monthly: www.miningmonthly.com Australia Minerals: www.australiaminerals.gov.au Australian Mining Magazine: www.australianmining.com.au Geoscience Australia: www.ga.gov.au Lynas Corporation: www.lynascorp.com Minerals Council of Australia: www.minerals.org.au Northern Minerals: https://northernminerals.com.au France Commission for Independent Research and Information about Radiation (CRIIRAD): http://www.criirad.org/english/presentation.html Cyclope: www.cercle-cyclope.com/?

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‘Renewable Energy and Jobs — Annual Review 2018’, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). ‘100 Per Cent Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for the 50 United States’, Royal Society of Chemistry, 27 May 2015. ‘Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Releases Green New Deal Outline’, NPR, 7 February 2019. Gold, copper, lead, silver, tin, mercury, and iron. British Petroleum 2017: Outlook for 2035. ‘Gas is the fastest growing fuel (1.6 per cent p.a.); Oil continues to grow (0.7 per cent p.a.), although its pace of growth is expected to slow gradually; The growth of coal is projected to decline sharply: 0.2 per cent p.a. compared with 2.7 per cent p.a. over the past 20 years — coal consumption is expected to peak in the mid-2020s; Renewable energy is the fastest growing source of energy (7.1 per cent p.a.), with its share in primary energy increasing to 10 per cent by 2035, up from 3 per cent in 2015’ (p. 15).

A Small Farm Future: Making the Case for a Society Built Around Local Economies, Self-Provisioning, Agricultural Diversity and a Shared Earth
by Chris Smaje
Published 14 Aug 2020

So the capitalist world system is mired in crises of justice, political legitimacy and its own self-reproduction. It’s possible it’ll survive them. It has survived numerous crises before, though not without human cost. But it’s hard to see quite how it’ll manage this time. One possibility that’s gained a head of steam lately is a ‘green new deal’ inspired by US president Franklin Roosevelt’s Depression-busting New Deal of the 1930s. A green new deal promises to create many new jobs in low-carbon economic sectors – an excellent idea that I take up in these pages by advocating for a small farm future in which numerous people work agrarian holdings (in fact, this was also a somewhat forgotten part of Roosevelt’s original New Deal).

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In the event, the massive shakedowns of global war, Cold War and rapid, fossil-fuelled postwar economic growth staved off the reckoning between capitalism and citizenries that was brewing in the 1930s. But it’s now returned with a vengeance, and with an ecological reckoning thrown into the mix, too. If, as I hope, there’s to be a successful green new deal, it’s not clear that capitalism could survive it. In relation to the idea of proximal and underlying causation introduced earlier, the dynamics of endless capitalist growth that we’ve examined here do seem to lie deep at the roots of many of the other crises we’ve considered. Critics of environmental breakdown and social injustice increasingly converge on the view that, to paraphrase Bill Clinton’s campaign strategist: ‘It’s capitalism, stupid.’

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I have to concede that’s true, though perhaps it’s not quite as unlikely as at first it seems. It’s possible that a combination of emerging crises, along with the realisation among electorates that mainstream political promises are irredeemable within the present global political economy, will impel a new generation of politicians to implement a green new deal involving rapid decarbonisation, land reform and reinvigorated, distributed rural economies. Already, radical political parties of various colours are making electoral gains against more traditionally centrist parties supportive of the neoliberal status quo. Political change is in the air. But it still seems unlikely that existing states will be able to deliver a small farm future, or else rescue the present global order from the crises enveloping it.

Economic Dignity
by Gene Sperling
Published 14 Sep 2020

But it does call for shaping our public policies to structure and reward robust innovation, competition, and public strategies that will lead to a carbon-neutral future, bolster our domestic industrial base, and generate millions of high-wage jobs in the United States. It is heartening that those strategizing on climate change—from different versions of a Green New Deal to implementation of the Obama administration’s Clean Power Plan—have been focused on simultaneously achieving broad national goals and calling for policies to prevent devastating economic dislocation and downward economic cycles for workers and communities. This is the right approach for a nation committed to protecting economic dignity amid transformative change.

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Building on the Civilian Conservation Corps concept to undertake a generational upgrade of our public lands and national parks is an example of a worthy and deeply needed national project that could create jobs and experience connected to the natural environment. More ambitiously, there are potentially millions of jobs that can be created or enhanced by making good on the vision of a Green New Deal—from energy-efficient installations, to lead removal, to installation and maintenance of new infrastructure like electric vehicle charging stations. These jobs may not involve direct assistance to promote the dignity of specific individuals, but they can represent dignified work that furthers an environmental future that will have a profound impact on health, happiness, and overall well-being.

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See earned income tax credit “EITC for All,” 180–82 elder care, 217–20 “electronic whips,” 82–83, 236–37 Ellwood, David, 207 Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act, 39–40 employee monitoring software, 244 Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974, 235 End of Loyalty, The (Wartzman), 119 entrepreneurship, government’s role, 97–98 environment carbon neutral economy, 140–41 Clean Power Plan, 141 climate change, 140–41 corporate purpose and, 119 environmental racism, 41 environmental standards in trade agreements, 122–23 Green New Deal, 141, 220 Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 20, 248, 260 E Pluribus Unum (Putnam), 234 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 245 equality building a pipeline promoting, 284–90 “dignity” and, 13–14 equal protection, 245 Escanilla, Carlos, 278–79 Escobar, Pablo, 71, 116 Evans, Gail, 232–33 executive compensation, 324n extracurricular activities, 286–88 Facebook, 117, 234 fair chance licensing reforms, 55–56 Fair Deal, 29 Fair Food Program, 256 Fair Housing Act of 1968, 203 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, 66–67, 73, 74, 176, 256–57 “fair trade” certification, 238 family care of.

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI
by Frank Pasquale
Published 14 May 2020

In our time, the disastrously pollutive effects of much consumption are well known. So the political face of MMT in our time is not simply an argument for a “people’s quantitative easing” or a universal basic income (both of which would undoubtedly reduce unemployment to some degree). Rather, it is a Green New Deal, an investment in the types of productive capacity that can decarbonize (or at least not contribute to the carbonization of) the atmosphere.63 This substantive emphasis is a major advance past classic Keynesian doctrine. It recognizes that the earth has limits, that we are on the brink of surpassing them, and that we can try to undo the damage.

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Alstott, The Public Option: How to Expand Freedom, Increase Opportunity, and Promote Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019). 34. Pavlina Tcherneva in conversation with David Roberts, “30 Million Americans are Unemployed. Here’s How to Employ Them,” Vox, May 4, 2020, at https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/5/4/21243725/coronavirus-unemployment-cares-act-federal-job-guarantee-green-new-deal-pavlina-tcherneva. Pavlina Tcherneva, “The Job Guarantee: Design, Jobs, and Implementation,” Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series No. 902 (2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3155289. 35. William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966). 36.

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Randall Wray, Modern Monetary Theory, 3d ed. (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012). 62. Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Penguin, 2018). 63. Kate Aronoff, Alyssa Battistoni, Daniel Aldana Cohen, and Thea Riofrancos, A Planet to Win: Why We Need a Green New Deal (New York: Verso, 2019). 64. Gregg Gonsalves and Amy Kapczynski, “The New Politics of Care,” Boston Review (2020), http://bostonreview.net/politics/gregg-gonsalves-amy-kapczynski-new-politics-care. 65. For insightful comments on this facet of an emergent MMT research agenda, see Nathan Tankus, “Are General Price Level Indices Theoretically Coherent?

The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent
by Ben Shapiro
Published 26 Jul 2021

To abide by the Paris Agreement guidelines would cost, by Heritage Foundation estimates, at least $20,000 income loss per family by 2035 and a total aggregate GDP loss of $2.5 trillion.24 And as even the UN Environment Programme found in 2017, if every major country kept to its pledges under the much-ballyhooed Paris Agreement, the earth will still warm at least 3°C by 2100.25 In fact, even if the United States were to cut its carbon emissions 100 percent, the world would be 0.2°C cooler by 2100. To reach net zero carbon emissions worldwide by 2050 via Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s (D-NY) infamous Green New Deal would cost the typical family of four $8,000 every single year.26 This is not to suggest that nothing can be done about climate change. We should be investing in adaptive measures like seawalls, and be looking to new technologies like geoengineering. We should be cheering on America’s fracking industry, which has redirected energy use from more carbon-intensive industries; we should be pushing for the use of nuclear energy; we should be promoting capitalism, which increases living standards around the globe, thus making people in poverty less vulnerable to the ravages of climate change.

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Michael Greshko, “Current Climate Pledges Aren’t Enough to Stop Severe Warming,” NationalGeographic.com, October 31, 2017, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/10/paris-agreement-climate-change-usa-nicaragua-policy-environment/#close. 26. Kevin D. Dayaratna, PhD, and Nicolas D. Loris, “Assessing the Costs and Benefits of the Green New Deal’s Energy Policies,” Heritage.org, July 24, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/BG3427.pdf. 27. Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay, Cynical Theories ([Durham, NC]: Pitchstone, 2020), 37. 28. Lawrence Krauss, “The Ideological Corruption of Science,” WSJ.com, July 12, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-ideological-corruption-of-science-11594572501?

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See also Black Lives Matter Fox News, 182, 184 Frankfurt School, 6–9, 54 freedom of speech and the press conservative media and cancel culture, 180–85 Left sees as protection for special groups, 170–71 social media and “hate speech,” 26, 204–5 Freeman, Morgan, 160 Frenkel-Brunswik, Else, 7 Friedersdorf, Conor, 42 Fromm, Erich, 54 “frozen prejudices,” minority coalitions and, 39 Fruit by the Foot, 121 Fuller, Joseph, 75–76 Gabbart, Blaine, 157 Galam, Serge, 39 Galligan, Jimmy, 207 Garber, Megan, 152 Garcetti, Eric, 101 Garza, Alicia, 123 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), 147–48 Gebru, Timnit, 206 Gender, Place, and Culture (journal), 85 gender dysphoria, ScienceTM and, 112–13 Georgia, 135, 146 Ghostbusters (2016 film), 151–52 Giannulli, Olivia Jade, 74–75 Giridharadas, Anand, 184 Glasser, Ira, 92–93 Glassman, Greg, 122 Gleiberman, Owen, 151 Goldberg, Jeffrey, 175 Goldberg, Jonah, 51 Goldman Sachs, 128 Gone With the Wind (film), 148 Gonsalves, Gregg, 102 Goodell, Roger, 160 Google, 194–95, 206, 211 Parler banned by, 12, 210 Goolsbee, Austan, 138 Goya, 133 Gray, Freddie, 140 Great Depression and Great Society, Utopian Impulse and results of, 50–51, 52 Green Book (film), 140 Green New Deal, 109 Gregory, Thomas, 49 Groves, Mimi, 206–7 gun rights, corporations and, 135–36 Gupta, Vanita, 191 Gushers, 121 Halpin, John, 64–65 Ham, Mary Katherine, 177 Hannah-Jones, Nikole, 11, 29, 115, 165, 178–80 Harding, Warren G., 49 harm, left’s lack of distinction between offense and, 35 Harris, Adam, 80 Harris, Leslie, 179 Harris, Sam, 16, 111 Harris poll, 156 Hart, Kevin, 142–43 Harvard Business Review, 126 Harvard Crimson, 91 Harvard University, 90 hashtag #MeToo, 142 hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, 140 Hastings, Reed, 121 hate speech.

Green Economics: An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice
by Molly Scott Cato
Published 16 Dec 2008

Lawrence (1972) A Blueprint for Survival, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Friends of the Earth (1994) Working Future? Jobs and the Environment, London: FoE. Scottish Executive (2005) Going for Growth: A Green Jobs Strategy for Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Parliament. A Green New Deal, published by the New Economics Foundation on behalf of the Green New Deal Group, downloadable from www.neweconomics.org, last accessed 8 October 2008. WORK 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 69 J. Barry and B. Doherty (2001) ‘The greens and social policy: Movements, politics and practice?’

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More UK jobs in repair of cars and white goods would lead to more skilled jobs tied to the UK. Recycling offers to create 14,000 extra jobs in London alone. Source: S. Fitz-Gibbon (2004) Best of Both Worlds: Green Policies for Job Creation and Sustainability, London: Green Party response to the recession following on the global financial crisis as in the Green New Deal.8 Where there is agreement it is on the issue of what work will be necessary in the sustainable economy. Much of the work carried out today is souldestroying and wasteful of resources, creating gadgets than can be sold to make a profit for the corporation which controls the brand they are sold under, but offering little in terms of real satisfaction to the purchaser, and equally little in terms of job satisfaction to the producer.

The Star Builders: Nuclear Fusion and the Race to Power the Planet
by Arthur Turrell
Published 2 Aug 2021

Teenage climate campaigner Greta Thunberg is touring the world telling politicians and officials to do more. In the UK, the Extinction Rebellion movement has protested by blocking streets and gluing themselves to government buildings. They want net zero carbon emissions by 2025. In the US, Democrats have campaigned for a Green New Deal that includes a commitment to net zero by 2030. By 2019, fifteen nations had committed to reach net zero by 2050. But it’s one thing to promise net zero carbon emissions, it’s quite another to achieve them.2 The star builders have an unusual plan to avert Earth’s unfolding climate catastrophe: they want to save the planet by building a star.

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See also specific laboratories MagLIF (magnetized liner inertial fusion) and, 157–58 spherical tokamaks and, 156–57 star builders’ support for efforts of, 160 stellarator designs and, 154–56 governments, and net zero carbon emission goal and, 28, 199, 200 government-sponsored projects fusion supported by, 24 net energy gain innovation in, 193 progress in tokamaks in, 185–86 gravity density of stars and, 80, 81, 85 energy release in nuclear reactions and, 60, 96 formation of stars and, 74–75, 110 magnetic confinement fusion and, 10, 169 net-energy-gain fusion and, 82, 110 Green New Deal proposal, 28 Günter, Sibylle acceptance problem in fission use and, 40 challenge of working with plasma physics and, 67 costs of reactors and, 201–2 focus on study of understanding plasmas and, 66 fusion progress and, 184 inefficiency of particle-smashing approach and, 63 as Max Planck Institute scientific director, 25, 66 promises from start-ups and, 153 race to build a star and, 160 saving the planet as motivation for, 27 scaling problem of providing energy to power the whole planet and, 37 Wendelstein 7-X stellarator and, 25, 154–55 Halite-Centurion experiments, 131, 190–91 Harteck, Paul, 54–55, 149 Hawker, Nick, 139 advantages of being a private star-building company and, 144 coming of the fusion future and, 26, 39 commercialization issues and, 201 factors in fission’s cost and, 40 First Light Fusion’s management by, 22–23 fusion cost estimates from, 206, 207 inertial confinement fusion and, 112, 114, 197–98 net energy gain goal and, 24 off-the-shelf technology used by, 137, 146, 202 pistol-shrimp shock-wave simulation of, 134, 134n problems in future energy generation and, 39 promises from start-ups and, 154 public’s concerns about nuclear reactor use and, 168 safety of nuclear fusion and, 167 safety of working environment and, 180 saving the planet as motivation for, 27 as star builder, 22–24 Hawking, Stephen, 10, 27 HB11-Energy, 143 Helion Energy, 143, 146 Henri-Rebut, Paul, 107 Herrmann, Mark, 22 background of, 16–17 challenge of working with plasma physics and, 67–68 competitors and, 20, 152, 192 deuterium-tritium fusion reactions and, 55–56 government support for projects and, 14 improvements in energy yield at NIF and, 190 inertial confinement fusion and, 113 net energy gain goal and, 192 NIF ignition possibility and, 190, 191 NIF management by, 189 precision needed in process and, 125 radiation risk and, 178 Rayleigh-Taylor instability and, 130 safety of nuclear fusion and, 167 saving the planet as motivation for, 27, 28 as star builder, 15–17 Hinkley Point fission plant, Somerset, United Kingdom, 40, 202 Hiroshima, Japan, bombing (1945) of, 165 Horton, Lorne, 89–92 background of, 89–90 JET machine mechanism and, 92, 105, 106, 108, 109 radiation risk from fusion fuel and, 175 reliability of reactors and, 103 safety of working environment and, 180 hotspot ignition, 124 Hurricane, Omar, 158 NIF management by, 189–90 as star builder, 17–18 hybrid fission-fusion reactors, 192 hydroelectricity.

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See also deuterium-tritium fusion Lawson’s equations on use of, 109–10 number of years left for supply of, if used exclusively, 44–45 structure of, as hydrogen isotope, 51–52 UFL-2M laser fusion facility, Russia, 192 United Kingdom Extinction Rebellion movement in, 27 funding from, 157 land area needed for wind power generation in, 37 renewable energy use projection for, 37–38 UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), 88–89 UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 54 UK Committee on Climate Change, 37–38 United States Green New Deal proposal in, 28 ITER tokamak, Cadarache, France, and, 186–87 US Department of Energy, 20, 144, 189, 191, 205 US Energy Information Administration, 30, 206n uranium, 44, 166–67 Van Wonterghem, Bruno, 1–3, 7, 17, 118, 126–27, 177–78, 191 Wagner, Fritz, 184–85 Walton, Ernest, 53–54, 61 wave power.

Restarting the Future: How to Fix the Intangible Economy
by Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake
Published 4 Apr 2022

Finally, to cope with the metric tide and the capture of research funding by disciplinary interests, we should experiment with giving certain public funders of R&D more discretion to back radical and challenging projects, contingent on our ability to recruit excellent people into these roles. Two Political Problems None of these recommendations are particularly controversial, and most governments at least pay lip service to them. A left-leaning government might put more emphasis on government-set challenges, like the Green New Deal, and a right-leaning government might focus more on DARPA-style research and entrepreneurship. But the differences between Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez or John McDonnell, on the one hand, and Peter Thiel or Dominic Cummings, on the other, are smaller than the similarities. This would not have been the case a decade ago.

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Picking a genuinely charismatic mission that excites people and that they care about is something that politicians have occasionally succeeded at; the archetype is the US Apollo space programme. But these missions are hard to design—the four Grand Challenges designed by Theresa May’s government in the United Kingdom gained little traction beyond Whitehall, and too many challenges in general seem too generic and bien-pensant to work. The Green New Deal is perhaps the most charismatic mission in recent years, but so far it has failed to take off. Another way to link institutional reform to a charismatic mission entails harnessing local political legitimacy, where it exists. A good example is the institutional success of the Basque Country, as discussed in chapter 6, but of course not all localities have strong local identities and social capital to draw on.

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See Great Economic Disappointment economy: contestedness and, 65–67; intangible, 10–13, 52–54, 64–67, 112–16, 115t, 165–66, 204–6, 248–49, 249f, 265n49; knowledge, 54–56; postindustrial, 56–59 Edgerton, David, 107 Edison, Thomas, 2–3 Edmans, Alex, 160–62 education, 15, 37–40, 43–45, 44t, 70, 127, 137–38, 231–38, 277n22 Eeckhout, Jan, 215 Effects of Good Governance on Siena and Its Territory, The (Lorenzetti), 3, 82, 83f efficiency wage, 74 Eghbal, Nadia, 139 electricity generation, 77–78 Ellickson, Robert, 198–99 End of Accounting, The (Lev and Gu), 157 energy production, 77–78 Engelbart, Douglas, 190 Entrepreneurial State, The (Mazzucato), 123, 136–37 equity finance, 155–58 esteem, inequality of, 5 exchange: collective action in, 89–90, 94–95; commitment to, 90; conditions of, 88–91, 98t; haggling in, 90–91; institutions as supporting, 91–99, 98t; partners, 88–89; property rights and, 93–94, 97–98; as unit of analysis, 266n8 externalities, 93, 178, 188 fakeness, 6, 35–36, 79 Fama, Eugene, 156 finance, debt, 150–55 finance policy, 14 financial crisis of 2008, 60–62, 155 Fingleton, John, 228–29 Finkelstein, Daniel, 156 Fischel, William, 187–88 Ford, Henry, 2 Foulis, Angus, 174 fragility, 5, 32–35, 33f, 76–79 Friedman, Milton, 159 Friedman Doctrine, 159 Fukuyama, Francis, 259 Fully Grown (Vollrath), 38–39, 44–45, 69 Furman, Jason, 33, 163 Garicano, Luis, 75 Gates, Bill, 204 Gaye, Marvin, 132 General Data Protection Regulation, 276n18 gentrification, 188 Glaeser, Edward, 185–86, 200 Glorious Revolution, 96–97 Goldacre, Ben, 129, 139 Goldin, Claudia, 126 Goldstone, Jack, 241, 243 Goodhart, Charles, 128 goods, collective, 96, 244–49, 245f, 249f Gordon, Robert, 37–38, 42, 69, 243 “Got to Give It Up” (Gaye), 132 Graeber, David, 6–7, 79 Graham, Benjamin, 156 Great Divide, 40–42 Great Economic Disappointment: circumstance explanations for, 8; conduct explanations for, 8; dysfunctional competition and, 5, 29–32, 30f, 31f; explaining, 8–10; fragility and, 5, 32–35, 33f; inauthenticity and, 6, 35–36; inequality and, 4–5, 26–29, 27f, 264n31; stagnation and, 4, 23–26, 24f, 26f; stories of, 36–42, 38f; symptoms of, 4–8, 23–36, 24f, 26f, 27f Great Recession, 60–62 Great Reversal, The (Philippon), 30–31, 41 Greece, 61 greenbelts, 193 Green New Deal, 141, 257 Greif, Avner, 106–7, 258 gridlock, 132 Griffith, Rachel, 276n39 Grow the Pie (Edmans), 160 Grubb, Michael, 225 Gu, Feng, 157 Gutiérrez, Germán, 218 Guyot, Katherine, 208 haggling, 90–91 Haldane Principle, 142 Hall, Bronwyn, 133 Hall, Robert, 270n6 Hannak, Aniko, 224 Harari, Yuval Noah, 36 Hart, Oliver, 91 Harvey, David, 41 Haskel, Jonathan, 45, 174 Hayek, Friedrich, 94, 124 Heller, Michael, 132 Helmers, Christian, 133 “hipster antitrust,” 212 Hollywood, 2–3 homes, as collateral, 173–74 Homevoter Hypothesis, The (Fischel), 187–88 housing capacity, 196–99 housing costs, 187–88, 274n10 Howes, Anton, 258–59, 267n20 How Innovation Works (Ridley), 136 Hsieh, Chang-Tai, 217 Hubbard, Thomas, 75 human capital signalling, 233–34 Hutton, Will, 41 improving mind-set, 258 inappropriate institutions, 10 inauthenticity, 6, 35–36, 79–81 income inequality, 27–28, 40–41, 74–75 inequality, 4–5, 26–29, 27f, 40–41, 73–76, 264n31, 266n9 inertia, 106–7 inflation, 166–67 influence activities, 10–11, 95, 115, 118, 125, 142, 147, 199, 240, 244–46, 245f, 254–55 information, 10, 89, 101, 114, 244–49, 245f, 249f infrastructure building, 199–201 innovation, 22, 144–45 institutional debt, 12–17 institutions: capacity building and, 15; cities and, 196–201; competition and, 227–30; defined, 84–85; economic exchange and, 86–87; economic growth and, 82–87; failure of, 9; inadequate financial, 174–81; inappropriate, 10; inertia and, 106–7; intangible economy and, 11–12, 112–16, 115t; intangible investment and, 61; intangibles crisis and, 54; political bargains and, 16; politics and, 110–12; properties of, 104–12; purpose of, 87–88; “right,” 100–104; social interaction and, 86–87; specificity and, 104–6; as supporting exchange, 91–99, 98t; technical debt and, 12; technological change and, 99–104; trust and, 92–93; unpredictability and, 108–10 intangible assets, 48, 52–53, 64, 80–81, 113, 125, 264n39 intangible economy, 10–13, 52–54, 64–67, 112–16, 115t, 165–66, 204–6, 248–49, 249f, 265n49 intangibles crisis: defined, 63; institutions and, 54 intellectual property (IP)-backed debt, 171 intellectual property rights (IPRs), 13–14, 109–10, 122, 130–36, 134f, 226 interconnectedness, 32–33 interest rates, 33–34, 33f, 163–71, 168f, 170f, 272n31, 274n58, 274n63 Invisible Hand, The (van Bavel), 111, 242 iPhone, 123–24, 133 IPRs.

Rentier Capitalism: Who Owns the Economy, and Who Pays for It?
by Brett Christophers
Published 17 Nov 2020

Third, a UK economy beyond rentierism must be green; it has to be a carbon-neutral economy, and soon. As climate crisis escalates by the day, it is really as simple as that. All manner of ideas and proposals have been advanced for the nature of the investment required to make this transition, with proposals for a Green New Deal currently circulating widely, but there is one thing all such proposals share: a realization that at the heart of the necessary investment would be massive investment in infrastructure – new infrastructure for, among other things, clean energy extraction and production, and for energy-efficient transportation, industry and homes.42 To raise the issue of renewed infrastructure, however, is to beg the question not only of who would pay for it all – most commentators accept that the state would have to step up to the plate – but also of who would own and operate this new generation of infrastructure assets.

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Under Jeremy Corbyn, its leader since 2015, Labour has been talking about plans for transformations in taxation, investment and ownership that align closely with those described above, and that derive from broadly similar concerns.77 Under existing policy proposals, a Labour government would, for example, aim to renationalize, at a minimum, water, energy and rail services, as well as to rebuild the UK’s denuded stock of public land by using revised compulsory purchase laws to enable the public sector to acquire sites from private owners at closer to existing-use value than is currently possible.78 A Labour government would also seek to instigate a ‘radically different approach to taxation’, one focused specifically on rentier wealth, including – through land-value taxation – rentier property wealth.79 And a Labour government would work to provide the UK with its own Green New Deal; in 2018, it unveiled plans for a programme of investment and transformation designed to achieve a 60 per cent reduction in emissions by 2030, while creating over 400,000 skilled jobs.80 All of this would be undertaken with a view to reducing inequality and poverty, and especially dishonourable poverty, ‘shifting the balance of power back towards workers [to] achieve decent wages, security and dignity at work’, and treating those out of work with the ‘dignity and respect’ they have been denied by governments of the Right.81 On the other hand, though it would give workers a voice on the CMA and other public bodies, Labour has no substantive plans for the fourth pillar of anti-rentierist political-economic transformation I outlined earlier – competition policy.

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Macpherson, ‘The UK Must Learn from Its Interventionist Failures’, Financial Times, 9 February 2019. 35. W. Lütkenhorst, ‘Industrial Policy Is Not Just about Picking Winners’, Financial Times, 28 March 2019. 36. BBC News, ‘Scottish National Investment Bank Legislation Published’, 28 February 2019, at bbc.com. 37. M. Mazzucato and M. McPherson, ‘The Green New Deal: A Bold Mission-Oriented Approach’, December 2018, p. 2 – pdf available at ucl.ac.uk. 38. M. Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015), p. 4. 39. Ibid., p. 2. 40. Figure C.1 uses figures produced by the UK Office for Budget Responsibility, while Figure C.2 uses OECD figures, accounting for the slight numerical discrepancies between them. 41.

The System: Who Rigged It, How We Fix It
by Robert B. Reich
Published 24 Mar 2020

The underlying problem is power and deception. Dimon has enormous public and political influence. When he takes public stands on issues—when he announces his support for Trump’s tax cut and lobbies Congress intensely for it, or comes out against Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s and Senator Edward Markey’s Green New Deal, or publicly opposes Senator Elizabeth Warren’s wealth tax, or proffers his alleged economic expertise on CNBC and other media outlets, or urges members of Congress to loosen bank regulations, or warns Democrats against nominating someone who is not viewed as a political moderate—he clothes himself in the garb of the public interest.

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Meanwhile, the majority of college students today are women, which means that in future years even more women will be in leadership positions—in science, politics, education, nonprofits, and corporate suites. That will also be a great boon to America. To state it another way, there is ample reason for hope. But hope is not enough. In order for real change to occur, the locus of power in the system will have to change. We don’t lack for policy ideas—Medicare for All, a Green New Deal, better schools and opportunities for all our children, a tax on great wealth to pay for all this, and many others. Yet even the best policy ideas are meaningless without the power to implement them. Some policy victories can still be achieved within the system, and policy advocates must continue their hard work.

Sunbelt Blues: The Failure of American Housing
by Andrew Ross
Published 25 Oct 2021

The report reaches far beyond the typical green focus on physical issues, like energy use and resource conservation, by presenting a fiscal blueprint for shifting the county’s growth patterns away from its dependence on low-density sprawl.39 High on its list of recommendations is improving the county’s jobs-to-housing balance, increasing employment diversity, and enhancing housing options for households with incomes of less than $35,000. The study could have been used as a local version of the Green New Deal touted by leading national politicians. But its authors were well aware of the limitations on what planners can actually achieve, especially when their regulatory efforts are routinely preempted by a state legislature beholden to the real estate industry, and by county commissioners prone to granting variances to developers.

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Subsidies typically carry a sunset provision allowing units to revert to market-rate rents after ten, fifteen, or twenty years, so they are only temporarily affordable.15 Nonetheless, talk about national rent caps and government housing was in the air even before the pandemic. New York representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez proposed such a cap in 2019, and national rent control was on the campaign platform of Bernie Sanders’s 2020 presidential bid, along with promises to build ten million new units of public housing through his and Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal for Public Housing. Other presidential candidates, while less ambitious than Sanders, also proposed a variety of programs aimed at reducing some of the housing cost burdens, ranging from universal housing allowances and stronger tenant rights to reparations for residents of redlined neighborhoods.

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See Department of Community Affairs debt Decker, Mary Denver, Colorado Department of Children and Families Department of Community Affairs (DCA)–10 Deseret Ranch Desmond, Matthew de Soto, Hernando Detroit, Michigan Deva, Surya Discovery Cove Disney, Abigail Disney College Program Disney Development Company Disneyland Disney Springs Disney University Disney World business plan customer service training employees/workers employees’ housing needs, response to Good Neighbor hotel partnership program Grand California Hotel growth of Osceola County petition for creation of special district powers of self-government purchase of BK Ranch risk to brand exposure Route 192 service unions visitors wage hike See also Walt Disney Company displacement Disston, Hamilton Distressed Asset Stabilization Program distributed hotel Dixie Highways Dollar Tree Donley, Amy Dougherty, Conor Downey, Mary drug traffic Dublin, Ireland East Central Florida East Central Florida Corridor Task Force East Coast East Coast Railway Economic Policy Institute economy drugs industrial informal low-wage of peninsular Florida sharing Eisenhower, Dwight Eisner, Michael El-Alfy, Mohamed El Camino Real, California Eliot, George El Paso, Texas Encore Engels, Friedrich English Poor Laws environmental conservation environmental consultants environmental damage environmental groups environmental regulation EPCOT Everglades Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (Desmond) eviction foreclosures and of local tenants mass moratorium on notices protections against right to evict Expedia Experience Kissimmee Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow extended-stay hotel motels Facebook Fair Housing Act Fair Tax Mark Fairway “families in transition” program family business single-family houses single-family rentals single-family zoning Farha, Leilani federal moratorium on evictions federal poverty line federal stimulus FEMA Fight for $15 campaign financial crash financialization Fladung, Elizabeth Lloyd FlipKey Florida affordable housing programs Department of Community Affairs (DCA) land conservation program land grab minimum wage moratorium on evictions statutes tax law tourism in unemployment benefits Florida Dream Homes Florida Native Plant Society Florida Project, The (Baker) Florida Restaurant and Lodging Association “Florida’s 68th County” Florida Vacation Rental Managers Association foreclosures casualties of and evictions home foreign investors Fortune 100 corporations Fort Lauderdale, Florida forty-acre wood Shingle Creek Four Corners Four Seasons Freedman, Joel Frostbelt states Gatorland Gator Motel gentrification Georgia Golden Oak Gomez, Cristina Good Neighbor hotel partnership program Goodwin, Linda Google Graeber, Danielle Grand California Hotel Graves, Michael Great Britain “deserving poor” Great Freeze Great Lakes Great Plains Great Recession Green, Charlie Green Island Ranch Green New Deal Gulf Coast Gutiérrez, Ramona Hahnemann University Hospital Haicken, Jeremy Harley, Sharon Harmony Hart, Barney, Brett, and Linda Haunted Mansion Hawaii Health Care Center for the Homeless (HCCH) Help Now Hickory, North Carolina “Hidden Homeless, The” (Fladung) Hinckley, Gordon B.

Shorting the Grid: The Hidden Fragility of Our Electric Grid
by Meredith. Angwin
Published 18 Oct 2020

In January 2019, more than 600 organizations signed a letter urging “legislation to address the urgent threat of climate change.”133 These organizations include Greenpeace USA, 350.org groups, Eco-Poetry.org. and the Central New Jersey Coalition Against Endless War (which ceased holding vigils in 2015). The open letter is related to the Green New Deal movement, but I don’t mean to imply that the letter expresses that movement’s exact policy. The Green New Deal is an evolving concept, and the open letter expresses one version of it: As the United States shifts away from fossil fuels, we must simultaneously ramp up energy efficiency and transition to clean, renewable energy … in addition to excluding fossil fuels, any definition of renewable energy must also exclude all combustion-based power generation, nuclear, biomass energy, large-scale hydro and waste-to-energy technologies.

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“Jake,” 84 E economic dispatch, 90–91, 149 EEme, 320 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 36, 39 electric quality, renewables and, 209 electricity, generation in real time, 17–18, 25–26, 50. see also power grid electricity imports, 128, 131, 135–141, 158 electricitymap.org, 309, 324 electromagnetic radiation, line loss and, 23 emissions floor price rules and, 357–358 Ontario, Canada and, 355 Energy Efficiency groups, 119–120 Energy Institute, 83 Energy Star appliances, 321, 322 engineering discipline, lack of, 206–207 Enron, 10, 78 Entergy, 97, 157, 263–264, 328, 331 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 256 Eppstein, Margaret, 156 Equivalent Peak Period Forced Outage Rate (EFORp), 118 ERCOT, 89 Estonia, flexible pricing and, 316 Evslin, Tom, 319 Exelon Corporation, 127, 130, 330, 331 F “fairness,” RTO required to maintain, 121–123 Falmouth, Massachusetts, removal of wind turbines and, 299 fast-start plants, 200 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Bonneville Power Administration and, 236 citizen influence of, 363–364 Competitive Auctions with Sponsored Policy Resources (CASPR) and, 274–277 fuel neutrality and, 60, 121–123, 143, 226 fuel security ISO-NE ruling, 143–144 ISO-NE MOPR and, 266–269 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–124 lack of transparency in RTO areas, 105, 107 market manipulation in California and, 78 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) and, 271–272 Mystic Generating Station and, 96 orders of, 72–73, 183, 227–228 socialization of transmission lines and, 160, 163–168 Winter Reliability Program and, 51, 109 Federal Trade Commission, 245 financial crisis of 2007, 3–4 FirstEnergy, 263–264, 328–329, 331 flexibility, grid, 206–207 “floor price” rules, Ontario’s, 357 Forward Capacity Auctions, 157, 283, 291 forward capacity market (FCM), 117 Forward Capacity Market, New England, 136 fossil fuels, “beating the peak” and, 176–177 fragility, grid, 5, 7, 79, 123, 345, 345–346 France, CO2 emissions, 309–310 fuel neutrality, 60, 103–108, 112–113, 121–123, 183, 226, 284, 330 fuel security, 122–123, 125–131, 136, 140–142, 143–153, 158, 307–308, 323, 333 G Gates, Bill, 340 Gattie, David, 83 generation utilities (merchant generators), 41–43, 77–79 generators, personal, 45–46 George, Ann, 270 Germany, CO2 emissions, 309–310, 324–325 Gheorghiu, Iulia, 276 Gifford, Ray, 75 Girouard, Coley, 282, 283 Glick, Richard, 123, 269 Global Adjustment price, 354–356 Goldstein, Joshua, 310, 311, 313, 353 Grand Coulee Dam, 195 Great Britain, renewables-alone and, 312 Green Mountain Power, 301, 302 Green New Deal movement, 197 Greenpeace, 297–302, 342 Greenpeace, solar project in India, 304–305 Greenstone, Michael, 237–239 greenwashing, 62, 169–174, 178–179, 302 grid, as machine, 281–283 grid governance, choice of, 348–351 grid price, 51, 88, 184, 227, 228, 233 ground faults, 210–211 H Hallquist, Christine, 201, 236 Hargraves, Bob, 339 high-quality grid, components of, 343–346 Hittinger, Eric, 30 hot weather planning, 170–174, 175–179 Human Development Index (HDI), 310 hydro plants cold weather and, 52–53 intermittent or steady power, 194 load-following plants and, 186 Ontario, Canada and, 356–357 responsiveness of, 27 Wind-Water-Solar, 195–197 Hydro-Québec, 137, 158, 240, 244 I Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), 353, 354, 358 Independent System Operators (ISOs), 34, 72. see also Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) clearing price and, 92 India coal and, 304, 310 failure of solar with battery backup, 304–305, 342 Indian Point, 256, 328 Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs), 282–287 Integrating Markets and Public Policy (IMAPP), 227 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014 report, 258 intermittent power generators, 5, 151, 184, 189, 191, 194–195, 199, 201–202, 206–207, 209, 219, 236, 238, 240, 270, 347, 349 internal combustion plants, 26–27 Inventoried Energy Program, 123 Investment Tax Credit, 223 Iowa, time-of-use pricing and, 316 Ireland, CO2 emissions of, 204 ISO-NE Addendum Report of, 130–131, 141 balancing authority and, 26 Cold Weather Operations report of, 53–56, 145 Competitive Auctions with Sponsored Policy Resources (CASPR) and, 261–262 CONE and, 269–270 Consumer Liaison Group Coordinating Committee, 167, 310 Consumer Liaison Group of, 303–308 fair share of system costs and, 175–176 FERC rulings and, 271–272 fuel neutrality and, 103 fuel security and, 125–131, 143–153 Fuel Security Report of, 333 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–124 Market Rule proposals approved by NEPOOL, 110 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) and, 261–262 oil storage program of, 61–62 out-of-market funded plants and, 271 Pay for Performance plan of, 61–63, 262, 330 proposals for new auctions, 146–147, 149, 156, 157 reliability and, 156–158 renewables and, 192–193 socialized transmission lines of, 158–161 state mandates and, 227–228 summer planning and, 172–174 Synapse Report and, 133–141 Winter Reliability Program of, 49–51, 58, 59–63, 145, 322 J Jacobson, Mark Z., 195–196, 216 Jenkins, Jesse, 216 Johnson, Lyndon, 341 Jones, Charles E., 329 Jones Act, 128 journalists, banned from meetings, 104, 107, 283, 363 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–121 just-in-time, natural gas, 46–47, 74, 122–123, 144, 146, 151, 172, 257, 334, 346–348, 362, 365 K Kavulla, Travis, 348 Kelly, Kristin, 248 Kingdom Community Wind Project, 31–32, 210, 245 Klein, Tony, 235 kludge system, all-renewables system as, 207 Knauer, Tim, 253 Kreis, Don, 107, 128–129 Kuser, Michael, 146 kWh auctions, 59, 228, 229, 233 L Larson, Matthew, 75 line loss, 23 liquified natural gas (LNG), 55–56, 61, 111, 125–126, 128, 131, 137–139, 330. see also natural gas lithium, 20, 218–219 load shedding. see rolling blackouts load-following plants, 186, 194 load-serving entities (LSEs), 41–42, 349 local citizens groups, 362–363 local control of grid, 361 “lost savings,” 84–85 Lovins, Armory, 322 M MacKay, David, 311–312 Maine, smart meters in, 319 maintenance, plant, 78 Malhortra, Ripudaman, 218 Maloney, Tim, 196 Marcus, William B., 83 market-oriented solutions, 39–44, 63, 81–85, 146 Marshall, Jason, 165–166, 167 Mays, Jacob, 264 McKibben, Bill, 301 merit order. see economic dispatch methane, 259 methane digesters. see cow power (methane based) Meyer, Eric, 253, 254 microgrids, 303–305, 341–342 Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), 276 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR), 99, 100, 222, 261–262, 266–274, 271–273, 273, 283 Mystic Generating Station, 96, 126–127, 130, 134, 143, 330, 331 N N minus 1, 155–157, 159 N minus 2, 156 “name that fuel,” 60–62 nameplate capacity, 265–266, 272 Nath, Ishan, 237–239 National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 199, 201 natural gas backup for renewables, 199–200, 202–204, 214, 286, 346, 347, 362, 365 cold weather and, 49–51, 55–56 combined cycle plants, 203 CONE and, 270 emissions and, 259–260 FERC rulings and, 122 just-in-time, 46–47, 74, 122–123, 144, 146, 151, 172, 257, 334, 346–348, 362, 365 kept onsite, 111 load-following plants and, 186 Ontario, Canada and, 356 pipelines, 9, 46–47, 50, 55–57, 60, 128, 134, 138, 348 profitability of, 4–5, 98–99 protected by RTO rules, 283 renewables and, 152, 199–200, 202–203, 266 rise in price of, 335 summer planning and, 172–174 trend toward increased use, 99–101, 364–366 wind power and, 152 negative energy prices, 208, 357 “negawatts,” 322 net metering, 201–202, 226, 235, 285, 291–295, 293, 295, 300, 302, 305–306, 351, 361 Nevada, net-metering in, 294–295, 351, 361 New England Power Pool (NEPOOL) Addendum Report, 141 first jump ball filing, 108–112 fuel security and, 144, 146 IMAPP process and, 227 lack of transparency in, 104–108 Participants Committee of, 105–108, 111, 130–131, 268 Pay for Performance payments and, 330 reporters banned from meetings, 104, 107, 363 second jump ball filing, 115–121 Synapse Report and, 130 New England States Committee on Electricity (NESCOE), 165–166, 167 New Jersey, smart meters in, 317 New York Clean Energy Standard, rally for, 252–254 New York Independent System Operator, 95 New York Public Utilities Commission, 255 New York, Zero Emission Credits (ZECs) and, 252, 255–258 NextEra Energy, 245 nickel-iron batteries, 219 Nolan, Ken, 235 non-spinning reserve, 27. see also fast-start plants North American Electricity Reliability Council, 217 Northern Pass line, 158 NOX (nitrogen oxide) emissions, 204–205 NOX (nitrogen oxides) emissions, 251–252 nuclear power advantages of, 365 baseload plants, 186 capacity factor of, 194 cold weather and, 52–53 emissions and, 251–252, 258–260 Entergy leaving RTO areas and, 328–329 high-quality grid and, 345–346 increased safety requirements of, 344–345 jump ball filings and, 111 low bidding by renewables and, 265 Ontario, Canada and, 356–357 profitability of, 4, 98–99 renewables and, 311–312 RTO price changes and, 334 subsidies and, 329 ZECs and, 252, 255–258, 262 zero emissions and, 252 NYISO, 354 O Ohio, ZECs and, 257 oil cold weather planning and, 49–55 ISO-NE’s oil storage program, 61–62 kept onsite, 61–62, 111, 145, 284 Ontario, Canada; RTO of, 353–359 Operational Fuel-Security Analysis, ISO-NE Report, 125–131 Order 888, FERC, 72 Order 889, FERC, 72 Order 1000, FERC, 160, 163–168, 183, 227–228 Order 2000, FERC, 72 Oslo, Norway; spot-indexed prices and, 316 Otter Tail Power, 21–22, 163 “out of market” payments, 263 out-of-market compensation, 112, 127, 263–267, 271–272, 275, 290 out-of-market revenue. see out-of-market compensation overbuilding, 36, 42, 216–218, 220, 273, 286, 358–359, 362, 365 oversupply, in California, 350 P Palisades nuclear plant, 328 Participant Committee, RTO, 332, 362–363 Participants Committee, NEPOOL, 105–108, 111, 130–131, 268 Pay as Bid, 94–95 Pay at the Clearing Price, 94 Pay for Performance, 51, 61–63, 115–124, 262, 330 subsidies and, 263 peak usage, 175–179 Pennsylvania, ZECs and, 257 Perry, Rick, 60–61, 122, 126, 365 personal responsibility, vs. civic choices, 308–312 PG&E, 179, 316–317 Pilgrim nuclear plant, 97, 328 pipelines, natural gas, 9, 46–47, 50, 55–57, 60, 128, 134, 138–139, 172, 330, 348 PJM RTO, 266, 268, 276 “Policy Grid,” vs.

Why We Can't Afford the Rich
by Andrew Sayer
Published 6 Nov 2014

, talk given to Co-operatives UK, http://www.uk.coop/congress/co-operative-movement-where-now-robin-murray. 9 Davis, J. and Tallis, R. (eds) (2013) NHS SOS, London: Oneworld. 10 Chang, H.-J. (2013) ‘Irresponsible and beyond blame: the new fat cats’, Guardian, 10 July; Green New Deal Group (2013) ‘A national plan for the UK: from austerity to the age of the Green New Deal’, http://www.greennewdealgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Green-New-Deal-5th-Anniversary.pdf. See also the interview with Adair Turner, Chair of the UK’s Financial Services Authority, in Prospect, 27 August 2009, at: http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/how-to-tame-global-finance/; Murphy, R. (2010) ‘Why is country-by-country financial reporting by multinational companies so important?’

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But many of them would have to be combined for each to be effective. They are not a manifesto or a programme, just some of the things I suggest need to be done – a contribution to an urgent debate, already going on in some quarters, but which I hope others will join. In Britain, the Green Party’s Green New Deal is currently probably the nearest thing to it. In keeping with the main argument of this book, we need not only to tax the rich and redistribute wealth back to the rest, but to cut back their sources of unearned income in the first place. First, rent. The most obvious way to stop private owners from extracting rent (beyond covering construction and maintenance costs) from others is to nationalise land and minerals, so that rent comes under democratic control, or for the state to tax ground rent through a land-value tax.

Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems
by Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo
Published 12 Nov 2019

In some cases, the new technology may be more expensive than the old (e.g., clean cars may be more expensive than dirty cars). This means the poor will need to be compensated. But the total cost of this is small, and could easily be borne by the elite if the political will was there. A GREEN NEW DEAL? With the Green New Deal, the talk of the town in the winter of 2018–2019, Democratic politicians in the United States were trying to link the fight against climate change with an agenda for economic justice and redistribution. They had an uphill political battle in front of them. From Paris to West Virginia and Delhi, fighting climate change is often presented as a luxury for the elites, funded by taxes on the less privileged.

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In the United States, the specter of a “war on coal” became the rallying cry against the liberal elite, a symbol of their lack of empathy for the poor. And, of course, politicians in the developing world routinely (and rightly) rail against having to pay for previous choices made by rich countries. The Green New Deal is an attempt to bridge precisely this divide, by emphasizing the fact that building new green infrastructure (solar panels, high-speed railroads, etc.) will both create jobs and help in the fight against climate change. It de-emphasizes the idea of a carbon tax, viewed by many on the left as being too reliant on market mechanisms and, as in France, just another way to make the poor pay.

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In 2019, presidential candidates Cory Booker, Kamala Harris, Bernie Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren have all proposed some kind of federal guarantee, whereby any American who wanted to work would be entitled to a good job ($15 an hour with retirement and health benefits on par with other federal employees, childcare assistance, and twelve weeks of paid family leave) in community service, home care, park maintenance, etc. The Green New Deal proposed by Democratic members of Congress includes a federal job guarantee. The idea is of course not new; the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act works along the same lines, as did the original New Deal. Such a program is not easy to run well if the experience in India is any guide.

The Price Is Wrong: Why Capitalism Won't Save the Planet
by Brett Christophers
Published 12 Mar 2024

Moreover, as numerous scholars have pointed out, the state taking a leading role in owning and controlling renewables energy infrastructure does not necessarily mean other actors – from the private sector to community groups – taking no role: instead of crowding out such alternative investment, public direct investment can just as easily crowd it in.62 The exemplar of this vision of state leadership and ownership of renewable electricity generation is the so-called Green New Deal (GND). Though it comes in various recommended guises, all of them frame the GND as a modern, green successor programme to the original New Deal, which entailed a vast programme of national infrastructure renewal in the US in the mid-1930s designed to drag the country out of the depths of the Great Depression, and in which almost all the new infrastructure was funded and owned publicly.

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In the face of all the evidence to the contrary, Germany’s finance minister, Christian Lindner, for instance, was shameless enough to write in the Financial Times in early 2023 that the European and global energy crisis had served to ‘confirm the effectiveness of a market-based approach’ to energy supply – and served, for good measure, to ‘show that we should also rely on price signals when it comes to reducing CO2 emissions’.68 In New York state, the BPRA was up against not only relatively robust such faith in markets and the profit motive, but also determined organizational lobbying.69 This decisive combination of factors had, of course, been enough already in the US to see off the prospect nationally of a meaningful Green New Deal. President Biden’s climate-focused Inflation Reduction Act of August 2022 was, in reality, a pale imitation of the vision on which Sanders had campaigned two years previously – a ‘dwarf GND’, as one commentator has felicitously put it.70 Meanwhile, across the world, renewables continue to substitute for conventional generating sources far, far too slowly.

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Ashford, ‘In Rare Show of Force, House Democrats Pressure Hochul on Climate Bill’, New York Times, 30 March 2023. 67 In Aronoff, ‘If Democrats Can’t Pass Climate Legislation in New York, We’re All Doomed’. 68 C. Lindner, ‘A Resilient Germany Is Weathering the Energy Crunch’, Financial Times, 2 January 2023. 69 G. Brown, ‘New York’s Fight to Put Renewable Energy in Public Hands’, 7 November 2022, tribunemag.co.uk. 70 T. Meaney, ‘Fortunes of the Green New Deal’, New Left Review 138 (2022), p. 81. See also B. Christophers, ‘Why Are We Allowing the Private Sector to Take Over Our Public Works?’, New York Times, 8 May 2023. 71 Davidson, ‘China’s Power Outage’. Acknowledgements Thanks to Andreas Malm for encouraging me to write this book, which would be much poorer were it not for the individuals working in renewables development and energy finance who kindly gave of their time to help me understand the workings of their worlds.

The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People's Economy
by Stephanie Kelton
Published 8 Jun 2020

Instead, we must recognize that the US government can supply all the dollars our domestic private sector needs to reach full employment, and it can supply all the dollars the rest of the world needs to build up their reserves and protect their trade flows. Instead of using its currency hegemon status to mobilize global resources for its own narrow interests, the US could lead the effort to mobilize resources for a global Green New Deal, keeping interest rates low and stable to promote global economic tranquility. Obviously, the US and other advanced countries with high degrees of monetary sovereignty can run their own job guarantee programs. But what about the middle-income and developing countries? Could Mexico, for instance, implement a job guarantee and end some of this human suffering?

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It asks us to think in terms of real resource constraints—inflation—rather than perceived financial constraints. It teaches us to ask not “How will you pay for it?” but “How will you resource it?” It shows us that if we have the technological know-how and the available resources—the people, the factories, the equipment, and the raw materials—to put a man on the moon or embark on a Green New Deal to tackle climate change, then funding to carry out those missions can always be made available. Coming up with the money is the easy part. Managing the inflation risk is the critical challenge. More than any other economic approach, MMT places inflation at the center of the debate over spending limits.

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—Mohamed El-Erian, chief economic advisor, Allianz “In a world of epic, overlapping crises, Stephanie Kelton is an indispensable source of moral clarity. Whether you’re all in for MMT, or merely MMT-curious, the truths that she teaches about money, debt, and deficits give us the tools we desperately need to build a safe future for all. Read it—then put it to use.” —Naomi Klein, author of On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal “Kelton’s game-changing book on the myths around government deficits is both theoretically rigorous and empirically entertaining. It reminds us that money is not limited, only our imagination of what to do with it. After you read it you will never think of the public purse as a household economy again.

News and How to Use It: What to Believe in a Fake News World
by Alan Rusbridger
Published 26 Nov 2020

<https://www.orwellfoundation.com/investigative/madison-marriage/> Orwell, George. The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose 1945–1950. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970. Osborne, Martin. ‘5 reasons why a Green New Deal and Universal Basic Income go hand in hand’. Bright Green (blog), 10 October 2019. <http://bright-green.org/2019/10/10/5-reasons-why-a-green-new-deal-and-basic-income-go-hand-in-hand/> Papacharissi, Zizi. ‘The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere’. New Media & Society, 1 February 2002. <https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244> Pappu, Sridhar. ‘Off the Record’.

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They have turned to publications such as Bright Green, a UK-based blog dedicated to ‘radical, democratic, green movements’, and the Ecologist, a combined online newspaper and print magazine reporting on environmental issues since 1970. Both publish the commentaries (‘Strategies for social-ecological transformation’) and cross-cutting policy analyses (‘5 Reasons why a Green New Deal and Universal Basic Income go hand in hand’) that have their readers looking constantly forward to solutions. Voices like these are stealing ground from the mainstream press, who could be offering more of a platform for new thinking on how to transition to a livable planet. If the press wants to be thought of as today’s equivalent of the public square, then it should place itself at the centre of such debates (SEE: PUBLIC SPHERE).

The Glass Half-Empty: Debunking the Myth of Progress in the Twenty-First Century
by Rodrigo Aguilera
Published 10 Mar 2020

The New Optimists gloat that total emissions in the US and (especially) Europe have fallen in recent decades, but this has been undone by the rise in emissions from countries like China and regions like the Middle East where some countries have per capita emissions levels even higher than the US (Figures 10.2-3).9 This is not to say the Green New Deal is a panacea. It initially fell short on details of how to achieve its targets10, although there’s no reason why this would be a problem once it passes from the hands of politicians into the hands of technocrats, scientists, and engineers. Americans already have a historical precedence for this kind of transformation: the switch from a civilian to a total war economy in World War II.

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During this period, not a single civilian car was built after the last ones rolled off the assembly following Pearl Harbor. Basic consumer goods were rationed. And yet the US economy soared during the war, leaving its citizens 25% richer by 1945.11 Compared to this, the sacrifice that would be experienced if something like a Green New Deal were implemented would be minimal. There are also some critiques from the left on how decarbonization in the West will fuel resource extraction in the developing world, a kind of “green colonialism” that can only be averted insofar as the climate crisis is addressed internationally. Not through our current undemocratic institutions of global governance but under a proper framework that promotes global justice, Sadly, although the beauty of globalization means that borders can be erased to push problems around, the tragedy of globalization is that environmental policies are very much stuck inside their own national jurisdictions even when they have global consequences, as the recent outrage over Bolsonaro’s Amazon deforestation policies (undertaken purely for profit) has shown.

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Transportation Research Part D, 44, May 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.02.004 9 “Millennium Development Goals Indicators”, United Nations, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=751 10 The Bernie Sanders campaign published a much more detailed and fully costed revision in August 2019, available at https://berniesanders.com/en/issues/green-new-deal/ 11 According to the Maddison Project Database, US real GDP per capita was $12,844 in 1941 and $15,992 in 1945, a 24.5% increase. The difference compared to 1938, the last year in full peacetime footing when GDP per capita was $9,797 was 63.2%. 12 “Baromètre Politique”, Ipsos / Le Point, https://www.ipsos.com/fr-fr/barometre-politique 13 Payne, S., Hughes, L., and Pickard, J., “How Change UK crashed and burned”, Financial Times, 5 Jun. 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/f33596da-87a2-11e9-a028-86cea8523dc2 14 “His approval rating was just 16% versus a disapproval rating of 76%.

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires
by Douglas Rushkoff
Published 7 Sep 2022

We deploy vast arrays of real-world sensors and online surveillance algorithms to track human behavior, converting it into data so it can be modeled, predicted, and influenced. Everything is made compatible with the market. So sure, it’s a more “inclusive market,” in that the market is able to include everything . Not even progressives complain about this part. The Green New Deal is banking on the idea that the great energy transition to come will not only save the planet but give everyone jobs. They cheer when the United States or the European Union adopts new, more ambitious goals for rapid transformation of the energy infrastructure, anxious to reach carbon neutrality before global temperatures rise beyond repairable levels.

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Better yet, start carpooling, walking to work, working from home, or working less. Like Jimmy Carter tried to tell us during his much-ridiculed fireside chats, turn down the thermostat and wear a sweater. It’s better for your sinuses, and better for everyone. Degrowth can live alongside growth-based capitalism, but it can’t support it. Proponents of the Great Reset and Green New Deal believe they’ve come up with some kind of Grand Unified Theory for engineering a regenerative energy economy that still delivers exponential growth to its investors. Progressives may believe that this is the only way to make the idea of environmentalism palatable to the people who must either fund or permit it.

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism
by Harsha Walia
Published 9 Feb 2021

Half of the fastest-growing jobs in the US are in the feminized care sector of social reproduction, like nurse practitioners and home care aids, and during the Covid-19 pandemic, one in three jobs held by women was designated as essential.15 These care sector jobs are overwhelmingly held by racialized women workers who are leading working-class movements such as Fight for $15 and the Green New Deal for secure and healthy jobs, legislative drives to protect domestic workers socially reproducing the world, and nationwide strikes against corporate criminals such as Amazon and Whole Foods. Robin D. G. Kelley points out, “The idea that race, gender, and sexuality are particular whereas class is universal not only presumes that class struggle is some sort of race and gender-neutral terrain but takes for granted that movements focused on race, gender, or sexuality necessarily undermine class unity and, by definition, cannot be emancipatory for the whole.”16 Making of “Foreigner” through Nationalist Identities The manufacturing of a national working class, as opposed to the international working class, is fraught with the same problematic.

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“Disasters and Climate Change,” Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, www.internal-displacement.org/disasters-and-climate-change. 70.Kanta Kumari Rigaud et al., “Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration” (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018), http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29461; Baher Kamal, “Climate Migrants Might Reach One Billion by 2050,” Relief Web, August 21, 2017, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/climate-migrants-might-reach-one-billion-2050. 71.Joshua Axelrod, “Canada’s Boreal Clearcutting Is a Climate Threat,” NRDC, November 1, 2017, www.nrdc.org/experts/josh-axelrod/canadas-boreal-clearcutting-climate-threat; Deng Tingting, “In China, the Water You Drink Is as Dangerous as the Air You Breathe,” Guardian, June 2, 2017, www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/jun/02/china-water-dangerous-pollution-greenpeace. 72.Hans-Joachim Heintze et al., World Risk Report 2018, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and Ruhr University Bochum–Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV), 2018, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WorldRiskReport-2018.pdf. 73.Rhett Butler, “Rich Countries Grow at Ecological Expense of Poor Countries,” Mongabay, January 21, 2008, https://news.mongabay.com/2008/01/rich-countries-grow-at-ecological-expense-of-poor-countries/; Todd Miller, “Save the Climate, Dismantle the Border Apparatus,” Jacobin Magazine, June 23, 2019, https://jacobinmag.com/2019/07/green-new-deal-freedom-movement-borders. 74.Climate Reality Project, “How the Climate Crisis Is Driving Central American Migration,” May 31, 2019, www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-climate-crisis-driving-central-american-migration. 75.Climate Reality Project, “How the Climate Crisis Is Driving Central American Migration.” 76.Climate Centre, “UN: Sahel Region One of the Most Vulnerable to Climate Change,” November 14, 2018, www.climatecentre.org/news/1066/un-sahel-region-one-of-the-most-vulnerable-to-climate-change. 77.Ibrahim Thiaw quoted in “Building Climate Resilience and Peace Go Hand in Hand for Africa’s Sahel-UN Forum,” Africa Renewal Information Program, www.un.org/africarenewal/news/building-climate-resilience-and-peace-go-hand-hand-africa%E2%80%99s-sahel-%E2%80%93-un-forum. 78.Stefano M.

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S., 174 Gómez, Gilberto, 27–28 Gómez González, Claudia Patricia, 27 Gonzalez, Aldo, 50 Google, 125 Graham, Omar, 156 Grameen Bank, 65 Grandin, Greg, 19 Grant, Madison, 207 Great Britain, 105, 183, 189 Great Depression, 35, 219 Great Recession, 197, 219 Greece, 118, 132, 201 EU and, 115 Golden Dawn in, 113, 183–185 refugees and, 15, 110–111, 113–114, 116, 201 Turkey and, 114–115 Greenland, 186 Green New Deal, 201 Green party (Austria), 184 Green party (Germany), 122 Green, William, 200 Grendys, Joseph, 85 Growers and Shippers’ Protective League, 35 Grupo Conjunto de Inteligencia Fronteriza, 89 Guajajara, Sônia, 181 Guam, 26, 88 Guanches, 112 Guangzhou, 11 Guantánamo Bay, 3, 22, 30, 48, 60, 87–88, 100 Guardia Civil, 111–112 Guardian, 94, 120, 153 Guatemala climate change and, 73 coup in, 44 Covid-19 and, 12 immigration enforcement in, 3, 89–90 Indigenous people in, 27, 43 migrants from, 20, 39, 43, 81 poverty in, 27 safe third country agreements of, 89 SAWP and, 163 Guatemala–Mexico border, 90 Guinea, 71, 91 Gujarat, 174, 176 Gulf Cooperation Council, 8, 146–147, 149–151, 153, 173, 194 Gulf countries, 67, 146–154, 152 Guyana, 138 H Haftar, Khalifa, 120 Hagan, Ampson, 109 Hage, Ghassan, 14, 198 Hahamovitch, Cindy, 135 Haiti, 39, 46–47, 158, 204, 218 Dominican Republic and, 171, 192–193 refugees from, 22, 31, 45–48, 89, 208 TPS and, 20 Haitian American Sugar Company, 46 Halliburton, 136 Hall, Stuart, 64, 97, 198 Hamas, 57 Hammad, Suheir, 38 Hanieh, Adam, 67, 148–150 Hansen, Peo, 127 Harper, Stephen, 170 Harris, Cheryl, 200 Harry, Jean Claude, 192 Hartman, Saidiya, 30–31 Hart, Mark, 155 Harvesting Freedom, 157 Harvey, David, 42, 65 Hawaii, 26 Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, 143 Heatherton, Christina, 42 Heller, Charles, 119 Hemmings, Clare, 107 Hemon, Aleksandar, 171 Hernández, Kelly Lytle, 32, 36 Hernández Martínez, Maximiliano, 44 Hernández-Polanco, Nicoll, 81 Hernandez Vasquez, Carlos Gregorio, 20 Hindu Rashtra, 174, 176, 189 Hindutva, 172–178, 190 Hispaniola, 46 Hitler, Adolf, 173, 174, 179 Hofer, Norbert, 183 Holocaust, 86 Holy Land Five, 57 Homestead Act, 24, 26 Honduras 2009 coup in, 45 Cáceres in, 45 CIA in, 43 climate change and, 73 immigration enforcement in, 89 Indigenous people in, 27, 44, 218 migrants from, 20, 39, 81, 91 poverty in, 27 safe third country agreements of, 89 Hong Kong, 214 Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions, 214 Hongliang Lui, 156 Horthy, Miklós, 173 House Appropriations Committee Homeland Security Subcommittee, 81 Howard, John, 99 Hudson, Peter, 46, 204 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario, 155 Human Rights Watch, 152, 153 Hungary, 11, 88, 110, 115–116, 133, 173, 183, 185 Huq, Saleemul, 66 Hurricane Dorian, 208 Hurricane Katrina, 30, 36 Hussan, Syed, 157 Hyndman, Jennifer, 68 I Ibarra, Honesto Silva, 135 Iceland, 187 Icelandic National Front, 187 Idle No More, 210 Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia, 136 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, 52 Illinois, 29 IMF.

Strength in Numbers: How Polls Work and Why We Need Them
by G. Elliott Morris
Published 11 Jul 2022

While a traditional media poll will take weeks to design, field, weight, and report, Data for Progress can ask the questions it needs and publish the findings in a matter of days. The business model works. For example, for months during 2018, politicians and many in the media claimed that a package of climate policies called the “Green New Deal” would drag down Democrats in swing districts. But Data for Progress released a report using polling and MRP modeling showing strong support for the policy in swing districts. The report was tweeted out by the bill’s cosponsors, New York representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Massachusetts senator Ed Markey, reaching millions of people, and was covered extensively in the media, including an exclusive in Vox.

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Joseph, 149 Cantril, Hadley, 41, 42 CAPI (computer-assisted personal interviewing), 94 Carolina Observer, 32–33 Carter, Jimmy, 78 Catalist, 140–42 CBS News, 81, 131 Centuriate Assembly, 15 Chicago Sun-Times, 74 Chicago Tribune, 43 Chilcot, John, 85 Chilcot Inquiry, 85, 86 child mortality rate, 82–86, 189 China, 8, 78 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 14–16 Cincinnati Enquirer, 34 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 169 Civiqs, 142–44, 146, 172 Clay, Henry, 31 Cleisthenes, 10–11 Clinton, Bill, 27, 170 Clinton, Hillary, ix, xi–xiii, 112, 114–16, 146, 150–54, 157 CNN, 97–98, 102–4, 113, 145 Cohen, Patricia Cline, 33 Cohn, Nate, 97, 129, 131, 145, 154, 156–57 Colbert Report, The, 95, 113 Collins, Susan, 155 Columbia University, xii, 51, 67, 68, 99, 131, 132, 141 Columbus Dispatch, 33, 34 Comey, James, 116 Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP), 76, 77 computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), 94 computers and computerization, 55–58, 67–68, 124–28, 134, 143 Confessions, The (Rousseau), 17–18 Confucianism, 8 Congress, 6, 169–70 conservative Americans, xiii Constitution, US, 19, 51, 169 Converse, Philip, 22–23, 47, 105 Coolidge, Calvin, 34 Cornell University, 89 Couzin, Iain, 25 COVID-19 pandemic, 129 Crawford, William Harris, 31 CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President), 76 critical race theory (CRT), 175–76 Crossley, Archibald, 30, 35, 41, 42, 45, 47, 65, 186 D3 Systems, 89, 92 Daily Iowan, The, 36–37 Daily Kos, 142 Daily Telegraph, The, 149 D’Arcy Advertising Agency, 37 data aggregation, 173–74, 176–77 Data for Progress, 174–75 David, King, 9 debiasing, 110, 128, 136 Declaration of Independence, 17 Defense and Peace Economics, 87 Delli-Carpini, Michael, 21 demes, 11, 183 Demetrius of Phalereus, 9 democracy, v, 2, 10–17, 19–27, 176–78 Democracy for Realists (Achen and Bartels), 21–22 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 4, 20 “Democratic Campaign Manual, 1964, The,” 58 Democratic National Committee (DNC), xv, 60–62, 68, 124 Democratic-Republican Party, 3, 30–31 Democratic Vistas (Whitman), iii Democrats and Democratic Party, xv, 61–64, 68–70, 111, 115, 129, 153, 155, 157, 158, 170, 175 demos, 10, 14 Dent, Harry, 76 Denver Republican, 34 Derge, David, 75 design-based polls, 145 Des Moines Register, 38 Detroit Free Press, 43 Dewey, John, 20, 22, 26 Dewey, Thomas E., ix, 42–43, 66 Diderot, Denis, 17–18 differential partisan nonresponse, 128–29 Dimock, Michael, 94 DNC, see Democratic National Committee Duke University, 160 Dunkels, Andrejs, xx Economist, The, 99, 102, 119, 120, 155, 176 Edwards-Levy, Ariel, 109 Egypt, ancient, 9 Eisinger, Robert, 62 ekklesía, 10 elections and election forecasting, x–xx; see also midterm elections; presidential election(s); presidential primary(-ies) Electoral College, ix, 31, 34, 99, 112, 169, 174 Elmira Study, 188 Enlightenment, 16–17 Enns, Peter K., 159–60 Enten, Harry, 97–98 Ernst, Morris, 46–47 Evers, Tony, 152 excite.com, 133, 134 Expert Political Judgment (Tetlock), 117 Facebook, 109–10 Farley, James, 61–64 Farm Journal, 33 Fawzi, Mary Smith, 82–84, 86 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 116, 133 Federalist No. 10 (1787), 2 Federalist Party, 30 Field, Harry, 41, 42 Field Guide to Lies, A (Levitin), 101 Finland, 65 First Amendment, 24 First Step Act (2018), 170 fish, schools of, 25 FiveThirtyEight, 97, 112, 113, 118, 119–22, 155 Florida, 112, 115, 119, 129, 150, 155, 157, 176 Founding Fathers, 2, 17, 19 480, The (Burdick), 55–59 “foxes,” 117 Fox News, 97–98, 99, 113 Franklin, Charles, 104–7, 110, 114, 151–54 Freedom of Information Act, 89 Funk, Wilfred, 40, 43–44 Gallup, George, Jr., 40 Gallup, George, Sr., ix–xi, 35–42, 45, 47–52, 58, 59, 62, 64–67, 77, 80, 123, 131, 166–68 Gallup Institute, xv, 40, 42, 186 Gelman, Andrew, 99, 141 Ghitza, Yair, 139–42, 147 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, xv Gooding, Richard, 96 Google, 133, 136–37 Graham, David, 155 Greece, ancient, 9–15, 21 Greenfield, Ed, 67, 68 Green New Deal, 175 Grim, Ryan, 150 Haldeman, H. R., 74, 76 Halpine, Charles, 168 Harper’s Magazine, 67, 74 Harris, Louis, 62, 71–72, 73, 77 Harris Interactive, 133 Hartman, Erin, 123, 125–29, 131, 139, 172 Harvard University, 2, 45, 67, 82, 84, 132 Hearst, William Randolph, 34, 60 “hedgehogs,” 117 Herbst, Susan, 168 Herodotus, 9 Higher Loyalty, A (Comey), 116 Hobbes, Thomas, 16, 18 Holli, Melvin, 62 Hollingsworth v.

The New Nomads: How the Migration Revolution Is Making the World a Better Place
by Felix Marquardt
Published 7 Jul 2021

Bertrand Badré, CEO, Blue Like an Orange; former Managing Director, World Bank ‘The New Nomads provides a welcome and brilliantly written antidote to the nativism that continues to fester in our more privileged societies… As we follow Marquardt on this fascinating journey, we learn that, in his words, all migrations are a search for home.’ Stan Cox, author of The Green New Deal and Beyond and The Path to a Livable Future Thank you for downloading this Simon & Schuster ebook. Join our mailing list to get updates on new releases, deals, recommended reads, and more from Simon & Schuster. CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP Already a subscriber? Provide your email again so we can register this ebook and send you more of what you like to read.

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Penguin (2016). Clemens, M., and Postel, H. Deterring Emigration with Foreign Aid: An Overview of Evidence from Low-Income Countries. Population and Development Review 44. Wiley-Blackwell (2018). Cox, S. Any Way You Slice It: The Past, Present, and Future of Rationing. The New Press (2013). Cox, S. The Green New Deal and Beyond: Ending the Climate Emergency While We Still Can. City Lights (2020). Cregan-Reid, V. Primate Change: How the World We Made is Remaking Us. Cassell (2018). Davis, M. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso (2001). Debord, G. The Society of the Spectacle.

The Decadent Society: How We Became the Victims of Our Own Success
by Ross Douthat
Published 25 Feb 2020

Like Marx himself, imagining that a man set free from capitalism might become a cosmopolis unto himself—a fisherman, hunter, or farmer by day and an intellectual by night—today’s critics of capitalism envision setting human beings free from the tyranny of work and seeing them blossom into happy dilettantes, with time for all the humane pursuits that in our own society seem to be decaying, and time as well to achieve a full discovery of their own true identity within the race-and-gender tangle that occupies so much attention on the left. And like their conservative and reactionary rivals, the radicals of the left ultimately see problems of solidarity and meaningfulness as the essential problems of our age: the Green New Deal will save us from global warming, but, more importantly, it will bring us together in common labor, give each man and woman and nonbinary person a dignified purpose, and redeem us from division, confusion, and decadence itself. The Religious Solution As described, such a political regeneration sounds almost religious.

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“dangerous” categorization of, 141–42 see also pink police state Civil Rights Act (1964), 77 Civil War, US, likelihood of second, 133–34 class war, 173 climate change, 35, 202, 219, 221 catastrophic, 192, 195–97, 200 as consequence of dynamism, 179–80 disproportionate effects in global south of, 174–75, 202 mass migration and, 196–97 sustainable decadence and, 173–75 Clinton, Bill, 71, 77 Closing of the American Mind, The (Bloom), 97 Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 97 Cold War, 181 colleges and universities: civil liberties and, 141–43 conflicting missions of, 142 cultural repetition in, 97–98 sex bureaucracy in, 142–43 Communism, fall of, 103, 112, 114, 162–63 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 219 Communist Party, Chinese, 139 communitarianism, religious, 216 communities, virtuous, 215–17 Confessions of a Born-Again Pagan (Kronman), 224 Congo, Civil War in, 199 Congress, US: abdication of policy making by, 75–76, 194 polarization of, 194 conservatives, conservatism, 206 apocalyptic thinking among, 98 birthrate and, 53 in congressional abdication of policy making, 75–76 cultural repetition and, 97–98 decadence of, 203 nostalgia of, 100 sclerosis as viewed by, 72–76 see also right Constitution, US, as not designed to cope with ideological polarization, 78 convergence, of Western and non-Western decadence, 165–69, 173 Coppola, Francis Ford, 95 Corbyn, Jeremy, 114 corporations, dearth of investment and innovation by, 26 Cortés, Hernán, 189, 190 cosmopolitanism, 206, 217, 218 counterculture, 2 Counter-Reformation, 222, 230 Cowen, Tyler, 12, 28, 33–34, 35, 45, 46 Crash of 1929, 194 credentialism, 35 crime rates, decrease in, 150 Crouchback, Guy (char.), 183 Crowley, Aleister, 231 Cuarón, Alfonso, 65–66 Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), 96 culture, repetition in, see repetition culture wars, 97–98 cummings, e. e., vii Days of Rage protests, 129 deBoer, Freddie, 145–46, 149 debt, national, 70 ratio of GDP to, 192, 193 debt, overhang of, 34 decadence, 10 aesthetic definition of, 6–7 author’s definition of, 8–10, 239 Barzun on, 8, 12, 69, 91, 96, 100, 113, 135, 172, 184 birthrate and, see birthrates, decline in convergence of, in West and non-Western world, 165–69, 173 economic, see stagnation, economic as ending in dystopia, 184–85 end of, see decadence, deaths of EU as case study in, 82–86 hope for renewal as possible under, 179 institutions and, 69 Islamic world and, 159 moral definition of, 7 and need for a Messiah, 237–39 opposition to, political and social risks of, 178–80, 182–83 policy limits imposed by, 87 political sclerosis as, see sclerosis, political possible inevitability of, 234–36, 240 repetition as, see repetition seductiveness of, 217 use of term, 6–7 decadence, deaths of, 115, 187–240 catastrophe as, see catastrophe divine intervention scenario for, 239–40 neo-medieval scenario for, 200–203 renaissance scenario for, see renaissance space travel scenario for, 236, 239–40 decadence, sustainable, 115, 117–85, 240 arguments in favor of, 177–85 authoritarian systems in, 137–54; see also pink police state benefits of, 180–82 climate change and, 173–75 comfortable numbness in, 119–36 as contradiction in terms, 179 dystopian elements of, 184–85 management of, 181–83 meritocracy in, 169–73 politics and, 129–36 pornography and, 119–22 prescription drugs and, 126–28 virtual entertainments and, 122–26, 128–29 Deep Throat (film), 119 Defense Department, US, UFO videos released by, 233–34 deficit, investment constrained by, 34 deficit spending, 192–93 DeLong, Brad, 192 Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25), 219 democratic norms, 68–69, 78, 163 Democrats, Democratic Party: 1960s–70s reform in, 77 Senate controlled by, 67 demographic change, weight of, 34, 56–58 religious renewal and, 222–23 stagnation and, 57 see also aging populations Deneen, Patrick, 215–17 Deng Xiaoping, 140 depression, among teenagers, 123 deregulation, 24 despair, declining birthrate and, 61–62 developed world: aging populations of, 34, 56–58, 60, 66 limits to growth in, 32–36 shrinking family size in, 59–60 developing world, emergence of decadence in, 165–69, 173 Didion, Joan, 110, 131 Discovery (space shuttle), 37 disease, spread of, 190–91 Disneyland, 37 dissent, marginalization of, 151–52 divine intervention, as scenario for end of decadence, 239–40 divorce rate, 51, 55 Dobson, James, 119, 120 “Dope Show, The” (music video), 140–41 dot-com bubble, 24 Douthat family, 59–60 Dreamland (Quinones), 127 drone warfare, 150 drugs, prescription: antidepressant, 126 increased use of, 126 opioid epidemic and, 126–27 social upheaval repressed by, 126–27 Dune (Herbert), 229 Dunham, Lena, 95 Durant, Will, 189, 202 Dworkin, Andrea, 120 Dylan, Bob, 110 dynamism, 25, 46, 58, 110 dangers of, 179–80 immigration and, 62, 64 nostalgia for, 206 Dyson, Freeman, 6 dystopias, 3, 47–50, 65–66, 94, 95, 122, 128, 144, 155–56, 179 economic catastrophe, 191–95, 200 economic stagnation, see stagnation, economic economy, declining birthrate and, 56–58 economy, US, deceleration of, 24 education: constraints on, 34–35 productivity and, 34–35 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 224 Ehrlich, Paul, 43 Eisenhower-era America, 2 elections, US: of 2008, 67 of 2016, 162, 182 Emanuel, Rahm, 67 Encyclopædia Britannica, 107 End of History and the Last Man, The (Fukuyama), 112–13 energy revolution, 210 Engels, Friedrich, 219 Enlightenment Now (Pinker), 165 entertainment, politics as, 153–54 entrepreneurship, declining rate of, 25–26 environment: constraints imposed by, 35 see also climate change Erdog˘an, Recep Tayyip, 163 Eurafrica, 198–200, 206–10, 218, 228–29 Christianity revitalized by, 207–8 euro, 82 destructive consequences of, 83–85 Europe, 197 aging population of, 198 economic stagnation in, 25 far right in, 85, 155, 162 left’s scenario for renaissance of, 219 mass migration to, 197–99, 200 nationalism in, 85, 172–73, 218 pink police state in, 143–44 populist resurgence in, 85 US economy vs., 166 US governmental system vs., 82, 83 European Union, 172–73, 217, 219 birthrate in, 50 centralization of authority in, 83, 84–85 financial crisis in, 84, 192 Muslim refugees in, 160 possible collapse of, 194 public distrust of government in, 83 sclerosis in, 82–86 unrealistic assumptions of, 82–83 Euro Tragedy: A Drama in Nine Acts (Mody), 84 evangelical Protestantism, 53, 101, 119, 222 Everlasting Man, The (Chesterton), 238–39 exhaustion, cultural and intellectual, decadence as, 9 expansionism, 3–4 environmental and social cost of, 5–6 exploration: abandonment of, 5–6 ideology of, 3–4, 231–32 Fake News, 153 families, shrinking of, 58–62 far left, 172, 194 far right, 134, 193, 194, 227 in Europe, 85, 155, 162 fascism, 112, 160, 194 feminism, 47, 51, 53, 54, 90, 97, 108, 120, 121, 156, 227 fiction, literary, declining sales of, 91 Fight Club (film), 113, 185 filibuster, 78 finance industry, see Wall Street financial crisis of 2008, 11, 69, 80, 84, 137, 192 Finland: decline of sexual relations in, 55 declining birthrate in, 52–53 Fire Next Time, The (Baldwin), 97 Flynn effect, 35 Flynt, Larry, 120 food production, climate change and, 195–96 Ford, John, 110 Foreign Policy, 133 Fox News, 77 France, 32 immigrants in, 64 pronatalist policies of, 52 protest movements in, 171, 172 Francis, Pope, 103 Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World (Wilder), 208 free-market policies, 25 free trade, 24, 28, 29 French Revolution, 206 From Dawn to Decadence (Barzun), 8 frontier: closing of, 5, 135 New, 181 space as, 2, 6, 231–32; see also Apollo moon program Turner on importance of, 3–4 Fukuyama, Francis, 12, 83, 112–13, 115, 135, 159 Fyre Festival, 17–18, 21 Game of Thrones (TV show), 95, 96 Garland, Merrick, 78 gay rights, revolution in, 99 gender, wage gap and, 99 genetic engineering, 11, 43, 211, 229, 230 Germany, 192 immigrants in, 64, 85 Germany, Nazi, 225 Germany, Weimar, 129, 131 Gersen, Jacob, 142 Gharbi, Musa al-, 97 Gibson, Mel, 189–90, 202 gig economy, decline of traditional freelancing in, 27 gilets-jaunes, 171 Gingrich, Newt, 77 globalism, 218 global South: climate change and, 174–75, 202 mass migration from, 208 global warming, see climate change God and Man at Yale (Buckley), 97 Goebbels, Joseph, 132 Gordon, Robert, 12, 33, 34, 35, 40–41, 46 government: informal norms of, 78 policy failures of, 71 public distrust of, 75 public expectation of action by, 74–75 uncontrolled sprawl of, 72, 76 Government’s End (Rauch), 72 Graeber, David, 12, 38, 40, 41 Gramsci, Antonio, vii Grantland, 93–94 Great Awakening, 103, 222, 228 Great Britain: Brexit in, see Brexit US technological mastery vs., 165 Great Depression, 30, 109 Great Filter, 234–36, 240 Great Recession, 11, 23, 27, 69, 114, 124, 193, 194 falling birthrate in, 51 Great Society, 77 Great Stagnation, The (Cowen), 33–34, 45 Greece, 84, 85 in 2008 financial crisis, 192 Green New Deal, 221 Green Revolution, 43, 196 growth, limits on, 32–36, 46 Guardian (Australia), 220 Guinea, 206 Habits of the Heart (Bellah et al.), 97 Handmaid’s Tale, The (Atwood), 47–50, 65 Handmaid’s Tale, The (TV show), 95 Hanson, Robin, 234 Harris, Mark, 93–94 Harris, Sam, 224 Hazony, Yoram, 218, 219 health care reform: interest groups and, 73 Obama and, 68, 69–70, 73–74, 76 Heavens and the Earth, The (McDougall), 2 Herbert, Frank, 229 Heterodox Academy, 97 Hinduism, 225 history: end of, 112–15, 135, 163, 177 return of, 129, 183, 195 viewed as morality play, 157 hive mind, 106–7 Holmes, Elizabeth, 18–19, 22 hookup culture, 121 horoscopes, 225 Houellebecq, Michel, 155–57, 159, 160–61, 172, 226, 227 House of Representatives, US, 68 “How the Wealth Was Won” (2019 paper), 26 Hubbard, L.

The Economics of Belonging: A Radical Plan to Win Back the Left Behind and Achieve Prosperity for All
by Martin Sandbu
Published 15 Jun 2020

So for the reasons just mentioned, a centrist party faces better political prospects with a radically ambitious economic policy than with an incremental approach. At the time of this writing, such grand narratives are starting to emerge in Western politics. One, which started on the left but in Europe has gained currency on the centre-right as well, is the “green new deal” or the “European green deal”—an attempt to package a number of reformist economic policies around the goal of addressing climate change. (If this book has not paid much attention to that challenge, it is because the end of belonging is a big enough problem on its own, and the policies I recommend would have been needed even in the absence of the climate threat.

…

See also antiglobalisation Goodwin, Matthew, 38 government: domestic policy mistakes of, 9, 14, 21, 51, 54–70; effective responses of, to economic change, 11–13; globalisation policy possibilities available to, 90–92; role of, in economics of belonging, 236; size of, 234, 270n1; social and economic security provided by, 52, 54. See also social contract Grand Rapids, Michigan, 203–4 Great Depression, 64, 67 Greece, debt crisis in, 64, 146, 152, 165–66, 219–20, 270n6 green new deal, 237 Green Party, 179 Greenspan, Alan, 66, 140 Greggs, 115, 119 gross domestic product (GDP), 188–208; constituencies experiencing different effects of, 188–89; regional variations in, 191–92, 191; unemployment in relation to, 136 group identification, 46, 49, 112, 194 Hacker, Jacob, 62 Hansen, James, 185 helicopter money, 165 Hendrickson, Clara, 267n15, 268n25 Hirschman, Albert, 115, 121 Hitler, Adolf, 3–4 human capital, 199–200 hyperglobalisation, 80–81 Iceland, 86, 234 illiberalism: cultural values associated with, 14–15; economic change linked to, 8, 15, 36, 38–49; educational deficits linked to, 41, 46; identities of adherents of, 41–42; popular growth of, 4, 7, 18; of Trump, 7.

Uncomfortably Off: Why the Top 10% of Earners Should Care About Inequality
by Marcos González Hernando and Gerry Mitchell
Published 23 May 2023

However, the 176 ‘When the facts change, I change my mind’ UK government seems to be ‘missing in action’.70 The state’s top priority should be to protect low-income households from the upfront costs.71 It should lead the way by, for example, reinstating grants for home insulation that would give thousands the chance to improve the energy efficiency of their homes. Any tax reform therefore will be part of a broader package that includes investment in a Green New Deal, direct job creation, strengthening the social safety net and redistribution. Chancel warns us that ‘there can be no deep decarbonization without profound redistribution of income and wealth’.72 Still, globally, decade by decade, countries have become more unequal in most regions of the world.

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A abortion, top 10% attitudes towards 6, 16 academics/academia 5, 9–10, 54 knowledge production and enabling of the wealthy 132–3 acceleration, of the pace of life 128–9 accountancy firms 67, 68, 108, 109, 126 accumulation 135–6 Advani, A. 179, 180 affluence 22, 144, 162, 180 see also top 1%; top 10%; wealth age profile of the top 10% 8 agency 49 Alamillo-Martinez, Laura 73 Amazon 180 Ambler, L. 132–3 anti-elitism 12, 46, 96 anxiety 72, 130, 150 and status 135, 165 see also mental health ‘anywheres’ 96 ascriptive identities 153 attitudes to cultural issues 42, 84 to economic issues 6, 8, 11, 16, 18–19, 42, 42, 77, 92–3, 161–4 to political issues 8, 16–17, 42, 76–99 to social issues 6, 8, 16, 18–19, 42, 65–71, 77, 92, 92–3, 161–3, 164–6 austerity policies 10, 11, 13, 16, 76, 78–9, 105, 115–16, 169–70 automation 79, 158, 160 B Bangladeshi ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 Bank of England 78, 105, 164, 175 ‘bank of mum and dad’ 29, 111 Barber, Rob 1, 2, 4, 181 Barclay family 121 BBC 11 Beck, U. 64 Bell, Torsten 2, 6 Berman, Y. 34 Berry, C. 82 Bezos, Jeff 144 Biden, Joe 142 Big Four accountancy firms 67, 68 see also accountancy firms Bill of Rights 121 Bitcoin 143 Black African/British/Caribbean ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 Black Lives Matter 113 Black Report 1977 115 Blair, Tony 9, 84, 185 Blakeley, Grace 139, 176 Bolsonaro, Jair 96, 98 ‘boundary work’ of elites 45 Bourdieu, Pierre 40 Brahmins 38, 41–2, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 59, 61, 68, 73, 74–5, 84, 96, 167, 185 ‘brain drain’ 124 see also mobility Brexit 11, 16, 76, 80, 86–7, 97, 101–2, 125 Brown, Gordon 175 Bullough, Oliver 113–14 bunkers 130, 131, 144, 187 Burgon, Richard 1, 3, 6 business support schemes, COVID-19 pandemic 15, 104, 126–7, 140, 151 C Cambridge University 28–9, 119 Cameron, David 84 capital, income from 33–4 capital flight 124 capital tax, global 180 car ownership 153 carbon emissions 54, 114–15, 135, 143, 145, 171, 172, 178 see also climate change 236 Index care see social care Centre for Economic Performance 163 Chancel, L. 176–7 charitable donations 70–1 charitable sector 132 child poverty 170 see also poverty children of the top 10% 27, 35–6, 100–1, 109, 111–12, 183–4, 186 ‘bank of mum and dad’ 29, 111 childcare costs 135–6 downward social mobility 31–2, 162 social reproduction 135–7 US 57 Chinese ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 class 39–40 cultural signifiers of 39, 40–1 ‘death of ’ 39 and education 40–1, 46, 51, 58–9 inherited nature of 148 middle class 33, 39, 40, 133, 136, 148 and social mobility 57–8 terminology of 38–9 upper class 38–9, 133 upper-middle class 4, 16, 27, 31–2, 38–54, 39 (see also top 10%) working class 24, 39, 57, 101–2, 148 climate change 54, 100, 101, 114–15, 125, 135, 141, 171–2 carbon emissions 54, 114–15, 135, 143, 145, 171, 172, 178 need for collective action on 122–3 net zero 174, 176–7 coalition government (Conservative/ Liberal Democrat) 78 collective denial 139–42 common sense 11, 19, 74, 89, 90, 108, 126, 130, 147 community gender and community involvement 70 top 10%’s lack of awareness of/ involvement in 45–6, 49–50, 127–31, 131, 150–1, 154–7, 164–6 ‘compensatory consumption’ 129, 134 Conservative Party/Conservatives 3, 16, 53, 76–7, 84, 85, 88, 97, 99, 120, 179 leadership election, 2022 39 taxation policy 3, 53 traditional supporters 44 consumption 152–4, 169, 171, 178 ‘compensatory consumption’ 129, 134 environmental impact of 135 luxury consumption, and climate change 114–15 Corbyn, Jeremy 11, 16, 80, 84, 85, 87, 96, 97 corporate governance 174 corporate responsibility 70–1 corporate sector 46, 51, 59, 64, 65–6, 67–8, 71, 88–9, 108, 128, 153 corporation tax 105–6, 113, 180 cost of living crisis 14, 52, 76, 101, 104, 106, 127, 177–8 council tax 110, 180 COVID-19 pandemic 13, 15, 72–3, 103–4, 116, 126, 134, 142, 144, 151 furlough and business support schemes 15, 104, 126–7, 128, 140, 151 political impact of 87–8 Coyle, Diane 145 crises cost of living crisis 14, 52, 76, 101, 104, 106, 127, 177–8 of democracy 119–21 global financial crisis, 2008 31, 77–9, 126, 140 cryptocurrencies 143–4 cultural attitudes of the top 10% 42, 84 cultural capital 40, 41, 46, 51 cuts, in public services 78–9, 105, 117, 170 D deindustrialisation 28 democracy crisis of 119–21 erosion of 76, 81–2 demographic profile of the top 10% 8 depression 130, 150 see also mental health ‘deserving’, the 23, 57, 74 see also ‘undeserving’, the disability and social mobility 58 welfare benefits 78, 79, 175 Disability Rights UK 175 diversity and inclusion targets 57 domestic work see unpaid work Dorling, Danny 35, 146–7, 156, 183 downward orientation 35, 46, 47 downward social mobility 14, 36, 73, 136, 152, 162, 182 237 Uncomfortably Off children of the top 10% 31–2, 162 income and status insecurity 51–2 Dubai 133 Durose, Oly 39–40 E Earth4All 177 economy economic attitudes of the top 10% 6, 8, 11, 16, 18–19, 42, 42, 77, 92–3, 161–4 economic common sense 89, 90 GDP, as indicator of success 176 Economy 2030 Enquiry 109 EDF 106 Edmiston, Daniel 49 education and class 40–1, 46, 51, 58–9 inequalities 17, 100–1, 117–19, 136 Ofsted ratings and league tables 137 and political attitudes 41, 42 and social capital 60 and social mobility 58–60, 147–8 state education 36, 60, 119, 136, 137, 148, 170 see also higher education; private education Ehrenreich, Barbara 152 Elections Bill 2021 120 Electoral Calculus 173 Electoral Commission 120 electoral system reform 172–3 Eliasoph, Nina 81 elites 39, 44–5, 77 anti-elitism 12, 96 employment 151 blue-collar 28 good jobs 55–61 hard work 48, 50, 61–73, 162 impact on society of 65–71 inequalities 17, 100, 107–9 low-wage work 62, 127 precarity 61, 107–9 presenteeism 64 public sector 109 and purpose 66–7, 71, 75, 162 and self-respect 55–6 and status 55–7, 68, 74 structural labour market change 27–8, 158 top 10% 6, 16, 24, 25, 26–8, 55–75 total British employed 2 white-collar 28 work-life balance 18, 171 workplace reform 71–2 see also unpaid work energy costs 101, 104, 105–7, 175 energy industry privatisation of 177–8 windfall taxes 177 environmental issues 54, 161 carbon emissions 54, 114–15, 135, 143, 145, 171, 172, 178 net zero 174, 176–7 equality of opportunity 57, 153 equality of outcome 57 ESS (European Social Survey) 89, 92 ethnicity see race and ethnic origin Eton College 26, 119 EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Living Conditions) 24, 28, 29–30, 32, 33 Eurofound 27–8, 36–7 European Convention on Human Rights 121 European Social Survey (ESS) 89, 92 European Union Statistics on Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 24, 28, 29–30, 32, 33 experts, anti-elitist attitudes towards 12 Extinction Rebellion 84 ‘extraction capitalism’ 112 F Farage, Nigel 96 ‘fear of falling’ 152, 182 see also downward social mobility feminism 56 financial sector 51–2, 88–9 food food banks 93, 175 ‘right to’ 178 foreign policy, top 10% attitudes towards 6, 42 formal work see employment ‘fortification mentality’ 134–5 Frank, Robert H. 48 Friedman, Sam 27, 29, 31, 40, 57 furlough scheme, COVID-19 pandemic 15, 104, 128, 140, 151 G Gallup Poll, US 22, 26 Gates, Bill 144 GDP, as indicator of success 176 gender gender profile of the top 10% 8, 29–30 inclusivity 152–3 social mobility 57–8 general election, 2019 1, 76, 97, 120, 173 Generation Z 17, 100, 118 gentrification 133–4 238 Index Germany 159, 169 Gethin, Stephen 121 Ghosh, J. 132–3 Giddens, A. 64 Gilens, Martin 42–3 gilets jaunes (yellow vest) movement, France 115 global financial crisis, 2008 31, 77–9, 126, 140 global warming see climate change globalisation 39 offshoring 79, 109, 158 Good Friday Agreement 121 good jobs 55–61 see also employment Goodhart, David 96–7 Gove, Michael 84 government debt 140 government employees, as members of the top 10% 5 government spending 169–70 see also public services; welfare state Graeber, David 46, 66, 75, 129, 157 Great British Class Survey 2013 39 Green, Duncan 184 Green New Deal 176 Green Party 87, 120, 178 Guinan, J. 82 H House of Commons Committee for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 107 household debt 152 housing 52 and climate change 114 house prices 33 housing costs 110, 111 inequalities 17, 100, 107–9, 133–4 insulation grants 176 mortgages 33, 52, 106, 110 and state education 137 see also home ownership; homelessness human rights 121 Human Rights Act 1998 121 I Haldane, Andy 164 hard work 48, 50, 61–73, 162 HC-One 107 healthcare 144, 168 inequalities 112–14, 138, 139 NHS 91, 94, 116, 137, 138, 170 private healthcare 116, 137, 140, 159, 167–8, 182 Hecht, Katharina 62 higher education 30–1, 58, 136, 147–8, 183 elite 17, 26, 28–9, 73, 74, 100 and employment 57, 61 inequalities 17, 100, 117–19 mental health issues 73 post-1992 28 and social capital 118 student debt 37 US 57, 74 Hills, John 168 HMRC, income survey 5–6 hoarding 135–6, 144 home ownership 33, 52, 110, 111 see also housing homelessness 93 see also housing immigration, top 10% attitudes towards 6, 16, 42, 43 income distribution 133, 168 misconceptions around 1–4 Palma ratio 22–3 UK breakdown, 2019/20 7 income from capital 33–4 income tax 178–9, 181 Indian ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 inequalities 53, 77–8, 92–3, 100–23, 129–30, 153–4, 165–6, 183 and the COVID-19 pandemic 127 and education 17, 100–1, 117–19, 136 and employment 17, 100, 107–9 global 177 growth of 14, 32–3 healthcare 112–14, 138, 139 higher education 17, 100, 117–19 housing 17, 100, 107–9, 133–4 intergenerational 14, 17, 100, 109, 111–12, 117–18 labour market 60–1 and politics 87 private sector responsibility 69–71 and the top 10% 8, 17, 101–23 and the ‘undeserving’ 148–50 inflation 101, 105 Inflation Reduction Act 2022, US 169 informal work 56–7 inheritance, and housing inequality 111 Institute for Fiscal Studies 26, 105 Institute for Government 104 insulation 125–7, 130, 144 interdependence 175–6 Intergenerational Commission 118 intergenerational inequalities 14, 17, 100, 109, 111–12, 117–18 International Labour Organization 56 interview panels 40 239 Uncomfortably Off IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 114 Ireland 5, 13, 33, 155 isolation 127–31, 131, 144, 150–1 Ivy League universities, US 57 J jobs see employment Johnson, Boris 11, 26, 76, 84, 87, 97, 119, 121 Johnson, Paul 105 Jones, Owen 133, 148 K Kawachi, I. 116–17 key workers 127, 144, 150, 165 Khan, Shamus 152–3 King’s Fund 138 Kwarteng, Kwasi 3, 105 L labour market 60–1, 79–80 Labour Party/ Labour 1, 2, 44, 76, 80, 82–3, 84, 85, 89, 120, 122, 180, 194 New Labour 9, 78, 85 Lamont, Michèle 44–5 land values 110 Lansley, Stewart 112, 114, 151 Laurison, Daniel 27, 29, 31, 40, 57 Lawson, Neal 154 Le Pen, Marine 96, 98 left, the and Brahmins 41 social attitudes of the top 10% 16, 4 2 LGBTQ+ people, top 10% attitudes towards 43 Liberal Democrat Party 76, 84, 85, 86, 102, 120 liberalism small-l liberalism 96, 98, 182 life expectancy 79, 115, 138 Lindner, Christian 169 living standards 23–4 see also cost of living crisis local government 81–3, 117 local politics 81, 82–3 low-wage work 62, 127 luck 48, 59, 61 luxury consumption, and climate change 114–15 Lynch, Mick 178 M Major, John 60 Make Votes Matter 84 management consultants 47, 59, 70, 86, 90, 108, 126, 130, 147 Mandler, Peter 148 manners elite 45 market failures 105–7, 141 marketisation 137–9 Markovits, D. 20 Marmot reports, 2010 and 2020 115–16, 117 Mason, Paul 142 May, Theresa 84, 87 Mazzucato, Mariana 173–4 mean-tested benefits 77, 93–4, 159 media control of 120 as members of the top 10% 5, 26 Members of Parliament (MPs) 5, 76 men community involvement 70 see also gender mental health anxiety 72, 130, 135, 150, 165 depression 130, 150 higher education 73 unequal societies 130 working hours reduction 171 Merchants 38, 41–2, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 61, 65, 68, 69, 72, 73, 88–9, 96, 98, 160, 162, 174 meritocracy 6, 11, 18, 19, 20, 39, 47, 58, 65, 68, 74, 100, 109, 111, 118, 146–9, 165, 170, 181, 184–5, 186 middle class 33, 39, 40, 133, 136, 148 Mijs, Jonathan 118, 155–6, 156–7 Milanovic, Branco 14, 34 Millennials 17, 100, 117, 118 minority rights, top 10% attitudes towards 6, 43 mobility 17–18, 124–5, 144, 148, 167 money, cultural taboos around 3 money elite 45 monopolies 140 and energy market failure 106–7 morals elite 45 mortgages 33, 52, 106, 110 MPs (Members of Parliament) 5, 76 multinational companies, taxation of 180 Murdoch, Rupert 120 N NatCen Social Research 24, 39 National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers 178 240 Index Nationality and Borders Bill 2021 120 neoliberalism 142 net zero 174, 176–7 networking 63 see also social capital New Labour see Labour Party/Labour NFTs (non-fungible tokens) 143–4 NHS 91, 94, 116, 137, 138, 170 Nietzsche, F. 46 Nixon, B. 82 Northern Ireland 121 O Obama, Barack 96 occupation see employment Occupy movement 181 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) data 23, 31 Office for National Statistics (ONS) 24, 29 offshoring 79, 109, 158 Olson, Dan 144 online shopping, and the COVID-19 pandemic 134 online working see working from home ONS (Office for National Statistics) 24, 29 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data 23, 31 overwork 69, 75 see also working hours Oxford Brookes University 29 Oxford University 28–9, 119 P Pakistani ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 Palma ratio 22–3 Parra, Nicanor 32 Parsons, Tony 3 participation, political 80–5, 172–3 ‘partygate’ scandal 76 Paugam, Serge 49–50 pensions, state 138 performance management 72 Personal Independence Payment 79 PFIs (private finance initiatives) 139 Piketty, Thomas 5, 14, 31, 38, 41, 42, 113, 180 Polanski, Jack 178 polarisation, political 14, 85–6, 98, 102, 172 Policing Bill 2021 120 politicians, as members of the top 10% 5, 26 politics 76–99, 181 centre ground 85–8 contemporary context 77–80 party membership 82–3, 84 political change 184–5 political participation 80–5, 172–3 political polarisation 14, 85–6, 98, 102, 172 political reform 172–3 and trust 76, 82 populism 11, 14, 16, 76, 77, 98, 102 positionality of authors 8–11 poverty 59, 78, 93, 151, 174, 175 child poverty 170 and education 118 and the ‘undeserving’ 148–50 precarity, of employment 61, 107–9 presenteeism 64 private education 54, 118–19, 136, 137, 147–8, 159, 162, 167, 170, 182 school fees 26, 33, 35, 36, 37 and social capital 60, 118 see also education private finance initiatives (PFIs) 139 private healthcare 116, 137, 140, 159, 167–8, 182 see also healthcare private sector 19–20 corporate sector 46, 51, 59, 64, 65–6, 67–8, 71, 88–9, 108, 128, 153 financial sector 51–2, 88–9 insecurity in 109 involvement in public services 139, 170 raising expectations of 171 privatisation excess profits of privatised companies 101 of utility companies 177–8 professionals anti-elitist attitudes towards 12, 46, 96 professionals and managers 24, 25, 26–8, 39, 55 see also top 10% property tax 180–1 protest, right of 120 Protestant work ethic 50 public sector employment 109 public services 159, 173 cuts in 78–9, 105, 117, 170 destigmatisation of 170 and marketisation 137–8 private sector involvement in 139, 170 and the top 10% 8, 19, 56, 77, 91–2, 138–9, 140, 144, 159, 163, 166–8, 183 universal 56, 77, 93–5, 144, 159 241 Uncomfortably Off Putnam, Robert 81, 129, 157, 158 Q Question Time, BBC 1, 2, 181 R race and ethnic origin and inclusivity 152–3 and social mobility 58 of the top 10% 8, 30 Raworth, Kate 135 redistribution 139, 161, 163, 182 top 10% attitudes towards 6, 42, 42, 43, 77 Reed, Howard 151 Reich, Robert 141 relocation see mobility renewable energy 141 see also climate change; energy costs Resolution Foundation 2, 34, 112, 163 rich, the see top 1%; top 10% richness 47 right, the 16 and Brexit 102 centre right 89, 97 and control of the media 121 far right 15, 97–8 and Merchants 41 political attitudes of the top 10% 16, 42 rights and responsibilities 158–60 Rivera, Lauren 57, 119 Rosa, Hartmut 129 Rothermere, Lord 120 Russell Group universities 57 Russia-Ukraine war 76, 104, 105–6 S Saez, E. 31 Salvini, Matteo 98 same-sex marriage, top 10% attitudes towards 6, 16, 42 Sandbu, Martin 179 Sandel, Michael 142, 150–1 Sanders, Bernie 96 Savage, Mike 183 savings levels of the top 10% 36 school fees, private education 26, 33, 35, 36, 37 Schor, Juliet 171 Scotland, devolved government 121 Scottish Greens 121 Scottish National Party 121 self-respect, and employment 55–6 Sherman, Rachel 35, 45–6 Shrubsole, Guy 110 ‘sink’ schools 137 Sinn Féin 121 small-l liberalism 96, 98, 182 ‘smart’ working 64 social capital decline in 157–8 and private education 60, 118 social care 117 low pay of care workers 103 market failure in 107 Social Democratic Party of Germany, Programme for the Future 159 social media ‘echo chambers’ 128 social mobility 19, 28, 36, 57–9 downward 14, 36, 73, 136, 152, 162, 182 children of the top 10% 31–2, 162 income and status insecurity 51–2 and education 58–60 meritocracy 6 and networking 63 structural barriers to 62 upward 18, 36, 50, 64, 136 Social Mobility Commission 60 social reproduction 135–7 social security top 10% attitudes towards 77 see also welfare benefits; welfare state society, attitudes to impact of work on 65–71, 74–5 sociological imagination 13, 49, 128, 160 solidarity 94, 127, 142, 157, 158, 159, 170 ‘somewheres’ 96 Soper, Kate 74 Spain 5, 73, 149, 155, 169 stamp duty 110–11 Starmer, Keir 87 state, the 161 raising expectations of 173–6 top 10% attitudes towards 91–5, 92 state education 36, 60, 119, 136, 137, 148, 170 status and employment 55–7, 68, 74 status anxiety and insecurity 14, 51–2, 135, 165 Stevenson, Gary 15 stigma, and unemployment 56 Streib, Jessi 31–2 structure 49 student debt 37 suburbia 40 Summers, A. 179, 180 Sutton Trust 29 Sweden 5, 23, 155 242 Index T tactical voting 172–3 taxation 97, 161, 163, 164, 178–81, 182 corporation tax 105–6, 113, 180 council tax 110, 180 income tax 2, 105–6, 178–9, 181, 185 property tax 180–1 stamp duty 110–11 tax avoidance/evasion 178, 181 tax cuts 169 tax fraud 181 top 10% attitudes towards 8, 42, 43, 77, 88–91, 92 Truss government tax cuts 105–6 wealth tax 179 windfall taxes, energy industry 177 technology and acceleration of the pace of life 129 automation 79, 158, 160 Thatcher, Margaret 105, 180 third sector, as members of the top 10% 5 Thomas, Mark 120 top 1% 2, 4, 13, 14, 15, 32, 41, 52, 64, 65, 93, 126, 128, 162 and employment 58–9 enabling of 131–4 inequality in 155 top 10% 4–7, 8, 11–13, 18, 33 accumulation and hoarding 135–6, 144 and austerity policies 1, 11, 13, 16 barriers to sense of belonging 18, 146–60 collective denial 139–42 contradictory isolation of 53–4 cost of living pressures 14, 15 and the COVID-19 pandemic 13, 15, 18, 127 furlough and business support schemes 15, 104, 126–7, 128, 151 cultural attitudes 42, 84 demographic profile 8 economic attitudes 6, 8, 11, 16, 18–19, 42, 42, 77, 92–3, 161–4 education 28–9, 30–1 employment 6, 16, 24, 25, 26–8, 55–75 enabling the wealthy 131–4 future prospects for 34–7, 95–9, 98, 182-7 gender profile 8, 29–30 HMRC income data 5–6 income and status insecurity 14, 51–2 inequalities 8, 17, 101–23 insulation 125–7, 130, 144 internal diversity of 32 isolation/lack of awareness of others’ lives 45–6, 49–50, 127–31, 131, 150–1, 154–7, 164–6 location 8, 29 and marketisation 137–9 and meritocracy 6, 11, 18, 19, 20, 39, 47, 58, 65, 68, 74, 100, 109, 111, 118, 146–9, 165, 170, 181, 184–5, 186 mobility 17–18, 124–5, 144, 148 overview and profile of 13–15, 21–37, 154–5 perceptions of income distribution 38, 47–51 political attitudes 8, 16–17, 42, 76–99 political participation 80–5 political influence of 5, 11, 76 and public services 8, 19, 56, 77, 91–2, 138–9, 140, 144, 159, 163, 166–8, 183 qualitative analysis of 15–16, 38–54 race and ethnic origin 8, 30 response to social and economic pressures 17–18, 124–45 rights and responsibilities 158–60 and the role of the state 91–5, 92 savings levels 36 social attitudes 6, 8, 16, 18–19, 42, 65–71, 77, 92, 92–3, 161–3, 164–6 social reproduction 135–7 uncertainty and insecurity of 68–9 Törmälehto, Veli-Matti 36–7 Toynbee, P. 89 trade unions 165, 172 membership 72, 157, 158, 163 Trump, Donald 11, 47, 96, 97, 98 Truss, Liz 105, 141, 186 Trussell Trust 175 trust 130–1 and politics 76, 82 Trust for London 23–4 U UBI (Universal Basic Income) 160 UK devolved government 121 Palma ratio 23 UKIP 87 Ukraine-Russia war 76, 104, 105–6 ‘undeserving,’ the 23, 148–50, 163 see also ‘deserving’, the 243 Uncomfortably Off unemployment 56 welfare benefits 138 Universal Basic Income (UBI) 160 universal welfare benefits 93, 168 see also welfare benefits universal public services 56, 77, 93–5, 144, 159 see also public services universities/university education 30–1, 58, 136, 147–8, 183 elite 17, 26, 28–9, 73, 74, 100 and employment 57, 61 inequalities 17, 100, 117–19 mental health issues 73 post-1992 28 and social capital 118 student debt 37 US 57, 74 Unlock Democracy 83 unpaid work 56, 150, 175–6 upper class 38–9, 133 upper-middle class 4, 16, 27, 31–2, 38–54, 39 see also top 10% upward orientation 35, 45–6, 47, 50, 51 upward social mobility 18, 36, 50, 64, 136 US and the COVID-19 pandemic 141 downward social mobility 31–2 elitism in higher education 150–1 employment and social class 57 inequalities and social segregation 156–7 Inflation Reduction Act 2022 169 middle class 33 universities/university education 57, 74 utility companies, privatisation of 177–8 V volunteering 69, 70–1 W Walker, D. 89 water industry, privatisation of 178 wealth distribution of 142 enabling of the wealthy 131–4 historical accumulation of 113 inequalities 112–14 unequal distribution of 14 wealth tax 179 Weber, Max 50 welfare benefits 138, 159–60, 167–8 cuts in 78, 79, 169 increasing of in line with inflation, 2022 175 mean-tested 77, 93–4, 159 universal 93, 168 welfare state 167, 174 anti-welfare attitudes 42, 42–3 top 10% attitudes towards 42, 93–4 and the ‘undeserving’ 149–50 see also public services well-off, the social attitudes and perceptions of 21–2 see also top 1%; top 10% White ethnicity, in the top 10% 30 Whitmarsh, Lorraine 114 Whyte, William 55–6 Williams, Zoe 134, 178 women anti-exclusion policies 43 community involvement 70 gender pay gap 30 life expectancy, decrease in 115 and online working 64 top 10% 8, 29–30 trade union membership 72 unpaid work 56, 150, 175–6 working class, and employment 57 see also gender Woodward, A. 116–17 work hard work 55, 61–73 see also employment work-life balance 18, 171 working class 24, 39, 148 and Brexit 101–2 and employment 57 working from home 27, 64, 104, 126, 128, 165 working hours 64 reduction in 171 World Bank 47 World Inequality Database 13, 32, 54 Wren-Lewis, Simon 78–9, 90 Y yellow vest (gilets jaunes) movement, France 115 Young, Michael 184–5 Younge, Gary 181 Z Zahawi, Nadim 107 244 

How to Spend a Trillion Dollars
by Rowan Hooper
Published 15 Jan 2020

Jacobson said ‘on the order’ of $100 trillion but his analysis actually comes up with investment of $73 trillion (so, closer to $2 trillion a year), and he shows how this would pay for itself through both energy savings and the social costs of pollution on health and environment.32 For the US, Jacobson’s roadmap, which corresponds to the Green New Deal, requires construction of 288,000 large wind turbines and 16,000 large solar farms, creating 3.1 million jobs and needing initial investment of $7.8 trillion. Our pot of money can’t get that whole job done, but it can start an unstoppable transition to net zero, one that has been going ahead in eleven US states already, regardless of Trump and his withdrawal from the Paris agreement

…

Joule 1(1), 108–121, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.005 30 Mark Jacobson et al. (2018) ‘Matching demand with supply at low cost in 139 countries among 20 world regions with 100% intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes’. Renewable Energy 123, 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.009 31 Emil Dimanchev et al. (2019) ‘Health co-benefits of sub-national renewable energy policy in the US’. Environmental Research Letters 14(8). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab31d9 32 Mark Jacobson et al. (2019) ‘Impacts of Green New Deal energy plans on grid stability, costs, jobs, health, and climate in 143 countries’. One Earth 1(4). 449–463. DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003 33 US Energy Information Administration (2016) ‘Fort Calhoun becomes fifth US nuclear plant to retire in past five years’. www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet
by Klaus Schwab
Published 7 Jan 2021

But once an industry arbitrator (for example, the European Union) sets goals for each industry and defines emission rights for each company, those companies should be able to decide how they reduce their emissions to the desired optimum (for example, they could either produce in a less energy-consuming way or buy emission rights from other companies). These two examples are not taken from thin air; the Paris Agreement in fact incorporated the subsidiarity principle in much the same way as described above. And the European Union, with its Green New Deal and emissions cap-and-trade scheme for companies, applies the same principle as well. The groundwork for both plans was prepared in part at meetings of the World Economic Forum, and they exemplify how stakeholder capitalism can work if it adheres to the subsidiarity principle. A similar logic applies to matters of technology governance, competition, and global taxation.

…

Moller–Maersk case study on efforts to reduce, 167–168 Boston Consulting Group study on reducing, 167 CO2 emissions, 160, 161, 165–166, 182, 200, 202, 203, 207 EU's emissions cap-and-trade scheme to lower, 166, 183 fossil fuels, 49 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics used to measure reduced, 249 See also Climate change; Pollution Green New Deal (EU), 183 Greenpeace, 50 Die Grünen (the Greens) [Germany], 78–79 The Guardian, 223 H Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig Hartmann, Richard, 103 Harvard Business School, 11 Health care COVID-19 pandemic revealing inequalities in, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 digital connectivity providing access to, 227–228 effective government focus on, 225–227 high EU percentage of GDP spent on, 231 high US cost of, 227, 231, 232 improving access in China, 225–226 Singapore's universal health care system, 230–232 Health inequalities COVID-19 pandemic revealing, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 health insurance, 43 wealth inequality, social mobility, and related, 41–42 Healthy365 app (Singapore), 232 Hess-Maier, Dorothee, 9 High-quality debt, 29 Hiroshima bombing (1945), 5 Hirsch, Jeffrey, 240 Hitachi (Japan), 142 Hong Kong carbon footprint per capita, 159 globalization driving economic growth of, 98 Nanyang Commercial Bank of, 57–58 See also Asian Tigers Horowitz, Sara, 242 Housing financial crisis 2008 and loss of, 227 redlining discriminatory practice, 226 Singapore's HDB public, 228–230 stakeholder government providing access to, 225–227 Housing Development Board (HDB) [Singapore], 228–230 Houston Natural Gas (US), 217 Houten, Frans van, 250 Huawei, 55, 60 Hughes, Chris, 128 Human capital definition of, 235 New Zealand's Living Standards Framework on, 235fig–236 Humanity Forward, 239–240 Human rights, Singapore's regulation of, 123 Hungary erosion of political center in, 83–84 Fidesz-KNDP coalition in, 83 financial crisis (2008) impact on, 112, 113 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig I IBM, 139 Iceland, 224 IDN Media (Indonesia), 94–95, 114 IDN Media HQ (Jakarta, Indonesia), 95 Inclusive Development Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Income equality Denmark's success with, 119, 186 EPI plotting union membership against, 186 stakeholder government role in enabling, 178–179, 225 union membership impact on, 186 universal basic income (UBI) concept of, 239 See also Prosperity Income inequality COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 Gini Indices on China and India impact on, 37fig–38, 226 history of US, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 impact on the global economic system by, 36–41 Kuznets curve on problem of, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave on, 45fig–46 wealth inequality higher than, 41 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018) on, 38, 138fig See also Inequalities; Wealth inequality Independent contractors (freelancers), 237–238, 240–243 Independent Drivers Guild (New York), 238, 241–242 India continued trust in public institutions in, 196 COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 66, 67, 68–69 demographic changes in, 161 economic growth (1980s-2020) in, 66, 67–69, 96–97 gig workers of, 240, 243 Gini Indices on global income inequality impact of, 37fig–38 increasing national income inequality in, 40 protectionist policies and License Raj system of, 67, 69 WHO on unsafe air (2019) in, 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on rising inequality in, 72–73fig Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 68 Indignados protest (Spain), 40, 86 Indochina (19th century), 56 Indonesia Bandung entrepreneurs story (2012) on MYCL, 93–94, 96, 98, 114 continued trust in public institutions in, 196 economic recession (1997) in, 98, 109 gig workers of, 237, 240 globalization success stories in, 93–99 history of international trade by, 97 IDN Media, 94–95, 114 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 Spice Islands trade (Maluku Islands), 100 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Industrial Revolution (19th century), 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134, 161 Inequalities Benioff on the problem of growing, 210 Big Tech widening, 210 COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 “digital divide,” 227 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Wealth inequality Inflation rates debt burden and low, 33 low-interest rates and low, 31–33 Infosys [India], 68 Infrastructure increasing funding gap (2016–2040) for, 32 New Zealand's physical capital, 235fig–236 Institute of International Finance (IIF), 27 Institutions international, 178, 179, 194, 196–197 loss of trust in public, 196 stakeholder model on need for robust, 185, 193–198 Intel, 141 Interest rates COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 31 low inflation and low, 31–33 US Federal Reserve (2009–2019), 31 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51, 149 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) report [2019], 51 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now World Bank), 6 International Business Council (World Economic Forum), 193, 214, 249 International communities aim to preserve peace, 179 civil society and the, 237–238 as key stakeholders, 178 weakening of institutions of, 194, 196–197 See also specific international community International Monetary Fund (IMF) continued low global GDP growth expectation by, 26–27 creation of the, 6 GDP measure used by, 24 on increasing rates of median debt by mid-2021, 28 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 2020 fiscal monitor of, 19 World Economic Outlook (2020) on ASEAN economies, 65–66 Internet “digital divide” and, 227 improving digital connectivity to, 225, 227–228, 232 Internet Agenda (World Economic Forum), 246 Internet Explorer, 139 Internet of Things, 18, 72, 161 InterNorth (US), 217, 218 Ireland, 194 Iron Curtain, 77, 80 Israel OPEC members in opposition to, 12 Yom Kippur War, 12 Italy COVID-19 pandemic impact on economy of, 68 erosion of the political center in, 83 Five Star Movement in, 83, 87–88 Marshall Plan to rebuild economy of, 6 Pitchfork protests (2013), 86 ruined post-World War II economy of, 5 J Jacobin Magazine (socialist publication), 243 Japan demographic decline in, 161 Second World War occupation of Chinese territory by, 56 Japanese economy economic boom (1945–1970s) in, 8, 109 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 ruined post-World War II, 5 Jensen, Claus, 117 Jobs, Steve, 126 Johnson, Lyndon B., 135, 184 Jordan, 162 JPMorgan Chase, 132 Julius, Otto, 9 K Kambhampati, Uma, 224 Kennedy, John F., 76 Kenya, 27, 70 Keynes, John Maynard, 103, 104 Khadija, 99 Khan, Lina, 127, 140 Klein, Alice, 220 Klein, Ezra, 231–232 Kohl, Helmut, 78, 81 KPMG (US), 215, 250 Krugman, Paul, 127–128 Kuznets, Simon Smith, 21–25, 34, 44–45, 53, 234 Kuznets' theories Environmental Kuznets Curve, 21–22, 46–47, 53 on mistaken pursuit of GDP growth, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 on problem of income inequality, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave, 45fig–46 L Labor force automation challenges for, 115–126 collective bargaining in European countries, 10 comparison of US and Danish approach to, 117–120, 123 constructive relationship between Danish companies and, 117–120 Financial Times on loss of manufacturing jobs (1990–2016), 120 gig economy, 237–238, 240–243 increased female participation in the, 9 US and UK politically polarizing, 122–123 Labor market reskilling American labor market deficiencies in, 121–122 Denmark's “Active Labour Market Policies,” 120–121 Labor strikes call for global Uber and Lyft (2019), 187 UK miners' strike, 122 US air traffic controllers, 122 Labor unions collective bargaining, 10, 14, 17 EPI plotting income inequality against history of, 186 high membership in Denmark, 240 stakeholder approach to modern, 240–243 strikes held by, 122 Laissez-faire economy, 225 Lakner, Christoph, 137, 138 Lasn, Kalle, 40 Latin American countries average economic mobility improvement in, 44 capitalism vs. communism ideological battle in, 7 dropping voter turnout for elections in, 188 emerging markets in, 63 income inequality in, 40 “reefer ships” (1870s) and international trade by, 104, 110 “21st century socialism” of, 225 See also specific country “League of Legends” game, 60 Lee Hsien Loong, 230 Lee, Kai-Fu, 143 Legacy preferences (university admissions), 226 Lega (League) [Germany], 83, 88 Legatum Prosperity Index (2019), 231 Lenin, Vladimir, 22 Leonhard, David, 140 LGBTQ people, 123, 195 LGBTQ rights groups, 243 Liberal political parties (Europe), 188 License Raj system (India), 67, 69 “The Limits to Growth” study (Peccei), 47, 48, 52 Lin, David, 49 LinkedIn (US), 211 “Little Mermaid” statue (Copenhagen), 200 Liu Guohong, 57 Living Standards Framework (LSF) [New Zealand], 222–223, 234–236 Local government.

Woke, Inc: Inside Corporate America's Social Justice Scam
by Vivek Ramaswamy
Published 16 Aug 2021

That’s exactly what we are seeing in the early days of President Biden’s tenure. He called climate change “the number one issue facing humanity” and outlined a plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and other environmental initiatives, all building on the “Green New Deal,” a flawed but ambitious resolution advanced by Congressional Democrats in 2019.14 The original Green New Deal failed in a Republican-controlled Senate, and it’s unlikely to do any better in a 50-50 split Senate that includes Joe Manchin. Yet with the advent of the modern alliance between big government and big business, new laws may not be required at all: the Biden administration can simply use Wall Street’s ESG apparatus to do it instead.

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet
by Klaus Schwab and Peter Vanham
Published 27 Jan 2021

But once an industry arbitrator (for example, the European Union) sets goals for each industry and defines emission rights for each company, those companies should be able to decide how they reduce their emissions to the desired optimum (for example, they could either produce in a less energy-consuming way or buy emission rights from other companies). These two examples are not taken from thin air; the Paris Agreement in fact incorporated the subsidiarity principle in much the same way as described above. And the European Union, with its Green New Deal and emissions cap-and-trade scheme for companies, applies the same principle as well. The groundwork for both plans was prepared in part at meetings of the World Economic Forum, and they exemplify how stakeholder capitalism can work if it adheres to the subsidiarity principle. A similar logic applies to matters of technology governance, competition, and global taxation.

…

Moller–Maersk case study on efforts to reduce, 167–168 Boston Consulting Group study on reducing, 167 CO2 emissions, 160, 161, 165–166, 182, 200, 202, 203, 207 EU's emissions cap-and-trade scheme to lower, 166, 183 fossil fuels, 49 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics used to measure reduced, 249 See also Climate change; Pollution Green New Deal (EU), 183 Greenpeace, 50 Die Grünen (the Greens) [Germany], 78–79 The Guardian, 223 H Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig Hartmann, Richard, 103 Harvard Business School, 11 Health care COVID-19 pandemic revealing inequalities in, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 digital connectivity providing access to, 227–228 effective government focus on, 225–227 high EU percentage of GDP spent on, 231 high US cost of, 227, 231, 232 improving access in China, 225–226 Singapore's universal health care system, 230–232 Health inequalities COVID-19 pandemic revealing, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 health insurance, 43 wealth inequality, social mobility, and related, 41–42 Healthy365 app (Singapore), 232 Hess-Maier, Dorothee, 9 High-quality debt, 29 Hiroshima bombing (1945), 5 Hirsch, Jeffrey, 240 Hitachi (Japan), 142 Hong Kong carbon footprint per capita, 159 globalization driving economic growth of, 98 Nanyang Commercial Bank of, 57–58 See also Asian Tigers Horowitz, Sara, 242 Housing financial crisis 2008 and loss of, 227 redlining discriminatory practice, 226 Singapore's HDB public, 228–230 stakeholder government providing access to, 225–227 Housing Development Board (HDB) [Singapore], 228–230 Houston Natural Gas (US), 217 Houten, Frans van, 250 Huawei, 55, 60 Hughes, Chris, 128 Human capital definition of, 235 New Zealand's Living Standards Framework on, 235fig–236 Humanity Forward, 239–240 Human rights, Singapore's regulation of, 123 Hungary erosion of political center in, 83–84 Fidesz-KNDP coalition in, 83 financial crisis (2008) impact on, 112, 113 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig I IBM, 139 Iceland, 224 IDN Media (Indonesia), 94–95, 114 IDN Media HQ (Jakarta, Indonesia), 95 Inclusive Development Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Income equality Denmark's success with, 119, 186 EPI plotting union membership against, 186 stakeholder government role in enabling, 178–179, 225 union membership impact on, 186 universal basic income (UBI) concept of, 239 See also Prosperity Income inequality COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 Gini Indices on China and India impact on, 37fig–38, 226 history of US, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 impact on the global economic system by, 36–41 Kuznets curve on problem of, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave on, 45fig–46 wealth inequality higher than, 41 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018) on, 38, 138fig See also Inequalities; Wealth inequality Independent contractors (freelancers), 237–238, 240–243 Independent Drivers Guild (New York), 238, 241–242 India continued trust in public institutions in, 196 COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 66, 67, 68–69 demographic changes in, 161 economic growth (1980s-2020) in, 66, 67–69, 96–97 gig workers of, 240, 243 Gini Indices on global income inequality impact of, 37fig–38 increasing national income inequality in, 40 protectionist policies and License Raj system of, 67, 69 WHO on unsafe air (2019) in, 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on rising inequality in, 72–73fig Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 68 Indignados protest (Spain), 40, 86 Indochina (19th century), 56 Indonesia Bandung entrepreneurs story (2012) on MYCL, 93–94, 96, 98, 114 continued trust in public institutions in, 196 economic recession (1997) in, 98, 109 gig workers of, 237, 240 globalization success stories in, 93–99 history of international trade by, 97 IDN Media, 94–95, 114 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 Spice Islands trade (Maluku Islands), 100 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Industrial Revolution (19th century), 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134, 161 Inequalities Benioff on the problem of growing, 210 Big Tech widening, 210 COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 “digital divide,” 227 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Wealth inequality Inflation rates debt burden and low, 33 low-interest rates and low, 31–33 Infosys [India], 68 Infrastructure increasing funding gap (2016–2040) for, 32 New Zealand's physical capital, 235fig–236 Institute of International Finance (IIF), 27 Institutions international, 178, 179, 194, 196–197 loss of trust in public, 196 stakeholder model on need for robust, 185, 193–198 Intel, 141 Interest rates COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 31 low inflation and low, 31–33 US Federal Reserve (2009–2019), 31 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51, 149 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) report [2019], 51 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now World Bank), 6 International Business Council (World Economic Forum), 193, 214, 249 International communities aim to preserve peace, 179 civil society and the, 237–238 as key stakeholders, 178 weakening of institutions of, 194, 196–197 See also specific international community International Monetary Fund (IMF) continued low global GDP growth expectation by, 26–27 creation of the, 6 GDP measure used by, 24 on increasing rates of median debt by mid-2021, 28 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 2020 fiscal monitor of, 19 World Economic Outlook (2020) on ASEAN economies, 65–66 Internet “digital divide” and, 227 improving digital connectivity to, 225, 227–228, 232 Internet Agenda (World Economic Forum), 246 Internet Explorer, 139 Internet of Things, 18, 72, 161 InterNorth (US), 217, 218 Ireland, 194 Iron Curtain, 77, 80 Israel OPEC members in opposition to, 12 Yom Kippur War, 12 Italy COVID-19 pandemic impact on economy of, 68 erosion of the political center in, 83 Five Star Movement in, 83, 87–88 Marshall Plan to rebuild economy of, 6 Pitchfork protests (2013), 86 ruined post-World War II economy of, 5 J Jacobin Magazine (socialist publication), 243 Japan demographic decline in, 161 Second World War occupation of Chinese territory by, 56 Japanese economy economic boom (1945–1970s) in, 8, 109 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 ruined post-World War II, 5 Jensen, Claus, 117 Jobs, Steve, 126 Johnson, Lyndon B., 135, 184 Jordan, 162 JPMorgan Chase, 132 Julius, Otto, 9 K Kambhampati, Uma, 224 Kennedy, John F., 76 Kenya, 27, 70 Keynes, John Maynard, 103, 104 Khadija, 99 Khan, Lina, 127, 140 Klein, Alice, 220 Klein, Ezra, 231–232 Kohl, Helmut, 78, 81 KPMG (US), 215, 250 Krugman, Paul, 127–128 Kuznets, Simon Smith, 21–25, 34, 44–45, 53, 234 Kuznets' theories Environmental Kuznets Curve, 21–22, 46–47, 53 on mistaken pursuit of GDP growth, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 on problem of income inequality, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave, 45fig–46 L Labor force automation challenges for, 115–126 collective bargaining in European countries, 10 comparison of US and Danish approach to, 117–120, 123 constructive relationship between Danish companies and, 117–120 Financial Times on loss of manufacturing jobs (1990–2016), 120 gig economy, 237–238, 240–243 increased female participation in the, 9 US and UK politically polarizing, 122–123 Labor market reskilling American labor market deficiencies in, 121–122 Denmark's “Active Labour Market Policies,” 120–121 Labor strikes call for global Uber and Lyft (2019), 187 UK miners' strike, 122 US air traffic controllers, 122 Labor unions collective bargaining, 10, 14, 17 EPI plotting income inequality against history of, 186 high membership in Denmark, 240 stakeholder approach to modern, 240–243 strikes held by, 122 Laissez-faire economy, 225 Lakner, Christoph, 137, 138 Lasn, Kalle, 40 Latin American countries average economic mobility improvement in, 44 capitalism vs. communism ideological battle in, 7 dropping voter turnout for elections in, 188 emerging markets in, 63 income inequality in, 40 “reefer ships” (1870s) and international trade by, 104, 110 “21st century socialism” of, 225 See also specific country “League of Legends” game, 60 Lee Hsien Loong, 230 Lee, Kai-Fu, 143 Legacy preferences (university admissions), 226 Lega (League) [Germany], 83, 88 Legatum Prosperity Index (2019), 231 Lenin, Vladimir, 22 Leonhard, David, 140 LGBTQ people, 123, 195 LGBTQ rights groups, 243 Liberal political parties (Europe), 188 License Raj system (India), 67, 69 “The Limits to Growth” study (Peccei), 47, 48, 52 Lin, David, 49 LinkedIn (US), 211 “Little Mermaid” statue (Copenhagen), 200 Liu Guohong, 57 Living Standards Framework (LSF) [New Zealand], 222–223, 234–236 Local government.

How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason
by Lee McIntyre
Published 14 Sep 2021

Kara Holsopple, “The Philosophy of Climate Denial,” Allegheny Front, September 18, 2019, https://www.alleghenyfront.org/the-philosophy-of-climate-denial/. 16. https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/11/30/salary/. 17. Eliza Griswold, “People in Coal Country Worry about the Climate, Too,” New York Times, July 13, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/13/opinion/sunday/jobs-climate-green-new-deal.html. 18. Remember that 18 percent drop in coal in 2019? This is what he was talking about. 19. Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Anchor, 2017). 20. Andrew Norman, Mental Immunity: Infectious Ideas, Mind-Parasites, and the Search for a Better Way to Think (New York: Harper Wave, 2021). 21.

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Gorman, Sara, and Jack Gorman. Denying to the Grave: Why We Ignore the Facts That Will Save Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Griswold, Eliza. “People in Coal Country Worry about the Climate, Too.” New York Times, July 13, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/13/opinion/sunday/jobs-climate-green-new-deal.html. Haidt, Jonathan. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage, 2012. Hall, Shannon. “Exxon Knew about Climate Change Almost 40 Years Ago.” Scientific American, October 26, 2015. Hamilton, Lawrence. “Conservative and Liberal Views of Science: Does Trust Depend on Topic?”

Four Futures: Life After Capitalism
by Peter Frase
Published 10 Mar 2015

There has always been such an apocalyptic streak on the Left. This is somewhat understandable, given the current state of our politics: in technical terms, we can identify actions that have a hope of staving off disaster, but these seem so gigantic in scale, and the political obstacles so great, as to be practically impossible. We could undertake a green New Deal that would replace our carbon-based energy system with wind, solar, and other renewable sources. We could build high-speed trains and other mass transit to replace the gas-burning automobile as the center of our transportation system. We might even be able to remediate some of the worst impacts of the carbon emissions that are currently ongoing, through the technologies of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration.

A People's History of Poverty in America
by Stephen Pimpare
Published 11 Nov 2008

Culclasure, eds., The Confession of Edward Isham: A Poor White Life of the Old South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998 [1860]), 23. 25 Bellows, Benevolence Among Slaveholders, 91. 26 Ash, “Poor Whites in the Occupied South,” 39–62. 27 I set aside here whether the systems of national veteran’s pensions, inaugurated with the Revolutionary War, would better be identified as the first American welfare state institution. 28 It was reorganized and renamed the Department of Defense in 1949. 29 Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds., Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (New York: The New Press, 1992), 168, 228. 30 Ibid., 169. 31 Ibid., 435–36, 477, 461–63. 32 Green, Before the New Deal; Green, New Deal and Beyond. 33 Franklin, “Public Welfare in the South,” 379–92. 34 Berlin et al., Free at Last, 314, 318. 35 Ira C. Colby, “The Freedman’s Bureau: From Social Welfare to Segregation,” Phylon 46, no. 3 (1985): 219–30. Lerner reports that the Freedman’s Bureau established more than four thousand schools, which had by 1870 educated almost 250,000 black children; these were in many ways precursors to the broader public school system that would be established throughout the United States in the late century.

…

Coclanis, eds., Confronting Southern Poverty in the Great Depression: The Report on Economic Conditions of the South with Related Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1996), 54ff. 45 Introduction and Kathleen Gorman, “Confederate Pensions as Southern Social Welfare,” in Green, Before the New Deal; introduction in Green, New Deal and Beyond. 46 Joe William Trotter Jr., From a Raw Deal to a New Deal? African Americans, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), chaps. 1 and 2. 47 The EITC may function in this manner, as a subsidy to low-wage employers. See Robert M. Solow et al., Work and Welfare (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998); Jamie Peck, Workfare States (New York: Guilford Press, 2001). 48 Raper, Preface to Peasantry; James C.

Losing Earth: A Recent History
by Nathaniel Rich
Published 4 Aug 2018

We stand as the defenders of the moral rights of every citizen of our planet. A year later the foreign minister of the Marshall Islands said that the islanders’ forced abandonment of their homes and cultures “is equivalent in our minds to genocide.” The American college students leading the movement to demand a Green New Deal—an omnibus piece of legislation not unlike those proposed by Timothy Wirth and Claudine Schneider in 1988 and Barack Obama in 2008—increasingly speak in the same register as the leaders of the sinking island nations. The hundreds of students who staged a sit-in at Nancy Pelosi’s office after the Democrats regained control of the House of Representatives in 2018, demanding comprehensive climate legislation, said things like: “We are angry at the cowardice of our leaders,” “We are standing for our future,” “Our lives are at stake.”

Open: The Story of Human Progress
by Johan Norberg
Published 14 Sep 2020

Technocrats who reject dynamism are also of both the Left and the Right – those who want to control the future to ensure progress is equitable and doesn’t hurt labour interests, and those who want to do so to protect culture and social cohesion. Leftist Democrats want to plan the economy to create the right jobs, like the Green New Deal (which ‘wasn’t originally a climate thing at all’, but ‘a how-do-you-change-the-entire-economy thing’, as one of its originators has admitted).27 National conservatives want to plan the economy and restrict foreign competition to create stable employment in traditional industries like manufacturing.

…

(Fukuyama), 362–5 End of Work, The (Rifkin), 312 Engels, Friedrich, 33, 36, 162, 206, 247, 256 English Civil War (1642–1651), 148, 183, 184, 201 Enigma machine, 124–6 Enlightenment, 4, 5, 6, 13, 103, 154–60, 165–6, 195–6 Environmental Performance Index, 327 Ephesus, 45 Epic of Gilgamesh, The, 38 Epicurus, 134–5 Epstein, Richard, 320 equality matching, 262–6, 267 Erasmus, 152 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 354 Ethiopia, 72, 130 ethnocentrism, 219, 271 Etruscan civilization (c. 900–27 BC), 43 Eubulus, 47 eugenics, 109 Euphrates river, 37 Euripides, 132 European Organization for Nuclear Research, 306 European Parliament, 325 European Union (EU) Brexit (2016–), 9, 14, 118, 238, 240–41, 349, 354, 379 common currency, 280–81 freedom of movement, 118, 343 migration crisis (2015–), 10, 114, 115, 342–3, 358 subsidies in, 280 trade and, 272 United States, trade with, 19 Evans, Oliver, 203 Evolution of God, The (Wright), 249 evolutionary psychology, 14, 23, 225 exoticism, 84 Expressionism, 198 Facebook, 239, 309 Falwell, Jerry, 113–14 Farage, Nigel, 241 farming, see agriculture Fascist Italy (1922–1943), 105, 219 FedEx, 319 Feifer, Jason, 290–92 Fenway Park, Boston, 223 Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, 97, 98, 106 Ferguson, Charles, 314 Fermi, Enrico, 105 Ferney, France, 153 feudalism, 92, 194, 202, 208 fight-or-flight instinct, 15, 346, 348–9 filter bubbles, 239 financial crisis (2008), 10, 15, 62, 254, 333, 358, 359–60 fire, control of, 32–3, 76 Flanders, 208 fluyts, 100 Flynn effect, 109 Fogel, Robert, 276 folk economics, 258–62 football, 223–4, 245–6 Forbes, 274 Ford, Henry, 203 Fortune 500 companies, 82 Fox News, 82, 302, 354 France, 151 American Revolutionary War (1775–83), 201 automation in, 313 Cathars, 94, 142 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty (1860), 53–4 corruption in, 345 Dutch War (1672–8), 101 Encyclopédie, 154 free zones in, 180–81 Huguenots, persecution of, 97, 99, 101, 158, 193 immigration in, 115 Jews, persecution of, 96, 97, 254 languages in, 289 Minitel, 313 Revolution (1789–99), 201, 292 Royal Academy of Sciences, 156 ruin follies, 287 St Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 97 Thököly Uprising (1678–85), 137 Uber in, 320 University of Paris, 140, 141–2, 143 Francis I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 178 Franciscans, 144 Franklin, Benjamin, 107 Franks, 92 free speech, 127, 131–2, 160, 163–5, 343 Chicago principles, 164–5 emigration for, 152–3 university campuses, 163–5 free trade, see under trade Fried, Dan, 289 Friedman, Benjamin, 253 Friedman, David, 284 Friedman, Thomas, 325 Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, 153 Fukuyama, Francis, 362–5 Fulda, Germany, 179, 180 Future and Its Enemies, The (Postrel), 300 Future of Nostalgia, The (Boym), 288 Galatia, 90 Galaxy Zoo, 80 Galilei, Galileo, 146, 150 Gallup, 164 game theory, 26 Gandhi, Indira, 326 gas lighting, 297 Gates, William ‘Bill’, 274, 277, 309 Gauls, 90, 91, 92 gay rights, 113, 336 Geary, Patrick, 288–9 gender equality, 113, 114 General Motors, 64 generations baby-boom generation (1946–64), 294, 340 generation X (1965–80), 340 immigration and, 106, 110–11, 113–14 interwar generation (1928–45), 340 millennial generation (1981–96), 340 nostalgia and, 291, 293–4, 296 genetically modified organisms (GMO), 299, 301 Geneva, Switzerland, 152, 153 Genghis Khan, 94–5, 96, 174 Genoa, Republic of (1005–1797), 73, 178 George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 193 George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 103, 193 George Mason University, 257, 258 Georgia, 365 Georgia, United States, 349 German Conservative Party, 254 Germany automatic looms, 179 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), 10, 340, 341, 363, 364 Bronze Age migration, 75 budget deficits, 60 COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20), 12 guilds in, 190 immigration in, 114, 115 Jews, persecution of, 99, 104–6, 109, 220, 233 migration crisis (2015–), 342–3 Nazi period (1933–45), 104–6, 109, 124, 220, 233, 353 Neolithic migration, 74 protectionism in, 314 Reichstag fire (1933), 353 Thirty Years War (1618–48), 150 United States, migration to, 104, 107–8, 111 Weimar period (1918–33), 353 al-Ghazali, 139 Gholia, 89 Gibbon, Edward, 90 Gilder, George, 314 Gilgamesh, 38 Gillis, John, 291 Gingrich, Newton, 313 Gini coefficient, 273 Gintis, Herbert, 36 global history, 13 global price crisis (2010–11), 11 global warming, 75, 323, 325, 326–34 globalization, 4, 55, 270 backlashes against, 9, 14, 54, 57 cities and, 35 classical world, 43–50 conspiracy theories on, 323 disease and, 11, 77–9 United States and, 19 Westernization, 4 Glorious Revolution (1688), 101, 185–8, 190, 193 Goa, India, 146–7 golden nugget theory, 5 Golden Rule, 251–2 Golding, William, 219, 243, 244 Goldstone, Jack, 5, 133, 353 Goodness Paradox, The (Wrangham), 227 Google, 309, 311 Gordon, Thomas, 201 Göring, Hermann, 106 gossip, 229 Goths, 92 Gottlieb, Anthony, 135 Great Awakening (1730–55), 102 Great Depression (1929–39), 54–5, 56, 254 Great Enrichment, 167, 204 Great Recession (2007–9), 254–5, 358, 359–60 Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 37 Great Vanishing, 134–5 Great Wall of China, 178 Greece, ancient, 127–32, 169 Athens, 47, 53, 89, 90, 131–2, 134 Axial Age, 129 cosmopolitanism, 87–8 golden nugget theory, 5 Ionian enlightenment, 127–9 Mycenae, 88 philosophy, 13, 70, 127–32, 134–5, 136 Phoenicians, relations with, 43, 44, 45, 46 science, 127–32, 136 Sparta, 47, 54, 90, 132 trade, attitudes towards, 47, 54 xenophobia in, 90 Green New Deal, 302 Greene, Joshua, 216, 259 Greenland, 51 Gregorian calendar, 137, 152 Gregory IX, Pope, 142 Gregory XIII, Pope, 152 gross domestic product (GDP), 68–9, 257, 278–9 Grotius, Hugo, 147, 152–3 groupthink, 83 Guangzhou, Guangdong, 352 guilds, 190 Gutenberg, Johannes, 146 Haber, Fritz, 105 Habsburg Empire (1282–1918) anti-Semitism in, 254 Austria, 151, 179, 190 refugees, 99 Spain, 98–9, 208 Hadrian, Roman Emperor, 91 Hadrian’s Wall, 47 Hagley Park, West Midlands, 286–7 Haidt, Jonathan, 163, 229, 344, 348, 357 Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 72 Hamas, 365 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 173 Hanseatic League (1358–1862), 53 Hanson, Robin, 282 Hanway, Jonas, 298 Happy Days, 294 Harari, Yuval Noah, 38 Harriot, Thomas, 150 Hartsoeker, Nicolaas, 159 Harvard Business Review, 313 Harvard University, 116, 122, 137, 253, 309, 313 Haskell, Thomas, 206 Hässelby, Stockholm, 217–18, 245 Hayashi, Stuart, 370 Hayek, Friedrich, 1, 7, 29, 300, 325 Hebrew Bible, 248–50 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 288, 365 Helm, Dieter, 328, 331 Henrich, Joseph, 36 Hercules, 87 Herodotus, 132 Hewlett-Packard, 304 Higgs, Robert, 337 Hill, Christopher, 182 Hinduism, 136, 149, 354 von Hippel, William, 24, 25, 262, 284 Hippocrates, 128 Hispanic people, 110–11 Hitler, Adolf, 104–5, 353 Hobbes, Thomas, 9, 152, 226 Hofer, Johannes, 288 Holmgren, Pär, 325 Holocaust (1941–5), 109, 220 Holy Roman Empire (800–1806), 155, 181, 288 Homestead Acts, 171 Homo economicus, 34, 36 Homo erectus, 76, 267 Homo sapiens, 3, 21, 23, 30–33, 76, 259–62, 282, 371 homosexuality, 79, 113–14, 336 Homs, Syria, 82 Honeywell, 303 Hong Kong, 53, 235, 316 Hoover, Herbert, 55 horseshoes, 203 House of Wisdom, Baghdad, 136 Household Narrative, The, 297 housing, 375–6 Huguenots, 97, 99, 101, 158, 193 human rights, 87, 147, 213 humanitarianism, 204–7 Hume, David, 151, 154, 194 Hungary, 105, 190, 235, 237, 354, 357 hunkering down, 121, 165 Huns, 93 hunter-gatherer societies death rate, 9 disease and, 78 division of labour and, 29, 32, 40–41, 57 equality matching, 262–3, 265 inbreeding and, 78 isolation and, 52 migration, 73–4, 78–9 physical fallacy, 268 race and, 232 trade, 265 tyranny of cousins, 230 Huntington, Samuel, 110, 362–3, 365–6 Hussein, Saddam, 345 Hussey, Edward, 287 Hutchins, Robert Maynard, 165 Hutus, 230–31 Hypatia, 134 hyper-fast stars, 80 IBM, 305, 307, 319 Ibn al-Haytham, 156 Ibn Hayyan, Jabir, 156 Ibn Rushd, 137–8, 143, 144, 145 ice core drilling, 49 Identity & Violence (Sen), 231 identity politics, 241 al-Idrisi, Muhammad, 137 immigration birth rates and, 115 crime and, 110, 119 culture and, 69–73, 116, 119, 120–23 disgust and, 336, 371 division of labour and, 117 empires and, 84–106 European migration crisis (2015–), 10, 114, 115, 118, 342–3 exoticism, 84 GDP and, 68 innovation and, 81–4 Islam and, 112–14, 255 labour market and, 115, 116–19 opposition to, 69, 70, 114–23, 223, 254–5 productivity and, 68, 81, 117, 204 protectionism and, 66–7 self-selection and, 107, 112 skilled vs unskilled, 66, 82, 102, 116, 117 trade and, 35, 66–7, 234–5 tribalism and, 223, 235–6, 240, 243 urban vs rural areas, 114 welfare and, 118, 281 zero-sum thinking and, 254–5, 259 immigration in United States, 102–14 crime and, 110, 119 innovation and, 81–2, 202 overestimation of, 115, 223 tribalism and, 223, 240 zero-sum thinking and, 254–5, 259 In Defence of Global Capitalism (Norberg), 270 in vitro fertilization, 298–9 inbreeding, 78 India, 42, 45, 46, 56, 75, 129, 136, 140, 146, 270 Arabic numerals, 70, 137 engineering in, 269 Hindu nationalism, 354 industrialization, 207 Maurya Empire (323–184 BC), 53 Mughal Empire (1526–1857), 98, 148, 149, 215 national stereotypes, 235 Pakistan, relations with, 366 pollution in, 326 poverty in, 276, 326 Indo-European language, 75 Indonesia, 41 Industrial Revolution; industrialization, 5, 6, 13, 54, 132, 180, 339 in Britain, 182, 188–99, 202 in China, 169, 172–3, 207 climate change and, 326 in Dutch Republic, 101 in India, 207 in Japan, 71 in United States, 202, 291–2 in Vietnam, 207 inequality, 273, 349 Inglehart, Ronald, 339 ingroups and outgroups, 217–47 fluidity, 230–38 political, 224–5, 238–42 zero-sum relationships and, 252–5 Innocent III, Pope, 233 InnoCentive, 126–7 innovation, 4, 6, 10, 27, 80 ancient world, 32, 42, 44, 46 authoritarianism and, 318 bureaucratic inertia and, 318–21 canon and, 195 cities and, 40, 53, 79 creative destruction, 57, 179, 182, 190 cultural evolution, 28 immigration and 81–4 patent systems, 189–90 population and, 27, 51, 53 Schumpeterian profits, 273–5 resistance to, 10, 179–81 zero-sum thinking and, 266–9 Inquisition, 150 France, 94, 143 Portugal, 100 Spain, 97, 98 intellectual property, 58 Intergalactic Computer Network, 307 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 117 Internet, 57, 275, 278, 306–11, 312, 313 interwar generation (1928–45), 340 Inuit, 22, 51 Ionian enlightenment, 127–9 IQ (intelligence quotient), 109 Iran, 365 Ireland, 104, 108–9, 111, 112, 379 iron, 172 Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 97 Isaiah, 46 Isaura Palaia, Galatia, 90 Isenberg, Daniel, 296 Isis, 89 Islam; Islamic world Arab Spring (2011), 10, 342 clash of civilizations narrative, 237, 365 conflict within, 365 efflorescence, 6, 53, 136–41 fundamentalism, 112, 134, 139, 351 Koran, 137, 250–51 migration from, 112–14 orthodox backlash, 148–9 philosophy, 5, 13 science, 70, 132, 136–41 values in, 112, 113 Islamic State, 351, 365–6 Islamic world, 5, 6, 13, 53, 70 Israel, 111, 365 Italy, 6, 151, 169 anti-Semitism in, 254 Fascist period (1922–1943), 105 Genoa, Republic of (1005–1797), 73, 178 guilds in, 190 Lombard League (1167–1250), 181 Ötzi, 1–2, 8–9, 73, 74 Padua, 144, 146 Papacy in, 155, 181 Renaissance, 6, 150, 153, 169 United States, migration to, 104, 109 Venice, Republic of (697–1797), 53, 144, 152, 174, 181 Jacobs, Jane, 39–40, 79, 264 James II and VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, 185–6 Jamestown, Virginia, 200 Japan housing in, 376 kimonos, 73 Meiji Restoration (1868), 53, 70–71 protectionism, 314 Tokugawa Shogunate (1600–1868), 54 United States, migration to, 104, 236, 335 Japanning, 156 JavaScript, 310 jealous emulation, 154–7 jeans, 73 Jefferson, Thomas, 103, 184, 201, 205 Jenner, Edward, 296 Jerusalem, 87, 251 Jesus, 250 Jews in Abbasid Caliphate, 136 anti-Semitism, 254–5, 356 Ashkenazim, 99 Babylonian captivity, 87, 249 Bible, 46, 72, 248–50 Black Death and, 355–6 in Britain, 101, 193 in Dutch Republic, 99, 100, 150 in Germany, 99, 104–6, 109, 111, 254 Inquisition and, 97, 98 in Israel, 111 Mongol invasion and, 95 Muhammed and, 251 Nazirites, 72 in Ottoman Empire, 98 persecution of, 11, 95–7, 109, 220, 233, 251, 355–6 in Poland, 111, 220 in Roman Empire, 90, 93, 94 Sephardim, 99 in Song Empire, 170 in Spain, 97, 98, 99, 140 in United States, 102, 109 Jim Crow laws (1877–1965), 106, 254 Job Buddy, 375 Jobless Future, The (Aronowitz), 312 Jobs, Steven, 82, 304 John Chrysostom, 135 John III Sobieski, King of Poland, 237, 238 Johnson, Samuel, 191, 197 Johnson, Steven, 306 Jones, Rhys, 51 Joule, James Prescott, 196 Judaism, 46, 72, 93, 94, 96, 97 Jupiter, 145 Jurchen people, 172 Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor, 134, 224 Kahn, Robert, 307 Kandinsky, Wassily, 220–21, 289 Kant, Immanuel, 154 Karakorum, Mongol Empire, 96 al-Karaouine, Morocco, 137 Kearney, Denis, 109 keels, 44 Kenya, 21–2 Khayyam, Omar, 137 al-Khwarizmi, 137 Kiesling, Lynne, 328 Kim Jong-il, 314–15 kimonos, 73 King, Martin Luther, 19 King, Steven, 111 Kipling, Rudyard, 70 Klee, Paul, 220–21, 289 Know-Nothings, 108–9 Kodak, 319 Koran, 137, 250–51 Kramer, Samuel Noah, 37, 292 Krastev, Ivan, 342–3 Krugman, Paul, 309 Ku Klux Klan, 254 Kublai Khan, 174 Kurds, 136 Kushim, 37–8 labour mobility, 69, 374–7 lacquerware, 156 lactose, 75 Lao Tzu, 129 lapis lazuli, 70 Late Bronze-Age Collapse (1200–1150 BC), 44, 49, 54 Lebanon, 43, 236 Lee, William, 179 leisure, 199 Lenin, Vladimir, 256 Lesbos, 141 Levellers, 183–4, 186 Leviathan (Hobbes), 152 Levinovitz, Alan Jay, 290 Levy, David, 205 Lewis, David Levering, 140 Libanius, 49 liberalism, 14, 183, 334–40 colonialism and, 214 disgust and, 335, 336 dynamism and, 301 economic, 185, 336 Islam and, 112–14 security and, 334–40, 378 slave trade and, 205 universities and, 163 Libya, 48, 89, 366 Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett, 307 life expectancy, 4, 169, 339 light bulbs, 297 Lilburne, John, 183 Lincoln, Abraham, 203 Lind, Amanda, 72 Lindsey, Brink, 301 literacy, 15, 57, 168 in Britain, 188, 198 in China, 148 in Dark Ages, 50 empathy and, 246–7 in Greece, 128–9 in Renaissance, 146, 148 Lithuania, 238 Little Ice Age, 148 lobbying, 280, 329 Locke, John, 100, 152, 185, 186, 201 Lombard League, 181 London, England, 190, 193–4, 197 7/7 bombings (2005), 341 London Bridge stabbings (2019), 120 Long Depression (1873–86), 253–4 Lord of the Flies (Golding), 219, 243, 244 Lord’s Resistance Army, 365 Louis IX, King of France, 96 Louis XIV, King of France, 237 Louis XVI, King of France, 201 love, 199 Lucas, Robert, 167 Lucy, 24–5 Lugh, 89 Lul, 111 Luther, Martin, 150, 356 Lutheranism, 99, 356 Lüthi, Max, 351 Lysenko, Trofim, 162 Lyttelton family, 286 Macartney Mission (1793), 176 Macedonian Empire (808–148 BC), 84, 87–9 Madison, James, 337 madrasas, 138 Madrid train bombings (2004), 341 Maduro, Nicolás, 354, 380 Magna Carta (1215), 5 Magris, Claudio, 219 Malacca, 100 Maltesholm School, Hässelby, 217–18, 245 mammoths, 76 Manchester United, 246 Manichaeism, 93 Mann, Thomas, 79 Mansfield, Edward, 271 Mao Zedong, 53, 162, 315, 316, 317, 355 Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 91 Marduk, 87 de Mariana, Juan, 147 markets, 37 humanitarianism and, 204, 206 immigration and, 68 tribalism, 247 ultimatum game, 34–5 Marley, Robert ‘Bob’, 72 marriage, 199 Marshall, Thurgood, 335 Marx, Karl, 33, 36, 162, 169, 247, 255–6 Marxism, 33, 36, 162, 182, 256, 268 Mary II, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, 186, 193 Maryland, United States, 349 Maslow, Abraham, 339, 341 al-Masudi, 136 mathematics, 70, 134, 135, 137, 156 Maurya Empire (323–184 BC), 53 Mauss, Marcel, 71 McCarthy, Joseph, 335 McCarthy, Kevin, 108 McCloskey, Deirdre, 167, 189, 191–2, 198 McConnell, Addison Mitchell ‘Mitch’, 108 McKinsey, 313 measles, 77 media, 346–9, 370 Medicaid, 119 Medina, 251 Medusa, 88 Meiji Restoration (1868), 53, 70–71 Mencken, Henry Louis, 325, 353 Mercury, 89 Merkel, Angela, 343 Mesopotamia, 37–43, 45, 70, 292–3 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 142 Mexico, 73, 77, 257 United States, migration to, 110, 122, 223, 240, 255 Miami, Florida, 120 Micro-80 computers, 304 Microsoft, 305–6, 309 middle class, 60–61 Migration Advisory Committee, UK, 118 Miletus, 127 militarism, 214 Mill, John Stuart, 124, 160, 164, 176, 319 millennial generation (1981–96), 340 Milton, John, 150 Ming Empire (1368–1644), 54, 148, 175, 177–8, 179, 215 minimal group paradigm, 220–22 Minitel, 313 Mobutu Sese Seko, 187 Mokyr, Joel, 157, 195, 196–7 Molyneux, Stefan, 84 Mongol Empire (1206–1368), 53, 84, 94–7, 138, 139, 173–4, 352–3 monopolies, 182, 189 Monte Testaccio, 48 Montesquieu, 89, 94 Moral Consequences of Growth, The (Friedman), 253 Moral Man and Immoral Society (Niebuhr), 253 Moriscos, 97 mortgages, 375 Moscow Institute of Electronic Engineering, 304 most-favoured-nations clause, 53–4 Mughal Empire (1526–1857), 98, 148, 149, 215 Muhammed, Prophet of Islam, 251 Murray, William Vans, 104 Muslims migration of, 112–14, 170, 255 persecution of, 97, 106, 233, 355 Mutz, Diana, 271 Mycenae, 88 Myth of Nations, The (Geary), 288–9 Myth of the Rational Voter, The (Caplan), 258 Naipaul, Vidiadhar Surajprasad, 167 Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 288 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 126, 127 National Library of Medicine, US, 12 National Science Foundation, US, 313 National Security Agency, US, 313 national stereotypes, 235 nationalism, 9, 11, 13, 16 civic nationalism, 377–8 clash of civilizations narrative, 237 cultural purity and, 69, 70, 71, 352 immigration and, 69, 70, 82 nostalgia and, 287–8, 351 World War I (1914–18), 214 zero-sum thinking, 253, 254, 259, 272 nativism, 14, 122, 176, 223, 254, 349–51, 358 Natural History Museum, London, 124, 125 Naturalism, 198 Nazi Germany (1933–45), 104–6, 109, 124, 220, 233, 353 Nazirites, 72 Neanderthals, 30–33, 75, 76 Nebuchadnezzar, Babylonian Emperor, 46 neckties, 72 negative income tax, 374–5 Neilson, James Beaumont, 194 Nemeth, Charlan, 83 Neo-Classicism, 198 Neolithic period (c. 10,000–4500 BC), 74 Netflix, 309, 310 Netherlands, 99 von Neumann, John, 105 neurasthenia, 291 New Atlantis (Bacon), 147 New Guinea, 41 New Testament, 250 New York, United States crime in, 246, 334 September 11 attacks (2001), 10, 114, 340–42 New York Times, 291, 297, 325 New York University, 223 New York Yankees, 223 Newcomen, Thomas, 196 Newton, Isaac, 158–9, 201 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 131 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 253 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 365 Nîmes, France, 73 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 230, 368 Nineveh, Assyria, 248–9 Nixey, Catherine, 134 Nobel Prize, 82, 105, 276 non-market societies, 34, 35 Nordhaus, William, 273–4 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 63, 64 North Carolina, United States, 102 North Korea, 54, 314–15, 366 North Star, 44 nostalgia, 14, 286–95, 313, 351 Not Fit for Our Society (Schrag), 107 novels, 188–9, 246–7 nuclear power, 301, 327, 328, 329, 332 nuclear weapons, 105, 290, 306 O’Rourke, Patrick Jake, 280 Oannes, 267 Obama, Barack, 66, 240, 329 obsidian, 22, 29 occupational licensing, 376–7 Ögedei Khan, 96 Ogilvie, Sheilagh, 179 Oklahoma, United States, 218–19 Old Testament, 46, 72, 248–50 olive oil, 48 Olorgesailie, 21–2 omnivores, 299 On Liberty (Mill), 160 one-year-old children, 26 open society, 6 open-mindedness, 35, 112 Opening of the mouth’ rite, 70 Orbán, Viktor, 354, 380 de Orta, Garcia, 146–7 Orwell, George, 230, 368 Osman II, Ottoman Sultan, 148 Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), 84, 94, 98, 148, 215, 220, 237, 353 Ötzi, 1–2, 8–9, 73, 74 overpopulation, 81, 160 Overton, Richard, 183 Pacific islands, 52 Paine, Thomas, 56, 158, 247 Pakistan, 70, 366 Pallas Athena, 89 Pallavicino, Ferrante, 150 Palmer, Tom Gordon, 15 Panthers and Pythons, 243–4 Papacy, 102, 142, 143, 152, 155, 178 Papin, Denis, 179, 180 Paris, France exiles in, 152, 153 University of Paris, 140, 141–2, 143 parochialism, 216 patent systems, 58, 82, 189–90, 203, 314 in Britain, 179, 189–90, 203, 314 in China, 58 in France, 189 immigrants and, 82 in Netherlands, 189 in United States, 203 PayPal, 310 Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 208 peer review, 127 Pence, Michael, 108 penny universities, 166 Pericles, 131 Permissionless Innovation (Thierer), 299 Perry, Gina, 243 Perseus, 87–8 Persia, ancient, 84, 86–7, 88, 95, 129, 215 Abbasid period (750–1258), 136 Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), 86–7, 88 Greeks, influence on, 129 Mongols, influence on, 95 Safavid Empire (1501–1736), 149 Sasanian Empire (224–651), 134 personality traits, 7 Pertinax, Roman Emperor, 91 Pessimists Archive, 290, 297, 298 Pessinuntia, 89 Peters, Margaret, 66 Peterson Institute for International Economics, 60 Petty, William, 296 Philip II King of Spain, 98 Phoenicia (2500–539 BC), 43–6, 49, 70, 128–9 Phoenicia dye, 44 Phrygians, 89 physical fallacy, 267–8 Physics (Aristotle), 142 Pietists, 153 Pinker, Steven, 23, 243, 266, 324 Plague of Justinian (541–750), 77 Plato, 130, 131, 132, 134, 352 pluralism, 85, 129, 357 Plutarch, 45–6 Poland Battle of Vienna (1683), 237, 238 Dutch Republic, migration to, 99 Holocaust (1941–5), 220 immigration, 116 Israel, migration to, 111 United Kingdom, migration to, 120 United States, migration to, 108, 109 Polanyi, Karl, 37 polio, 293 pollution, 326, 347 Polo, Marco, 174 Popper, Karl, 6, 26, 127, 129, 130, 182–3, 237, 362 population density, 28 populism, 9, 13, 14, 16, 324, 379–82 authoritarianism and, 325, 350–51 complexity and, 324 nostalgia and, 295, 324, 351 trade and, 19 zero-sum thinking and, 254, 259, 274 pornography, 113, 336 Portugal Empire (1415–1999), 100, 146–7, 178 guilds in, 190 Inquisition, 100 Postrel, Virginia, 300, 312, 326 pound locks, 172 poverty, 4, 168, 213, 270 in Britain, 256 in China, 4, 316 immigration and, 66, 69, 81, 121 in Japan, 71 Jeff Bezos test, 275–9 Preston, Lancashire, 190 priests, 41, 128 printing, 146, 153, 171 Pritchard, James Bennett, 43 productivity cities and, 40 foreign trade and, 57, 59, 63 free goods and, 278 immigration and, 68, 81, 117, 204 programming, 8 Progress (Norberg), 12–13 progressives, 286, 300–302 Proserpina, 89 protectionism, 13, 15, 16, 54–5 Great Depression (1929–39), 54–5 immigration and, 66–7 Internet and, 314 Trump administration (2017–), 19, 57–8 Protestantism, 99, 104, 148, 149, 153, 169, 178, 237 Prussia (1701–1918), 153, 288 Psychological Science, 335 Puerto Rico, 80 Pufendorf, Samuel, 147 purchasing power, 59, 61, 63, 66, 198 Puritanism, 99, 102 Putin, Vladimir, 14, 353–4 Putnam, Robert, 121, 165 Pythagoras, 137 Pythons and Panthers, 243–4 al-Qaeda, 351 Qianlong, Qing Emperor, 153 Qing Empire (1644–1912), 148, 149, 151, 153, 175–7, 179 Quakers, 99, 102, 206 Quarantelli, Enrico, 338 Quarterly Journal of Economics, The, 63 race; racism, 76–7, 206, 231–4, 358–9 railways, 53, 179, 202, 296, 297 Rammstein, 274 RAND Corporation, 307 Raphael, 137 Rastafari, 72 Rattlers and Eagles, 218–19, 236, 243, 252 reactive aggression, 227–8 Reagan, Ronald, 63, 111 Realism, 198 realistic conflict theory, 222 Reconquista (711–1492), 139 Red Genies, 236 Red Sea, 75 Reformation, 148, 155 refugees crime and, 119 European migration crisis (2015–), 10, 114, 115, 281, 342–3 integration of, 117–18 German Jews (1933–45), 104–6, 109 Rembrandt, 99 reminiscence bump, 294 Renaissance, 5, 6, 132, 143, 145–6, 149–50, 215 Republic of Letters, 157–9, 165, 195 Republic, The (Plato), 352 Republican Party, 164, 225, 238, 240, 301 Reynell, Carew, 184 Reynolds, Glenn, 308 Ridley, Matthew, 20–21, 80 right to work laws, 65 Rizzo, Frank, 334 Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 325 Robbers Cave experiment (1954), 218–19, 236, 243, 252, 371 Robbins, Caroline, 200–201 Robertson, Marion Gordon ‘Pat’, 114 Robinson, James, 185, 187, 200 rock paper scissors, 26 Rogers, Will, 282 Roman Law, 5 Romanticism, 198, 287, 296–7 Rome, ancient, 47–50, 89–94, 132 Antonine Plague (165–80), 77 assimilation, 91–2 chariot racing, 224 Christianity in, 90, 93–4, 133–4 citizenship, 91 cosmopolitanism, 89–91 fall of, 54, 94 gods in, 89–90 golden nugget theory, 5 globalization, 45–6, 47–50 haircuts, 72 Latin alphabet, 45 philosophy, 70, 136 Phoenicians, relations with, 43, 44 Sabines, relations with, 89 Social War (91–88 BC), 91 trousers, attitudes towards, 92 Romulus, 89, 90 Rotterdam, Holland, 158 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 226 Royal Navy, 205 Royal Society, 156, 157, 158, 196 Rubin, Paul, 258 ruin follies, 286–7 rule of law, 68, 189, 269, 334, 343, 358, 379 Rumbold, Richard, 183–4 Rushdie, Salman, 73 Ruskin, John, 206, 297 Russia Imperial period (1721–1917), 154, 289–90 Israel, migration to, 111 Mongol period (1237–1368), 95, 352 Orthodox Christianity, 155 Putin period (1999–), 14, 15, 347, 353–4, 365, 367 Soviet period (1917–91), 162, 302–5, 315, 317 United States, relations with, 236 Yamnaya people, 74–5 Rust Belt, 58, 62, 64–6, 349 Rwandan Genocide (1994), 230–31 Sabines, 89 Safavid Empire (1501–1736), 149 safety of wings, 374 Saint-Sever, France, 180 Salamanca school, 147, 150 Sanders, Bernard, 302 Santa Fe Institute, 216 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 3, 162 Saudi Arabia, 365 Scandinavia Bronze Age migration, 75 Neolithic migration, 74 United States, migration to, 104, 108 see also Sweden scapegoats, 11, 83, 253, 268, 349, 355–61 Black Death (1346–53), 352, 355–6 Great Recession (2007–9), 255 Mongol invasion (1241), 95 Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 38 School of Athens, The (Raphael), 137 School of Salamanca, 147, 150 Schrag, Peter, 107 Schrödinger, Erwin, 105, 128, 129, 132 Schumpeter, Joseph, 277 Schumpeterian profits, 273–5 science, 127–66 in China, 4, 13, 70, 153, 156, 162–3, 169–73 Christianity and, 133–5, 141–6, 149–50 Enlightenment, 154–9 experiments, 156–7 Great Vanishing, 134–5 in Greece, 127–32 jealous emulation and, 154–7 in Islamic world, 70, 132, 136–41 Renaissance, 145–6 Republic of Letters, 157–9, 165, 195 sclera, 25 Scotland, 101, 194 Scotney Castle, Kent, 287 Sculley, John, 304 sea peoples, 43 sea snails, 44 Seinfeld, Jerry, 224 Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC), 88 self-esteem, 372, 379 Sen, Amartya, 231 Seneca, 49, 91 Sephardic Jews, 99 September 11 attacks (2001), 10, 114, 340–42, 363 Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor, 91 Servius, Publius, 90 Seven Wonders of the World, 45 Seville, Spain, 91, 139 sex bonobos and, 226 encoding and, 233 inbreeding, 78 views on, 113, 336 SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), 307 Shaftesbury, Lord, see Cooper, Anthony Ashley Sherif, Muzafer, 219, 220, 222, 243, 252 Shia Islam, 149 Shining, The, 335 shirts, 72 Siberia, 76 Sicily, 89 Sierra Leone, 365 Siger of Brabant, 143, 144 Sikhism, 149 Silicon Valley, 311 Silk Road, 171, 174, 352 silver processing, 49 Simler, Kevin, 282 Simmel, Georg, 266 Simon, Julian, 81 Simple Rules for a Complex World (Epstein), 320 Singapore, 53 skilled workers, 36, 45, 66, 95, 97, 101, 117 Slater, Samuel, 202 slavery, 86, 156, 205–6, 232 in British Empire, 182, 199, 200, 205 in Mesopotamia, 40, 41, 43 in Rome, 47, 48 in Sparta, 54 in United States, 103, 106, 205, 232 smallpox, 77, 197, 293, 296 Smith, Adam, 21, 59, 192, 194, 205, 280 Smith, Fred, 319 smoke detectors, 234 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 55 snack boxes, 20 Snow, Charles Percy, 105 social media, 239, 347, 370 social status, 281–5 Social War (91–88 BC), 91 Socrates, 130, 131–2, 330 solar power, 328, 329, 331, 332 Solomon, King of Israel, 38, 45 Solyndra, 329 Song Empire (960–1279), 53, 169–75 Sony, 319 Soros, George, 323 South Korea, 314, 366 South Sudan, 365 Soviet Union (1922–91), 162, 302–5, 315, 317 Sovu, Rwanda, 231 Sowell, Thomas, 267–8 Spain, 97–101, 184, 207 Almohad Caliphate (1121–1269), 137–8 amphorae production, 48 al-Andalus (711–1492), 97, 137–9, 140 Columbus’ voyages (1492–1503), 178 Dutch Revolt (1568–1648), 98–9, 101 Empire (1492–1976), 147, 178, 182 guilds in, 190 Inquisition (1478–1834), 97, 98 Jews, persecution of, 97–8, 106, 140 Madrid train bombings (2004), 341 Muslims, persecution of, 97, 106 Reconquista (711–1492), 97, 138–9, 140 regional authorities, 152 Roman period (c.218 BC–472 AD), 48, 91 Salamanca school, 147, 150 sombreros, 73 Uber in, 320 vaqueros, 73 Spanish flu (1918–19), 77 Sparta, 47, 54, 90, 132 Spencer, Herbert, 165, 214 Spinoza, Baruch, 100, 150, 153 Spitalfields, London, 190 sports, 199, 223–4, 232–3, 245–6 Sri Lanka, 100, 365 St Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 97 St Louis, SS, 109 Standage, Tom, 166 Stanford University, 307, 311 Star Trek, 246, 259 stasists, 301–2 Statute of Labourers (1351), 208 steam engine, 179, 180, 189, 194, 203, 296 steamships, 53, 202 Stenner, Karen, 242, 343, 348, 350, 357 Stockholm, Sweden, 217–18 Stranger Things, 294 Strasbourg, France, 153 strategic tolerance, 86–96 Strindberg, August, 239 Suarez, Francisco, 147 suits, 72 Sumer (4500–1900 BC), 37–43, 45, 55, 292–3 Summers, Larry, 329 Sunni Islam, 148, 149, 238, 365 superpowers, 338–9 supply chains, 11, 62, 66 Sweden DNA in, 73 Green Party, 325 Lind dreadlocks affair (2019), 72 immigration in, 114, 115, 118, 281 manufacturing in, 65 Muslim community, 114 Neolithic migration, 74 refugees in, 118, 281, 342 United States, migration to, 107 Sweden Democrats, 281 swine flu, 3 Switzerland, 152, 153 Sylvester II, Pope, 137 Symbolism, 198 Syria, 42, 82, 342, 365, 366 tabula rasa, 225 Tacitus, 91 Taiwan, 316, 366 Taizu, Song Emperor, 170 Tajfel, Henri, 220, 221–2 Tandy, Geoffrey, 124–6 Tang Empire (618–907), 84, 170, 177, 352 Tanzania, 257 Taoism, 129, 149 tariffs, 15, 56, 373 Anglo–French Treaty (1860), 53–4 Great Depression (1929–39), 54–5 Obama’s tyre tariffs (2009), 66 Trump’s steel tariffs (2018), 272 Tasmania, 50–53, 54 Tatars, 238 taxation in Britain, 72, 187, 188, 189 carbon tax, 330–31 crony capitalism and, 279–80 immigration and, 69 negative income tax, 374–5 in Song Empire, 172 in Spanish Netherlands, 98 Taylor, Robert, 306 TCP/IP protocol, 307 technology, 296–9 automation, 63, 312–13 computers, 302–14 decline, 51–2 Internet, 57, 275, 278, 306–11, 312 nostalgia and, 296–9, 313 technocrats, 299–300, 312, 313–14, 326–9 technological decline, 51–2 telescopes, 145–6 Teller, Edward, 105 Temple of Artemis, Ephesus, 45 Temple of Serapis, Alexandria, 134 Tencent, 311 terrorism, 10, 114, 229, 340–41, 363 Tetlock, Philip, 160 textiles, 172–3 Thales, 127 Thierer, Adam, 299 third-party punishment game, 35 Thirty Years War (1618–48), 72, 97, 148, 150 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 142–3, 144–5 Thoreau, Henry David, 203 Thracians, 130 Thucydides, 131, 132 Tiangong Kaiwu, 153 Tibetans, 85 Tierra del Fuego, 52–3 Tigris river, 37, 139 Timurid Empire (1370–1507), 139 tin, 42 Tokugawa Shogunate (1600–1868), 54 Toledo, Spain, 140 tolerance, 86–114, 129 Tomasello, Michael, 25 ‘too big to fail’, 280 Tower of Babel, 39 Toynbee, Arnold, 382 trade, 13, 19–23, 28–9, 129, 140, 363, 373 backlashes against, 19, 54–67, 254 benefit–cost ratio, 60, 61, 62 Britain, 181–99 competitive advantage, 28–9 division of labour and, 28, 31, 57 Great Depression (1929–39), 54–5 Greece, ancient, 47 humanitarianism and, 204–7 Mesopotania, 37–43 migration and, 35, 66–7, 234–5 morality of, 33–6 Phoenicia, 43–6 Rome, ancient, 47–50 snack boxes, 20 United States, 19, 57–8, 202–3 zero-sum thinking and, 248, 252–66, 270–72 trade unions, 64, 65, 272, 374 Trajan, Roman Emperor, 91 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 58 Transparency International, 381 Treaty of Trianon (1920), 354 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 353 Trenchard, John, 201 Treschow, Michael, 65 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 215, 356 tribalism, 14, 217–47, 362, 368–72 fluid, 230–38 political, 224–5, 238–42, 378, 379 media and, 348, 370 threats and, 241, 350, 370 Trollboda School, Hässelby, 218 Trump, Donald, 9, 14, 240, 313, 321, 322, 354, 365, 367, 380 immigration, views on, 223 presidential election (2016), 238, 241, 242, 349, 350 stasism, 301, 302 steel tariffs (2018), 272 trade, views on, 19, 57–8 zero-sum attitude, 248 Tunisia, 45, 48 Turing, Alan, 124 Turkey; Turks, 70, 74, 136, 156, 354, 357, 365 turtle theory, 121–2 Tutsis, 230–31 Twilight Zone, The, 260–61 Twitter, 84, 239, 245 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 186, 201 tyranny of cousins, 229, 230 tyre tariffs, 66 Tyre, 45 Uber, 319–20 Uganda, 365 Ukraine, 75, 116, 365 ultimatum game, 34–6 umbrellas, 298 uncertainty, 321–6 unemployment, 62, 373–4, 376, 377 ‘unicorns’, 82 United Auto Workers, 64 United Kingdom, see Britain United Nations, 327 United States, 199–203 Afghanistan War (2001–14), 345 America First, 19, 272 automation in, 313 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 65 California Gold Rush (1848–1855), 104 China, trade with, 19, 57, 58–9, 62–3, 64 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 254 citizenship, 103 Civil War (1861–5), 109 climate change polices in, 328 Constitution (1789), 102, 202 consumer price index, 277 COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20), 12 crime in, 110, 119, 120, 346 Declaration of Independence (1776), 103, 201, 202 dynamism in, 301–2 Federalist Party, 103 free trade gains, 60, 61 Great Depression (1929–39), 54–5, 254 gross domestic product (GDP), 257 Homestead Acts, 171 housing in, 376 immigration, see immigration in United States Industrial Revolution, 202, 291–2 innovation in, 53, 203, 298–9 intellectual property in, 58 Internet in, 306–14 Iraq War (2003–11), 345 Jim Crow laws (1877–1965), 106, 254 Know-Nothings, 108–9 Ku Klux Klan, 254 labour mobility in, 374, 376–7 lobbying in, 280, 329 Manhattan Project (1942–6), 105 manufacturing, 62–6 McCarthy era (1947–57), 335 Medicaid, 119 middle class, 60–61 NAFTA, 63, 64 National Library of Medicine, 12 national stereotypes, 235, 236 nostalgia in, 290–92, 294 open society, 169, 199–203 patent system, 203 political tribalism in, 224–5, 238, 240 populist movement, 254 presidential election (2016), 238, 241, 242, 349, 350 railways, 202 Revolutionary War (1775–83), 102–3, 200–201 Robbers Cave experiment (1954), 218–19, 236, 243, 252, 371 Rust Belt, 58, 62, 64–6, 349 Saudi Arabia, relations with, 365 Senate, 108 September 11 attacks (2001), 10, 114, 340–42, 363 slavery in, 103, 106, 205 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 55 Supreme Court, 108, 335 tariffs, 66, 272 trade deficits, 60, 270 Trump administration (2017–), see Trump, Donald unemployment in, 373, 376 universities, 163–5, 241 Vietnam War (1955–75), 345 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 345 World War II (1939–45), 56, 64, 335 Yankees, 58 United Steelworkers, 64, 272 universal basic income (UBI), 374, 375 universities, 140 University Bologna, 140 University of California, Berkeley, 311 University of Cambridge, 140 University of Chicago, 165 University of Leeds, 357 University of London, 201 University of Marburg, 153 University of Oxford, 140, 144, 145, 328 University of Padua, 144, 146 University of Paris, 140, 141–2, 143 University of Pennsylvania, 271 University of Salamanca, 140 University of Toulouse, 144 unskilled workers, 36, 66, 102, 117 untranslatable words, 288 Ur, 55 urbanization, see cities Uruk, Sumer, 39 US Steel, 64 Usher, Abbott Payson, 196 Uyghurs, 85, 174 vaccines, 12, 296, 299 Vandals, 92 Vanini, Lucilio, 150 vaqueros, 73 Vargas Llosa, Mario, 213, 261 Vatican Palace, 137 Vavilov, Nikolai, 162 Venezuela, 354 Venice, Republic of (697–1797), 53, 144, 152, 174, 181 Vermeer, Johannes, 99 Vespucci, Amerigo, 146 Vienna, Austria, 95, 237, 238 Vienna Congress (1815), 288 Vietnam, 171, 207, 270, 345 Virgil, 91 Virginia Company, 200 vitamin D, 74 de Vitoria, Francisco, 147 Vladimir’s choice, 221, 252, 271 Voltaire, 153, 193 Walton, Sam, 277 Wang, Nina, 315 War of the Polish Succession (1733–8), 289–90 Ward-Perkins, Bryan, 50 warfare, 216–17, 243 Warren, Elizabeth, 302 washing of hands, 10, 335 Washington, George, 103, 205 Washington, DC, United States, 280 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 345 Watson, John, 291 Watson, Peter, 79 Watt, James, 172, 189, 194, 274 Weatherford, Jack, 95 Web of Science, 159 Weber, Maximilian, 204 WeChat, 311 Weekly Standard, 312 welfare systems, 118, 281, 374 Wengrow, David, 42 West Africa Squadron, 205 Western Roman Empire (395–480), 94, 135 Westernization, 4–5 Wheelan, Charles, 20 Whig Party, 185, 201 White House Science Council, 313 white supremacists, 84, 351, 367 Whitechapel, London, 190 Who Are We?

Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism
by Richard D. Wolff
Published 1 Oct 2012

If governments required product labels to reflect the organization of their production, consumers’ purchases of WSDE versus capitalist commodities would be votes for WSDE and against capitalist enterprises. Finally, consider the mutual gains from a possible alliance between supporters of WSDEs and supporters of a “green” New Deal. They might press jointly for a federal jobs program addressing both their goals. Both of them could likewise join those concerned with other specific outputs a federal jobs program might target (for example, child and elder care, cultural enrichment of the sort achieved by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s, and so on).

How to Blow Up a Pipeline
by Andreas Malm
Published 4 Jan 2021

If fossil fuels continue to be combusted and temperatures to climb, physical attacks on the sources of the more and more dreadful, less and less deniable calamities should resonate with broader and broader layers. The only thing that could interfere with this tendency would be an actual annulment of businessas-usual, a Green New Deal or some similar policy package breaking the curve and moving it towards zero – then property destruction would appear superfluous to very many. This would of course be the best-case scenario, to which all efforts should contribute. In its absence, receptivity must go up, from however low levels, because climate breakdown does not smoulder; it has no stasis; it will be exacerbated by biogeochemical and physical processes that cannot be negotiated, and in the light of this temporality, typical predictions of popular support for violence would need to be revised.

Angrynomics
by Eric Lonergan and Mark Blyth
Published 15 Jun 2020

Cooperation between fiscal and monetary authorities using a system of dual interest rates can supercharge the finance of alternative energy and regional development. We also propose a new fiscal rule, which is not just prudent, but consigns austerity to history, and provides ample scope to finance various forms of a “Green New Deal”. We want to tackle wealth inequality without stifling genuine innovation. We want to encourage technological change and higher productivity, while securing decent, stable livelihoods for all in society. We demand that the planet thrive for our children. Contrary to a great deal of populist pessimism, these objectives are complimentary and require neither new borders nor economic regression.

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
by Gary Gerstle
Published 14 Oct 2022

But his poor handling of the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan in August 2021 suggested to many Americans that he did not.40 Biden, moreover, needed to surmount at least three other challenges if he was going to turn his 2020 victory into something more enduring. The first challenge concerned the climate crisis bringing droughts and fires, hurricanes and floods, and rapidly swelling streams of refugees fleeing lands no longer habitable. Biden made the achievement of a Green New Deal central to his agenda. It is not yet clear, however, whether any democratically elected leader will be able to marshal levels of popular support sufficient to uproot industries and ways of living that must be ended if global warming is to be stopped. The New Deal never faced an existential question of this sort.

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Vitale (1962), 118–19 entrepreneurialism, 4–5, 210 Environmental Protection Act (1970), 112–13, 125 Environmental Protection Agency, 114–15 environmental rights, 124–25 Episcopalianism, 208 Epstein, Richard, 124–25 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 114–15 Equal Opportunity Employment Act (1972), 113 Erdmann, Andrew, 202 Erdoğan, Recip, 275 ethnic workers, 20–21 ethnonationalism, 1, 208–9, 243–44, 275–76, 277 European roots of neoliberalism, 9 European Union (EU), 177 evangelical Christians, 2. see also Falwell, Jerry Facebook, 172–73, 279, 292–93 Fairness Doctrine (1949), 125–28, 139–40, 166–67 Fairness in Broadcasting Act, 126–27 Fallows, James, 66 Falwell, Jerry, 12–13, 120–21 fascism, 10, 29, 33–35, 39–40 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 67–68 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 26, 125–27, 165–66 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 22, 173–74 Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), 211–12, 213, 217, 218–19 Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), 211–12, 213, 217, 218–19 Federalist Society, 125 Feulner, Edwin, 108–9, 126–27 financial crisis (2007–2008), 218–29 First Amendment, 125–27 Flowers, Gennifer, 153, 186–87 Floyd, George, 286 Ford, Gerald, 63, 67–68 Ford, Henry, 31–32 Foster, Vince, 186–87 Foucault, Michel, 74, 90 The Fountainhead (Rand), 100–1 Fowler, Mark, 126–27, 128 Fox News, 128 Franco-Prussian war, 79–80 Fraser, Steve, 115 free enterprise system, 45–46, 69, 108–9, 114–15, 120–21, 141, 150, 200–1 free market capitalism, 4–5, 99–100, 105, 108–9, 120–21, 133–34, 144–45, 173, 195–96, 204, 254–55 free movement of capital, 5, 186 free movement of people, 13, 31, 177, 186, 209–10, 248, 271, 275–76, 278, 290 Free Speech movement, 8–9, 102 “free world” zone, 28–29 freedom of speech, 75–76, 126–27 freedom of the press, 125–26, 128 Freedom Rides, 50–51 Freedom Summer, 50–51 French Revolution, 30 Friedman, Milton, 87–88, 94–95, 105, 111–12, 120–21 Friedman, Thomas, 206–8, 209–10 Froman, Michael, 224 Fukuyama, Francis, 147–48 Garner, Alicia, 263–64 Garner, Jay, 197, 198 Geithner, Timothy, 213, 217, 258 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 57–58 General Electric, 172 General Motors, 221–22 George III, King, 75–76 German ordo-liberals, 92–93, 132 gig economy, 237–39 Gilbert, James, 103 Gilder, George, 109, 133–34, 160–61, 162–63, 232, 250 Gingrich, Newt, 14–15, 155–56, 163–64 Ginsberg, Allen, 98–99 Giuliani, Rudolph, 185, 235–36 Glass-Steagall Act (1933), 22, 173–74, 175–76 Global North, 9, 59–60, 61 Global South, 9 globalization cosmopolitanism and, 13 economic inequality and, 233–34, 251 neoliberalism and, 5, 229, 259–60 Trump and, 259–60, 267, 273 Goldwater, Barry, 74, 94–97, 114, 115 The Good Society (Lippmann), 86 Goodman, Paul, 8–9, 95–96, 98–99 Google, 160, 172–73, 206, 207, 279 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 142–44, 148–49, 187–88 Gore, Al, 137, 157–58, 163–64, 165, 167, 171, 189–91, 196 Gorky Automobile Factory, 32–33 government-regulated business (Hoover), 83 government sponsored enterprises (GSEs), 211–12 Graeber, David, 252–53, 254–55 Gramm, Phil, 217 Gramm-Leach bill (1999), 176 Gray, Freddie, 262–63 great compression, 25 Great Depression (1929), 3–4, 10, 19–20, 31–34, 48–49, 82, 173, 189, 220–21 Great Recession (2008–2009), 3–4, 227–28, 229, 230, 234–35, 237–38, 273 Great Society, 53–54, 55–56, 119–20, 287 Green New Deal, 285 Green Zone Americans (Iraq), 201–2 Greenspan, Alan, 66, 157–59, 179, 206, 214–16, 279–80 Growing Up Absurd (Goodman), 8–9, 95–96 The Guardian, 264 Hamby, Alonzo, 38 Hamilton, Darrick, 284 Hargis, Billy James, 119 Harris, Kamala, 286 Hart, Gary, 137 Harvey, David, 9 Hayek, Friedrich, 9, 23, 65, 73–74, 87–88, 89–90, 97–98, 105–6 Hazlitt, Henry, 45–46, 94–95 HBO, 172 health care reform (Clinton), 155–56, 157–58 Helsinki Accords, 65 Heritage Foundation, 108–9 Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 12–13, 132–34, 233–34 Hitler, Adolf, 33–34 Ho Chi Minh, 54–55 Hobhouse, L.

Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason
by Dave Rubin
Published 27 Apr 2020

If the United States were a person, his or her credit cards would’ve been canceled already. So if you couldn’t get away with it as an individual, then why should the government? Instead of focusing on what we can have for “free,” or on who we can take from to fund trendy, idealistic projects like the Green New Deal, let’s focus on keeping what we earn and cutting spending wherever possible. Remember when you were in fifth grade and your parents told you to save up for that bike you wanted? And how, after a couple months, you eventually saved enough money and got it? Yeah, let’s operate like that.

The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions
by Greta Thunberg
Published 14 Feb 2023

What it looks like. What it feels like. And what its core values are. Fortunately, there are all kinds of conversations and experiments going on to try to overcome these barriers and develop popular platforms that articulate a common vision. These platforms go by many names: the Leap; Green New Deal; the Black, Red and Green New Deal; and more. What they all share is a recognition that the climate crisis is not the only crisis we face. We face so many overlapping and intersecting emergencies – from surging white supremacy to gender-based violence, to gaping economic inequality – that we simply can’t afford to fix them one at a time.

Curbing Traffic: The Human Case for Fewer Cars in Our Lives
by Chris Bruntlett and Melissa Bruntlett
Published 28 Jun 2021

With most of Delft’s communal patio space created long ago when the streets and squares of the city center were stripped of cars, all restaurateurs needed to do was bump their tables a little farther apart, and claim the additional 25 percent of terrace space afforded to them by the municipality. For Americans, the OPEC oil crisis was a missed opportunity, but one they hopefully won’t repeat, as discussion of a Green New Deal emerges to aid the COVID-19 recovery. Critically, this stimulus can’t just switch the fuel source for all of the cars in the country, but must also include recoverable, reliable, and sustainable alternatives. This is underscored by a 2012 report by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, which quantifies the average number of full-time jobs created by infrastructure type.

The Ministry for the Future: A Novel
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Published 5 Oct 2020

The so-called fiscal strike that we hear so much about, leading to a financial crash and the subsequent nationalization of the banks, for instance. National governments would then be back in control, coordinating a complete takeover of global finance. They could rewrite the WTO rules, and create some kind of quantitative easing, giving new fiat money to Green New Deal–type causes. We call that legislation. So again we come back to legislatures! These are usually thought to be features of representative democracies. To the extent that such democracies still exist, if they ever did, their legislatures would have to be voted in by voting majorities, by definition.

…

So the MMT crowd admitted they were proposing a move to a new political economy, rather than merely adjusting capitalism. It was not just Keynes Plus, nor just the ad hoc theory or rather praxis that had gotten them through the 2020 crash, nor just the theory or praxis that had bolstered and ultimately paid for the Green New Deal, that early shot in the War for the Earth. It was more than that: it was trying to think through how to do the needful in the biosphere’s time of crisis, while orthodox economics failed to rise to the occasion, and stayed focused in its old analysis of capitalism, as if capitalism were the only possible political economy, thus freezing economics as a discipline like a deer in the headlights of an onrushing car.

The Price of Time: The Real Story of Interest
by Edward Chancellor
Published 15 Aug 2022

Governments, he wrote, were holding ‘a tiger by the tail’.46 The wheel has turned full circle. Once again, we are faced with the suppression of interest rates accompanied by the advance of the state in many areas of economic life. Prominent economists, such as Larry Summers, call for greater public investment. US Democrats propose a Green New Deal. A new generation of central planners has arisen who propose technocratic solutions for our economic and social ills. If we are to avoid progressing too far along the new road to serfdom, their assumptions and policies require greater scrutiny from politicians and from the public at large. Thirty years after the publication of The Road to Serfdom, Hayek was awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

…

D., 163–4 Röpke, Wilhelm, 97, 100, 299 Rothbard, Murray, 30 Rothermere, Lord, 93 Roubini, Nouriel, 207, 254 Rousseff, Dilma, 258 Rucellai, Giovanni, 21 Rueff, Jacques, 85, 91, 115‡, 251 Ruskin, John, 180–81 Sainsbury’s (British grocery chain), 160 Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of, 50–51, 52, 57 Samuelson, Paul, 246–7 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 292 Savills (property consultants), 174 saving: bonus of compound interest, 190; China’s savings glut, 268–9; as deferred gratification, 29, 188–90; and interest, xxiv, 44, 77, 188–93, 194–9, 205–6; interest as ‘wages of abstinence’, xxiv, xxv, 188–91; savings glut hypothesis, 115–16, 117, 126, 128–9, 132, 191, 252; Terborgh on, 125* savings & loan crisis, US, 111, 145 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 99 Sbrancia, Maria Belen, 290 Scandinavian banking crisis (early 1990s), 136 Schacht, Hjalmar, 82, 92, 312 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 299 Scheidel, Walter, 204 Schumpeter, Joseph, 16, 32, 46, 95, 218; Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), 126, 140, 296–7; ‘creative destruction’ idea, xx, 140–43, 153, 296–7; on deflation, 100; History of Economic Analysis, xviii; view of intellectuals, 297 Schwartz, Anna, 98, 99, 105, 116 Schwarzman, Steven, 207 Sears (department store), 169–70 secular stagnation, 77, 124–8, 131, 132–9, 151, 205–6 Sée, Henri Eugene, Modern Capitalism (1928), 28* Seneca the Younger, 20–21 Senior, Nassau, 188, 191 Senn, Martin, 193 shadow banks: in Canada, 174–5; in China, 266, 270, 282*, 283–5, 286; collapse in subprime crisis, 221, 283; illiquid products, 226–7; re-emergence after 2008 crisis, 221, 227, 231, 233; structured finance products, 116, 227, 283–5; Trust companies as precursors of, 84*; types of, 221; ‘Ultra-short’ bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs), 227 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of, 27 ‘shareholder value’ philosophy, 163–6, 167, 170–71 Shaw, Edward, 286 Shaw, Leslie, 83, 83* Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency), 308 Shin, Hyun Song, 254, 263 Shiyan, Hubei province, 275 Silicon Valley, 148, 151, 173, 176, 204 Silver, Morris, 7, 11 Singer, Paul, 185, 246 Smith, Adam, 14, 174; on monopolies, 162, 298; view of interest, 27, 27*, 31, 183; on wealth, 181; The Wealth of Nations (1776), xxii, 27–8, 27*, 31 Smithers, Andrew, Productivity and the Bonus Culture (2019), 152* Smoot–Hawley Act (1930), 261 socialism, 188, 297, 298 Soddy, Frederick, 181, 242 Solon the ‘Lawgiver’, 9, 18 Solow, Bob, 128 Somary, Felix, 94–5, 308 Sombart, Werner, Modern Capitalism, 22* Soros, George, 148*, 273, 283 South Africa, 258 South America: loans/securities from, 77, 79–80; precious metals from, 49, 168; speculation in bonds from, 64, 65–6, 91; trade during Napoleonic Wars, 70 South Korea, 267 South Sea Bubble (1720), 62, 65*, 68, 69, 307 Soviet Union, 278 Spain, 144–5, 147, 168, 213, 253, 279; mortgage bonds (cédulas), 117 Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs), 307 speculative manias, xxiii; Borio on, 135; and cryptocurrencies, 177–9; ‘hyperbolic discounting’ during, 176–7; in period from 1630s to 1840s, 64–6, 67–72, 73, 74, 75–6, 77–8, 79–80; technology companies in post-crisis years, 176–9; before Wall Street Crash (1929), 91 see also Mississippi bubble Spencer, Grant, 177 Sraffa, Piero, 42 St Ambrose, 18 St Augustine, 18–19, 202 St Bonaventure, 19 Stable Money League/Association, 87, 96 Standard Oil, 157 state capitalism, 280, 284, 292–5, 297, 298 Stefanel (Italian clothing company), 147 Stein, Jeremy, 231, 233 Steuart, Sir James, 53, 273 ‘sticky prices’ theory, 87* Strong, Benjamin, 82–3, 86–8, 90*, 92, 93, 98, 112 Stuckey’s Bank, 63, 66–7 subprime mortgage crisis, xxii, 114, 116, 117–18, 131, 211, 292; produces ‘dash for cash’, 227; unwinding of carry trades during, 221, 227 Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, 12 Suez Canal, 78 Sumerian civilization, 4, 6, 8, 15 Summers, Larry, 124–5, 127, 129, 185, 230, 230*, 235, 302 Sumner, William Graham, ‘Forgotten Man’, xx, xxii, 198 Susa, Henry of, 25 Svensson, Lars, 247 Sweden, 174, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 294 Sweezy, Paul, 156 Swiss National Bank, 172–3, 293–4 Switzerland, 172, 174, 226, 233, 241, 244, 245 Sydney (Australia), 175 Sylla, Richard, 4, 11, 68, 109 Tacitus, 20–21 Tasker, Peter, 271 Tawney, R.H., 201 tax structures, 164; offshore tax havens, 210 Taylor, John, 116–17, 129, 252 Tencent, 283 Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guérin, Madame de, 51 Terborgh, George, 125–6, 127 Tesla, 176–7 Theranos, 149 Thiel, Peter, 263 Third Avenue (investment company), 227–8 Thornton, Daniel, 192 Thornton, Henry, 41–2, 66*, 70, 75 Thornton, Henry Sykes, 66* Tiberius, Roman Emperor, 12 time, concept of, xviii; and act of saving, 188–90; canonical ‘hours’, 21; and Lewis Carroll, 309; in era of ultra-low interest rates, 59, 177; Franklin on, xviii, 22, 28; and Hayek, 32; interest as ‘time value of money’, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 10, 14–15, 16, 20, 22, 26–7, 28–32; Lord King’s ‘paradox of policy’, 194, 230*; the Marshmallow Test, 29, 189; and medieval scholars, 19–20; Renaissance writings on, 21; secularization of, 21–2; speculators’ misunderstanding of, 59; and thought in ancient world, 20–21; time as individual’s possession, 20, 21, 25; ‘time in production’, xxiv, 14–15, 16, 22, 95, 95†, 141; ‘time preference’ theory, xxiv*, 28–32, 42, 95, 188–9; Thomas Wilson’s ideas, 26–7, 28, 30 Time-Warner, 167 Tooke, Thomas, 69 Toporowski, Jan, 167 Torrens, Robert, 66 Toys ‘R’ Us, 169 trade and commerce: in ancient world, 6, 7–8, 12, 14, 15; Atlantic trade, 59; business partnerships (commenda, societas), 26; commercial classes/interests, 35, 36–7, 38–40, 41, 43, 44, 66–7; commercial importance of time, xviii, 15–16, 21, 22; emergence of modern trade cycle, 62–4; expansion of in Middle Ages, 19, 21–3, 25–6; international trade, 6, 15, 23, 24, 59, 252–3, 261–2; and Italian Renaissance, 21; in medieval Italy, 21–3; mercantile/shipping loans, 6, 12, 14, 22–3, 26, 219 TransAmerica Life Insurance, 199* Trichet, Jean-Claude, 239 Trollope, Anthony, The Way We Live Now, 73 Truman, Harry, 84 The Truman Show (Peter Weir film, 1998), 185–7 Trump, Donald, 185, 261, 262, 291–2, 299, 304, 310 trusts/monopolies: in early twentieth century Europe, 159; Lenin on, 159–60; merger ‘tsunami’ after 2008 crisis, 160–63, 161*, 168–70, 182–3, 237, 298; ‘platform companies’, 161; Adam Smith on, 162, 298; in US robber baron era, 156, 157–9, 203 tulip mania (1630s), 68 Tunisia, 255 Turgot, Anne-Robert Jacques, 15, 28–9, 30, 218 Turkey, xxiii, 252, 258–60, 263 Turkmenistan, 262 Turner, Adair, 292 TXU (energy company), 162 Uber, 149, 150 ‘unicorn’ start-up companies, 148–50, 153, 155, 173, 176–7 Union Pacific Railroad, 157, 158 United States: as bubble economy, 184–7; credit expansion of 1920s, 87–91, 92–4, 96–8, 112, 203; Democrats’ Green New Deal policy, 302; economic expansion (1929–41), 143; economy in Bretton Woods era, 291, 302; financial crisis (1873), 157; foreign securities/loans in 1920s, 91; inflation in 1970s, 108–9; Knickerbocker Panic (1907), 83–4; large-scale immigration into, 78; loan of farm animals in, 4; long-term interest rates (1945–2021), 134; loss of manufacturing jobs to China, 261*, 261; low economic vitality in post-crisis decade, 124, 150–53, 191; monetary policy in 1900s, 83–4, 83*; post-Second World War recovery, 126; public debt today, 291–2, 291*; recessions of early 1980s, 109–10, 151; reversal of global capital flows (late-1920s), 93; robber baron era, 156–9, 203; shift from manufacturing towards services, 167–8, 182; and zombification, 146, 152–3, 155 see also Federal Reserve, US United States Steel Corporation, 157–8 Universities Superannuation Scheme, UK, 196 Useless Ethereum Token, 178 usury: attacked from left and right, 17; attitudes to in ancient world, 17–18, 19, 20–21, 219; in Britain, 24, 26–7, 34, 40, 42, 65‡, 65; Church law forbids, 18–19, 23–4; definitions in Elizabethan era, 26–7; etymology of word, 5; Galiani on, 218–19, 220, 221; and Jews, 18; Marx on, 16, 200–201; medieval Church acknowledges risk, 25–6; Old Testament restrictions on, 17; Proudhon-Bastiat debate on, xvii–xix, xxi, xxii, xxv, 9; in Renaissance world, 22–3; scholastic attack on, 18–20, 23–4, 25 Valeant Pharmaceuticals, 161, 168–9 Vancouver, 175 Veblen, Thorstein, Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), 158, 159, 166 Velde, François, 58*, 59 Venice, 22, 23 Vinci, Leonardo da, Salvator Mundi, 208–9 VIX index, 228–9, 254 La Voix du Peuple, xvii–xix volatility, 153, 228–30, 233, 234, 254, 304, 305 Volcker, Paul, 108–9, 121, 145, 184, 240 Voltaire, 57 Wainwright, Oliver, 209 Waldman, Steve, 206 Waldorf Astoria, New York, 285–6 Wall Street Crash (October 1929): Fed’s response to, 98, 100, 101, 108; Fisher and Keynes fail to foresee, 94–5; Hayek’s interpretation of, 101, 105; low real rates in 1920s USA, 87–91, 89, 92–4, 96–8, 203; low/stable inflation at time of, 134; monetarist view of, 98–9, 101, 105, 108; predictions/warnings of, 93–5, 96, 101, 105, 308; reversal of international capital flows (late-1920s), 93, 93*, 261 WallStreetBets, 307, 309 Walpole, Horace, 62–3 Warburg, Paul, 94 Warsh, Kevin, 228 wealth: ‘Buddenbrooks effect’, 216; conspicuous consumption by mega-rich, 54–5, 208–10, 212; definitions of, 179–82, 216; elite displays as signs of inequality, 209–10, 212; virtual wealth bubbles, 179, 180, 181–2, 185, 193–5, 206, 215, 216–17, 217†, 229–30, 237; wealth illusion, 193–5, 198 Welch, Jack, 170, 171 Wells, H.

The Sport and Prey of Capitalists
by Linda McQuaig
Published 30 Aug 2019

While Honda has gone on to produce some of the world’s most popular cars, Canada is facing the end of auto making in Oshawa, amid fears about which of our remaining auto plants will be closed next. Is it feasible to save the once-vibrant Oshawa complex and transform it into a publicly owned plant producing environmentally essential products, as part of a Green New Deal? Gindin notes that, during the Second World War, GM facilities were converted to produce military vehicles. And he suggests that the Oshawa plant be expropriated today without compensation, since Canadian taxpayers have already provided generous subsidies to GM. While he acknowledges that his plan is a long shot, he adds, “It seems criminal not to at least try.”

The Last President of Europe: Emmanuel Macron's Race to Revive France and Save the World
by William Drozdiak
Published 27 Apr 2020

Up to a dozen European governments, reacting to pressure from their voters, say that they now want to devote at least one-quarter of the EU budget for the next seven years to projects that address the climate crisis. But given the veto powers of Eastern countries, the EU is only going to succeed in its transition to a low-carbon economy through a radical redistribution of financial resources to the most vulnerable areas of Europe. A Green New Deal for Europe, like the one touted by progressives in the United States, would require investing massive amounts in infrastructure, which until recently was resisted by Germany and other Northern countries. If Europe really wants to reach a consensus in order to achieve its climate goals and spur economic growth in the poorer periphery of the continent, its wealthier governments will need to dramatically increase their willingness to commit huge financial resources to public investments related to green technologies.12 The climate change controversy is not the only source of growing fissures between Eastern and Western Europe.

The Dark Cloud: How the Digital World Is Costing the Earth
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 14 Jun 2023

Interview with Marco Hogewoning, RIPE (Réseaux IP européens) Network Coordination Centre, 2020. 33 ‘Meer regie op vestiging van datacenters in Amsterdam en Haarlemmermeer’ [‘More control over the establishment of data centres in Amsterdam and Haarlemmermeer’], Amsterdam Dagblad, 12 July 2019. 34 ‘Haarlemmermeer and Amsterdam get closer to lifting data center moratorium, with restrictions’, Datacenter Dynamics, 11 June 2020. 35 Interview with Stijn Grove, Dutch Data Centers Association, 2020. 36 ‘The Amsterdam Effect’, QTS Data Centers, 12 August 2019. 37 ‘Establishing a new European data centre in Ireland’, TikTok Newsroom, 6 August 2020. 38 Talk at the Data Centre World trade show by Olivier Labbé, managing director of Cap DC at Cap Ingelec, November 2019. 39 ‘All-Island generation capacity statement 2019-2028’, EirGrid Group, SONI, 2019. 40 ‘High-energy data centres not quite as clean and green as they seem’, The Irish Times, 11 September 2019. 41 Coal accounts for 19 per cent of electricity generation in the United States according to the US Energy Information Administration, 2020. 42 ‘“Coal is over”: the miners rooting for the Green New Deal’, The Guardian, 12 August 2019. 43 ‘Coal explained. Where our coal comes from’, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9 October 2020. 44 The connection between Altavista Power Station and No. 2 Surface mine can be made using data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), which publishes information on the fossil fuel consumption of the country’s power stations.

Meltdown: How Greed and Corruption Shattered Our Financial System and How We Can Recover
by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and William Greider
Published 9 Jan 2009

And our role is to make sure that whatever policies are enacted are democratic, transparent, and accountable. This market failure and the need for systemic government interventions mean that our work is largely done on an ideological level, in terms of arguing for the necessity of, say, something like a green new deal, or single payor national healthcare. That’s because it’s hard to argue against these things on free-market principles when you have this massive intervention in the economy. This crisis is the culmination of 30 years of laissez-faire economics, that is, neoliberalism. The monoculture economy: and that’s what we have across the world, and if we think of it as a monoculture, then the pathogens spread through the system rapidly, and that’s why stock markets around the world are declining, particularly the integrated ones, the industrialized countries.

Lurking: How a Person Became a User
by Joanne McNeil
Published 25 Feb 2020

There’s nothing like Anacam’s Universal Sleep Station on there, as far as I can tell, but a few Twitch streams are “gentle,” as a 2019 Gizmodo piece characterized them, with hosts who knit before their viewers or read stories aloud to them. * * * “Information Superhighway” had a valence of provocative optimism, sort of like “Green New Deal” does today. It was an idealistic term, glamorizing the “highway,” an American romance, the physical expression of ambition—the texture, plotting, and substance extending to the near future. (“What is more beautiful than a road?” George Sand wrote. “It is the symbol and the image of an active, varied life.”)

Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World
by Fareed Zakaria
Published 5 Oct 2020

These leaders implemented democratic versions of Lenin’s vision of a socialist economy, one in which the state sat atop “the commanding heights” of the economy. But when you ask what people mean by socialism now, it is not really that system at all. Today’s self-professed socialists want greater government investment, new and expanded safety nets, a “Green New Deal” to address climate change, and higher taxes on the rich. Bernie Sanders himself makes clear his dream country is not Cuba but Denmark. You can see how amorphous the label is by the fact that Elizabeth Warren supports many of the same policies as Sanders, but has also called herself “a capitalist to my bones.”

The Lost Decade: 2010–2020, and What Lies Ahead for Britain
by Polly Toynbee and David Walker
Published 3 Mar 2020

The Nimbys of the shire who rejected wind turbines but won’t object to Welsh valleys being overlaid with carbon capture pipework will have to do their bit. Greening policies show once again that gross inequality hampers progress on all fronts, endangering the haves as much as the have-nots. There’s a rich political opportunity here, linking climate survival to investment and better life chances. The Green New Deal on renewables and energy efficiency secured cross-party support, along with programmes to insulate buildings and move to more sustainable farming. There’s action here for the communities that have been ‘left behind’. The UK is already a leader in offshore wind; the Scottish government’s attempt to out-green Westminster makes for benign competition.

Please Don't Sit on My Bed in Your Outside Clothes: Essays
by Phoebe Robinson
Published 14 Oct 2021

For instance, Dawn Wooten, a nurse at the Irwin County Detention Center, which is an ICE facility, became a whistle-blower in 2020 when she came forward with allegations of medical neglect at the center, including ICE failing to contain the spread of Covid-19 and coercing mass hysterectomies. More than just who is allowed or encouraged to have children, the topic of motherhood is a significant part of the culture wars. Senator Mike Lee (R-Utah), in response to the proposed Green New Deal, suggested the following: “The solution to climate change is not this unserious resolution, but the serious business of human flourishing—the solution to so many of our problems, at all times and in all places: fall in love, get married, and have some kids.” This statement, of course, was backed by a photo of Luke Skywalker on a tauntaun.

Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class
by Owen Jones
Published 14 Jul 2011

As Defend Council Housing's Alan Walter put it in the dying days of New Labour, now that the market had failed to provide for people's needs itwas time to 'invest in building a third generation of first-class council homes that are well built and designed to the highest environmental standards, with good community facilities and transport links, and we can finally get away from housing being something you speculate on and concentrate on providing homes for the twenty-first century: A jobs movement could also meet the challenge posed by environ- mental crisis. A 'Green New Deal' that builds a thriving renewable energy sector and launches a national crusade to insulate homes and businesses could employ hundreds of thousands of people. 'I think there's a role for government there in actually marrying its economic policy with environmental policy; says Guardian economics editor Larry Elliott.

Hate Inc.: Why Today’s Media Makes Us Despise One Another
by Matt Taibbi
Published 7 Oct 2019

The dance in those episodes is undisguised, symbiotic PR. Brazile will come on, win over a small slice of Hannity’s audience by conceding that he is technically a human being, then plug something like a book. Hannity meanwhile will make sure audiences don’t doubt his bona fides for a second, by relentlessly haranguing her about socialism or the Green New Deal or whatever. This is a huge tell in modern division-media: when the alien idea is allowed on air, it never gets a polite hearing. It isn’t allowed to answer at length. Questions are framed as you hear them from prosecutors confronting a defense witness. An example is Tucker Carlson interviewing California Democrat Adam Schiff about Russian interference.

An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination
by Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang
Published 12 Jul 2021

If any Facebook allies were present, they didn’t speak up to defend him. Democratic freshman representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York asked how far she could go in spreading lies on Facebook as a politician. “Could I run ads targeting Republicans in primaries saying that they voted for the Green New Deal?” she asked. “Do you see a potential problem here with a complete lack of fact-checking on political advertisements?” Zuckerberg responded that he thought lies were “bad.” But, he added, he believed “that people should be able to see for themselves what politicians that they may or may not vote for are saying.”

Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future
by Paul Mason
Published 29 Jul 2015

The central premise of this book is that, alongside the long-term stagnation problem arising from the financial crisis and demographics, information technology has robbed market forces of their ability to create dynamism. Instead, it is creating the conditions for a postcapitalist economy. It may not be possible to ‘rescue’ capitalism, as Keynes did with radical policy solutions, because its technological foundations have changed. So before we demand a ‘Green New Deal’, or state-owned banks, or free college education, or long-term zero interest rates, we have to understand how they might fit into the kind of economy that is emerging. And we are very badly equipped to do this. An order has been disrupted but conventional economics has no idea of the magnitude of the disruption.

Fodor's Seoul
by Fodor's Travel Guides
Published 29 Nov 2022

In recent years the country has also undergone a green wave that has transformed it into Asia’s second most sustainable city. Despite its size, Seoul has made remarkable efforts to combat climate change through aggressive recycling, renewable energy, and green infrastructure programs. In 2021 the South Korean government embraced its own version of a Green New Deal which aims to invest about ₩176.7 trillion ($144 billion) in creating nearly 2 million jobs by 2025. Since 2021 Seoul has also required that all new city buses be zero-emission vehicles, and the country has also set a target to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. TECHNOLOGY Seoul-based electronics companies like LG and Samsung have long been known for embracing innovative technology.

Chokepoint Capitalism
by Rebecca Giblin and Cory Doctorow
Published 26 Sep 2022

Julie Cohen, Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 7. 26. Bradley Thomas, “Why Bernie Sanders’s Universal Job Guarantee Is Fool’s Gold,” Foundation for Economic Education, Oct. 25, 2019, https://fee.org/articles/why-universal-job-guarantees-are-fool-s-gold. 27. Naomi Klein, On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal (New York: Penguin, 2019). 28. Mark Paul, William Darity Jr., and Darrick Hamilton, “The Federal Job Guarantee—A Policy to Achieve Permanent Full Employment,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Mar. 9, 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/full-employment/the-federal-job-guarantee-a-policy-to-achieve-permanent-full-employment. 29.

Rich White Men: What It Takes to Uproot the Old Boys' Club and Transform America
by Garrett Neiman
Published 19 Jun 2023

Historically, the efforts that have moved the needle on inequality most have been social movements and political campaigns.33 To accelerate progress, there needs to be more investment in social movements that are building the people power necessary to challenge plutocracy, such as the Movement for Black Lives, Poor People’s Campaign, and the Sunrise Movement, which has catalyzed momentum for the Green New Deal. Citizens can also do well by supporting elected officials like The Squad—Congresspeople Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, Rashida Tlaib, Jamaal Bowman, and Cori Bush—who are shaking things up politically. Funding efforts like the Movement Voter Project, Way to Win, and The Working Families Party—which build electoral power by investing in local grassroots organizations—are a way to bolster social movements and progressive politics.

Work Won't Love You Back: How Devotion to Our Jobs Keeps Us Exploited, Exhausted, and Alone
by Sarah Jaffe
Published 26 Jan 2021

PRAISE FOR WORK WON’T LOVE YOU BACK “Work Won’t Love You Back brilliantly chronicles the transformation of work into a labor of love, demonstrating how this seemingly benign narrative is wreaking havoc on our lives, communities, and planet. By pulling apart the myth that work is love, Jaffe shows us that we can reimagine futures built on care, rather than exploitation. A tremendous contribution.” —Naomi Klein, author of On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal “Sarah Jaffe gives us engrossing stories of how ordinary people in familiar jobs navigate the precarious and all-consuming conditions of work and fight back against them. How did we come to this? Through sharp analyses of the recent history and social contours of each occupation, Jaffe helps us understand the contemporary landscape and provides tools to contest how we are put to work.

The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power
by Jacob Helberg
Published 11 Oct 2021

In a 2019 speech at the National Defense University, a prominent United States senator dismissed talk of picking winners and losers and called for “a twenty-first-century pro-American industrial policy” to counter China. That senator was Florida Republican Marco Rubio, hardly a wild-eyed leftist. But his ideas were not so different from those of Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, whose Green New Deal is rooted in massive government intervention targeted at certain industries. Jared Bernstein, who serves as a member of the White House Council of Economic Advisors, has said, “The United States has always helped some parts of the economy at the expense of others. It’s time to get it right.”23 “Getting it right”—striking the appropriate balance between government investment and free market flexibility—will require extensive collaboration between Washington and the private sector.

San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities
by Michael Shellenberger
Published 11 Oct 2021

Growing progressive power culminated in the election of Chesa Boudin in 2019, the Seattle Capitol Hill Occupied Protest of 2020, and demands that the homeless, mentally ill, and substance abusers be immune from prosecution in 2021. It’s true that moderate Democrats control the executive branches of the local, state, and federal governments, but they have little to speak of as an agenda beyond being less radical than the radical left. Progressives have, by contrast, a full agenda: Medicare for All, Green New Deal, and sweeping criminal justice reforms, including defunding the police, deincarceration, and drug legalization. Progressives have been on the rise in San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and nationally, and openly stand in opposition to the more moderate members of the Democratic Party. While the mayors of Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles are all ostensibly moderate, their agendas have either been progressive or a response to progressive demands on harm reduction, Housing First, and criminal justice.

Greater: Britain After the Storm
by Penny Mordaunt and Chris Lewis
Published 19 May 2021

NOTES 1 https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-01-15/us-trustworthiness-rating-dives-in-2020-best-countries-report 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-strategy-the-grand-challenges/missions 3 https://marianamazzucato.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/iipp-pb-04-the-green-new-deal-17-12-2018_0.pdf 4 https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2015/02/francis-maude-mp-what-weve-done-to-improve-value-for-money-in-government-and-what-we-plan-to-do-next.html 5 King James Bible, Proverbs 29–18. 6 Suvorov: ‘No plan survives contact with the enemy.’ Suvorov was an eighteenth-century Russian general.

This Land: The Struggle for the Left
by Owen Jones
Published 23 Sep 2020

Focused on where Corbyn was going each day, it pegged the announcement of new policies to Corbyn’s appearances, a scattergun approach that would give the electorate sensory overload and allow no policy the time to sink in. ‘We should have picked three or four core themes,’ says speechwriter Alex Nunns, ‘and just kept hammering them and developing them over the course of the campaign in speeches and policy announcements: like a Green New Deal as a massive job creation scheme in the areas destroyed by Thatcher.’ Corbyn’s visits, in other words, should have been secondary to the themes, with his appearances helping to sell announcements, not driving the Grid. ‘I couldn’t believe it,’ says a senior official. ‘Where’s the strategy? What’s this week’s big message, who are we getting out there?’

People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent
by Joseph E. Stiglitz
Published 22 Apr 2019

By not forcing polluting firms to pay for the damage they impose on society, we are effectively subsidizing them. 28.Even as conventionally measured, not taking into account the benefits of the better environment. Some of the revenue of such a tax could, in turn, be used to invest in a “green” economy, for instance, which would retrofit our public infrastructure. All of this (including the private and public job creation that would result) is part of what is coming to be called the Green New Deal. Some have advocated a carbon tax, along the lines of the recommendation by the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices, which I cochaired with leading British economist Lord Nicholas Stern, but suggested that the revenues be returned to taxpayers. The advocates of such a policy ignore our important warning about the scope of new investment, including public sector investment, that greening the economy requires.

Smart Grid Standards
by Takuro Sato
Published 17 Nov 2015

Under EISA 2007, NIST has been given the key role for coordinating development of a framework for interoperable Smart Grid standards. NIST has launched a three-phase plan to promote the development and adoption of Smart Grid interoperability standards. When the Obama administration was born, he put the Smart Grid at the center of a Green New Deal, an economic stimulus package through which he plans to create three million jobs in energy, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. On 13 February 2009, President Obama signed the ARRA into law, under which there is a total of $4.5 billion US energy grant for developing Smart Grid technologies [37].

Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America's Future
by Jean M. Twenge
Published 25 Apr 2023

Congress The Millennials who have stormed into the House have been a high-profile, high-impact group—particularly the women. AOC is a former bartender who scored a surprise win in the Democratic primary in her New York district in 2018. She leads a group of young House members known as the “Squad,” who have championed college debt forgiveness, universal health care, and the Green New Deal supporting government action on climate change. “We don’t have time to sit on our hands as our planet burns,” she has said. “For young people, climate change is bigger than election or reelection. It’s life or death.” Communicating her belief that government should redistribute wealth, her 2021 Met Gala gown featured large red letters reading “tax the rich.”

The Identity Trap: A Story of Ideas and Power in Our Time
by Yascha Mounk
Published 26 Sep 2023

A ballot measure to abolish the Minneapolis Police Department, for example, received major funding from the Open Society Policy Center; ironically, a majority of voters in some affluent and predominantly white parts of the city supported the measure, while a clear majority of those in less affluent and predominantly Black parts of the city voted it down. As the journalist Jonathan Chait has argued in New York magazine, the strong support that major foundations have given to identity-based activists groups had a major influence on the left’s ideological makeup. “In recent years, a host of new slogans and plans—the Green New Deal, ‘Defund the police,’ ‘Abolish ICE,’ and so on—have leaped from the world of nonprofit activism onto the chyrons of MSNBC and Fox News.” Jonathan Chait, “Joe Biden’s Big Squeeze,” Intelligencer, Nov. 22, 2021, nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/11/joe-biden-agenda.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “To help foster conversation”: “Employee Enrichment for Inclusivity,” Coca-Cola Company, accessed Jan. 12, 2023, www.coca-colacompany.com/social-impact/diversity-and-inclusion/racial-equity/internal-action/employee-enrichment.