hygiene hypothesis Concepts

Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives

by Dean D. Metcalfe · 15 Dec 2008 · 623pp · 448,848 words

, consisting of a strong Th2 and IgE response and a low regulatory T-cell and IgG/IgA response, leads to allergic disease. • Genetic and environmental (hygiene hypothesis) factors influence the individual immune reactions to food allergens. • Cross-linking of IgE on tissue mast cells triggers the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and

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are infections, vaccinations, absence of antibiotic treatment, traditional farming environments, older siblings, day care attendance, and pet ownership [60–62]. These findings lead to the “hygiene hypothesis” which proposes that reduced exposure to particular microbiological stimuli [63], which decrease with improved living standards and higher personal hygiene, might result in an increased

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6-month postnatal) with the probiotic Lacobacillus GG strain significantly reduced the development of allergies up to the age of 4 years [64]. Although the “hygiene hypothesis” is widely accepted, the underlying mechanisms are controversial. In particular, the molecular link between environmental stimuli and immune hyperresponsiveness is far from being understood. It

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. 77 Gilfillan AM, Tkaczyk C. Integrated signalling pathways for mast-cell activation. Nat Rev Immunol 2006;6:218–30. 60 Vercelli D. Mechanisms of the hygiene hypothesis – molecular and otherwise. Curr Opin Immunol 2006;18:733–7. 61 Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van RR. Allergy, parasites, and the

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hygiene hypothesis. Science 2002;296:490–4. 62 de MG, Janssen NA, Brunekreef B. Early childhood environment related to microbial exposure and the occurrence of atopic disease

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to animals and livestock, has been shown to be relatively protective against the development of allergies [32]. This concept is often referred to as the “hygiene hypothesis” and is supported by a recent study which documented a decreased prevalence of allergic sensitization in children growing up on farms compared to their counterparts

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to a relative lack of microbial stimulation of the infantile gut immune system. This is in keeping with other observations which provide support for the “hygiene hypothesis” whereby dietary, or other immune-modulating factors associated with the anthroposophic lifestyle, lead to lower rates of allergic disease [56]. Observations from rural environments suggest

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fish and citrus allergy in 375 children. Lancet 1980;1:166–7. 56 Strachan DP. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax 2000;55:S2–10. 41 Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Early solid feeding and recurrent childhood eczema: a 10-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics

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, unfortunately, resulted in increased adverse systemic reactions and has proven unacceptable for the treatment of food allergy [5,6]. However, in the advent of the “hygiene hypothesis,” there have been various novel approaches to the treatment Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives, 4th edition Edited by Dean D. Metcalfe

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, Hugh A. Sampson, and Ronald A. Simon © 2008 Blackwell Publishing, ISBN: 978-1-405-15129-0 of atopic disorders. The “hygiene hypothesis” postulates that increased hygiene and the lack of immunostimulatory pathogens early in childhood have resulted in a skewing of the Th1 and Th2 response [7

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has been considered to have an important role in the maturation of the immune system. This belief has been reinforced by the advent of the “hygiene hypothesis.” Animal studies have suggested that the lack of sufficient intestinal microbial stimuli may promote a persistent Th2 response [46,47]. As a result, there has

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factors 114 histamine-releasing foods 434 host-microbial interactions 548–9, 549 humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody 580–1 humoral response, celiac disease 214–15 hygiene hypothesis 19, 30, 477 hyperactivity parabens and benzoates 400 tartrazine-induced 383 hypersensitivity 253, 490 hypersensitivity pneumonitis 231–2, 232 etiology 228 laboratory tests 234–6

10% Human: How Your Body's Microbes Hold the Key to Health and Happiness

by Alanna Collen · 4 May 2015 · 372pp · 111,573 words

thought, these infections in the early years of a child’s life carried with them protection from hay fever and other allergies. Quickly dubbed the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, Strachan’s idea was supported by the fact that the rise in allergies was matched by improvements in hygiene standards over time. A weekly wash

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. Food was refrigerated or frozen rather than pickled and fermented. Family sizes were shrinking, and life was becoming more and more urban and refined. The hygiene hypothesis just made sense, especially as in developing countries with high rates of infectious disease, allergies were still rare. It seemed that in Europe and North

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too clean for their own good, and their immune systems were champing at the bit, desperate to attack even harmless particles like pollen. Although the hygiene hypothesis represented a new paradigm for immunologists, it quickly gained scientific favour. It has an intuitive appeal – the immune cells are easily personified as aggressive hunters

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attacks its own cells, and both involve an excess not of the Th2 division, but of the Th1 division. The most contradictory element to the hygiene hypothesis, though, is that in the absence of germs and worms, there remains an apparently legitimate target for immune cells to pursue in preference to pollen

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surfaces that the immune system uses to detect pathogens. But something about these microbes tells the immune system not to attack. David Strachan’s original hygiene hypothesis was an excellent one, but it now faces an overhaul. He suggested that more infections in childhood meant a lower chance of allergies. The trouble

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is, the evidence doesn’t support the idea, and the mechanisms don’t quite work. But in some sense the rethink the hygiene hypothesis is undergoing is a subtle one. Although it does not cause disease, the microbiota is, in some sense, a vast infection. These microbes are intruders

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wheeze before the age of eighteen months. The link remained strong. Of course, taking antibiotics is all about ridding the body of infection, so the hygiene hypothesis stands up in light of the link between them and allergies. But the paradox remains: why would the immune system attack harmless allergens in preference

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the ones who had more allergies? Professor Agnes Wold of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden was the first to provide an alternative to the hygiene hypothesis, in 1998. Research into the importance of the microbiota was just beginning to pick up steam, and the lack of correlation between infections and allergy

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went on to develop allergies had far lower diversity in their guts than the babies who remained healthy. Wold’s reframing of Strachan’s original hygiene hypothesis has gained ground amongst immunologists and microbiologists. Two decades of research into the body’s microbiota have added another layer of complexity to our understanding

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Old Friends have evolved with us every step of the way, deeply engaged in conversation with the immune system as they have gone along. The hygiene hypothesis has mutated into the Old Friends hypothesis – a new take on an old idea. Exactly what the microbiota is telling the human body, or the

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infectious disease is over, is that being healthy now may depend on having more microbes, not fewer. It’s time to move on from the hygiene hypothesis to the Old Friends hypothesis: it is not infections that we’re lacking, but the beneficial microbes that train and calm our developing immune systems

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and patients – to reduce our use of unnecessary antibiotics, for the good of our inner ecosystems and our own bodies. Although the idea behind the hygiene hypothesis – that infections protect us from allergies – has turned out to be false, there’s an element of it which lives on. We are, as a

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that very fact represents a great leap forward. But the twenty-first-century illnesses we suffer instead are not a necessary alternative, as the original hygiene hypothesis implied. Our pursuit of a longer life has shifted into the pursuit of a better quality of life for the years that we have. The

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dogma of the hygiene hypothesis, and its central tenet that infections protect us from allergies and other inflammatory disorders, needs to be pushed aside in the minds of the public

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guinea pig to oral bacterial challenge with Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. American Journal of Pathology 39: 681–695. 6. Wold, A.E. (1998). The hygiene hypothesis revised: is the rising frequency of allergy due to changes in the intestinal flora? Allergy 53 (s46): 20–25. 7. Sakaguchi, S. et al. (2008

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Microbiology 21: 305–312. 20. Whitlock, D.R. and Feelisch, M. (2009). Soil bacteria, nitrite, and the skin. In: Rook, G.A.W. ed. The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine. Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 103–115. Chapter 6 1. Zhu, L. et al. (2011). Evidence of cellulose metabolism by the giant panda gut

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and 130, 166–7 antihistamines 39, 116, 269 bottle-feeding and 223 in developing countries 47 family size and 117, 118 gender differences 51, 52 hygiene hypothesis 117–19, 121, 130–2, 145 immune system and 44–5, 116–21, 130–1 increase in incidence 52, 116 and infections 116–19 microbes

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rectale 197 Eukarya 16 Europe: acne 142 antibiotic use 150, 163–4, 272 birth 214–15 breast-feeding 224 encephalitis lethargica 173 fat consumption 188 hygiene hypothesis 117 racial differences in diseases 50 see also individual countries evolution 11–12, 44, 84–5, 109, 124–6 fabrics, clothing 176 Faecalibacterium 284 Faecalibacterium

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Hungary 33 Huntington’s disease 44 hydrogen, in babies’ breath 216 hydrogen sulphide 248 hygiene 31–4, 168–72, 175–8, 214–15, 278–9 hygiene hypothesis, allergies 117–19, 121, 130–2, 145, 266 hyperphagia 55 idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura 254 immune system 3, 114–46 and acne 144 and ageing 231

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evolution 126 and fat cells 78 fibre and 195–6 flu pandemic 48 germ-free mice 128 and gluten intolerance 202 and the gut 45 hygiene hypothesis 117–19, 121, 130–2, 145 inflammatory bowel diseases 144 IPEX syndrome 133 and leaky gut 137–42, 194–7 living without a microbiota 126

Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation

by Michael Pollan · 22 Apr 2013 · 476pp · 148,895 words

Cesarean. The sanitized environment in which we try to surround our children is probably also taking its toll on their microbiota. Now widely accepted, the “hygiene hypothesis” holds that children need to be exposed to more bacteria, not fewer, in order to properly develop their immune system, so that it can learn

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with milk from countless other farms, they have less incentive to be scrupulous about hygiene. Nowadays, the post-Pasteurians can cite in their support the hygiene hypothesis. This is perhaps their most devastating argument, though it, too, has unacknowledged weaknesses. According to the argument, the problem is not so much with the

The Microbiome Solution

by Robynne Chutkan M.D. · 5 Aug 2015 · 298pp · 76,727 words

Know Your Gut Bacteria Chapter 1. The Zoo Inside You Chapter 2. Microbes: Your Worker Bees part 2 • Messing Up the Microbiome Chapter 3. The Hygiene Hypothesis and Our Modern Plagues Chapter 4. Pharmageddon and the Antibiotic Paradox Chapter 5. Dysbiosis—Do You Have It? Chapter 6. Are Our Bacteria Making Us

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in detail how the microbiome gets messed up, and what you can do to preserve yours. part 2 MESSING UP THE MICROBIOME CHAPTER 3 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The Hygiene Hypothesis and Our Modern Plagues MANY OF US were brought up to believe that it’s better to be clean than dirty. But evidence is mounting

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suggests that bacteria do indeed play a major role, but it may be their absence rather than their presence that leads to the diagnosis. The Hygiene Hypothesis In the late 1950s, Professor David Strachan, a lecturer at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, embarked on an epidemiological study of hay

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’s initial paper, titled “Hay Fever, Hygiene and Household Size,” was published in the British Medical Journal in 1989 and laid the foundation for the “hygiene hypothesis,” which challenged the idea of germs as something to be avoided and posited the importance of early microbial exposure for preventing disease later in life

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, one of the striking observations is that illnesses like Crohn’s disease are common in more developed countries and rare in less developed ones. The hygiene hypothesis accounts for this uneven distribution by suggesting that less childhood exposure to bacteria and parasites in affluent societies like the United States and Europe actually

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’s an immune-based problem that’s frequently associated with other immune-related conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. After reading Chapter 3, “The Hygiene Hypothesis and Our Modern Plagues,” you’re probably not surprised to hear that the incidence of eczema in industrialized countries has doubled over the past few

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a long way—from being grossed out by our own stool to contemplating consuming other people’s. As a gastroenterologist who believes wholeheartedly in the hygiene hypothesis and the importance of rewilding, FMT represents a fascinating and logical way to tackle severe microbial discord by increasing rather than decreasing our bacterial load

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, or if a donor from another continent with an entirely different enterotype would be a better fix for your problem. Given the principles of the hygiene hypothesis and the super-sanitized approach of more developed countries, donors from indigenous societies with more biodiverse lifestyles have a lot of appeal, assuming infectious possibilities

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& Spinach Dip, 223–24 artificial sweeteners, 54–55 Asparagus, Roasted, 244–45 autoimmune diseases. See also Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis antiseptic environment and hygiene hypothesis, 23–26 protective benefit of breast-feeding, 76 recent emergence of, 19–22 risk with antibiotic treatment in young children, 28–29 autoimmune diseases (Cont

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therapy, 52–53, 157 household cleaner recipe, 144 hygiene chemicals in personal care products, 140, 149–50 hand sanitizers and chlorinated drinking water, 107–109 hygiene hypothesis, 22–24 sanitized lifestyle and obesity, 97 Hyman, Mark, 124 IBD (inflammatory bowel disease). See Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis IBS (irritable bowel syndrome

Exercised: The Science of Physical Activity, Rest and Health

by Daniel Lieberman · 2 Sep 2020 · 687pp · 165,457 words

show declines in cognitive performance if they suffer from many infections.108 Alzheimer’s may thus be an example of an evolutionary phenomenon called the hygiene hypothesis. According to this idea, ApoE4, which can be expressed by cells in the brain, might have evolved long ago to help protect the brain when

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who live in bizarrely sterile environments without many germs and worms, face an increased chance that these formerly protective immune mechanisms turn against us. (The hygiene hypothesis also helps explain increased rates of allergies and many other autoimmune diseases.109) How Does Physical Activity Help? Regardless of what causes Alzheimer’s, if

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. B. (2005), The interaction of amyloid-ß with ApoE, Subcellular Biochemistry 38:255–72. 109 For more information, see Rook, G. A. W. (2019), The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine (Basel: Birkhäuser). 110 Stojanoski, B., et al. (2018), Targeted training: Converging evidence against the transferable benefits of online brain training on cognitive

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use for, 157–8 weapons invention and efficiency of, 161–2, 211 Huntington’s disease, 394n39 hyenas, 77, 98, 99, 101, 102, 106, 109–10 hygiene hypothesis, 329, 353n43 hypertension, 300, 310–11, 312, 313 hysterical strength, 132–3 Iliad, The (Homer), 164–5 immune system: aging and function of, 236–7

A Hunter-Gatherer's Guide to the 21st Century: Evolution and the Challenges of Modern Life

by Heather Heying and Bret Weinstein · 14 Sep 2021 · 384pp · 105,110 words

disorder of the WEIRD world. So, too, are many allergies and autoimmune disorders, for which there is solid, and growing, evidence to support the “hygiene hypothesis.” The hygiene hypothesis posits that because we live in ever-cleaner surroundings, and are therefore exposed to ever fewer microorganisms, our immune systems are inadequately prepared, and so

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problems, such as allergies, autoimmune disorders, and perhaps even some cancers.17 Our immune systems are not functioning as they evolved to do, suggests the hygiene hypothesis, because we have cleansed our environments too thoroughly. Our appendix seems likely to have suffered the same fate as our immune systems. Absent frequent bouts

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research and practice. Pediatric Surgery International, 24(3): 251–255. 17. Rook, G. A., 2009. Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: The broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis. Immunology, 126(1): 3–11. 18. Chesterton, G. K., 1929. “The Drift from Domesticity.” In The Thing. Aeterna Press. 19. The adaptive

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–11 populating New World, 2–4 human paradox, 5–6 humor, 202–3 hunger, 52 hunter-gatherers, xv, 35–36, 80, 113–14 hyenas, 150 hygiene hypothesis, 47 hyper-novelty, xii adulthood and, 189–90 cognitive dissonance spawned by, xii and COVID-19 pandemic, 249 diet and, 77, 79 intuitive sense of

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, 82–83 WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) lifestyle, 39–44 appendicitis and, 46–47 changing sex, 111–12 food preferences, remapping of, 53–55 hygiene hypothesis and, 47 metrics, focus on, 152 parenting and, 152 Precautionary principle and, 43–44 rites of passage, 187 “serial monogamy” and, 132 social media, and

The Diet Myth: The Real Science Behind What We Eat

by Tim Spector · 13 May 2015 · 382pp · 115,172 words

of helpful microbes via saliva. Licking babies is common in most mammals and in some human cultures, and of course kissing is pretty universal. The Hygiene Hypothesis is an idea you may have heard of. It was developed by a colleague I trained with in epidemiology, David Strachan, whose interest was sparked

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large amounts of some species like Prevotella which, as we have seen, are rare in the rest of America but common in Africa.15 The Hygiene Hypothesis has stood the test of time so far, but now has to be adapted to our new knowledge of the importance of microbes. We need

Viruses: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

by Crawford, Dorothy H. · 27 Jul 2011 · 161pp · 37,042 words

not disappeared. There are still religious sects who refuse vaccination, but other major issues have now come to the fore. One of these is the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ invoked to explain the recent rise in autoimmune and allergic diseases in Western countries. Both these types of disease are caused by an imbalance in

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. To date, humans have been infected with HIV-1 strains M, N, O, P, and HIV-2, all of which were acquired from African primates. hygiene hypothesis: the theory that a lack of exposure to Q3 virusle c infectious agents during childhood predisposes to allergic and autoimmune diseases. immunological memory: the ability

Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder

by Nassim Nicholas Taleb · 27 Nov 2012 · 651pp · 180,162 words

, 2009, “Exercise and Bone Mass in Adults.” Sports Medicine 39(6): 439–468. Guarner, F., R. Bourdet-Sicard, et al., 2006, “Mechanisms of Disease: the Hygiene Hypothesis Revisited.” Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3(5): 275–284. Guidone, C., et al., 2006, “Mechanisms of Recovery from Type 2 Diabetes After Malabsorptive Bariatric

The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure

by Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt · 14 Jun 2018 · 531pp · 125,069 words

immune systems the opportunity to learn how to fend off similar threats in the future. This is the underlying rationale for what is called the hygiene hypothesis,9 the leading explanation for why allergy rates generally go up as countries get wealthier and cleaner—another example of a problem of progress. Developmental

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Psychology, 45, 36. Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. New York, NY: Basic Books. Okada, H., Kuhn, C., Feillet, H., & Bach, J. (2010). The “hygiene hypothesis” for autoimmune and allergic diseases: An update. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 160, 1–9. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective

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, 185–86, 245 honor cultures, 209 Horowitz, David, 83 Horwitz, Steven, 191–92, 211 How to Raise an Adult (Lythcott-Haims), 165 Huo, Yuen, 220 hygiene hypothesis, 21–22 Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 104–5 Hyperallergic, 136 Identity Evropa, 136 identity politics, 59–67, 76, 259 common-enemy, 62–67