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The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality

by Roland Berger, David Grusky, Tobias Raffel, Geoffrey Samuels and Chris Wimer  · 29 Oct 2010  · 237pp  · 72,716 words

? We are witnessing for the first time in many decades a vigorous public debate in the United States and many European countries as to whether income inequality is approaching unjustifiable levels. The financial crisis has drawn special attention to remuneration at financial firms, as well as other more broadly based increases in

, and the pendulum may well have swung back toward attitudes favoring strengthened regulations. It is against this background of shifting public and political views about income inequality that the Roland Berger Foundation decided to solicit the opinions of U.S. and European political, business, and labor leaders by partnering with the Stanford

and presented these interviews in their original form. Ten years ago, we doubt that so many prominent leaders would have agreed to discuss issues of income inequality, and their willingness to do so now is an important signal that times have changed. This new orientation also suggests that issues of

Inequality? David B. Grusky and Christopher Wimer, Stanford Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality Should we be troubled by the recent increase in income inequality? Throughout human history, even quite extreme levels of inequality have tended to be accepted as part of the natural order, indeed “just the way things

recession will make some people less willing to accept or justify inequality R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 3 4 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer as the

sustained reflections about one of the most prominent developments of our time. The backdrop to the economic crisis is, of course, an ongoing increase in income inequality in most, but not all, rich countries. Because our contributors make frequent reference to these trends, it is useful to conclude this introductory chapter with

4 perhaps the best comparative resource on income and inequality in rich countries, show that most countries have experienced at least a modest rise in income inequality at some 3 The Gini coefficient for income measures the dispersion or spread of income across a society. It equals one if a single person

Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zeeland Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey Great Britain USA OECD-24 OECD-22 Figure 2: Trends in income inequality: Point changes in the Gini coefficient over different time periods (Source: Computations from OECD income distribution questionnaire) These overall inequality trends cannot tell us whether

certain sectors of the income distribution account for most of the changes when inequality rises or falls. We can better understand why income inequality has risen in cer- 5 Brandolini, A., and T.M. Smeeding, “Patterns of Economic Inequality in Western Democracies: Some Facts on Levels and Trends,” Political

2006), pp. 21-26. According to Brandolini and Smeeding, the U.S. and the U.K. have experienced the largest and most sustained increases in income inequality, while France experienced virtually no increase. The increases in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland were more modest than those in the U.S. and the

misleading views on how inequality unfolds, it is still important to understand their views precisely because they are so influen6 Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003), pp. 1–39. See also A.B. Atkinson and Thomas Piketty, 2010, Top

of Economics, and Honorary Professor at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 13 14 J. Ackermann Is the level of inequality in Europe

can see what the solution could be, and so I am not R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_3, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 21 22 B. Collomb uncomfortable even if it’s difficult.

than decreased. When I was younger, I thought that the world was R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 39 40 G.G. di Genola actually moving, on average,

work practices, we have so far managed to avoid the mass unemployment R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 49 50 J. Hambrecht and poverty seen in the thirties.

of the Banque de France and the French Government’s Commission to R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_6, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 59 60 M. Lévy Combat Drug Addiction. In 2005, he

co-founded the Institute for Brain and Spinal Cord Disorders. ______________________________ How would you evaluate income inequality changes over the past two decades? Honestly I don’t know if inequality per se has increased. I know that there have been a very

, London, and a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 69 70 J. Monks How would you judge the amount of

Chairman of the Innovative Vector Control Consortium. He holds a doctorate in geology and originally joined Shell as an exploration geologist. ______________________________ How do you view income inequality today? You have to begin by defining how the inequality arises, because that makes a big difference. Basically you have three forms of inequality arising

second kind of inequality is generated by entrepreneurs, owner-operators such as R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_8, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 79 80 S.M. Moody-Stuart Bill Gates or the

annual list of the 100 most influential people in European capital markets. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_9, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 93 94 P.N. Rasmussen How would you characterize the level

CEOs and Chief Executive magazine elected him 2004 CEO of the Year. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_10, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 103 104 F. Smith How would you characterize the amount of

keep that capital employed to produce those blue-collar jobs, there’s an incentive to do so. I think that’s at the heart of income inequality, our inability to improve the earnings of the bottom half of the income distribution curve. I personally think it doesn’t make any difference what

issue of health care is a separate issue, but it is a subset of this, because it has profound implications in terms of income and income inequality. What would you recommend for health care reform? I served for many years on the board of the Mayo Clinic, and we spend billions of

University Law School, and the University of Toledo’s College of Law. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_11, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 117 118 J. Sweeney How would you assess the level of

Even before the onset of the economic crisis, working people in the United States have been left behind by an economy that is fundamentally unbalanced. Income inequality in the United States has grown to levels that we have not seen since before the Depression. The 1% of households received 21.8% of

the rallying cry in Greece back in the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_12, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 125 126 W. Weld century BC was gehs anadismos, redistribution of

of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, he is the R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_13, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 133 134 J. Wolfensohn recipient of many national and international medals

have groups like Al Qaeda, you have all sorts of people with less than positive ideas about what should happen in the world, and so income inequality at that level becomes a dramatic challenge, one which is wholly underestimated by the world. For whatever reason, it is very difficult to get anyone

performers. It’s difficult to change the shape of that bell curve. R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_14, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 145 146 J. Yang Although our options in the context of

of employees in India, in China, indeed in lots of overseas markets. We all travel to Kiev all the time! This outsourcing does probably increase income inequality in the U.S. Because you can’t outsource the top 1% of employees, the extremely high wages are still being paid out in the

, some come from families of means, others from modest backgrounds, some graduated from private universities, others from public institutions. They hold different opinions about rising income inequality, but all believe inequality deserves more thoughtful attention on the political agenda. Rather than summarizing each individual’s opinions, this overview discusses the major concepts

gap between rich and poor in the United States and many Euro- R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_15, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 155 156 T. Raffel and G. Samuels pean countries.1

of Deutsche Bank observes, income inequality is judged less dispassionately. The interviewees did not predict how the financial crisis may affect national politics, but some commented on public opinion. Maurice Lévy

of improving incomes for the bottom half in a globalized world of fast-changing technology and markets. I think that’s at the heart of income inequality, our inability to improve the earnings of the bottom half of the income distribution curve. I personally think it doesn’t make any difference what

the popular press would make it out to be. (Fred Smith) The Gini coefficient, the most commonly cited index to rate a country’s overall income inequality, is an invisible number. Most people assess inequality by what they see in daily life and what the media shows. Several interviewees disapproved of the

hosted a major and several minor revolutions is obviously sensitive to inequality, and recent polls indeed report the French public’s growing disapproval of rising income inequality. However, the statistical facts are starkly different. The French Gini coefficient, with minor variations, has been stable over the past two decades. The “bling” effect

the core of the social compact, may be called into question insofar R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_16, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 177 178 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer as top

and worth addressing. A View from the Top 181 What Caused the Rise in Inequality? We turn next to the causes of the takeoff in income inequality that has played out in many (but not all) OECD countries. Although the takeoff has been the focus of much scholarly discussion and research, it

commentary addressing (a) the effects of the financial crisis on how inequality is viewed and explained, (b) the causes of the long-term increase in income inequality and executive compensation, and (c) the merits of various approaches to reducing inequality. The interviews themselves take on these and other questions in far more

choose among an array of income statistics, such as those derived from R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_17, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 193 194 R. Berger income, expenditure, gross income, or income net

countries has increased, though at varying rates and phases. The point is not to dispute a trend over the past couple of decades toward rising income inequality in many countries, but rather to emphasize the dangers of generalizing, trying to find standardized approaches, and the risk of inaccurate analysis due to complex

market participation rates have increased from 65.8% to 70.2%.4 While these new workers do not alleviate, and indeed may factor in rising income inequality statistics, they are now in the job market. Inequality is not static and they have the potential for advancement they did not previously enjoy. Democracy

power and relative rates of social mobility.10 However, there is a statistical association (as well as exceptions) between relative rates of social mobility and income inequality, where countries with lower inequality exhibit relatively higher rates of social mobility. As the OECD reports, “In general, the countries with the most equal distributions

David R. 2006. “Income Mobility: Alive and Well.” Hoover Digest 2006 (1). R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_18, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 211 212 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer the rationale behind

Equal Is Unfair: America's Misguided Fight Against Income Inequality

by Don Watkins and Yaron Brook  · 28 Mar 2016  · 345pp  · 92,849 words

Equal Is Unfair America’s Misguided Fight against Income Inequality Don Watkins and Yaron Brook St. Martin’s Press New York Begin Reading Table of Contents About the Author Copyright Page Thank you for buying

on research he conducted with economist Emmanuel Saez beginning in the early 2000s, Piketty uses tax data from the IRS to trace the path of income inequality over the last century. As we can see in Figures 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, he finds that, after declining during the post

–World War II era, income inequality has been rising for the last forty years, driven primarily by the top 1 percent of earners. In addition to income inequality, which refers to differences in the amount of money that people earn on a regular

only are the data sometimes sketchy, but there are many options in deciding which data to use. For instance, if we are trying to assess income inequality, what do we count as income? Do we count pre-tax income or post-tax income? What about government handouts (usually referred to as “transfer

, the problems are magnified, in part because the historical data are far less reliable. It’s no accident that while there is general agreement that income inequality has been increasing, there is nothing like a consensus when it comes to wealth inequality. Although Piketty shows wealth inequality increasing in the United States

growth. But here, too, they are swimming against the tide. Most experts agree that, among advanced economies, the United States has the highest levels of income inequality. Yet, by almost every metric—per capita GDP, median standard of living, median disposable income, unemployment—it has also performed better over the last forty

left-wing group New America, says that the U.S. is a “North American banana republic” no better than some of its impoverished neighbors: “Our income inequality is worse than that of Guyana, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. When it comes to shared prosperity, we keep company with Iran and Yemen.”50 The conclusion

same goes for their claim that, as Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett put it in The Spirit Level, “the relationship between intergenerational social mobility and income inequality is very strong. . . . [C]ountries with bigger income differences tend to have much lower social mobility.”11 In one sense, that would be predictable but

debate with Yaron, economist James Galbraith placed the blame for rising inequality squarely at the feet of the financial industry. “The major driver of increasing income inequality in the U.S., shown in tax records, is the financial sector, or was the financial sector up through the debacle in 2008. That’s

justify it—not if you equate justice with economic equality. The Question of Inheritance In recent years, discussions of economic inequality have focused mainly on income inequality. But that’s started to change with Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century, which argues that wealth inequality is our biggest long

, https://www.aeaweb.org/aea/2015conference/program/retrieve.php?pdfid=421 (accessed April 12, 2015). On problems with Piketty’s data on income inequality, see Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort

-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed April 12, 2015); and Alan Cole, “Income Data Is a Poor Measure of Inequality,” Tax Foundation, August 13, 2014, http://taxfoundation.org/article/

: Independent Institute, 2012). 44. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, p. 3. 45. Ibid., p. 3. 46. Ibid., p. 9. 47. Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 2003, 1–39 (2013 updates), http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2013prel.xls (accessed

, “Whither the Bottom 90 Percent, Thomas Piketty?”; Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed April 12, 2015). IRS data is also sensitive to changes in the tax code

-are-worthless-1404945590 (accessed June 1, 2015); and Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed June 1, 2015). 63. Richard V. Burkhauser, Jeff Larrimore, and Kosali I. Simon

Activity, March 19, 2015, http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/bpea/papers/2015/land-prices-evolution-capitals-share (accessed May 28, 2015); Thomas H. Mayor, “Income Inequality: Piketty and the Neo-Marxist Revival,” Cato Journal, Winter 2015, http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2015/2/cj

again.” –Lawrence W. Reed, President of the Foundation for Economic Education “Equal Is Unfair demolishes the Left’s myths and demonstrates that the campaign against income inequality is actually an attack on the concept of the ‘land of opportunity’—America’s unique sense of life. As Watkins and Brook show, reason and

, George Mason University “Arguing the unarguable, Watkins and Brook blow the top off established wisdom on the evil of income inequality and the culpability of the 1%. Today’s one-sided debate on income inequality amounts to envy politics, not logic or fact, as these authors demonstrate in their explosive and entertaining book, Equal

Is Unfair: America’s Misguided Fight Against Income Inequality. This book shows why the profit motive is noble and shows that government

intervention in all areas of our lives—not income inequality—is what’s really threatening the American Dream. A must read for those who desire prosperity for more of the world’s people.” –Mallory Factor,

. www.stmartins.com Cover illustration © Shutterstock Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watkins, Don, 1982– author. Equal is unfair : America’s misguided fight against income inequality / Don Watkins and Yaron Brook. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-250-08444-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-250-08445-3 (e-book) 1

Fixed: Why Personal Finance is Broken and How to Make it Work for Everyone

by John Y. Campbell and Tarun Ramadorai  · 25 Jul 2025

. 14. Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, World Inequality Report 2022 (World Inequality Lab, 2022), https://wir2022.wid.world/. 15. Measurement of income inequality is difficult because of tax evasion and underreporting of income in surveys. Some recent academic work has challenged the prevailing view that

income inequality has increased within countries. See Gerald Auten and David Splinter, “Income inequality in the United States: Using tax data to measure long-term trends,” Journal of Political Economy 132 (2024): 2179–2227

, 2024). For interesting commentary on this debate from outside academia, see Rogé Karma, “A baffling academic feud over income inequality,” The Atlantic, February 27, 2024, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/02/one-percent-income-inequality-academic-feud/677564/. 16. See, for example, Stefanie Stantcheva, “Perceptions and preferences for redistribution,” Oxford Open Economics

catastrophe insurance, 252–253 celebrity endorsement, regulation of, 227 Center for Retirement Research, 161, 162 central planning system, 9 checking accounts, 237–238, 241 China: income inequality in, 16; peer-to-peer lending market in, 187 chip-and-pin ID card, 201 choice architecture of finance, 269–270n37 chonsei, 64–65 Christmas

income-contingent student loan repayment, 108–109, 245–246, 286n19 income distribution, global, 11–12, 12–13, 15–16 income-driven repayment (IDR) plans, 314n14 income inequality, measurement of, 266n15 income tax refunds, added to emergency funds, 87, 313n4 index funds, 225; fees, 225; for retirement accounts, 258; in starter kit, 250

robo-advising businesses, 183, 301n5 Roth accounts, 157–159, 255, 297n6 rounding up approach to increasing savings, 86, 240, 281n19, 314n8 Rumsfeld, Donald, 291n6 Russia, income inequality in, 16 safety of financial products, increasing, 232 Salary Finance, 195–196 sales incentives, conflict of interest between customers and financial professionals, 65 salient outcomes

Our Dollar, Your Problem: An Insider’s View of Seven Turbulent Decades of Global Finance, and the Road Ahead

by Kenneth Rogoff  · 27 Feb 2025  · 330pp  · 127,791 words

.14 Academic economists continue to take up with relish the idea that Federal Reserve policy can and should do much more to reduce wealth and income inequality. From a purely intellectual perspective, the research is fascinating, especially on the technical side, and it is certainly valuable to better understand how interest rate

The Means of Prediction: How AI Really Works (And Who Benefits)

by Maximilian Kasy  · 15 Jan 2025  · 209pp  · 63,332 words

with lower levels of education, decreasing their marginal productivity. This has led to a widening gap of wages across education groups, and thus to rising income inequality. This growing gap can only be countered through a general increase in levels of education, so that shifts in labor supply counter the shifts in

The Age of Extraction: How Tech Platforms Conquered the Economy and Threaten Our Future Prosperity

by Tim Wu  · 4 Nov 2025  · 246pp  · 65,143 words

from a spread of inequality. He is the cofounder of a group known as “Tools for Humanity,” which identifies humanity’s “grand challenges” as “global income inequality, governance of existential risks, and distinguishing humans from artificial intelligence.”[6] Altman argues that improving artificial intelligence is the clearest way to solve economic inequalities

Worldcoin, meant to be a remedy for inequality. As the company explained in a press release:[1] Grand challenges in the next decade are global income inequality, governance of existential risks, and distinguishing humans from artificial intelligence. Humanity needs a protocol to solve these challenges. Worldcoin aims to be this protocol […] with

who see their goal as reducing global wealth inequality. Dunstan Teo, the cofounder of Philcoin (a blockchain-based philanthropy project), argued that crypto products “reduce income inequality by giving anyone, anywhere in the world, access to the same financial products. […] Quite simply, crypto levels the playing field for all.”[2] We already

the United States, about one-third of private-sector workers were unionized.[3] That year was also, whether by coincidence or not, the year that income inequality was at its lowest in the United States.[4] Since then, something has gone terribly wrong for workers. Real wages for the middle and lower

/​blog/​foundational-topics/​advancing-decentralization. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1 Anthony Clarke, “How Cryptocurrency Could Help Tackle Global Income Inequality,” Cointelegraph, August 31, 2022, https://cointelegraph.com/​news/​how-cryptocurrency-could-help-tackle-global-income-inequality. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2 “For Every Human,” Worldcoins, accessed October 9, 2024, https://www.worldcions.com/​#/. BACK

Blank Space: A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century

by W. David Marx  · 18 Nov 2025  · 642pp  · 142,332 words

with the constant beats of drum circles. The movement inspired allied protests across the United States and around the world. OWS thrust the issue of income inequality into the national conversation with a memorable slogan: “We are the 99%.” The phrase, attributed variously to economist Joseph Stiglitz or anarchist anthropologist David Graeber

?” Police cleared Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011, effectively ending the protests. In their aftermath, sympathetic commentators praised OWS for revitalizing the American left, elevating income inequality into a major issue, and reinvigorating protest culture. Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez later harnessed this momentum. Critics like Andrew Ross Sorkin argued, however

Everybody Loses: The Tumultuous Rise of American Sports Gambling

by Danny Funt  · 20 Jan 2026  · 285pp  · 100,897 words

level of what I would call financial nihilism,” he told me. “If you sort of pull that string a little bit, it has tentacles into income inequality, into the rise of housing prices and sort of the non-affordability of the American dream right now, into existential concerns about climate change, and

The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again

by Robert D. Putnam  · 12 Oct 2020  · 678pp  · 160,676 words

a dramatic U-turn, to be followed by a half century of Great Divergence, that is, plunging income equality. By the early twenty-first century income inequality in America (especially pre-tax and transfers) was reaching an intensity unseen for one hundred years. So abrupt was this reversal that one of the

of all families have essentially zero net worth,33 in effect living paycheck to paycheck. But the degree of wealth inequality, like the degree of income inequality, has varied a lot over the decades, and perhaps not surprisingly, trends in the two are closely correlated. Figure 2.9 displays how the distribution

vs. mid-1970s)—presumably, it takes several years of multimillion-dollar bonuses to afford your first private jet. As Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman observe, “Income inequality has a snowballing effect on wealth distribution.”38 On the other hand, the dramatic recent increase in wealth inequality has begun to feed back into

income inequality: Since about 2000 most of the increase in income inequality has been due to inequality in capital income.39 These two forms of economic inequality are thus mutually reinforcing. Emmanuel Saez

decades after World War II, but there has been a sharp increase in inequality since the 1970s. The United States now combines extremely high labor income inequality with very high wealth inequality.40 THE GREAT CONVERGENCE The second half of Figures 2.8 and 2.9 is much discussed in contemporary political

II the gap between rich and poor continued to narrow. Poor and middle-income Americans’ share of the bounty of postwar prosperity grew, further reducing income inequality, in sharp contrast to the Roaring Twenties. “From 1945 to 1975,” sociologist Douglas Massey has written, “under structural arrangements implemented during the New Deal, poverty

in the mid-1960s), as shown in Figure 2.10. That in turn suggests that intergenerational economic mobility may have followed the same path as income inequality over the decades—rising during the Great Convergence up until about 1970 and then sharply falling for the next half century.52 As we saw

, suggesting that U.S. domestic institutions and policies have played a major role. Careful studies have found the overall impact of immigration on U.S. income inequality to be minor, and to have no impact at all on high-end inequality, which is precisely where the shifts in income distribution have been

increased the incomes of what would otherwise have been low-income households, thus compressing the income distribution.87 Conversely, the decline of unions has fostered income inequality during the Great Divergence.88 Only a fraction of these effects comes from the direct impact of collective bargaining on the incomes of union members

tax changes tended to increase inequality, but spending changes tended to decrease inequality, so that in total, taxes and spending since 1980 have modestly reduced income inequality, buffering the decline in equality that would otherwise have been even steeper. Importantly, however, most of this expanded spending represents the growth of middle-class

nonmarket forces were more important. It is important to remember, however, that government nonfiscal actions (or inactions) can also have a powerful indirect effect on income inequality; one important example is regulatory policy, to which we now turn. Financial Regulation The anticompetitive behavior of the big trusts and monopolies, and especially misbehavior

incomes associated with the financial services industry.112 Indeed, they estimate that this factor alone accounts for 15–25 percent of the total increase in income inequality during the Great Divergence. Anticompetitive and unregulated market concentration is, of course, much discussed today in realms beyond finance, just as it was 125 years

contributor to the Great Convergence and Great Divergence, and many states and localities have recently raised their minimum wage levels in an effort to reverse income inequality.115 Economists are sharply divided on whether the direct effect of minimum wage laws on wage levels is offset, in whole or in part, by

level in the 1930s, peaking in the late 1960s, and then declining exactly at the same time as all the other factors causally linked to income inequality. Across a very wide range of public policy, then, we can see a broad pendular swing—for a half century and more in the direction

REAL MINIMUM WAGE, 1938–2020 Sources: Department of Labor; Federal Reserve. Data LOESS smoothed: 0.15. SOCIAL NORMS Many economists who have closely examined growing income inequality over the last half century have emphasized the same factors that we have just outlined. “In the United States,” argue Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and

makes it unlikely to be the primary driver in this relationship. More recently, political scientists Bryan J. Dettrey and James E. Campbell have argued that “income inequality does not appear to have been a significant cause of growing polarization,” while economists John V. Duca and Jason L. Saving conclude that causation between

as what they were in 1968,” and “a key and underappreciated driver of the [persistent] racial income gap has been the national trend of rising income inequality.”41 In other words, racial disparities in income narrowed during America’s “we” epoch and have stopped narrowing during America’s “I” epoch. Of course

would run afoul of the wide range and diversity of our Ys. A specific explanation (X in our notation) that might work for Y1 (say, income inequality) seems unlikely also to explain Y2 (say, club membership), Y3 (say, split ticket voting), Y4 (say, baby names), and so on through the scores of

6 and 7. 24 In drafting this chapter, we have benefited from the important forthcoming work of Charles L. Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States: Economic Trends and Political-Economy Explanations,” in Inequality and Democracy in America, ed. Tobin Craig, Steven Kautz, and Arthur Melzer (Philadelphia

this approach remain controversial among economists, but an alternative, more conventional approach yields similar long-term inverted U-curves. See Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535135. For

a recent independent review of multiple statistical approaches to historical trends in income inequality that confirms the basic inverted-U pattern shown in Figure 2.8, see Chad Stone et al., “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in

Income Inequality” (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 21, 2019). Generally speaking, conservative analysts argue that mainstream estimates of inequality are too high, but

. 47 David Leonhardt, “How the Upper Middle Class Is Really Doing,” New York Times, February 24, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/opinion/income-inequality-upper-middle-class.html; Matthew Stewart, “The 9.9 Percent Is the New American Aristocracy,” The Atlantic, June 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive

and a slightly different estimate of annual income, but the broad comparison in the text is essentially unaffected. 49 Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States,” 4. 50 David Card, Ciprian Domnisoru, and Lowell Taylor, “The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from the Golden Age of

1967): 31–73, https://doi.org/10.2307/3348839. 55 Jacob Bor, Gregory H Cohen, and Sandro Galea, “Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980–2015,” The Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017): 1475–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8. 56 National

(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013). 60 See C. Cindy Fan and Emilio Casetti, “The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of US Regional Income Inequality, 1950–1989,” The Annals of Regional Science 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 177–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01581768; David J. Peters, “American

Income Inequality Across Economic and Geographic Space, 1970–2010,” Social Science Research 42, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1490–1504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.

, November 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/research/countering-the-geography-of-discontent-strategies-for-left-behind-places/; and Robert A. Manduca, “The Contribution of National Income Inequality to Regional Economic Divergence,” Social Forces 90 (December 2019): 622–48, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz013. 61 The causes of the U-curve

, unions, changing pay norms, and taxes and transfers by government. Another useful overview is Stone et al., “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality.” In addition to other factors, Angus Deaton emphasizes the importance of family formation and collapse—marriage allows couples to pool their earnings to form household

://doi.org/10.3386/w16106. For the argument that trade liberalization in itself actually lowers inequality, see Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall, and Chris Papageorgiou, “Rising Income Inequality: Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?,” International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 2008. And for the nuanced argument (which we largely share) “that trade played an

of Wages, 1973–1992: A Semiparametric Approach,” Econometrica 64, no. 5 (September 1996): 1001–44, https://doi.org/10.2307/2171954; Dierk Herzer, “Unions and Income Inequality: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis for the United States,” Economic Development Quarterly 30, no. 3 (2016): 267–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242416634852

was $5 million. 102 Kenneth Whyte, Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), chap. 15. 103 Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” quotation at 23. 104 Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Stefanie Stantcheva, “Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale

-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010). 119 Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998”; Paul Krugman, “For Richer,” New York Times Magazine, October 20, 2002, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/magazine

influencing the degree of coincidence of political ideologies and political parties. 100 McCarty, Polarized America. 101 Bryan J. Dettrey and James E. Campbell, “Has Growing Income Inequality Polarized the American Electorate? Class, Party, and Ideological Polarization,” Social Science Quarterly 94, no. 4 (December 2013): 1062–83, doi:10.1111/ssqu.12026; John

V. Duca and Jason L. Saving, “Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence over Nine Decades,” Review of Income and Wealth 62, no. 3 (September 2016): 445–66, doi:10.1111/roiw

Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (1994): 358–81, doi:10.1017/S0022050700014522. 40 Lindert and Williamson, Unequal Gains, 191–92. 41 Robert Manduca, “Income Inequality and the Persistence of Racial Economic Disparities,” Sociological Science 5 (2018): 182–205. See also Patrick J. Bayer and Kerwin Kofi Charles, “Divergent Paths: Structural

, 2019, https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-wages-have-been-harmed-by-both-widening-racial-wage-gaps-and-the-widening-productivity-pay-gap/; Manduca, “Income Inequality and the Persistence of Racial Economic Disparities”; Eileen Patten, “Racial, Gender Wage Gaps Persist in U.S. despite Some Progress,” Pew Research Center, accessed October

is a characterization that proves relevant in later eras as well. 149 Schulman, The Seventies, 77. 150 Charles L. Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States: Economic Trends and Political Economy Explanations,” unpublished ms., Michigan State University, October 18, 2017, 59. 151 McAdam and Kloos, Deeply Divided

L. Saving, using highly sophisticated econometric methods, find evidence for “bi-directional feedbacks between polarization and inequality.” See John V. Duca and Jason L. Saving, “Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence over Nine Decades,” Review of Income and Wealth 62, no. 3 (September 2016): 445–66, doi:10.1111/roiw

Unhealthy societies: the afflictions of inequality

by Richard G. Wilkinson  · 19 Nov 1996  · 268pp  · 89,761 words

–85 The relationship between income distribution and mortality among fifty states of the USA in 1990 Life expectancy (M&F) and Gini coefficients of posttax income inequality (standardised for household size) Social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden compared with England and Wales Social class differences in mortality of men 20

at Berkeley, and Kawachi’s and Kennedy’s at Harvard have shown that a society’s life expectancy is closely related to the scale of income inequality within it. Even while writing this preface, I received a draft of another paper from the Harvard group in which they give a powerful statistical

Wilkinson, R.G. Dear David Ennals…. New Society, 16 December 1976; 567–8. Kawachi, I., Kennedy B.P., Lochner, K., Prothrow-Stith, D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health (forthcoming 1996). Chapter 1 Introduction The social economy of health This book brings together a growing body of

(M&F) at birth in developed countries, c. 1981 Source: Data from J.A.Bishop, J.P.Formby and W.J.Smith, International comparisons of income inequality: Luxembourg Income Study, 1989: Working paper 26. Figure 5.4: The annual rate of change of life expectancy in twelve European Community countries and the

on adult height of a doubling of per capita income could be offset by a modest rise of 0.066 in the Gini coefficient of income inequality. Given that the relationship between health and income distribution exists, how confident can we be of its meaning? Could it be a spurious reflection of

mortality within areas of the same country. The two reports that mortality in fifty states of the United States is related to the amount of income inequality within them were tightly controlled for a number of potential confounders (Kaplan, G.A. et al. 1996; Kennedy, B.P. et al. 1996). The association

individual selective social mobility (or income mobility) and health: it would have to be a relationship between societal levels of health—however distributed—and societal income inequality. At one time it seemed plausible that income distribution would affect mortality in quite different ways in rich and poor countries. In poorer countries where

rich would do marginally better. To find that the opposite is the case is important; it suggests that there is a genuinely social effect of income inequality among poorer as well as richer countries for which we must seek a unified understanding. We saw in chapter 3 that during the epidemiological transition

and after the transition, but becomes less affected by absolute standards after the epidemiological transition. We shall look at the likely mechanisms by which reduced income inequality improves health in chapters 8, 9 and 10. Perhaps the most striking example of the way narrowing income differences can improve health—or rather life

means that a value of 0.4 (to the right on the Figure 5.6: Life expectancy (M&F) and Gini coefficients of post-tax income inequality (standardised for household size) Sources: Data from M. Sawyer, Income distribution in OECD countries, OECD Economic Outlook, Occasional Studies, 1976, 3–36, Table 11; and

elsewhere in that society. So far we have looked almost exclusively at international data on income distribution and national mortality rates. Evidence of the way income inequality feeds into health inequalities and so into national mortality rates can be gleaned from evidence of change over time within Britain. However, looking at the

health 95 Figure 5.9: Widening income differences: distribution of disposable income adjusted for household size, UK Note: The Gini coefficient measures the degree of income inequality—not just between rich and poor, but across the whole population. The larger the coefficient, the greater the inequality. If everyone had the same income

widened sufficiently rapidly to make it worth looking for an impact on annual mortality figures. 96 Health inequalities within societies Most of the growth of income inequality took place among people of working age and their children. Relative poverty among old people only increased very slightly during this period. It is among

and the lack of any such relationship between developed countries. Providing strong confirmation of the relative income interpretation of this paradox is the relationship between income inequality and average life expectancy which has been shown to exist in both rich and poor countries. This has now been demonstrated crosssectionally and on data

it had the highest life expectancy in the world and the narrowest income differentials of any country reporting to the World Bank. The decline in income inequality which has marked much of the development of Japanese society in the postwar period reflects the special development of Japanese capitalism during and after the

led to a deterioration in the social fabric of society. However, even here the evidence is ambiguous. Those who would say that the growth in income inequality came first would point to its source in international competition and new technology which weakened the market position of people with low levels of skill

that social cohesion is very closely related to income distribution among the states of the United States. In a most important paper called ‘Social capital, income inequality and mortality’ to be published in the American Journal of Public Health, Kawachi, Kennedy and their colleagues provide quantitative evidence that social cohesion provides the

the cash economy more and more of the social, categorical and situational markers of status have given way to monetary ones. The modern effects of income inequality are the combined effects of inequality and the market. However, for most of human existence human societies were held together by a very different form

marginally increases the strength of the correlation from the 0.72 (P<0.001) shown in figure 8.1. These correlations suggest that differences in income inequality may account for as much as half the very large differences in homicide rates from one state to another (they vary from 2 to 18

per 100,000 population per year). Earlier reports showing that homicide rates in the United States are more closely related to income inequality than to absolute poverty confirm these results (Balkwell 1990; Crutchfield 1989; Blaus and Blaus 1982; Currie 1985). A much earlier report using data from the

and Braithwaite (1980) also showed a statistically significant relationship between greater inequality of earnings and higher homicide rates. Messner (1982) found that the extent of income inequality accounted for 35 per cent of the differences in homicide rates among the thirty-nine countries for which he had data. That the links between

crime and income inequality to some extent parallel those between health and inequality is highly indicative of the channels through which health is affected. It not only provides independent

and 30 per cent of all deaths. This pattern of raised mortality in a deprived area, which has much in common with that associated with income inequality both within the United States and internationally, gives a highly plausible picture of raised mortality associated with direct effects of social exclusion. The relationship between

the rest of society, and the 172 Social cohesion and social conflict stigmatisation of the most disadvantaged, will be closely related to the extent of income inequality. As people in early forms of society recognised only too well, you cannot achieve social integration without economic integration. The values of social life will

life rather than being abandoned to the negative market relations between self-interested households—Banfield’s so-called ‘a-moral familism’ (Banfield 1958). With reduced income inequality, people are connected in public life through a variety of social organisations, purposes and activities. Some sense of the moral collectivity and of social purpose

. 1995; World Bank 1993). A second example comes in a paper by Persson and Tabellini (1994) which provides two separate tests of the effect of income inequality on the growth rate of GDPpc. The first is a historical analysis going back from 1985 as far as data from a group of nine

, educational expansion and the simultaneous reduction in the inequality of educational opportunity reduced the inequality of income distribution. Feeding back to faster growth and lower income inequality, this further increased the supply of, and demand for, education. But even holding education constant, Birdsall found that greater income equity aided growth in these

primary goal to which governments aspire, it is important that we take a more discriminating view of its benefits. To suggest that the links between income inequality and health operate primarily through psychosocial pathways, and that more egalitarian societies are more socially cohesive, will no doubt make some think that it is

and public policy. Routledge, London. 1979. Braithwaite, J. Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1989. Braithwaite, J. and Braithwaite, V. The effect of income inequality and social democracy on homicide. British Journal of Criminology 20 (1): 45–53. 1980. Broadhead, W.E., Kaplan, B.H., James, S.A., et al

Foundation, Social Policy Research Findings. No. 37, York. May 1993. Kaplan, G.A., Pamuk, E., Lynch, J.W., Cohen, R.D. and Balfour, J.L. Income inequality and mortality in the United States. British Medical Journal 1996; 312:999–1003. Kaplan, J.R., Shively, C.A. and Fontenot, M.B. et al

–7, 82, 109, 142, 222;pressures on 192;and risk 189 crime 167–9, 191, 225;and criminal society 229–30;and health 170;and income inequality 156– 8;patterns of 125–6 death rates 1, 2, 3, 63, 70, 213, 215, 216–18;advantage of using 55–6; age-standardised 56

contact 203–4;selection by 197; and social mobility 197, 198, 199–200, 204–5;and (un)employment 197–8, 204 homicide rates 168; and income inequality 156, 158; and suicide 163 housing 177, 178, 213, 214 Hungary 124 hypothermia 24–5, 231–2 illness, measuring 55, 56; selfreported 88–9, 100

causality 81–2;and social involvement/ networks 182–3 income-life expectancy 92–3, 153; and income distribution 76, 78, 85, 89, 91–2;and income inequality 108 individual/society interface 1, 6–7, 15–19, 54 individualism 144–5, 150 industry, paternalism in 132–3; working conditions in 131–3, 226

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A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)

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A Year of Living Danishly: My Twelve Months Unearthing the Secrets of the World's Happiest Country

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Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism

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The Clash of the Cultures

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Small Wars, Big Data: The Information Revolution in Modern Conflict

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The Science of Hate: How Prejudice Becomes Hate and What We Can Do to Stop It

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The Lords of Easy Money: How the Federal Reserve Broke the American Economy

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Lost at Sea

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Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (And What It Says About Us)

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The Crux

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The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump

by Michiko Kakutani  · 17 Jul 2018  · 137pp  · 38,925 words

Rough Sleepers: Dr. Jim O'Connell's Urgent Mission to Bring Healing to Homeless People

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Lonely Planet Cancun, Cozumel & the Yucatan (Travel Guide)

by Lonely Planet, John Hecht and Sandra Bao  · 31 Jul 2013

Quit Like a Millionaire: No Gimmicks, Luck, or Trust Fund Required

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China into Africa: trade, aid, and influence

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What to Think About Machines That Think: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Age of Machine Intelligence

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The Bankers' New Clothes: What's Wrong With Banking and What to Do About It

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Reset

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Why Information Grows: The Evolution of Order, From Atoms to Economies

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The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide Their Money

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The Slow Fix: Solve Problems, Work Smarter, and Live Better in a World Addicted to Speed

by Carl Honore  · 29 Jan 2013  · 266pp  · 87,411 words

#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media

by Cass R. Sunstein  · 7 Mar 2017  · 437pp  · 105,934 words

Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models

by Gabriel Weinberg and Lauren McCann  · 17 Jun 2019

New York 2140

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World Without Mind: The Existential Threat of Big Tech

by Franklin Foer  · 31 Aug 2017  · 281pp  · 71,242 words

The Sinner and the Saint: Dostoevsky and the Gentleman Murderer Who Inspired a Masterpiece

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Merchants of Truth: The Business of News and the Fight for Facts

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Always Day One: How the Tech Titans Plan to Stay on Top Forever

by Alex Kantrowitz  · 6 Apr 2020  · 260pp  · 67,823 words

I Love Capitalism!: An American Story

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Off the Edge: Flat Earthers, Conspiracy Culture, and Why People Will Believe Anything

by Kelly Weill  · 22 Feb 2022

The Rough Guide to Brazil

by Rough Guides  · 22 Sep 2018

The Optimist: Sam Altman, OpenAI, and the Race to Invent the Future

by Keach Hagey  · 19 May 2025  · 439pp  · 125,379 words

Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe

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A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy

by Joel Mokyr  · 8 Jan 2016  · 687pp  · 189,243 words

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How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler

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Why Wall Street Matters

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Londongrad: From Russia With Cash; The Inside Story of the Oligarchs

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To Be a Machine: Adventures Among Cyborgs, Utopians, Hackers, and the Futurists Solving the Modest Problem of Death

by Mark O'Connell  · 28 Feb 2017  · 252pp  · 79,452 words

Experience on Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, and What It Can Do

by Jeremy Bailenson  · 30 Jan 2018  · 302pp  · 90,215 words

Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World

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Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America

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Stocks for the Long Run 5/E: the Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns & Long-Term Investment Strategies

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Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead

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Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations

by Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel  · 14 Apr 2008

Toward Rational Exuberance: The Evolution of the Modern Stock Market

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The America That Reagan Built

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Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray

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Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There

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What They Do With Your Money: How the Financial System Fails Us, and How to Fix It

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War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt

by Kwasi Kwarteng  · 12 May 2014  · 632pp  · 159,454 words

Double Entry: How the Merchants of Venice Shaped the Modern World - and How Their Invention Could Make or Break the Planet

by Jane Gleeson-White  · 14 May 2011  · 274pp  · 66,721 words

Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future

by Peter Thiel and Blake Masters  · 15 Sep 2014  · 185pp  · 43,609 words

Mastering the Market Cycle: Getting the Odds on Your Side

by Howard Marks  · 30 Sep 2018  · 302pp  · 84,428 words

Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization

by Vaclav Smil  · 16 Dec 2013  · 396pp  · 117,897 words

The Full Catastrophe: Travels Among the New Greek Ruins

by James Angelos  · 1 Jun 2015  · 278pp  · 93,540 words

The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine

by Michael Lewis  · 1 Nov 2009  · 265pp  · 93,231 words

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World

by Jeremy Rifkin  · 27 Sep 2011  · 443pp  · 112,800 words

Eat People: And Other Unapologetic Rules for Game-Changing Entrepreneurs

by Andy Kessler  · 1 Feb 2011  · 272pp  · 64,626 words

Chaos Monkeys: Obscene Fortune and Random Failure in Silicon Valley

by Antonio Garcia Martinez  · 27 Jun 2016  · 559pp  · 155,372 words

The Firm

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Tools and Weapons: The Promise and the Peril of the Digital Age

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Think Like a Freak

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Doctored: The Disillusionment of an American Physician

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America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism

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Independent Diplomat: Dispatches From an Unaccountable Elite

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The Molecule of More: How a Single Chemical in Your Brain Drives Love, Sex, and Creativityand Will Det Ermine the Fate of the Human Race

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America, You Sexy Bitch: A Love Letter to Freedom

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Black Edge: Inside Information, Dirty Money, and the Quest to Bring Down the Most Wanted Man on Wall Street

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Who Gets What — and Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design

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Red Moon

by Kim Stanley Robinson  · 22 Oct 2018  · 492pp  · 141,544 words

Data-Ism: The Revolution Transforming Decision Making, Consumer Behavior, and Almost Everything Else

by Steve Lohr  · 10 Mar 2015  · 239pp  · 70,206 words

Lifestyle Entrepreneur: Live Your Dreams, Ignite Your Passions and Run Your Business From Anywhere in the World

by Jesse Krieger  · 2 Jun 2014  · 189pp  · 52,741 words

Coastal California Travel Guide

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by Planet, Lonely and Masters, Tom  · 31 Aug 2015  · 449pp  · 85,924 words

The Bookshop: A History of the American Bookstore

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by Albert Woodfox  · 12 Mar 2019  · 484pp  · 155,401 words

Tech Titans of China: How China's Tech Sector Is Challenging the World by Innovating Faster, Working Harder, and Going Global

by Rebecca Fannin  · 2 Sep 2019  · 269pp  · 70,543 words

Attention Factory: The Story of TikTok and China's ByteDance

by Matthew Brennan  · 9 Oct 2020  · 282pp  · 63,385 words

Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language

by Adam Aleksic  · 15 Jul 2025  · 278pp  · 71,701 words

Alone on the Wall: Alex Honnold and the Ultimate Limits of Adventure

by Alex Honnold and David Roberts  · 2 Nov 2015  · 265pp  · 77,084 words

Will Storr vs. The Supernatural: One Man's Search for the Truth About Ghosts

by Will Storr  · 4 Sep 2006  · 341pp  · 99,940 words

Pay Any Price: Greed, Power, and Endless War

by James Risen  · 15 Feb 2014  · 339pp  · 99,674 words