by Roland Berger, David Grusky, Tobias Raffel, Geoffrey Samuels and Chris Wimer · 29 Oct 2010 · 237pp · 72,716 words
? We are witnessing for the first time in many decades a vigorous public debate in the United States and many European countries as to whether income inequality is approaching unjustifiable levels. The financial crisis has drawn special attention to remuneration at financial firms, as well as other more broadly based increases in
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, and the pendulum may well have swung back toward attitudes favoring strengthened regulations. It is against this background of shifting public and political views about income inequality that the Roland Berger Foundation decided to solicit the opinions of U.S. and European political, business, and labor leaders by partnering with the Stanford
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and presented these interviews in their original form. Ten years ago, we doubt that so many prominent leaders would have agreed to discuss issues of income inequality, and their willingness to do so now is an important signal that times have changed. This new orientation also suggests that issues of
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Inequality? David B. Grusky and Christopher Wimer, Stanford Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality Should we be troubled by the recent increase in income inequality? Throughout human history, even quite extreme levels of inequality have tended to be accepted as part of the natural order, indeed “just the way things
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recession will make some people less willing to accept or justify inequality R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 3 4 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer as the
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sustained reflections about one of the most prominent developments of our time. The backdrop to the economic crisis is, of course, an ongoing increase in income inequality in most, but not all, rich countries. Because our contributors make frequent reference to these trends, it is useful to conclude this introductory chapter with
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4 perhaps the best comparative resource on income and inequality in rich countries, show that most countries have experienced at least a modest rise in income inequality at some 3 The Gini coefficient for income measures the dispersion or spread of income across a society. It equals one if a single person
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Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zeeland Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey Great Britain USA OECD-24 OECD-22 Figure 2: Trends in income inequality: Point changes in the Gini coefficient over different time periods (Source: Computations from OECD income distribution questionnaire) These overall inequality trends cannot tell us whether
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certain sectors of the income distribution account for most of the changes when inequality rises or falls. We can better understand why income inequality has risen in cer- 5 Brandolini, A., and T.M. Smeeding, “Patterns of Economic Inequality in Western Democracies: Some Facts on Levels and Trends,” Political
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2006), pp. 21-26. According to Brandolini and Smeeding, the U.S. and the U.K. have experienced the largest and most sustained increases in income inequality, while France experienced virtually no increase. The increases in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland were more modest than those in the U.S. and the
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misleading views on how inequality unfolds, it is still important to understand their views precisely because they are so influen6 Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003), pp. 1–39. See also A.B. Atkinson and Thomas Piketty, 2010, Top
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of Economics, and Honorary Professor at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 13 14 J. Ackermann Is the level of inequality in Europe
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can see what the solution could be, and so I am not R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_3, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 21 22 B. Collomb uncomfortable even if it’s difficult.
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than decreased. When I was younger, I thought that the world was R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 39 40 G.G. di Genola actually moving, on average,
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work practices, we have so far managed to avoid the mass unemployment R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 49 50 J. Hambrecht and poverty seen in the thirties.
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of the Banque de France and the French Government’s Commission to R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_6, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 59 60 M. Lévy Combat Drug Addiction. In 2005, he
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co-founded the Institute for Brain and Spinal Cord Disorders. ______________________________ How would you evaluate income inequality changes over the past two decades? Honestly I don’t know if inequality per se has increased. I know that there have been a very
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, London, and a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 69 70 J. Monks How would you judge the amount of
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Chairman of the Innovative Vector Control Consortium. He holds a doctorate in geology and originally joined Shell as an exploration geologist. ______________________________ How do you view income inequality today? You have to begin by defining how the inequality arises, because that makes a big difference. Basically you have three forms of inequality arising
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second kind of inequality is generated by entrepreneurs, owner-operators such as R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_8, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 79 80 S.M. Moody-Stuart Bill Gates or the
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annual list of the 100 most influential people in European capital markets. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_9, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 93 94 P.N. Rasmussen How would you characterize the level
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CEOs and Chief Executive magazine elected him 2004 CEO of the Year. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_10, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 103 104 F. Smith How would you characterize the amount of
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keep that capital employed to produce those blue-collar jobs, there’s an incentive to do so. I think that’s at the heart of income inequality, our inability to improve the earnings of the bottom half of the income distribution curve. I personally think it doesn’t make any difference what
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issue of health care is a separate issue, but it is a subset of this, because it has profound implications in terms of income and income inequality. What would you recommend for health care reform? I served for many years on the board of the Mayo Clinic, and we spend billions of
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University Law School, and the University of Toledo’s College of Law. ______________________________ R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_11, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 117 118 J. Sweeney How would you assess the level of
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Even before the onset of the economic crisis, working people in the United States have been left behind by an economy that is fundamentally unbalanced. Income inequality in the United States has grown to levels that we have not seen since before the Depression. The 1% of households received 21.8% of
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the rallying cry in Greece back in the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_12, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 125 126 W. Weld century BC was gehs anadismos, redistribution of
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of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, he is the R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_13, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 133 134 J. Wolfensohn recipient of many national and international medals
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have groups like Al Qaeda, you have all sorts of people with less than positive ideas about what should happen in the world, and so income inequality at that level becomes a dramatic challenge, one which is wholly underestimated by the world. For whatever reason, it is very difficult to get anyone
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performers. It’s difficult to change the shape of that bell curve. R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_14, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 145 146 J. Yang Although our options in the context of
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of employees in India, in China, indeed in lots of overseas markets. We all travel to Kiev all the time! This outsourcing does probably increase income inequality in the U.S. Because you can’t outsource the top 1% of employees, the extremely high wages are still being paid out in the
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, some come from families of means, others from modest backgrounds, some graduated from private universities, others from public institutions. They hold different opinions about rising income inequality, but all believe inequality deserves more thoughtful attention on the political agenda. Rather than summarizing each individual’s opinions, this overview discusses the major concepts
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gap between rich and poor in the United States and many Euro- R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_15, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 155 156 T. Raffel and G. Samuels pean countries.1
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of Deutsche Bank observes, income inequality is judged less dispassionately. The interviewees did not predict how the financial crisis may affect national politics, but some commented on public opinion. Maurice Lévy
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of improving incomes for the bottom half in a globalized world of fast-changing technology and markets. I think that’s at the heart of income inequality, our inability to improve the earnings of the bottom half of the income distribution curve. I personally think it doesn’t make any difference what
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the popular press would make it out to be. (Fred Smith) The Gini coefficient, the most commonly cited index to rate a country’s overall income inequality, is an invisible number. Most people assess inequality by what they see in daily life and what the media shows. Several interviewees disapproved of the
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hosted a major and several minor revolutions is obviously sensitive to inequality, and recent polls indeed report the French public’s growing disapproval of rising income inequality. However, the statistical facts are starkly different. The French Gini coefficient, with minor variations, has been stable over the past two decades. The “bling” effect
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the core of the social compact, may be called into question insofar R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_16, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 177 178 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer as top
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and worth addressing. A View from the Top 181 What Caused the Rise in Inequality? We turn next to the causes of the takeoff in income inequality that has played out in many (but not all) OECD countries. Although the takeoff has been the focus of much scholarly discussion and research, it
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commentary addressing (a) the effects of the financial crisis on how inequality is viewed and explained, (b) the causes of the long-term increase in income inequality and executive compensation, and (c) the merits of various approaches to reducing inequality. The interviews themselves take on these and other questions in far more
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choose among an array of income statistics, such as those derived from R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_17, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 193 194 R. Berger income, expenditure, gross income, or income net
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countries has increased, though at varying rates and phases. The point is not to dispute a trend over the past couple of decades toward rising income inequality in many countries, but rather to emphasize the dangers of generalizing, trying to find standardized approaches, and the risk of inaccurate analysis due to complex
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market participation rates have increased from 65.8% to 70.2%.4 While these new workers do not alleviate, and indeed may factor in rising income inequality statistics, they are now in the job market. Inequality is not static and they have the potential for advancement they did not previously enjoy. Democracy
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power and relative rates of social mobility.10 However, there is a statistical association (as well as exceptions) between relative rates of social mobility and income inequality, where countries with lower inequality exhibit relatively higher rates of social mobility. As the OECD reports, “In general, the countries with the most equal distributions
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David R. 2006. “Income Mobility: Alive and Well.” Hoover Digest 2006 (1). R. Berger et al., The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15804-9_18, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 211 212 D.B. Grusky and C. Wimer the rationale behind
by Don Watkins and Yaron Brook · 28 Mar 2016 · 345pp · 92,849 words
Equal Is Unfair America’s Misguided Fight against Income Inequality Don Watkins and Yaron Brook St. Martin’s Press New York Begin Reading Table of Contents About the Author Copyright Page Thank you for buying
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on research he conducted with economist Emmanuel Saez beginning in the early 2000s, Piketty uses tax data from the IRS to trace the path of income inequality over the last century. As we can see in Figures 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, he finds that, after declining during the post
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–World War II era, income inequality has been rising for the last forty years, driven primarily by the top 1 percent of earners. In addition to income inequality, which refers to differences in the amount of money that people earn on a regular
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only are the data sometimes sketchy, but there are many options in deciding which data to use. For instance, if we are trying to assess income inequality, what do we count as income? Do we count pre-tax income or post-tax income? What about government handouts (usually referred to as “transfer
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, the problems are magnified, in part because the historical data are far less reliable. It’s no accident that while there is general agreement that income inequality has been increasing, there is nothing like a consensus when it comes to wealth inequality. Although Piketty shows wealth inequality increasing in the United States
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growth. But here, too, they are swimming against the tide. Most experts agree that, among advanced economies, the United States has the highest levels of income inequality. Yet, by almost every metric—per capita GDP, median standard of living, median disposable income, unemployment—it has also performed better over the last forty
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left-wing group New America, says that the U.S. is a “North American banana republic” no better than some of its impoverished neighbors: “Our income inequality is worse than that of Guyana, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. When it comes to shared prosperity, we keep company with Iran and Yemen.”50 The conclusion
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same goes for their claim that, as Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett put it in The Spirit Level, “the relationship between intergenerational social mobility and income inequality is very strong. . . . [C]ountries with bigger income differences tend to have much lower social mobility.”11 In one sense, that would be predictable but
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debate with Yaron, economist James Galbraith placed the blame for rising inequality squarely at the feet of the financial industry. “The major driver of increasing income inequality in the U.S., shown in tax records, is the financial sector, or was the financial sector up through the debacle in 2008. That’s
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justify it—not if you equate justice with economic equality. The Question of Inheritance In recent years, discussions of economic inequality have focused mainly on income inequality. But that’s started to change with Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century, which argues that wealth inequality is our biggest long
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, https://www.aeaweb.org/aea/2015conference/program/retrieve.php?pdfid=421 (accessed April 12, 2015). On problems with Piketty’s data on income inequality, see Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort
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-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed April 12, 2015); and Alan Cole, “Income Data Is a Poor Measure of Inequality,” Tax Foundation, August 13, 2014, http://taxfoundation.org/article/
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: Independent Institute, 2012). 44. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, p. 3. 45. Ibid., p. 3. 46. Ibid., p. 9. 47. Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 2003, 1–39 (2013 updates), http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2013prel.xls (accessed
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, “Whither the Bottom 90 Percent, Thomas Piketty?”; Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed April 12, 2015). IRS data is also sensitive to changes in the tax code
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-are-worthless-1404945590 (accessed June 1, 2015); and Phil Gramm and Michael Solon, “How to Distort Income Inequality,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/phil-gramm-and-michael-solon-how-to-distort-income-inequality-1415749856 (accessed June 1, 2015). 63. Richard V. Burkhauser, Jeff Larrimore, and Kosali I. Simon
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Activity, March 19, 2015, http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/bpea/papers/2015/land-prices-evolution-capitals-share (accessed May 28, 2015); Thomas H. Mayor, “Income Inequality: Piketty and the Neo-Marxist Revival,” Cato Journal, Winter 2015, http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2015/2/cj
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again.” –Lawrence W. Reed, President of the Foundation for Economic Education “Equal Is Unfair demolishes the Left’s myths and demonstrates that the campaign against income inequality is actually an attack on the concept of the ‘land of opportunity’—America’s unique sense of life. As Watkins and Brook show, reason and
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, George Mason University “Arguing the unarguable, Watkins and Brook blow the top off established wisdom on the evil of income inequality and the culpability of the 1%. Today’s one-sided debate on income inequality amounts to envy politics, not logic or fact, as these authors demonstrate in their explosive and entertaining book, Equal
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Is Unfair: America’s Misguided Fight Against Income Inequality. This book shows why the profit motive is noble and shows that government
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intervention in all areas of our lives—not income inequality—is what’s really threatening the American Dream. A must read for those who desire prosperity for more of the world’s people.” –Mallory Factor,
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. www.stmartins.com Cover illustration © Shutterstock Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watkins, Don, 1982– author. Equal is unfair : America’s misguided fight against income inequality / Don Watkins and Yaron Brook. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-250-08444-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-250-08445-3 (e-book) 1
by John Y. Campbell and Tarun Ramadorai · 25 Jul 2025
. 14. Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, World Inequality Report 2022 (World Inequality Lab, 2022), https://wir2022.wid.world/. 15. Measurement of income inequality is difficult because of tax evasion and underreporting of income in surveys. Some recent academic work has challenged the prevailing view that
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income inequality has increased within countries. See Gerald Auten and David Splinter, “Income inequality in the United States: Using tax data to measure long-term trends,” Journal of Political Economy 132 (2024): 2179–2227
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, 2024). For interesting commentary on this debate from outside academia, see Rogé Karma, “A baffling academic feud over income inequality,” The Atlantic, February 27, 2024, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/02/one-percent-income-inequality-academic-feud/677564/. 16. See, for example, Stefanie Stantcheva, “Perceptions and preferences for redistribution,” Oxford Open Economics
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catastrophe insurance, 252–253 celebrity endorsement, regulation of, 227 Center for Retirement Research, 161, 162 central planning system, 9 checking accounts, 237–238, 241 China: income inequality in, 16; peer-to-peer lending market in, 187 chip-and-pin ID card, 201 choice architecture of finance, 269–270n37 chonsei, 64–65 Christmas
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income-contingent student loan repayment, 108–109, 245–246, 286n19 income distribution, global, 11–12, 12–13, 15–16 income-driven repayment (IDR) plans, 314n14 income inequality, measurement of, 266n15 income tax refunds, added to emergency funds, 87, 313n4 index funds, 225; fees, 225; for retirement accounts, 258; in starter kit, 250
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robo-advising businesses, 183, 301n5 Roth accounts, 157–159, 255, 297n6 rounding up approach to increasing savings, 86, 240, 281n19, 314n8 Rumsfeld, Donald, 291n6 Russia, income inequality in, 16 safety of financial products, increasing, 232 Salary Finance, 195–196 sales incentives, conflict of interest between customers and financial professionals, 65 salient outcomes
by Kenneth Rogoff · 27 Feb 2025 · 330pp · 127,791 words
.14 Academic economists continue to take up with relish the idea that Federal Reserve policy can and should do much more to reduce wealth and income inequality. From a purely intellectual perspective, the research is fascinating, especially on the technical side, and it is certainly valuable to better understand how interest rate
by Maximilian Kasy · 15 Jan 2025 · 209pp · 63,332 words
with lower levels of education, decreasing their marginal productivity. This has led to a widening gap of wages across education groups, and thus to rising income inequality. This growing gap can only be countered through a general increase in levels of education, so that shifts in labor supply counter the shifts in
by Tim Wu · 4 Nov 2025 · 246pp · 65,143 words
from a spread of inequality. He is the cofounder of a group known as “Tools for Humanity,” which identifies humanity’s “grand challenges” as “global income inequality, governance of existential risks, and distinguishing humans from artificial intelligence.”[6] Altman argues that improving artificial intelligence is the clearest way to solve economic inequalities
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Worldcoin, meant to be a remedy for inequality. As the company explained in a press release:[1] Grand challenges in the next decade are global income inequality, governance of existential risks, and distinguishing humans from artificial intelligence. Humanity needs a protocol to solve these challenges. Worldcoin aims to be this protocol […] with
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who see their goal as reducing global wealth inequality. Dunstan Teo, the cofounder of Philcoin (a blockchain-based philanthropy project), argued that crypto products “reduce income inequality by giving anyone, anywhere in the world, access to the same financial products. […] Quite simply, crypto levels the playing field for all.”[2] We already
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the United States, about one-third of private-sector workers were unionized.[3] That year was also, whether by coincidence or not, the year that income inequality was at its lowest in the United States.[4] Since then, something has gone terribly wrong for workers. Real wages for the middle and lower
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/blog/foundational-topics/advancing-decentralization. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1 Anthony Clarke, “How Cryptocurrency Could Help Tackle Global Income Inequality,” Cointelegraph, August 31, 2022, https://cointelegraph.com/news/how-cryptocurrency-could-help-tackle-global-income-inequality. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2 “For Every Human,” Worldcoins, accessed October 9, 2024, https://www.worldcions.com/#/. BACK
by W. David Marx · 18 Nov 2025 · 642pp · 142,332 words
with the constant beats of drum circles. The movement inspired allied protests across the United States and around the world. OWS thrust the issue of income inequality into the national conversation with a memorable slogan: “We are the 99%.” The phrase, attributed variously to economist Joseph Stiglitz or anarchist anthropologist David Graeber
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?” Police cleared Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011, effectively ending the protests. In their aftermath, sympathetic commentators praised OWS for revitalizing the American left, elevating income inequality into a major issue, and reinvigorating protest culture. Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez later harnessed this momentum. Critics like Andrew Ross Sorkin argued, however
by Danny Funt · 20 Jan 2026 · 285pp · 100,897 words
level of what I would call financial nihilism,” he told me. “If you sort of pull that string a little bit, it has tentacles into income inequality, into the rise of housing prices and sort of the non-affordability of the American dream right now, into existential concerns about climate change, and
by Robert D. Putnam · 12 Oct 2020 · 678pp · 160,676 words
a dramatic U-turn, to be followed by a half century of Great Divergence, that is, plunging income equality. By the early twenty-first century income inequality in America (especially pre-tax and transfers) was reaching an intensity unseen for one hundred years. So abrupt was this reversal that one of the
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of all families have essentially zero net worth,33 in effect living paycheck to paycheck. But the degree of wealth inequality, like the degree of income inequality, has varied a lot over the decades, and perhaps not surprisingly, trends in the two are closely correlated. Figure 2.9 displays how the distribution
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vs. mid-1970s)—presumably, it takes several years of multimillion-dollar bonuses to afford your first private jet. As Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman observe, “Income inequality has a snowballing effect on wealth distribution.”38 On the other hand, the dramatic recent increase in wealth inequality has begun to feed back into
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income inequality: Since about 2000 most of the increase in income inequality has been due to inequality in capital income.39 These two forms of economic inequality are thus mutually reinforcing. Emmanuel Saez
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decades after World War II, but there has been a sharp increase in inequality since the 1970s. The United States now combines extremely high labor income inequality with very high wealth inequality.40 THE GREAT CONVERGENCE The second half of Figures 2.8 and 2.9 is much discussed in contemporary political
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II the gap between rich and poor continued to narrow. Poor and middle-income Americans’ share of the bounty of postwar prosperity grew, further reducing income inequality, in sharp contrast to the Roaring Twenties. “From 1945 to 1975,” sociologist Douglas Massey has written, “under structural arrangements implemented during the New Deal, poverty
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in the mid-1960s), as shown in Figure 2.10. That in turn suggests that intergenerational economic mobility may have followed the same path as income inequality over the decades—rising during the Great Convergence up until about 1970 and then sharply falling for the next half century.52 As we saw
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, suggesting that U.S. domestic institutions and policies have played a major role. Careful studies have found the overall impact of immigration on U.S. income inequality to be minor, and to have no impact at all on high-end inequality, which is precisely where the shifts in income distribution have been
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increased the incomes of what would otherwise have been low-income households, thus compressing the income distribution.87 Conversely, the decline of unions has fostered income inequality during the Great Divergence.88 Only a fraction of these effects comes from the direct impact of collective bargaining on the incomes of union members
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tax changes tended to increase inequality, but spending changes tended to decrease inequality, so that in total, taxes and spending since 1980 have modestly reduced income inequality, buffering the decline in equality that would otherwise have been even steeper. Importantly, however, most of this expanded spending represents the growth of middle-class
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nonmarket forces were more important. It is important to remember, however, that government nonfiscal actions (or inactions) can also have a powerful indirect effect on income inequality; one important example is regulatory policy, to which we now turn. Financial Regulation The anticompetitive behavior of the big trusts and monopolies, and especially misbehavior
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incomes associated with the financial services industry.112 Indeed, they estimate that this factor alone accounts for 15–25 percent of the total increase in income inequality during the Great Divergence. Anticompetitive and unregulated market concentration is, of course, much discussed today in realms beyond finance, just as it was 125 years
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contributor to the Great Convergence and Great Divergence, and many states and localities have recently raised their minimum wage levels in an effort to reverse income inequality.115 Economists are sharply divided on whether the direct effect of minimum wage laws on wage levels is offset, in whole or in part, by
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level in the 1930s, peaking in the late 1960s, and then declining exactly at the same time as all the other factors causally linked to income inequality. Across a very wide range of public policy, then, we can see a broad pendular swing—for a half century and more in the direction
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REAL MINIMUM WAGE, 1938–2020 Sources: Department of Labor; Federal Reserve. Data LOESS smoothed: 0.15. SOCIAL NORMS Many economists who have closely examined growing income inequality over the last half century have emphasized the same factors that we have just outlined. “In the United States,” argue Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and
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makes it unlikely to be the primary driver in this relationship. More recently, political scientists Bryan J. Dettrey and James E. Campbell have argued that “income inequality does not appear to have been a significant cause of growing polarization,” while economists John V. Duca and Jason L. Saving conclude that causation between
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as what they were in 1968,” and “a key and underappreciated driver of the [persistent] racial income gap has been the national trend of rising income inequality.”41 In other words, racial disparities in income narrowed during America’s “we” epoch and have stopped narrowing during America’s “I” epoch. Of course
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would run afoul of the wide range and diversity of our Ys. A specific explanation (X in our notation) that might work for Y1 (say, income inequality) seems unlikely also to explain Y2 (say, club membership), Y3 (say, split ticket voting), Y4 (say, baby names), and so on through the scores of
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6 and 7. 24 In drafting this chapter, we have benefited from the important forthcoming work of Charles L. Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States: Economic Trends and Political-Economy Explanations,” in Inequality and Democracy in America, ed. Tobin Craig, Steven Kautz, and Arthur Melzer (Philadelphia
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this approach remain controversial among economists, but an alternative, more conventional approach yields similar long-term inverted U-curves. See Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535135. For
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a recent independent review of multiple statistical approaches to historical trends in income inequality that confirms the basic inverted-U pattern shown in Figure 2.8, see Chad Stone et al., “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in
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Income Inequality” (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 21, 2019). Generally speaking, conservative analysts argue that mainstream estimates of inequality are too high, but
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. 47 David Leonhardt, “How the Upper Middle Class Is Really Doing,” New York Times, February 24, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/opinion/income-inequality-upper-middle-class.html; Matthew Stewart, “The 9.9 Percent Is the New American Aristocracy,” The Atlantic, June 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive
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and a slightly different estimate of annual income, but the broad comparison in the text is essentially unaffected. 49 Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States,” 4. 50 David Card, Ciprian Domnisoru, and Lowell Taylor, “The Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from the Golden Age of
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1967): 31–73, https://doi.org/10.2307/3348839. 55 Jacob Bor, Gregory H Cohen, and Sandro Galea, “Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980–2015,” The Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017): 1475–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8. 56 National
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(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013). 60 See C. Cindy Fan and Emilio Casetti, “The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of US Regional Income Inequality, 1950–1989,” The Annals of Regional Science 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 177–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01581768; David J. Peters, “American
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Income Inequality Across Economic and Geographic Space, 1970–2010,” Social Science Research 42, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1490–1504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.
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, November 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/research/countering-the-geography-of-discontent-strategies-for-left-behind-places/; and Robert A. Manduca, “The Contribution of National Income Inequality to Regional Economic Divergence,” Social Forces 90 (December 2019): 622–48, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz013. 61 The causes of the U-curve
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, unions, changing pay norms, and taxes and transfers by government. Another useful overview is Stone et al., “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality.” In addition to other factors, Angus Deaton emphasizes the importance of family formation and collapse—marriage allows couples to pool their earnings to form household
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://doi.org/10.3386/w16106. For the argument that trade liberalization in itself actually lowers inequality, see Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall, and Chris Papageorgiou, “Rising Income Inequality: Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?,” International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 2008. And for the nuanced argument (which we largely share) “that trade played an
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of Wages, 1973–1992: A Semiparametric Approach,” Econometrica 64, no. 5 (September 1996): 1001–44, https://doi.org/10.2307/2171954; Dierk Herzer, “Unions and Income Inequality: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis for the United States,” Economic Development Quarterly 30, no. 3 (2016): 267–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242416634852
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was $5 million. 102 Kenneth Whyte, Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), chap. 15. 103 Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” quotation at 23. 104 Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Stefanie Stantcheva, “Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale
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-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010). 119 Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998”; Paul Krugman, “For Richer,” New York Times Magazine, October 20, 2002, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/magazine
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influencing the degree of coincidence of political ideologies and political parties. 100 McCarty, Polarized America. 101 Bryan J. Dettrey and James E. Campbell, “Has Growing Income Inequality Polarized the American Electorate? Class, Party, and Ideological Polarization,” Social Science Quarterly 94, no. 4 (December 2013): 1062–83, doi:10.1111/ssqu.12026; John
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V. Duca and Jason L. Saving, “Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence over Nine Decades,” Review of Income and Wealth 62, no. 3 (September 2016): 445–66, doi:10.1111/roiw
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Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (1994): 358–81, doi:10.1017/S0022050700014522. 40 Lindert and Williamson, Unequal Gains, 191–92. 41 Robert Manduca, “Income Inequality and the Persistence of Racial Economic Disparities,” Sociological Science 5 (2018): 182–205. See also Patrick J. Bayer and Kerwin Kofi Charles, “Divergent Paths: Structural
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, 2019, https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-wages-have-been-harmed-by-both-widening-racial-wage-gaps-and-the-widening-productivity-pay-gap/; Manduca, “Income Inequality and the Persistence of Racial Economic Disparities”; Eileen Patten, “Racial, Gender Wage Gaps Persist in U.S. despite Some Progress,” Pew Research Center, accessed October
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is a characterization that proves relevant in later eras as well. 149 Schulman, The Seventies, 77. 150 Charles L. Ballard, “The Fall and Rise of Income Inequality in the United States: Economic Trends and Political Economy Explanations,” unpublished ms., Michigan State University, October 18, 2017, 59. 151 McAdam and Kloos, Deeply Divided
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L. Saving, using highly sophisticated econometric methods, find evidence for “bi-directional feedbacks between polarization and inequality.” See John V. Duca and Jason L. Saving, “Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence over Nine Decades,” Review of Income and Wealth 62, no. 3 (September 2016): 445–66, doi:10.1111/roiw
by Richard G. Wilkinson · 19 Nov 1996 · 268pp · 89,761 words
–85 The relationship between income distribution and mortality among fifty states of the USA in 1990 Life expectancy (M&F) and Gini coefficients of posttax income inequality (standardised for household size) Social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden compared with England and Wales Social class differences in mortality of men 20
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at Berkeley, and Kawachi’s and Kennedy’s at Harvard have shown that a society’s life expectancy is closely related to the scale of income inequality within it. Even while writing this preface, I received a draft of another paper from the Harvard group in which they give a powerful statistical
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Wilkinson, R.G. Dear David Ennals…. New Society, 16 December 1976; 567–8. Kawachi, I., Kennedy B.P., Lochner, K., Prothrow-Stith, D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health (forthcoming 1996). Chapter 1 Introduction The social economy of health This book brings together a growing body of
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(M&F) at birth in developed countries, c. 1981 Source: Data from J.A.Bishop, J.P.Formby and W.J.Smith, International comparisons of income inequality: Luxembourg Income Study, 1989: Working paper 26. Figure 5.4: The annual rate of change of life expectancy in twelve European Community countries and the
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on adult height of a doubling of per capita income could be offset by a modest rise of 0.066 in the Gini coefficient of income inequality. Given that the relationship between health and income distribution exists, how confident can we be of its meaning? Could it be a spurious reflection of
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mortality within areas of the same country. The two reports that mortality in fifty states of the United States is related to the amount of income inequality within them were tightly controlled for a number of potential confounders (Kaplan, G.A. et al. 1996; Kennedy, B.P. et al. 1996). The association
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individual selective social mobility (or income mobility) and health: it would have to be a relationship between societal levels of health—however distributed—and societal income inequality. At one time it seemed plausible that income distribution would affect mortality in quite different ways in rich and poor countries. In poorer countries where
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rich would do marginally better. To find that the opposite is the case is important; it suggests that there is a genuinely social effect of income inequality among poorer as well as richer countries for which we must seek a unified understanding. We saw in chapter 3 that during the epidemiological transition
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and after the transition, but becomes less affected by absolute standards after the epidemiological transition. We shall look at the likely mechanisms by which reduced income inequality improves health in chapters 8, 9 and 10. Perhaps the most striking example of the way narrowing income differences can improve health—or rather life
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means that a value of 0.4 (to the right on the Figure 5.6: Life expectancy (M&F) and Gini coefficients of post-tax income inequality (standardised for household size) Sources: Data from M. Sawyer, Income distribution in OECD countries, OECD Economic Outlook, Occasional Studies, 1976, 3–36, Table 11; and
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elsewhere in that society. So far we have looked almost exclusively at international data on income distribution and national mortality rates. Evidence of the way income inequality feeds into health inequalities and so into national mortality rates can be gleaned from evidence of change over time within Britain. However, looking at the
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health 95 Figure 5.9: Widening income differences: distribution of disposable income adjusted for household size, UK Note: The Gini coefficient measures the degree of income inequality—not just between rich and poor, but across the whole population. The larger the coefficient, the greater the inequality. If everyone had the same income
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widened sufficiently rapidly to make it worth looking for an impact on annual mortality figures. 96 Health inequalities within societies Most of the growth of income inequality took place among people of working age and their children. Relative poverty among old people only increased very slightly during this period. It is among
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and the lack of any such relationship between developed countries. Providing strong confirmation of the relative income interpretation of this paradox is the relationship between income inequality and average life expectancy which has been shown to exist in both rich and poor countries. This has now been demonstrated crosssectionally and on data
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it had the highest life expectancy in the world and the narrowest income differentials of any country reporting to the World Bank. The decline in income inequality which has marked much of the development of Japanese society in the postwar period reflects the special development of Japanese capitalism during and after the
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led to a deterioration in the social fabric of society. However, even here the evidence is ambiguous. Those who would say that the growth in income inequality came first would point to its source in international competition and new technology which weakened the market position of people with low levels of skill
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that social cohesion is very closely related to income distribution among the states of the United States. In a most important paper called ‘Social capital, income inequality and mortality’ to be published in the American Journal of Public Health, Kawachi, Kennedy and their colleagues provide quantitative evidence that social cohesion provides the
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the cash economy more and more of the social, categorical and situational markers of status have given way to monetary ones. The modern effects of income inequality are the combined effects of inequality and the market. However, for most of human existence human societies were held together by a very different form
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marginally increases the strength of the correlation from the 0.72 (P<0.001) shown in figure 8.1. These correlations suggest that differences in income inequality may account for as much as half the very large differences in homicide rates from one state to another (they vary from 2 to 18
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per 100,000 population per year). Earlier reports showing that homicide rates in the United States are more closely related to income inequality than to absolute poverty confirm these results (Balkwell 1990; Crutchfield 1989; Blaus and Blaus 1982; Currie 1985). A much earlier report using data from the
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and Braithwaite (1980) also showed a statistically significant relationship between greater inequality of earnings and higher homicide rates. Messner (1982) found that the extent of income inequality accounted for 35 per cent of the differences in homicide rates among the thirty-nine countries for which he had data. That the links between
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crime and income inequality to some extent parallel those between health and inequality is highly indicative of the channels through which health is affected. It not only provides independent
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and 30 per cent of all deaths. This pattern of raised mortality in a deprived area, which has much in common with that associated with income inequality both within the United States and internationally, gives a highly plausible picture of raised mortality associated with direct effects of social exclusion. The relationship between
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the rest of society, and the 172 Social cohesion and social conflict stigmatisation of the most disadvantaged, will be closely related to the extent of income inequality. As people in early forms of society recognised only too well, you cannot achieve social integration without economic integration. The values of social life will
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life rather than being abandoned to the negative market relations between self-interested households—Banfield’s so-called ‘a-moral familism’ (Banfield 1958). With reduced income inequality, people are connected in public life through a variety of social organisations, purposes and activities. Some sense of the moral collectivity and of social purpose
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. 1995; World Bank 1993). A second example comes in a paper by Persson and Tabellini (1994) which provides two separate tests of the effect of income inequality on the growth rate of GDPpc. The first is a historical analysis going back from 1985 as far as data from a group of nine
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, educational expansion and the simultaneous reduction in the inequality of educational opportunity reduced the inequality of income distribution. Feeding back to faster growth and lower income inequality, this further increased the supply of, and demand for, education. But even holding education constant, Birdsall found that greater income equity aided growth in these
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primary goal to which governments aspire, it is important that we take a more discriminating view of its benefits. To suggest that the links between income inequality and health operate primarily through psychosocial pathways, and that more egalitarian societies are more socially cohesive, will no doubt make some think that it is
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and public policy. Routledge, London. 1979. Braithwaite, J. Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1989. Braithwaite, J. and Braithwaite, V. The effect of income inequality and social democracy on homicide. British Journal of Criminology 20 (1): 45–53. 1980. Broadhead, W.E., Kaplan, B.H., James, S.A., et al
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Foundation, Social Policy Research Findings. No. 37, York. May 1993. Kaplan, G.A., Pamuk, E., Lynch, J.W., Cohen, R.D. and Balfour, J.L. Income inequality and mortality in the United States. British Medical Journal 1996; 312:999–1003. Kaplan, J.R., Shively, C.A. and Fontenot, M.B. et al
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–7, 82, 109, 142, 222;pressures on 192;and risk 189 crime 167–9, 191, 225;and criminal society 229–30;and health 170;and income inequality 156– 8;patterns of 125–6 death rates 1, 2, 3, 63, 70, 213, 215, 216–18;advantage of using 55–6; age-standardised 56
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contact 203–4;selection by 197; and social mobility 197, 198, 199–200, 204–5;and (un)employment 197–8, 204 homicide rates 168; and income inequality 156, 158; and suicide 163 housing 177, 178, 213, 214 Hungary 124 hypothermia 24–5, 231–2 illness, measuring 55, 56; selfreported 88–9, 100
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causality 81–2;and social involvement/ networks 182–3 income-life expectancy 92–3, 153; and income distribution 76, 78, 85, 89, 91–2;and income inequality 108 individual/society interface 1, 6–7, 15–19, 54 individualism 144–5, 150 industry, paternalism in 132–3; working conditions in 131–3, 226
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by Lauren A. Rivera · 3 May 2015 · 497pp · 130,817 words
by John Kay · 24 May 2004 · 436pp · 76 words
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by Tim Harford · 2 Feb 2021 · 428pp · 103,544 words
by Tim O'Reilly · 9 Oct 2017 · 561pp · 157,589 words
by Derek S. Hoff · 30 May 2012
by Juliet Schor, William Attwood-Charles and Mehmet Cansoy · 15 Mar 2020 · 296pp · 83,254 words
by Yascha Mounk · 15 Feb 2018 · 497pp · 123,778 words
by Bruce Cannon Gibney · 7 Mar 2017 · 526pp · 160,601 words
by Muhammad Yunus · 25 Sep 2017 · 278pp · 74,880 words
by George Magnus · 10 Sep 2018 · 371pp · 98,534 words
by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl Wudunn · 14 Jan 2020 · 307pp · 96,543 words
by David Goodhart · 7 Jan 2017 · 382pp · 100,127 words
by Jane McGonigal · 22 Mar 2022 · 420pp · 135,569 words
by Paul Gilding · 28 Mar 2011 · 337pp · 103,273 words
by Andrew McAfee · 30 Sep 2019 · 372pp · 94,153 words
by Dalton Conley · 27 Dec 2008 · 204pp · 67,922 words
by Kristen R. Ghodsee · 16 May 2023 · 302pp · 112,390 words
by Russell Jones · 15 Jan 2023 · 463pp · 140,499 words
by John Abramson · 15 Dec 2022 · 362pp · 97,473 words
by William Davies · 26 Feb 2019 · 349pp · 98,868 words
by Judith Stein · 30 Apr 2010 · 497pp · 143,175 words
by Maurice E. Stucke and Ariel Ezrachi · 14 May 2020 · 511pp · 132,682 words
by Tamara Draut · 4 Apr 2016 · 255pp · 75,172 words
by Adrian Wooldridge · 2 Jun 2021 · 693pp · 169,849 words
by Rebecca Henderson · 27 Apr 2020 · 330pp · 99,044 words
by Thomas Piketty and Arthur Goldhammer · 7 Jan 2015 · 165pp · 45,129 words
by Jeffrey Sachs · 1 Jan 2008 · 421pp · 125,417 words
by George Gilder · 30 Apr 1981 · 590pp · 153,208 words
by Harsha Walia · 9 Feb 2021
by John Plender · 27 Jul 2015 · 355pp · 92,571 words
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by Ellen Ruppel Shell · 22 Oct 2018 · 402pp · 126,835 words
by Robert H. Frank · 31 Mar 2016 · 190pp · 53,409 words
by Wendy Brown · 6 Feb 2015
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by Steven Pinker · 1 Jan 2002 · 901pp · 234,905 words
by Ian Goldin, Geoffrey Cameron and Meera Balarajan · 20 Dec 2010 · 482pp · 117,962 words
by Nandan Nilekani · 25 Nov 2008 · 777pp · 186,993 words
by Ruchir Sharma · 8 Apr 2012 · 411pp · 114,717 words
by James Bloodworth · 18 May 2016 · 82pp · 21,414 words
by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin · 8 Oct 2012 · 823pp · 206,070 words
by Matt Ridley · 17 May 2010 · 462pp · 150,129 words
by Ashoka Mody · 7 May 2018
by John McMillan · 1 Jan 2002 · 350pp · 103,988 words
by Reihan Salam · 24 Sep 2018 · 197pp · 49,240 words
by Manuel Castells · 31 Aug 1996 · 843pp · 223,858 words
by Robert H. Frank · 3 Sep 2011
by Joe Studwell · 1 Jul 2013 · 868pp · 147,152 words
by Owen Jones · 14 Jul 2011 · 317pp · 101,475 words
by Evan Osnos · 12 May 2014 · 499pp · 152,156 words
by Polly Toynbee and David Walker · 3 Mar 2020 · 279pp · 90,888 words
by Lisa McKenzie · 14 Jan 2015 · 212pp · 80,393 words
by Selina Todd · 11 Feb 2021 · 598pp · 150,801 words
by Jane Mayer · 19 Jan 2016 · 558pp · 168,179 words
by Parag Khanna · 5 Feb 2019 · 496pp · 131,938 words
by James. Davies · 15 Nov 2021 · 307pp · 88,085 words
by Brett Christophers · 6 Nov 2018
by Jamie K. McCallum · 15 Nov 2022 · 349pp · 99,230 words
by Aaron Benanav · 3 Nov 2020 · 175pp · 45,815 words
by Jeanna Smialek · 27 Feb 2023 · 601pp · 135,202 words
by Conor Dougherty · 18 Feb 2020 · 331pp · 95,582 words
by Nick Romeo · 15 Jan 2024 · 343pp · 103,376 words
by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig · 15 Mar 2020
by Eduardo Porter · 4 Jan 2011 · 353pp · 98,267 words
by Norbert Haring, Norbert H. Ring and Niall Douglas · 30 Sep 2012 · 261pp · 103,244 words
by Parag Khanna · 18 Apr 2016 · 497pp · 144,283 words
by Mark R. Levin · 12 Jul 2021 · 314pp · 88,524 words
by Nicole Aschoff · 10 Mar 2015 · 128pp · 38,187 words
by Francis Fukuyama · 28 Feb 2006 · 446pp · 578 words
by Jeff Booth · 14 Jan 2020 · 180pp · 55,805 words
by Tim Lee, Jamie Lee and Kevin Coldiron · 13 Dec 2019 · 241pp · 81,805 words
by Ronald Cohen · 1 Jul 2020 · 276pp · 59,165 words
by Helaine Olen · 27 Dec 2012 · 375pp · 105,067 words
by Paul Ely Beckerman and Andrés Solimano · 30 Apr 2002
by Shoshana Zuboff · 15 Jan 2019 · 918pp · 257,605 words
by Mike Savage · 5 Nov 2015 · 297pp · 89,206 words
by Andrew Yang · 2 Apr 2018 · 300pp · 76,638 words
by Jonathan Taplin · 17 Apr 2017 · 222pp · 70,132 words
by Robert Neuwirth · 18 Oct 2011 · 340pp · 91,387 words
by Marc Levinson · 31 Jul 2016 · 409pp · 118,448 words
by Fredrik Erixon and Bjorn Weigel · 3 Oct 2016 · 504pp · 126,835 words
by Andrew Sayer · 6 Nov 2014 · 504pp · 143,303 words
by Paul de Grauwe and Anna Asbury · 12 Mar 2017
by Leo Hollis · 31 Mar 2013 · 385pp · 118,314 words
by Nicholas Shaxson · 11 Apr 2011 · 429pp · 120,332 words
by Richard Florida · 9 May 2016 · 356pp · 91,157 words
by James Crabtree · 2 Jul 2018 · 442pp · 130,526 words
by Peter Barnes · 31 Jul 2014 · 151pp · 38,153 words
by Juliet B. Schor · 12 May 2010 · 309pp · 78,361 words
by Klaus Schwab · 11 Jan 2016 · 179pp · 43,441 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 1 Mar 2016 · 366pp · 94,209 words
by Dinny McMahon · 13 Mar 2018 · 290pp · 84,375 words
by Robert J. Shiller · 14 Oct 2019 · 611pp · 130,419 words
by Alec MacGillis · 16 Mar 2021 · 426pp · 136,925 words
by Richard Heinberg · 1 Jun 2011 · 372pp · 107,587 words
by Robert Verkaik · 14 Apr 2018 · 419pp · 119,476 words
by Tyler Cowen · 8 Apr 2019 · 297pp · 84,009 words
by John Cassidy · 12 May 2025 · 774pp · 238,244 words
by Orly Lobel · 17 Oct 2022 · 370pp · 112,809 words
by Ingrid Robeyns · 16 Jan 2024 · 327pp · 110,234 words
by Grace Blakeley · 11 Mar 2024 · 371pp · 137,268 words
by Samuel Earle · 3 May 2023 · 245pp · 88,158 words
by Paul Krugman · 18 Feb 2010 · 162pp · 51,473 words
by Richard Beck · 2 Sep 2024 · 715pp · 212,449 words
by Greg Clark and Tim Moonen · 19 Dec 2016
by Astra Taylor · 4 Mar 2014 · 283pp · 85,824 words
by Marc J. Dunkelman · 3 Aug 2014 · 327pp · 88,121 words
by Victor Davis Hanson · 15 Nov 2021 · 458pp · 132,912 words
by Binyamin Appelbaum · 4 Sep 2019 · 614pp · 174,226 words
by Thomas J. Dilorenzo · 9 Aug 2004 · 283pp · 81,163 words
by David Harvey · 2 Jan 1995 · 318pp · 85,824 words
by Dr. Jim Taylor · 9 Sep 2008 · 256pp · 15,765 words
by Charles Wheelan · 18 Apr 2010 · 386pp · 122,595 words
by Parag Khanna · 4 Mar 2008 · 537pp · 158,544 words
by Paul Collier · 4 Dec 2018 · 310pp · 85,995 words
by James Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg · 3 Feb 1997 · 582pp · 160,693 words
by Calum Chace · 17 Jul 2016 · 477pp · 75,408 words
by William J. Bernstein · 5 May 2009 · 565pp · 164,405 words
by Peter Frase · 10 Mar 2015 · 121pp · 36,908 words
by C. K. Prahalad · 15 Jan 2005 · 423pp · 149,033 words
by John B. Judis · 11 Sep 2016 · 177pp · 50,167 words
by Mike Berners-Lee · 27 Feb 2019
by Eric Klinenberg · 10 Sep 2018 · 281pp · 83,505 words
by Richard Maxwell · 15 Jan 2001 · 268pp · 112,708 words
by Enrico Moretti · 21 May 2012 · 403pp · 87,035 words
by Alex S. Vitale · 9 Oct 2017 · 318pp · 82,452 words
by Jan Lucassen · 26 Jul 2021 · 869pp · 239,167 words
by Will Hutton · 30 Sep 2010 · 543pp · 147,357 words
by Nick Clegg and Demos (organization : London, England) · 12 Nov 2009 · 92pp
by William MacAskill · 31 Aug 2022 · 451pp · 125,201 words
by Premilla Nadasen · 10 Oct 2023 · 288pp · 82,972 words
by Diane Coyle · 14 Jan 2020 · 384pp · 108,414 words
by Daniel Susskind · 16 Apr 2024 · 358pp · 109,930 words
by Jennifer Breheny Wallace · 21 Aug 2023 · 309pp · 86,747 words
by Harold James · 15 Jan 2023 · 469pp · 137,880 words
by Ray Kurzweil · 25 Jun 2024
by Darrin M. McMahon · 14 Nov 2023 · 534pp · 166,876 words
by Ha-Joon Chang · 1 Jan 2010 · 365pp · 88,125 words
by Fredrik Deboer · 4 Sep 2023 · 211pp · 78,547 words
by Martin Ford · 13 Sep 2021 · 288pp · 86,995 words
by Rob Reich, Mehran Sahami and Jeremy M. Weinstein · 6 Sep 2021
by Robert Skidelsky · 3 Mar 2020 · 290pp · 76,216 words
by Paul Mason · 29 Jul 2015 · 378pp · 110,518 words
by Andrew Keen · 1 Mar 2018 · 308pp · 85,880 words
by Jerry Kaplan · 3 Aug 2015 · 237pp · 64,411 words
by Niall Ferguson · 28 Feb 2011 · 790pp · 150,875 words
by Richard D. Wolff · 1 Oct 2012 · 165pp · 48,594 words
by Emrys Westacott · 14 Apr 2016 · 287pp · 80,050 words
by Catherine Lutz and Anne Lutz Fernandez · 5 Jan 2010 · 269pp · 104,430 words
by Costas Lapavitsas · 14 Aug 2013 · 554pp · 158,687 words
by Steven Pinker · 24 Sep 2012 · 1,351pp · 385,579 words
by David Harvey · 3 Apr 2014 · 464pp · 116,945 words
by Ellen Ruppel Shell · 2 Jul 2009 · 387pp · 110,820 words
by Dan Lyons · 22 Oct 2018 · 252pp · 78,780 words
by Sandra Navidi · 24 Jan 2017 · 831pp · 98,409 words
by Mike Davis · 1 Mar 2006 · 232pp
by David Weil · 17 Feb 2014 · 518pp · 147,036 words
by Ha-Joon Chang · 26 Dec 2007 · 334pp · 98,950 words
by Ndongo Sylla · 21 Jan 2014 · 193pp · 63,618 words
by Oliver Bullough · 5 Sep 2018 · 364pp · 112,681 words
by Byron Reese · 23 Apr 2018 · 294pp · 96,661 words
by George Monbiot · 14 Apr 2016 · 334pp · 82,041 words
by Tyler Cowen · 27 Feb 2017 · 287pp · 82,576 words
by Robert M. Sapolsky · 1 May 2017 · 1,261pp · 294,715 words
by Sarah Kendzior · 24 Apr 2015 · 172pp · 48,747 words
by John Kay · 2 Sep 2015 · 478pp · 126,416 words
by David Rothkopf · 18 Mar 2008 · 535pp · 158,863 words
by Steffen Mau · 12 Jun 2017 · 254pp · 69,276 words
by Michel Aglietta · 23 Oct 2018 · 665pp · 146,542 words
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by Yascha Mounk · 19 Apr 2022 · 442pp · 112,155 words
by Walt Bogdanich and Michael Forsythe · 3 Oct 2022 · 689pp · 134,457 words
by Joan Walsh · 19 Jul 2012 · 284pp · 85,643 words
by Moises Naim · 5 Mar 2013 · 474pp · 120,801 words
by David Graeber and David Wengrow · 18 Oct 2021
by Richard Dobbs and James Manyika · 12 May 2015 · 389pp · 87,758 words
by Douglas McWilliams · 15 Feb 2015 · 193pp · 47,808 words
by Anatole Kaletsky · 22 Jun 2010 · 484pp · 136,735 words
by Martin Ford · 28 May 2011 · 261pp · 10,785 words
by Dean Starkman · 1 Jan 2013 · 514pp · 152,903 words
by Doug Saunders · 22 Mar 2011 · 366pp · 117,875 words
by Mark Pendergrast · 5 May 2017 · 425pp · 117,334 words
by Tavis Smiley · 15 Feb 2012 · 181pp · 50,196 words
by Lisa Servon · 10 Jan 2017 · 279pp · 76,796 words
by Richard Florida · 28 Jun 2009 · 325pp · 73,035 words
by Tom Standage · 27 Nov 2018 · 215pp · 59,188 words
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by Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias · 19 Aug 2019 · 458pp · 116,832 words
by Alex Zevin · 12 Nov 2019 · 767pp · 208,933 words
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by Lawrence Lessig · 5 Nov 2019 · 404pp · 115,108 words
by Wendy Liu · 22 Mar 2020 · 223pp · 71,414 words
by Katharina Pistor · 27 May 2019 · 316pp · 117,228 words
by Paul Collier · 30 Sep 2013 · 303pp · 83,564 words
by William N. Goetzmann · 11 Apr 2016 · 695pp · 194,693 words
by Stephen Graham · 30 Oct 2009 · 717pp · 150,288 words
by Dani Rodrik · 12 Oct 2015 · 226pp · 59,080 words
by Paul Roberts · 1 Sep 2014 · 324pp · 92,805 words
by Erik Brynjolfsson · 23 Jan 2012 · 72pp · 21,361 words
by Martin Ford · 16 Nov 2018 · 586pp · 186,548 words
by Ulrich Beck · 15 Jan 2000 · 236pp · 67,953 words
by Charles Montgomery · 12 Nov 2013 · 432pp · 124,635 words
by William MacAskill · 27 Jul 2015 · 293pp · 81,183 words
by Annie Leonard · 22 Feb 2011 · 538pp · 138,544 words
by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans and Avi Goldfarb · 16 Apr 2018 · 345pp · 75,660 words
by Johan Norberg · 31 Aug 2016 · 262pp · 66,800 words
by Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn and Dr. Elissa Epel · 3 Jan 2017 · 381pp · 111,629 words
by Andrew Selee · 4 Jun 2018 · 359pp · 97,415 words
by Bhaskar Sunkara · 1 Feb 2019 · 324pp · 86,056 words
by Charles Kenny · 31 Jan 2011 · 272pp · 71,487 words
by Steve Keen · 21 Sep 2011 · 823pp · 220,581 words
by Margaret O'Mara · 8 Jul 2019
by Paul Verhaeghe · 26 Mar 2014 · 208pp · 67,582 words
by Richard J. Evans · 31 Aug 2016 · 976pp · 329,519 words
by Ta-Nehisi Coates · 2 Oct 2017 · 349pp · 114,914 words
by David Gelles · 30 May 2022 · 318pp · 91,957 words
by Immanuel Wallerstein, Randall Collins, Michael Mann, Georgi Derluguian, Craig Calhoun, Stephen Hoye and Audible Studios · 15 Nov 2013 · 238pp · 73,121 words
by Grace Blakeley · 14 Oct 2020 · 82pp · 24,150 words
by Vaclav Smil · 4 May 2021 · 252pp · 60,959 words
by Nick Timiraos · 1 Mar 2022 · 357pp · 107,984 words
by Kristen R. Ghodsee · 20 Nov 2018 · 211pp · 57,759 words
by Alan Murray · 15 Dec 2022 · 263pp · 77,786 words
by J. B. MacKinnon · 14 May 2021 · 368pp · 109,432 words
by Atossa Araxia Abrahamian · 7 Oct 2024 · 336pp · 104,899 words
by David S. Landes · 14 Sep 1999 · 1,060pp · 265,296 words
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by Dani Rodrik · 23 Dec 2010 · 356pp · 103,944 words
by Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling and Anna Rosling Rönnlund · 2 Apr 2018 · 288pp · 85,073 words
by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams · 1 Oct 2015 · 357pp · 95,986 words
by Glenn Greenwald · 11 Nov 2011 · 283pp · 77,272 words
by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and William Greider · 9 Jan 2009 · 278pp · 82,069 words
by Jeremy Lent · 22 May 2017 · 789pp · 207,744 words
by Thomas L. Friedman · 22 Nov 2016 · 602pp · 177,874 words
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge · 14 May 2014 · 372pp · 92,477 words
by James Rickards · 15 Nov 2016 · 354pp · 105,322 words
by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider · 14 Aug 2017 · 237pp · 67,154 words
by Andrew Zimbalist · 13 Jan 2015 · 222pp · 60,207 words
by Joseph Henrich · 7 Sep 2020 · 796pp · 223,275 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 7 Sep 2022 · 205pp · 61,903 words
by Nicholas Wapshott · 2 Aug 2021 · 453pp · 122,586 words
by Robin Chase · 14 May 2015 · 330pp · 91,805 words
by Dean Baker and Jared Bernstein · 14 Nov 2013 · 128pp · 35,958 words
by Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott · 9 May 2016 · 515pp · 126,820 words
by Timothy Snyder · 2 Apr 2018
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by Sharon Beder · 30 Sep 2006 · 273pp · 34,920 words
by Dambisa Moyo · 3 May 2021 · 272pp · 76,154 words
by Thomas L. Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum · 1 Sep 2011 · 441pp · 136,954 words
by Ha-Joon Chang · 4 Jul 2007 · 347pp · 99,317 words
by Louis Hyman · 24 Jan 2012 · 251pp · 76,128 words
by Richard Heinberg and James Howard (frw) Kunstler · 1 Sep 2007 · 235pp · 65,885 words
by Christian Caryl · 30 Oct 2012 · 780pp · 168,782 words
by Barry Glassner · 15 Feb 2007 · 300pp · 65,976 words
by Martin Gurri · 13 Nov 2018 · 379pp · 99,340 words
by Naomi Klein · 12 Jun 2017 · 357pp · 94,852 words
by Fintan O'Toole · 5 Mar 2020 · 385pp · 121,550 words
by Michael Shermer · 8 Apr 2020 · 677pp · 121,255 words
by Xiaowei Wang · 12 Oct 2020 · 196pp · 61,981 words
by David Skelton · 28 Jun 2021 · 226pp · 58,341 words
by Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro · 30 Aug 2021 · 345pp · 92,063 words
by Diane Coyle · 15 Apr 2025 · 321pp · 112,477 words
by Bill Bishop and Robert G. Cushing · 6 May 2008 · 484pp · 131,168 words
by Ian Kershaw · 29 Aug 2018 · 736pp · 233,366 words
by Ben Shapiro · 26 Jul 2021 · 309pp · 81,243 words
by Azeem Azhar · 6 Sep 2021 · 447pp · 111,991 words
by Steven Higashide · 9 Oct 2019 · 195pp · 52,701 words
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by Hal Niedzviecki · 15 Mar 2015 · 343pp · 102,846 words
by David Boyle and Andrew Simms · 14 Jun 2009 · 207pp · 86,639 words
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by Philip Mirowski · 24 Jun 2013 · 662pp · 180,546 words
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by Aaron Bastani · 10 Jun 2019 · 280pp · 74,559 words
by Joe Quirk and Patri Friedman · 21 Mar 2017 · 441pp · 113,244 words
by Philippe Legrain · 22 Apr 2014 · 497pp · 150,205 words
by Callum Williams · 19 May 2020 · 288pp · 89,781 words
by Frank Vogl · 14 Jul 2021 · 265pp · 80,510 words
by Erik Baker · 13 Jan 2025 · 362pp · 132,186 words
by Rana Foroohar · 5 Nov 2019 · 380pp · 109,724 words
by Alex Edmans · 13 May 2024 · 315pp · 87,035 words
by Hannah Ritchie · 9 Jan 2024 · 335pp · 101,992 words
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by William Davies · 11 May 2015 · 317pp · 87,566 words
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by Bruce Schneier · 14 Feb 2012 · 503pp · 131,064 words
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by Noam Chomsky, Arthur Naiman and David Barsamian · 13 Sep 2011 · 489pp · 111,305 words
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by Rick Wartzman · 15 Nov 2022 · 215pp · 69,370 words
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by Antony Loewenstein · 1 Sep 2015 · 464pp · 121,983 words
by Dean Baker · 1 Jan 2011 · 172pp · 54,066 words
by Mark Easton · 1 Mar 2012 · 411pp · 95,852 words
by Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck · 14 Sep 2010 · 321pp · 85,267 words
by Jacob Silverman · 17 Mar 2015 · 527pp · 147,690 words
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by Hawon Jung · 21 Mar 2023 · 401pp · 112,589 words
by James O'Toole · 29 Dec 2018 · 716pp · 192,143 words
by Bregman, Rutger · 9 Mar 2025 · 181pp · 72,663 words
by Michael P. Lynch · 21 Mar 2016 · 230pp · 61,702 words
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by William Baker and Addison Wiggin · 2 Nov 2009 · 444pp · 151,136 words
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by Antti Ilmanen · 4 Apr 2011 · 1,088pp · 228,743 words
by Richard Koch · 15 Dec 1999 · 296pp · 78,227 words
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by Gabriel Zucman, Teresa Lavender Fagan and Thomas Piketty · 21 Sep 2015 · 121pp · 34,193 words
by Tim Wu · 14 Jun 2018 · 128pp · 38,847 words
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by Timothy Garton Ash · 30 Jun 2004 · 329pp · 102,469 words
by Thomas Frank · 5 Aug 2008 · 482pp · 122,497 words
by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt · 16 Jan 2018 · 340pp · 81,110 words
by Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt · 14 Jun 2018 · 531pp · 125,069 words
by Po Bronson · 14 Jul 2020 · 320pp · 95,629 words
by James Miller · 17 Sep 2018 · 370pp · 99,312 words
by Michael J. Mauboussin · 14 Jul 2012 · 299pp · 92,782 words
by Jake Bernstein · 14 Oct 2019 · 470pp · 125,992 words
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by Sara C. Bronin · 30 Sep 2024 · 230pp · 74,949 words
by Tony Wagner and Ted Dintersmith · 17 Aug 2015 · 353pp · 91,520 words
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by Laws, David · 22 Nov 2010 · 309pp · 93,958 words
by Paul Collier · 26 Apr 2007 · 222pp · 75,561 words
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by Matthew Yglesias · 6 Mar 2012 · 58pp · 18,747 words
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by David Boyle · 15 Jan 2014 · 367pp · 108,689 words
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by Chris Hedges · 12 Jul 2009 · 373pp · 80,248 words
by Andrew Palmer · 13 Apr 2015 · 280pp · 79,029 words
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by David Brooks · 2 Jun 2004 · 262pp · 79,469 words
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by Barbara Ehrenreich · 2 Jan 2003 · 200pp · 72,182 words
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