by Kenneth Rogoff · 27 Feb 2025 · 330pp · 127,791 words
—measured by roads, sewage pipes, railway tracks, and the like—is much the same. Like every country, China still has swaths of substandard housing without indoor plumbing, particularly in the poorer rural areas. But even if a way is found to finance the replacement of this stock, it will not nearly be
by Robert J. Gordon · 12 Jan 2016 · 1,104pp · 302,176 words
living are not included in GDP at all, starting with the enormous advance in the quality of housing represented by the replacement of outhouses by indoor plumbing and the replacement of wood fires and potbelly stoves by central heating. The invention of the antibiotic penicillin might save thousands of lives, each of
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similar examples include Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and the attendant emphasis on soap and cleanliness, the development of urban sanitation infrastructure that made indoor plumbing possible, and the realization in the late nineteenth century that some food being sold was tainted, adulterated, or diluted. A final dimension of improvement is
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subsequent seven decades, between 1870 and 1940. The share of homes that had electricity in 1870 was exactly zero. The share of central heating and indoor plumbing was very close to zero. For instance, the hot water radiator was invented only in the late 1850s, implying that there was little central heating
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create clothing before the invention of the sewing machine created a further burden for the rural and urban housewife. Dwelling units in 1870 universally lacked indoor plumbing, running water, waste disposal, electricity, telephone, and central heating. Although middle-class and upper-class families built homes in cities and nearby suburbs that today
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two is considered in this chapter, whereas the next chapter treats the evolution of the quantity and quality of shelter, including the role of electrification, indoor plumbing, and central heating in revolutionizing life within the home. In contrast to the changes chronicled in the next chapter, those treated here are evolutionary rather
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than food and clothing—namely, the quantity and quality of housing, including the effects of the big four dimensions of improved quality—electrification, running water, indoor plumbing, and central heating. Chapter 4 THE AMERICAN HOME: FROM DARK AND ISOLATED TO BRIGHT AND NETWORKED During the last two decades of the 19th century
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second floor.52 Chicago bungalows were built with “generous windows, a full basement, and include[d] the modern amenities of central heat, electric service, and indoor plumbing.”53 Because Chicago was such a large city and was growing so quickly between 1900 and 1930, the particular features of its bungalow belt are
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their urban fellow citizens, in part because the modern conveniences were so slow to arrive. Relatively few farmers had access to electricity, running water, and indoor plumbing by 1940. Indeed, the 1920s were a period of depression, both economically and emotionally, in America’s farmland. Farmers were restless with the feeling that
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procedures for toilets, particularly to prevent sewer gases from backing up into the home.106 Before 1870, the relatively small number of dwellings that had indoor plumbing fixtures obtained the water so used from privately owned wells or from cisterns delivered into the house by a system of shoddy pipes and pumps
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, including a recessed tub, tiled floors and walls, a single-unit toilet, an enameled sink, and a medicine chest. The gradual diffusion of running water, indoor plumbing, and private bathrooms brought with it another less tangible luxury, personal privacy. Both rural and urban families in the late nineteenth century spent most of
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taking a shower today is trivial—two or three minutes of standing under running hot water with soap in hand. It was far different before indoor plumbing, when a bath was taken in a large metal container after a tedious process of carrying water into the home and heating it.33 The
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Internet provided to the general public for information, communication, and entertainment, a new era began for professionals and ordinary citizens alike. Just as electricity and indoor plumbing networked American homes (chapter 4), the Internet networked the American people. Search engines enabled people to find the cheapest airline tickets and the weather in
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…. Houses and office buildings were designed to enhance natural cooling, and people spent summer days and evenings on porches or fire escapes.5 Along with indoor plumbing, electricity, household telephones, and a host of other late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century inventions, the air conditioner is an iconic example of the impact
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-of-plumbing.php. 107. The details of cisterns, pumps, piping, and cesspools are provided by Ogle (1996, chapter 2). Her chapter 3 provides details on indoor plumbing fixtures in the middle of the nineteenth century. 108. Burian et al. (2000, pp. 39–41). 109. The percentage of running water during 1890 to
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of, 100–101; heating for, 125–26; increases in quality of, 12; mortgage financing for, 288, 300–303; retirement communities for, 517; running water and indoor plumbing for, 122–25; rural, 112–13; in small towns and medium-sized cities, 110–12; suburbanization of, 363–70; transition in, 127–28; urban, 102
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Credit on, 645–46; marginal rates for, 617; reform of, 650, 651; varied rates for, 611 Index of Industrial Production and Industrial Capacity, 585–86 indoor plumbing, 44–45, 51, 95, 122–25, 323; diffusion of, 114, 216 Industrial Revolutions, 30–31, 319–20, 528–29; First (IR #1), 30–31, 319
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in, 270–71; wages in, 279 Planned Parenthood (organization), 486 plastics, 561, 565 player pianos, 187–88 plows, 263 plumbing fixtures, 124–25; See also indoor plumbing pneumonia, 465–66 polarization hypothesis, 615–16 polio vaccine, 467–68 population: in 1870, 31–36; demographic inequality in, 607; density of, 104, 366; urbanization
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; old media’s competition with, 419–20; watched by retired people, 517 Temin, Peter, 616–17 tenant farmers, 262, 265–66 tenements, 97, 102–4; indoor plumbing for, 123 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 315 Thiel, Peter, 566 Third Industrial Revolution (IR #3), 320, 328, 601–2; achievements of, 577–79; dominated by
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of 1812, 4 washing machines, 121, 356–60 water, 57, 95; diffusion of running water in homes, 114; for farmhouses, 113; fluoridation of, 486–87; indoor plumbing, 122–25; mortality rates and, 215–16; running water, 216–17 water systems, 51 Watson (computer program), 593 Watt, James, 568 WCBW (television station), 413
by Cheryl Mendelson · 4 Nov 1999 · 1,631pp · 468,342 words
to another. One study, in fact, has found that some fibers are more hospitable than others to certain viruses. In the age of antibiotics, advanced indoor plumbing, and vaccinations, however, sickroom routines that were familiar in every household through the early twentieth century are now forgotten. No smelly disinfectants are used to
by Rose George · 13 Oct 2008 · 346pp · 101,255 words
to be called “Mr. Bidet,” expresses his conviction that the bidet “is the most significant innovation for personal hygiene and sanitation since the introduction of indoor plumbing.” But the bidet has known limited spread beyond its French origins, and even in France it is disappearing. Ninety percent of French homes used to
by David Baird, Juan Cristiano, Lynne Bairstow and Emily Hughey Quinn · 21 Sep 2007
rental. In room: A/C in some rooms, safe, no phone. Azulik is all about slowing down, leaving civilization behind (except for such niceties as indoor plumbing and room service), and enjoying the simple life (with or without clothes). I enjoyed the simple life during an all-too-brief stay here, and
by Andrew McAfee · 30 Sep 2019 · 372pp · 94,153 words
These huge gains were achieved in large part by adding three more world-altering technologies to the mix: the internal combustion engine, electrical power, and indoor plumbing. The first two expanded on what steam gave us: the ability to generate and effectively wield massive amounts of power. The third expanded on London
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products into mechanical energy were quickly deployed in everything from cars to airplanes to ships to tractors to chain saws. Growing with the Flow: Indoor Plumbing To some, indoor plumbing might not seem a profound enough innovation to stand alongside electricity and internal combustion. A flush toilet and water on demand out of a
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from the house that bringing water required more than five hundred hours of labor and 1,750 miles of walking each year.IX Electricity and indoor plumbing eliminated this constant toil. In the 1930s a Tennessee farmer summarized the immense value of the technologies of the second century of the Industrial Era
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Machine Age has arrived before the Industrial Era did, even though the Industrial Era had a two-century-plus head start. Mass electrification and citywide indoor plumbing are over a century old, yet they haven’t yet made it to a substantial portion of the world’s population. Digital communication in the
by Patricia Schultz · 13 May 2007 · 2,323pp · 550,739 words
Hopson Plantation, the former farming enterprise is now home to an isolated rural “B ’n’ B”—bed and beer. A row of shacks (now with indoor plumbing and air-conditioning) are a big draw for blues tourists who embrace the funky rusticity of the place. Another atmospheric option is the old Riverside
by David Baird, Lynne Bairstow, Joy Hepp and Juan Christiano · 2 Sep 2008 · 803pp · 415,953 words
rental. In room: A/C in some rooms, safe, no phone. Azulik is all about slowing down, leaving civilization behind (except for such niceties as indoor plumbing and room service), and enjoying the simple life (with or without clothes). I enjoyed the simple life during a brief stay here, and appreciated the
by Andrea Schulte-Peevers · 20 Oct 2010 · 638pp · 156,653 words
the factories. Housing shortages were solved by building labyrinthine tenements (Mietskasernen, literally ‘rental barracks’), where entire families subsisted in tiny and poorly ventilated flats without indoor plumbing. New political parties gave a voice to the proletariat, foremost the Socialist Workers’ Party (SAP), the forerunner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD; Social Democratic
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keep up with the exploding population. Inspired by their distinctive shape, Berliners nicknamed these relief stations Café Achteck (Café Octagon). Most were torn down when indoor plumbing became commonplace, but the survivors are gradually being restored and modernised. The ‘Cadillac’ models – like the new one on Gendarmenmarkt (Map) – can even accommodate women
by Nancy Isenberg · 20 Jun 2016 · 709pp · 191,147 words
divide when it came to standards of public rural housing; southern projects were administered by southerners who were loath to spend on amenities—such as indoor plumbing. Will Alexander, the Missourian who replaced Tugwell at the RA, and then took over at the FSA, remarked on the persistence of southern backwardness: “If
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her age. Neither of Hazel’s parents had earned a high school degree, her father having joined the circus. Their Redfield home had had no indoor plumbing and an outdoor privy; the Bryans’ move to the city granted basic amenities that they had not enjoyed before. The house they purchased in Little
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to the South. Tammy Faye was born into a poor family of eight children in a small rural town in Minnesota, in a house without indoor plumbing. Her parents were Pentecostal preachers. Jim, the son of a machinist, came from Michigan. They relocated to North Carolina because it was where they knew
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