industrial research laboratory Concepts

Tesla: Man Out of Time

by Margaret Cheney · 1 Jan 1981 · 478pp · 131,657 words

dwarf, was almost deported as an indigent alien. He somehow squeaked through and went on to become the resident genius of General Electric’s first industrial research laboratory at Schenectady. He would later strive to develop an acceptable alternative to Tesla’s alternating-current system when Edison and General Electric needed to play

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operators was swiftly passing. Edison himself, as one of the last of the “independents,” was a transitional figure who built the first of the large industrial research laboratories, setting the style for modern science. Tesla’s lifelong distaste for corporate involvement was twofold: most other engineers drove him mad with impatience, and he

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beginning to perceive what a garden of earthly delights government-sponsored research could be. Oddly enough it was to be Edison, creator of the modern industrial research laboratory, who threw a spanner into their dreams. His first utterance as head of the Naval Consulting Board was that he did not think “scientific research

The Power Makers

by Maury Klein · 26 May 2008 · 782pp · 245,875 words

Gerard Swope.28 Elihu Thomson continued his dual role as scholar and research scientist for General Electric until 1900, when the company finally established its industrial research laboratory. At that moment he terminated his career as an inventor without a murmur of regret. During the 1890s Thomson did extensive research and development work

American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer

by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin · 18 Dec 2007 · 1,041pp · 317,136 words

how American scientists should serve their country had triumphed. For several decades, American scientists had been leaving the academy in droves for corporate jobs in industrial research laboratories. In 1890, America had only four such labs; by 1930 there were over a thousand. And World War II had only accelerated this trend. At

Computer: A History of the Information Machine

by Martin Campbell-Kelly and Nathan Ensmenger · 29 Jul 2013 · 528pp · 146,459 words

-of-a-kind digital computing machines. There were at least ten such machines constructed during this period, not only by government organizations but also by industrial research laboratories such as those of AT&T and RCA, as well as the technical departments of office-machine companies such as Remington Rand, NCR, and IBM

From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry

by Martin Campbell-Kelly · 15 Jan 2003

; however, R&D plays markedly different roles in these two industries. In the pharmaceutical industry, much of the R&D takes place in university and industrial research laboratories, and field trials are directed by PhD-qualified scientists. In the software industry, most of the R&D is done by youthful programmers, usually not

Architects of Intelligence

by Martin Ford · 16 Nov 2018 · 586pp · 186,548 words

, where I got a PhD in Computer Science, doing mostly compiler optimization work. I went on to work for DEC in Palo Alto in their industrial research lab, before joining a startup—I lived in Silicon Valley, and that was the thing to do! Eventually, I ended up at Google back when it

Masterminds of Programming: Conversations With the Creators of Major Programming Languages

by Federico Biancuzzi and Shane Warden · 21 Mar 2009 · 496pp · 174,084 words

but to communicate. What he saw was that the researchers at MIT had built up a set of relationships with other academic and a few industrial research labs around the country and he went to visit all of them, found them to be exceptionally bright people. They were at places like Caltech, UCLA

The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America

by Margaret O'Mara · 8 Jul 2019

bigger firms to start their own companies. But start-ups didn’t have the bandwidth to do next-generation research. The region’s de facto industrial research lab had federally funded operations at Lockheed and NASA Ames and Stanford and SRI—and the government wasn’t making the kind of research investments it

Genentech: The Beginnings of Biotech

by Sally Smith Hughes

Goeddel then signed employment agreements, giving Genentech title to all inventions and protecting the company from unauthorized disclosure of proprietary information, a routine practice in industrial research labs.30 GENENTECH’S HUMAN INSULIN PROJECT Late in 1977, perhaps through the somatostatin publicity, Lilly’s Irving Johnson learned of a new contender—an unprepossessing

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history, 2001/2002, 11. 28Kleid oral history, 2001/2002, 25. 29Kleid, telephone conversation with author, October 2, 2007. 30Since the early twentieth century, major American industrial research laboratories had required their scientists to assign research rights to the company. See Wise 1980. 31For a lively account of the contest for insulin at Harvard

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School Press. Rabinow, Paul. 1996. Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Reich, Leonard S. 1985. The Making of the American Industrial Research Laboratory: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876–1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reimers, Niels. 1987. “Tiger by the Tail.” Chemtech (August): 464–71. Rifkin

Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century

by J. Bradford Delong · 6 Apr 2020 · 593pp · 183,240 words

My Grand Narrative What I call the “long twentieth century” started with the watershed-crossing events of around 1870—the triple emergence of globalization, the industrial research lab, and the modern corporation—which ushered in changes that began to pull the world out of the dire poverty that had been humanity’s lot

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convenient and comfortable. Things changed starting around 1870. Then we got the institutions for organization and research and the technologies—we got full globalization, the industrial research laboratory, and the modern corporation. These were the keys. These unlocked the gate that had previously kept humanity in dire poverty. The problem of making humanity

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, shelter, and clothing for the next year—or the next week. From the techno-economic point of view, 1870–2010 was the age of the industrial research lab and the bureaucratic corporation. One gathered communities of engineering practice to supercharge economic growth, the other organized communities of competence to deploy the fruits of

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a global (albeit unevenly so) phenomenon? To foreshadow a more thorough discussion in Chapter 2, I think the answers lie in the coming of the industrial research laboratory, the large modern corporation, and globalization, which made the world one global market economy, all of which then proceeded to solve the problems that the

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; Roosevelt dies and Čermák lives—and America’s history in the Great Depression years of the 1930s is very different. But the creation of the industrial research lab was not the action of one, or of even only a few, humans. It took many working together, often at cross-purposes, over a course

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meetings of the minds, and with face-to-face negotiations and trust. The factories came to be located near each other. This meant that the industrial research labs and the new ideas were concentrated as well—and the still-high costs of communications meant that the ideas tended to stick in one place

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economies had invented invention. They had invented not just textile machinery and railroads, but also the industrial research lab and the forms of bureaucracy that gave rise to the large corporation. Thereafter, what was invented in the industrial research labs could be deployed at national or continental scale. Perhaps most importantly, these economies discovered that there

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, command-and-control central planning of modern corporations. Every year between 1870 and 1914 the newer and better industrial technologies that emerged from the first industrial research laboratories were deployed, sometimes as they were sold to already established producers, but more often as they spurred the emergence and expansion of large corporations. As

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direction from the one in which it had been heading. How could the mad scientist Tesla make such a difference? Because he could work in industrial research labs and his ideas could be developed and applied by corporations. He could work for George Westinghouse. And General Electric could copy what he had done

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. The heat for this forge came from recurring waves of technological advance that kept coming at an unprecedented pace. These waves were created by the industrial research lab and the modern corporation, and though they were America centered, they diffused outward, first to the rest of the global north and then, slowly, throughout

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from the czarist tyranny that would follow a Russian victory in the war that Germany had started by attacking Belgium. The efficiency of the innovative industrial research lab paired to modern corporations grasping for economies of scale and to well-ordered administration was immense. But that could be thrown away when principles and

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previous discoveries that had been left undeveloped and undeployed during the chaos of the Great Depression. So it was profitable for businesses to provide their industrial research labs with generous funding and then to deploy the labs’ new innovations at scale. In doing so, companies were able to build their knowledge and pull

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theirs, rather than mine. CONCLUSION Are We Still Slouching Towards Utopia? In 1870 a major shift took place for humanity. With the coming of the industrial research lab, the modern corporation, and truly cheap ocean and land transport and communication, we went from a world in which economic patterns formed a semistable backdrop

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deliver for humanity? Humanity had been shaking the portcullis before 1870. And in 1870 a few major changes broke the lock. The coming of the industrial research lab, of the modern corporation, and of globalization opened up, for the first time in human history, the opportunity to solve our problems of material want

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seemed we could look forward to a genuine utopia of abundance, a future in which further scientific discoveries would be developed in the world’s industrial research laboratories and then spread worldwide into the globalized economy by modern corporations. But then World War I came. And afterward it was clear that what the

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longer visible, even if we had previously thought that it was. Driving it all, always in the background and often in the foreground, were the industrial research labs discovering and developing things, the large corporations developing and deploying them, and the globalized market economy coordinating it all. But in some ways the market