invention of the telescope Concepts

Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier

by Neil Degrasse Tyson and Avis Lang · 27 Feb 2012 · 476pp · 118,381 words

our detection hardware flows out of historical relationships with military hardware. And that connection goes back centuries. In the early 1600s Galileo heard about the invention of the telescope in the Netherlands—which they used for looking in people’s windows—and he built one himself. Almost no one had thought to look up

Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military

by Neil Degrasse Tyson and Avis Lang · 10 Sep 2018 · 745pp · 207,187 words

1.Fred Watson, Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004), 49–50, 296–97; Albert Van Helden, “The Invention of the Telescope,” Transac. Amer. Philosophical Society 67:4 (June 1977), 9, n. 4. The pope referred to was Gerbert d’Aurillac, who reigned as Pope Sylvester II

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with movable metal type, had led to rapid increases in myopia. The solution—concave spectacle lenses—was for sale in Florence by 1451 (Van Helden, “Invention of the Telescope,” 10–11). 3.See Watson, Stargazer, 71–73, re observations prior to Galileo’s. As with the rest of his scientific discoveries, Harriot did not

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St. Andrews, Scotland, www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Harriot.html (accessed Apr. 13, 2017). 4.Watson, Stargazer, 55–62; Van Helden, “Invention of the Telescope,” 25–26, 36–42. 5.Engel Sluiter, “The Telescope Before Galileo,” J. History of Astronomy 28:92 (Aug. 1997), 225–26. 6.The self-characterization

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. Westfall, “Science and Patronage: Galileo and the Telescope,” Isis 76:1 (Mar. 1985), 14. 8.All quotes from Van Helden, “Invention of the Telescope,” 15, 28–30. 9.See, e.g., Van Helden, “Invention of the Telescope,” 11, 26; Engel Sluiter, “The First Known Telescopes Carried to America, Asia and the Arctic, 1614–39,” J. History of Astronomy

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. 16.Albert Van Helden, “The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century,” Isis 65:1 (Mar. 1974), 42; Robert Hooke, Micrographia (1665), preface, quoted in Van Helden, “Invention of the Telescope,” 27–28 n. 23; letter from Galileo to Giuliano de Medici, Nov. 13, 1610, quoted in Westfall, “Science and Patronage,” 23. 17.One such was

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University Press, 1985. ——— . Technology and War, From 2000 B.C. to the Present. Revised and expanded. New York: Free Press, 1991. Van Helden, Albert. “The Invention of the Telescope.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 67:4 (June 1977), 1–67. ——— . “Telescopes and Authority from Galileo to Cassini.” Osiris 9 (1994), 8–29. Vaucouleurs

Cosmos

by Carl Sagan · 1 Jan 1980 · 404pp · 131,034 words

Mystery would be confirmed. He aspired to become a colleague of the great Tycho Brahe, who for thirty-five years had devoted himself, before the invention of the telescope, to the measurement of a clockwork universe, ordered and precise. Kepler’s expectations were to be unfulfilled. Tycho himself was a flamboyant figure, festooned with

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in a letter, “Do not sentence me completely to the treadmill of mathematical calculations—leave me time for philosophical speculations, my sole delight.”*) With the invention of the telescope, what Kepler called “lunar geography” was becoming possible. In the Somnium, he described the Moon as filled with mountains and valleys and as “porous, as

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foreshadowing of the Martian canal controversy (Chapter 5). It is striking that the observational search for extraterrestrial life began in the same generation as the invention of the telescope, and with the greatest theoretician of the age. Parts of the Somnium were clearly autobiographical. The hero, for example, visits Tycho Brahe. He has parents

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fixed stars. The absence of detectable stellar parallax as the Earth moved suggested that the stars were much farther away than the Sun. Before the invention of the telescope, the parallax of even the nearest stars was too small to detect. Not until the nineteenth century was the parallax of a star first measured

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by Tycho Brahe, and another, just after, in 1604, described by Johannes Kepler,† Unhappily, no supernova explosions have been observed in our Galaxy since the invention of the telescope, and astronomers have been chafing at the bit for some centuries. Supernovae are now routinely observed in other galaxies. Among my candidates for the sentence

The Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science

by Michael Strevens · 12 Oct 2020

important that it deserves a name. I call it the Tychonic principle, after the sixteenth-century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, who, working just before the invention of the telescope, was the last and greatest “naked-eye” astronomer, using sextants and quadrants to pinpoint the positions of stars and the movements of planets to within

Big Bang

by Simon Singh · 1 Jan 2004 · 492pp · 149,259 words

. The study of nebulae dates back to the ancient astronomers, who had spotted a handful of nebulae using just their naked eyes, but then the invention of the telescope revealed a surprisingly large number of them. The first person to compile a detailed catalogue of nebulae was the French astronomer Charles Messier, who started

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution

by David Wootton · 7 Dec 2015 · 1,197pp · 304,245 words

the cosmos. The real revolution in astronomy came with Tycho Brahe’s nova, with the abandonment of belief in the crystalline spheres, and with the invention of the telescope. The key date is not 1543 but 1611. The title page of Johannes Stradanus’s New Discoveries (Nova reperta, c.1591) summarizes the knowledge that

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be brighter than the land. He saw no reason why the other planets should not be just like the Earth.94 Gilbert drew, before the invention of the telescope, the first map of the moon, and as a result discovered its libration, the fact that it appears to turn slightly, up and down and

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one ten millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. The metric system merely completed a process that had begun with the invention of the telescope, which definitively destroyed the idea that the universe was made on the same scale as man. § 5 According to orthodox Christian thinking (at least until

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beings. The universe still had a centre, and the sun and the Earth were still unique objects. The key change occurred in 1608 with the invention of the telescope and the microscope. Instruments are prostheses for thinking, and act as agents of change. Before 1608 the standard scientific instruments – cross-staffs, astrolabes, and so

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a sophisticated analysis of the Scientific Revolution, although he did not use the term. It had been made possible by the printing press and the invention of the telescope; it depended on mathematics and the mechanical philosophy; and it relied on a new experimental method and the establishment of matters of fact. The new

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’s Copernican Revolution (1959) provides an example of this. According to Kuhn, Copernicanism won out over the alternative systems (the Ptolemaic and Tychonic) before the invention of the telescope, but this cannot be explained simply in terms of the mathematical elegance of the Copernican system; other cultural factors, such as neo-Platonism, which might

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depictus: Nunquam sistens sed continuo volvens: Ephemere Globen in den Festinszenierungen des italienischen Quattrocento’. Der Globusfreund 45–6 (1998): 155–75. Helden, Albert van. ‘The Invention of the Telescope’. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 67 (1977): 1–67. ———. Measuring the Universe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. ———. ‘Roemer’s Speed of Light’. Journal

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me perfectly legitimate), it is irrelevant to the question of Galileo’s knowledge of the telescope. 7. Wootton, Galileo (2010), 87–92; van Helden, ‘The Invention of the Telescope’ (1977). 8. Alexander, ‘Lunar Maps and Coastal Outlines’ (1998); and Pumfrey, ‘Harriot’s Maps of the Moon’ (2009). 9. Wootton, Galileo (2010), 130. 10. Freedberg

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is never decisive in settling scientific disputes. (Wootton, Galileo (2010), 178–9.) In Structure, relying on his mistaken argument that Copernicanism had triumphed before the invention of the telescope (it is worth pointing out, in response, that in 1632 Scheiner claimed that the hybrid Ptolemaic/Tychonic model was now universally accepted), Kuhn presents the

What We Cannot Know: Explorations at the Edge of Knowledge

by Marcus Du Sautoy · 18 May 2016

of this size result in quite large differences in the relative size of the lengths of the sides of the triangle. It would need the invention of the telescope and some more clever mathematics to truly determine the size of the solar system. The right-angled triangle made by the Earth, Moon and Sun

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when the Moon is half full. Even without the invention of the telescope, astronomers could see that the Moon and Sun weren’t the only bodies processing through the sky. Ancient cultures picked up several tiny pricks of

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how far you can see by placing carved glass lenses in a tube. Indeed, for years Galileo himself seemed to get the credit for the invention of the telescope, but that accolade should go to the Dutch spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey, who filed a patent for an instrument ‘for seeing things far away as

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the naked eye they all look to be a long way away. It was impossible for the ancient astronomers to detect any depth. But the invention of the telescope brought those stars a little closer, close enough that modern astronomers could see that they were not all the same distance from the Earth. If

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same thrill of a Bach suite? We are in a golden age for the question of consciousness. In the Fourth Edge I described how the invention of the telescope allowed Galileo and his contemporaries to probe the edges of the universe. In the Second Edge we saw how the invention of the microscope gave

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that we take that knowledge and extend it. We come up with stories that match all the information that we gather with our senses. The inventions of the telescope, the microscope and the fMRI scanner have extended how much we can perceive with our senses. Yet what if there are things in the universe

How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World

by Steven Johnson · 28 Sep 2014 · 243pp · 65,374 words

, 2011. White, M. “The Economics of Time Zones,” March 2005. http://www.learningace.com/doc/1852927/fbfb4e95bef9efa4666d23729d3aa5b6/timezones. Willach, Rolf. The Long Route to the Invention of the Telescope. American Philosophical Society, 2008. Wilson, Bee. Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud, from Poisoned Candy to Counterfeit Coffee. Princeton University Press, 2008. Wiltse, Jeff

Day We Found the Universe

by Marcia Bartusiak · 6 Apr 2009 · 412pp · 122,952 words

. As early as the tenth century, astronomer Al-Sufi of Persia noted it as a “little cloud” in his catalog of the heavens. With the invention of the telescope more nebulae were sighted, and by the early 1700s Edmond Halley (of comet fame) counted six in all. To some observers, these pale entities were

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in a roundabout way. The red planet, with its vivid ruby luster, has fascinated stargazers for millennia, but interest grew even more intense after the invention of the telescope. With the extra magnification astronomers could at last discern markings on the surface of Mars. Bright patches around its poles, similar in appearance to our

Extraterrestrial Civilizations

by Isaac Asimov · 2 Jan 1979 · 330pp · 99,226 words

to Heaven. He finds the Moon well populated by civilized people. The notion of a plurality of worlds received still another push forward with the invention of the telescope. In 1609, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) constructed a telescope and pointed it at the Moon. For the first time in history, the

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a spray of milk from the divine breast of the goddess Hera. A more materialistic way of looking at the Milky Way, prior to the invention of the telescope, was to suppose it was a belt of unformed star matter. When Galileo looked at the Milky Way, however, he saw it was made up