knowledge economy

The Knowledge Economy
by Roberto Mangabeira Unger
Published 19 Mar 2019

THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY Roberto Mangabeira Unger First published in English by Verso 2019 © Roberto Mangabeira Unger 2019 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-497-4 ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-500-1 (US EBK) ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-499-8 (UK EBK) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Minion Pro by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed in the US by Maple Press Contents 1.The Most Advanced Practice of Production 2.The Knowledge Economy: Its Characteristics Described at the Level of Management and Production Engineering 3.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Relaxing or Reversing the Constraint of Diminishing Marginal Returns 4.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Production, Imagination, and Cooperation 5.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Trust, Discretion, and the Moral Culture of Production 6.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Fact and the Riddle 7.Pseudo-Vanguardism and Hyper-Insularity 8.Precarious Employment 9.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Consequences for Economic Stagnation and Inequality 10.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Beginning of an Explanation 11.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Cognitive-Educational Requirements 12.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Social-Moral Requirements 13.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Legal-Institutional Requirements 14.Background Incitements: Generalized Experimentalism and High-Energy Democracy 15.Inclusive Vanguardism and the Dilemma of Economic Development 16.Inclusive Vanguardism and the Political Economy of the Rich Countries 17.Growth, Crisis, and Successive Breakthroughs of the Constraints on Supply and Demand: The Larger Economic Meaning of Inclusive Vanguardism The enigma of supply and demand Contrast to Keynes’s teaching The spectrum of breakthroughs in the constraints on demand The spectrum of breakthroughs in the constraints on supply 18.Economics and the Knowledge Economy The imperative of structural vision The large-scale history of social and economic thought: truncating and evading structural vision Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the disconnection between theory and empiricism Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the deficit of institutional imagination Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the theory of production subordinated to the theory of exchange Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the lack of an account of the diversity of the material from which competitive selection selects Uses and limits of Keynes’s heresy Uses and limits of the example provided by pre-marginalist economics Two ways to develop the needed ideas: from within the established economics and from outside it 19.The Higher Purpose of the Inclusive Knowledge Economy Index 1.

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THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY Roberto Mangabeira Unger First published in English by Verso 2019 © Roberto Mangabeira Unger 2019 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-497-4 ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-500-1 (US EBK) ISBN-13: 978-1-78873-499-8 (UK EBK) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Minion Pro by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed in the US by Maple Press Contents 1.The Most Advanced Practice of Production 2.The Knowledge Economy: Its Characteristics Described at the Level of Management and Production Engineering 3.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Relaxing or Reversing the Constraint of Diminishing Marginal Returns 4.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Production, Imagination, and Cooperation 5.The Deep Structure of the Knowledge Economy: Trust, Discretion, and the Moral Culture of Production 6.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Fact and the Riddle 7.Pseudo-Vanguardism and Hyper-Insularity 8.Precarious Employment 9.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Consequences for Economic Stagnation and Inequality 10.The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Beginning of an Explanation 11.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Cognitive-Educational Requirements 12.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Social-Moral Requirements 13.Making the Knowledge Economy Inclusive: The Legal-Institutional Requirements 14.Background Incitements: Generalized Experimentalism and High-Energy Democracy 15.Inclusive Vanguardism and the Dilemma of Economic Development 16.Inclusive Vanguardism and the Political Economy of the Rich Countries 17.Growth, Crisis, and Successive Breakthroughs of the Constraints on Supply and Demand: The Larger Economic Meaning of Inclusive Vanguardism The enigma of supply and demand Contrast to Keynes’s teaching The spectrum of breakthroughs in the constraints on demand The spectrum of breakthroughs in the constraints on supply 18.Economics and the Knowledge Economy The imperative of structural vision The large-scale history of social and economic thought: truncating and evading structural vision Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the disconnection between theory and empiricism Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the deficit of institutional imagination Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the theory of production subordinated to the theory of exchange Reckoning with post-marginalist economics: the lack of an account of the diversity of the material from which competitive selection selects Uses and limits of Keynes’s heresy Uses and limits of the example provided by pre-marginalist economics Two ways to develop the needed ideas: from within the established economics and from outside it 19.The Higher Purpose of the Inclusive Knowledge Economy Index 1.

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The moral background to the knowledge economy is not just a circumstance that is either present or absent, and in either event beyond the reach of deliberate action and programmatic intent. Where this background is missing, collective action can create it. 6. The Confinement of the Knowledge Economy: The Fact and the Riddle Throughout the world the knowledge economy remains restricted to insular vanguards: advanced manufacturing, knowledge-intensive services (often associated with advanced manufacturing), and precision, scientific agriculture. Even as the knowledge economy has lost its exclusive association with industry, it has remained, in each sector, a fringe.

Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism Through a Turbulent Century
by Torben Iversen and David Soskice
Published 5 Feb 2019

By this token, when some families are blocked from experiencing upward mobility they tend to react politically against the system, which we see as the root cause of populism. For reasons we will spell out below (and in detail in chapters 3–5), the transition to the knowledge economy has produced blockages, and this raises the question of whether populism is a threat to advanced democracy.10 We think not. The reasons are discussed in detail in chapter 5, but the most fundamental in our view is that those benefiting from the knowledge economy have an obvious incentive to make sure that a solid majority will continue to feel included in, and benefit from, the knowledge economy in the future. That said, we do not want to minimize the challenges of potentially creating a large left-behind minority who feel alienated from society and democratic institutions.

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The shift did not originate with business or unions or think tanks or the intelligentsia—it originated with broad electoral discontent with the stagnation of the French economy and the emergence of a political entrepreneur with a message of hope, reform, and economic progress (in contrast to Le Pen). 4.5. The Socioeconomic Construction of the Knowledge Economy In this section we move from the macropolitical level to the microlevel of production and social organization and show in greater detail how the knowledge economy has been constructed from bottom-up. We will concentrate on the formation of skill-clusters, which are the backbone of the new knowledge economy, and will show how these clusters have been formed around decentralized social and economic networks, which are concentrated in the advancing cities with few linkages to small towns or rural areas. 4.5.1 CHANGING SKILL SETS Fundamental to our analysis of the development of the knowledge economy, as well as to the reactive development of populism, has been the dramatic changes in skill sets described in the previous sections.

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It is no surprise that such sentiments are particularly strong in the aftermath of major economic crises, which ACDs are not immune to. 5 The Politics of the Knowledge Economy and the Rise of Populism In this chapter we consider what we (paraphrasing Hall) in chapter 3 called “second-order” effects of the transition to the knowledge economy. By this we mean the set of preferences, beliefs, and party allegiances that are crystallizing as a consequence of the political-economic realities brought about by the knowledge economy. In chapter 3 we considered “first-order” effects—immediate policy responses reflecting existing political coalitions—and we saw that these responses were relatively limited and in most countries failed to offer much compensation for those who lost out in the collapse of the Fordist economy.

The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes
by Phillip Brown , Hugh Lauder and David Ashton
Published 3 Nov 2010

In America, the rhetoric of learning is earning led to the view that it does not matter what is studied because interesting and well-paid jobs were available across the economy. But no matter how a knowledge economy is defined, it is difficult to produce an account that does not include the centrality of science and technology, given that these are major fields of innovation. If America has been engaged in an act of “unilateral educational disarmament,” it stems from large numbers of students attracted to celebrity careers and the lure of big prizewinners at the top of industries like 36 The Global Auction finance, law, business, fashion, and the media. This has been reinforced by proponents of the knowledge economy who portrayed manufacturing as part of yesterday’s economy, overtaken by knowledge economy jobs in financial services and other creative industries.

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Max Weber observed what he called the “routinization of charisma” and the prospects of an “iron cage” of bureaucracy, and Steven Brint has argued that the rhetoric of the knowledge economy is ahistorical: “Many years in the future, we shall see the same standardization in the computer software industry that a previous generation witnessed in the insurance and automobile industries.” Steven Brint, “Professionals and the ‘Knowledge Economy’: Rethinking the Theory of Post Industrial Society,” Current Sociology, 49, no. 4 (2001): 116. See Werner Holzl and Andreas Reinstaller, The Babbage Principle after Evolutionary Economics, MERIT-Infonomics Research Memorandum Series, Maastricht, the Netherlands. http://edocs.ub.unimaas.nl/loader/file.asp?

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Hence, the tenets of neoliberalism encouraged people to believe that welfare support introduced in the 1950s and 1960s was misguided because it rewarded failure and feckless behavior, whereas free markets offered a fair and efficient system where talent and hard work would be appropriately rewarded. As a result, the fate of individuals and families became heavily reliant on maintaining, if not increasing, the market value of their knowledge, skills, and credentials. Jobs and rewards would flow to individuals able to upgrade their skills to meet the competitive conditions of the knowledge economy, where opportunities were assumed to expand as the economy relied on new ideas, technologies, and innovations. Since the 1980s, politicians and opinion leaders, whether Republican or Democrat, continued to present the future economy as a world 4 The Global Auction of smart people doing smart things in smart ways.

Fortunes of Change: The Rise of the Liberal Rich and the Remaking of America
by David Callahan
Published 9 Aug 2010

These views can trump financial concerns. More important, though, people who get rich in a knowledge economy are likely to c01.indd 30 5/11/10 6:17:21 AM educated, rich, and liberal 31 have a nuanced view of their financial self-interests. They may be focused less on which party is going to boost their bank accounts next year with a tax cut and more on which will spur long-term growth in their sectors. By this measure, liberal Democrat politicians who want to spend more money—a lot more—bolstering the foundations of the knowledge economy can look pretty appealing. A Wall Street Journal article, noting the political shifts at the top, commented in 2009 that Democrats need to get used to being “the party of the rich.”

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Shaw, 36–37, 38, 39 Dimon, Jamie, 54–55 Doerr, John, 80, 188, 189 DreamWorks, 2, 168, 171 eBay, 106, 144, 182, 188 EcoManor, 63 5/11/10 6:28:39 AM index economic considerations crashes, 44, 159, 257, 270 economic populism, 31–32 failure of the free market, 163, 164 foreign debt, 107, 108, 116 global economy, 115, 116, 163 Obama stimulus plan, 31, 47 See also finance industry; knowledge economy Edey, Marion, 71–72, 76, 77 education and corporate America, 219 cultural diversity in, 26, 236–239 essential to opportunity, 41, 282 Gates’s activities, 24, 94, 138, 161, 279, 288 grants and fellowships, 89, 207 and the high-tech industry, 189–190 liberalism in private schools, 4, 30, 71, 191, 235–250, 252, 284 and postmaterialism, 27–28 as predictor of voting behavior, 26–27, 191 public school system, 94–95, 288 role in the knowledge economy, 23–27, 37 social responsibility taught in schools, 230–231 Edwards, John, 12, 45, 144, 201, 232 Ellison, Larry, 24, 104, 194 Emerging Democratic Majority, The (Judis and Teixeira), 27 Emily’s List, 149, 198 energy industry, 43, 58, 67, 69, 73, 80, 189.

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As political scientist Larry Bartels reminds us, “traditional class politics is alive and well.”6 Yet although rich liberals remain a small minority of their class, their ranks are growing—along with their influence. This shift reflects the changing sources of wealth creation, with the rise of the knowledge economy and what Richard Florida calls the “creative class.” People who already trend liberal—like super-educated coastal professionals—make up an ever larger slice of the rich. Most of the big money is being made these days in blue states, not in red states. There are other trends at work, too, such as rising pressures on the upper class and corporations to become more socially responsible; the growing liberalism of elite schools where the rich and the future rich are educated; the cintro.indd 4 5/11/10 6:29:10 AM introduction 5 radicalization of the Republican Party; and the changing priorities of longtime wealthy people who are turning their focus away from making money to solving social or global problems.

As the Future Catches You: How Genomics & Other Forces Are Changing Your Work, Health & Wealth
by Juan Enriquez
Published 15 Feb 2001

Those who remain illiterate in this language … Won’t understand the force making the single biggest difference in their lives. Many countries and companies just don’t get it. They continue to invest primarily in stuff they can see and touch… Even though two-thirds of the global economy … Is already a knowledge economy. They do not invest in, or attract, smart people who are science-literate. They do not get particularly concerned as many of their brightest leave. They forget … You need ever fewer people, time, or capital … To build a nation … Become an economic superpower … Wage war effectively … Or launch a global business.

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Seven out of the ten richest Europeans are what Forbes calls “coupon clippers” … (That is, they are not involved on a daily basis with building up their companies.) RICHEST EUROPEANS AND LATIN AMERICANS17 (estimated wealth in billions of dollars) The United States’ ability to attract the world’s best brains and the shift toward a knowledge economy create rapid shifts. In 1990, not one of the world’s ten wealthiest individuals was American … In 2000, six out often were American. MUCH OF THE WORLD’S NEW WEALTH IS CREATED BY KNOWLEDGE … BUT MOST OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION STILL WORKS IN BUSINESSES OR ENDEAVORS THAT PRODUCE, ASSEMBLE, OR SELL COMMODITIES … SO THE GAP BETWEEN THOSE WHO ARE TECHNOLOGY-LITERATE AND THOSE WHO ARE NOT COULD EASILY WIDEN AS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACCELERATES.

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Through the mid-twentieth century … The great powers of the world … Still worried about … And fought over … Africa … Its people … Its territory … Its resources. Today ever fewer care what happens to the continent … Many countries have ceased to exist de facto … Whole generations are dying of AIDS … Genocide is common. And … Since Africa has become irrelevant to the knowledge economy … Most people have abandoned an entire continent to its fate.20 (From 1996–98, three out of four Somalians were underfed, 68 percent of those in Burundi, 61 percent of those in the Congo … And neither starvation nor AIDS may end up being the biggest problem; by 2025 smoking could kill more Africans than AIDS, TB, malaria, car crashes, and homicides do together.)21 The countries that get rich … Are the ones attracting the great minds … Or those educating their own.

The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths
by Mariana Mazzucato
Published 1 Jan 2011

In fact, the development of the biotech industry in the US is a direct product of the key role of the government in leading the development of the knowledge base that has thus provided firm success and the overall growth of the biotech industry. As Vallas, Kleinman and Biscotti (2009, 66) eloquently summarize: …the knowledge economy did not spontaneously emerge from the bottom up, but was prompted by a top-down stealth industrial policy; government and industry leaders simultaneously advocated government intervention to foster the development of the biotechnology industry and argued hypocritically that government should ‘let the free market work’. As this quote indicates, not only was this knowledge economy guided by government, but, strikingly, it was done as the leaders of industry were on the one hand privately demanding government intervention to facilitate the industry’s development, and on the other hand publicly declaring their support for a free market.

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Patrick 97 Medical Research Council (MRC) 20, 67 Merrick, Sarah 125 meso perspective 36 micro–macro connection 31–2 microprocessors 109 Ministry for Research and Technology (Germany) 149 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 37–8, 40; see also Japan Minsky, Hyman 32n3 Minuteman II missile programme 98 Miranda, Javier 45 Mirowski, Philip 49 MIT 24, 178, 178n6 Mitterrand, François 57 Motoyama, Yasuyuki 83–4, 85 Mowery, David C. 61–2 multi-touch screens 102 myths: about business investment requirements 53–5; about entrepreneurship and innovation 22; about innovation and growth 10; of Europe’s problem being commercialization 48, 52–3; government captured by 19; of innovation being about R&D 44, 159–60; of knowledge economy and patents 50–52; of market as self-regulating 30, 195; of small is beautiful 45–7, 142, 160–61; of venture capital as risk loving 47–50, 142 Nanda, Ramana 127 NASDAQ 50 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (US) 176 National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) (US) 98, 145, 150 National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) (UK) 45 National Fabricated Products 150n4 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (US) 107, 108 National Institutes of Health (NIH) (US): applied research by 136; budgets of 1938–2011 69, 70; creating the wave vs. surfing it 68–71; knowledge base funded by 8; NMEs based on research of 66; spending 25; Taxol royalties 188 ‘national market’ 195 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) (US) 84–6 National Organization for Rare Disorders 82 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 151 National Science Foundation (US) 20, 84, 85, 104, 108, 166 National Systems of Innovation perspective 42 NAVSTAR GPS system 105, 109 Nelson, Richard 193 neoclassical economics 33, 186 Netherlands 51, 54 networks: DARPA’s development of 77, 83; innovation 36, 40, 74; linkages of 39; in nontechnologies 83–4; SBIR building of 79, 83; science—industry links 193 New Deal 74 New Economy Business Model (NEBM) 168–9, 172, 177; see also Old Economy Business Model (OEBM) ‘new growth’ theory 34–6, 44, 59–60 new investment in renewable energy 120, 121 Nielsen, Kristian H. 145 Nokia 190 ‘No More Solyndra’s Act’ 130–31n12 Norway 120n4, 121 Novartis 81 Noyce, Robert 98 OECD, GERD (gross domestic expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of GDP in 43 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) (US) 109 oil company role in solar power 161n8 Old Economy Business Model (OEBM) 168–9, 177; see also New Economy Business Model (NEBM) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 18 organizational change 197 Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 81–2 Osborne, George 51 outsourcing 16, 108 Pacific Solar 152 Parker, Rachel 83–5 Parris, Stuart 44 patents: First Solar’s 151; focus on venture capital and 49; GE’s lead in 148; in knowledge economy 10; myth of knowledge economy and 50–52; ‘patent box’ policy 51–2; pharmaceutical 66; potential government retention of 189; success of as measure of innovation performance 34, 41 Perez, Carlota 117 Perkins, Thomas 57 Pfizer 8, 26, 69, 82 pharmaceutical companies (‘pharma’): funding development of 10, 17, 24; growth from R&D in 44; radical vs.

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Parasitic Innovation ‘Ecosystems’ Financialization Chapter 2: Technology, Innovation and Growth Technology and Growth From Market Failures to System Failures Myths about Drivers of Innovation and Ineffective Innovation Policy Myth 1: Innovation is about R&D Myth 2: Small is Beautiful Myth 3: Venture Capital is Risk Loving Myth 4: We Live in a Knowledge Economy – Just Look at all the Patents! Myth 5: Europe’s Problem is all about Commercialization Myth 6: Business Investment Requires ‘Less Tax and Red Tape’ Chapter 3: Risk-Taking State: From ‘De-risking’ to ‘Bring It On!’ What Type of Risk? State Leading in Radical (Risky) Innovation Pharmaceuticals: Radical vs.

Head, Hand, Heart: Why Intelligence Is Over-Rewarded, Manual Workers Matter, and Caregivers Deserve More Respect
by David Goodhart
Published 7 Sep 2020

Computer algorithms and ‘robotic process automation’ can drastically reduce the time and manpower devoted to these activities.”41 Capitalism in the Age of Robots What does all this mean? The knowledge economy needs fewer knowledge workers than expected. The recent expansion of higher education in much of the West will stop or even go into reverse as the demand for the middling and lower-rung jobs of the knowledge economy will decline. And companies, partly out of bitter experience, will place less confidence in the signaling effect of a degree, even from a good university, and revert to offering more apprenticeships, including degree apprenticeships, to capable high school graduates.

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Heartlands, 17–18 “leaving” mentality and, 126–31, 164 political cognitive domination and, 13–14, 160 “Somewheres” in, 12, 19–20 technology of connection and, 19 see also urbanization Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 3, 86–87 apprenticeships: in France, 117 in Germany, 105, 112, 119–21, 198–99 globalization impact on, 111–17 in the UK, 15, 40, 47, 57–58, 106, 109–14, 119, 170–71, 200–201 in the US, 112–13 see also vocational training architecture, 184–85, 288–89 Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy, 49 artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, 23–25, 255–58, 270, 272–73, 298 Arum, Richard, Academically Adrift (with Roksa), 123, 129 Ashton, David, The Global Auction (with Brown and Lauder), 23, 144, 258–60 assortative mating, 79–83 Atlas Respite and Therapy (UK), 238–39 Attenborough, David, Blue Planet, 280 Austen, Jane, 184 Austria, 24, 98, 99, 213 Autor, David H., 135–36, 138 baby boomer generation, 10, 79–80, 198, 222 baccalauréat (France), 35, 117–18 Baldwin, Richard, The Globotics Upheaval, 25, 134–35, 253, 258, 262 Balls, Ed, 174 Bank of England, 255–58, 298 Baumol, William, 25 Baxendale, Toby, 201 BBC/BBC Radio, 31, 110, 166, 174, 178, 191 Beasley, Christine, 147 Becker, Gary, 136 behavioral genetics movement, 72–75, 83, 86, 88 Bell, Daniel, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, 7, 211 Belsky, Daniel, 75 Bentham, Jeremy, 45 Bezos, Jeff, 14 Binet-Simon scale, 64 Blair, Tony, 103, 163, 167, 168 Blinder, Alan S., 166 Bloodworth, James, The Myth of Meritocracy, 75 Bloomsbury Group, 53 Botton, Oli de, 300 Bovens, Mark, Democracy (with Wille), 95, 155–58, 169, 177–78 Boys Smith, Nicholas, 288–89 Breen, Richard, 81 Brexit Britain: alienation and, 276 Anywhere-Somewhere divide, 12–20, 287–88 immigration policy and, 168, 169 job status decline and, 213–14 pushback against cognitive class, 10, 32, 154–55, 160–61, 164–66, 185–86, 213–14 British Cohort Study (1970), 76 British Red Cross, 222–23 British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey, 140, 209–10, 212, 219, 226n, 230 Brooks, David, 276 Brown, Gordon, 25, 174 Brown, Phillip, The Global Auction (with Lauder and Ashton), 23, 144, 258–60 Brown, Tara Tiger, 195–96 Building Beautiful Commission, 289 Bukodi, Erzsébet, 75–76 Bunting, Madeleine, Labours of Love, 27, 217, 225, 227, 233, 246 Burt, Cyril, 100 Butler, Joseph, The Analogy of Religion, 42 Byng, John, 52 Cameron, David, 156, 170 Campbell, Rosie, 171–72 Caplan, Bryan, The Case Against Education, 123, 129 care sector, see Heart (care) work Caregivers UK, 224 Carer’s Allowance (UK), 293 Carl, Noah, 165n Carnegie Mellon University, 282 Carnes, Nicholas, 172 Carr, Nicholas, The Shallows, 22 Case, Anne, 206–7, 220 Cavendish, Camilla, 240, 242 Cavendish Laboratory (UK), 45 CBI/Pearson Education and Skills Survey, 198 CCTV, 185 Centre for Time Use Research, 242–43, 246–47 centrifugal forces, x, 278 centripetal forces, x, 278 Chabris, Christopher, 67, 78–79 Charman, Ken, 253–55 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (UK), 145–46 Cheese, Peter, 145–46 child-rearing, 224–25, 227, 229–30, 242, 243 China, 39, 85, 259 Churchill, Winston, 194 Cinderella sectors, xii, 162, 241 CIPD, 209 civil service, 31, 41, 43 Clarke, Kenneth, 102 Clinton, Bill, 111, 161–62 Clinton, Hillary, 152, 215 Cobb, Jonathan, The Hidden Injuries of Class (with Sennett), 190 Coe, Robert, 124 Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT), 65 cognitive aptitude, 55–89 assortative mating and, 79–83 behavioral genetics movement and, 72–75, 83, 86, 88 “cognitive elite” and, 78–79 correlation with socioeconomic status, 78–82, 83–84 eleven-plus (UK), 20, 65–66, 82, 100, 196 as gold standard of human esteem, 3–5, 11–12, 28 as innate vs. learned, 55–56, 63, 68, 71–75 measuring, 56, 61–71, see also IQ/IQ-type tests in meritocracy, 75–89 nature of, 55–57, 61, 70–71 need for cognitive diversity and, 88–89, 281–84 selection into cognitive classes, 75–84, 87–88, see also cognitive class social mobility and, 75–84 wisdom and, 283, 302–3 see also intelligence cognitive class, 31–53 assortative mating and, 79–83 cognitive elite (Herrnstein and Murray), 78–79 cognitive entrepreneurs and, 33 creative class cohort, 28, 223–25, 256–58, 270, 299 economic cognitive domination and, see knowledge economy education trends and, 36, 43–53 educational cognitive domination and, see college/university education family background and, 48, 115, 118, 125–26, 156 in future of knowledge economy, 143–44, 253–74 high school graduation (US) and, 14–15, 35, 40, 51, 95–96, 98–99, 116, 118, 124 high-skill occupations, 97, 135–36, 138, 148, 259, 268–71 historical emergence of, 39–53 industrialization and, 32, 33–35, 41–42, 45, 51–52, 253 levels of, 13–15 low-skill occupations, 25–26, 120–21, 135–36, 152, 198, 202–3 methods of entering, 35 middle-skill occupations, 107–11, 129–31, 135–36, 150–52, 198, 209 need for cognitive diversity, 88–89, 281–84 political, see political cognitive domination in postindustrial society, 32, 35–39 professions/professional exams, 39–43, 44, 53 selection into, 75–84, 268–71 shift in cognitive class hegemony, 20–29, 32–33 size in 1930s, 53 social selection based on intelligence, 34–35, 39–41, 46–53 value divide and, 32, 36, 279–84 cognitive sector, see Head (cognitive) work College Board, 66 College of Policing (UK), 148–49 college/university education, 43–53, 93–131 assumptions about, 93–94 brain/gene drain and, 125–26 community colleges (US), 96, 102, 112–13, 115–16 corruption in admissions process, 6n creeping credentialism and, 15, 94–97, 99, 122–24, 130, 271–72 demographic trends and, 131 effectiveness of, 14, 123–25, 129, 130–31, 171–74 era of educational selection, 96–97 expansion of, 99, 100–111, 113–17 family background and, 115, 118, 125–26, 156 funnel for single elite, 5, 36, 52–53, 126, 156 future of, 298 generalist vs. specialized, 38, 47, 49–50, 53, 97–99, 105, 113–17, 272, 299 “genetics of success” and, 75 GI Bill (1944, US), 43–44, 66, 96, 115 globalization and, 259 graduate pay premium, 105, 116–17, 136, 139, 145, 152, 262–64 “graduatization”/income divergence of the labor market, 133–52, 234–39 grandes écoles (France), 44, 48, 81, 102, 118, 141, 156 mass higher education and, 36, 96–98, 100–111, 113–17 meritocracy based on, 6–12 need for cognitive diversity and, 283 overeducation and, 266–67 oversupply of graduates, 94–95, 121–26, 171–72, 268–71 Oxford/Cambridge (UK) and, 41–42, 44–52, 84, 97–98, 101–2, 156, 172–73, 263, 264 political cognitive domination and, 172–74 polytechnics/“new universities” (UK), 98, 100–102, 105–8, 115, 119, 263 postgraduate degrees, 78, 116, 122, 148, 191–92, 212, 258, 266 reversal of trends in, 24, 268–71 Russell Group (UK), 80, 102, 107, 125, 130, 263 SAT (US) and, 20, 52, 64, 65–68, 80, 114–15, 117, 287 signaling effect and, 94–96, 121–26, 267, 271 social mobility and, 6, 103, 105, 125–31, 253–55, 268–71 social selection based on intelligence, 34–35, 39–41, 46–53 student debt and, 14, 104, 115, 116, 268, 297 technician gap and, 107–11, 130–31, 135–36 tuition ceiling in UK, 104, 106–7, 109, 116, 119 in the UK, 41–53, 80–81, 100–107, 116, 262–63 in the US, 48–49, 50, 80, 112–17, 264 see also knowledge economy Collins, Randall, 15 community colleges (US), 96, 102, 112–13, 115–16 Conley, Dalton, 83 construction industry, 197–98, 200–201 Cook, Philip J., The Winner-Take-All Society (with Frank), 142 Corby, Paul, 196–97 Covid-19 crisis, ix–xiii digital giants and, xiii, 16 educational mobility and, 128, 130–31 failure to prepare for, 20 gender division of labor and, xii globalization and, ix–x Hand (manual) work and, 7, 23, 26, 203, 277–78 Head (cognitive) work and, 7, 23, 62, 277–78 Heart (care) work and, 7, 23, 217, 225, 241, 245, 277–78 Internet and, 294, 298–99 lockdown period, xi, 32–33, 298–99 rebalancing of Hand, Head, and Heart work, ix–xiii, 4–5, 20, 21–22, 277–78 Cowen, Tyler, Average Is Over, 273–74 Cowley, Philip, 171–72 Cox, Brian, 299 craft skills, 114, 194, 195, 256–57, 294–96, 299–300, 301–2 Crawford, Matthew B., The Case for Working with Your Hands, 17, 47–48, 114, 189, 195, 275 creative class cohort, 28, 223–25, 256–58, 270, 299 Crosland, Tony, 100, 101 Darwin, Charles, 42 de Gaulle, Charles, 118 Deary, Ian, 165n death penalty, 160–61 deaths of despair (Deaton), 10–11, 136, 206–7, 220, 222 Deaton, Angus, 10–11, 136, 206–7, 220, 222 Dench, Geoff, 164 Dewey, John, 49, 98 Diamond, Jared, 299 digital giants: Covid-19 crisis and, xiii, 16 employment trends and, 25 impact of Internet on intelligence, 22 technology of connection and, 19 “winner-takes-all” markets and, 14, 33, 142, 272, 286 digital Taylorism, 23–25, 144, 258–61 Direct Seafoods, 201 Dodd-Frank Act (2010, US), 284 Duckworth, Angela, 67 Dweck, Carol, 60, 67 early-years education, 15, 73, 217, 218, 242 East India Company, 41 École Nationale d’Administration (ENA, France), 48, 118, 156 economic cognitive domination, see knowledge economy education: college/university, see college/university education early-years, 15, 73, 217, 218, 242 grammar school, 46, 58, 65, 82, 98, 100 lifelong learning, 95, 107–9, 296–301 secondary, see secondary education STEM education, 101–2, 108, 111, 236, 265, 268 vocational, see vocational training Education Acts (UK), 43–44, 46, 98, 100 Educational Testing Service (ETS), 52 Einstein, Albert, 58, 275 elder care, see adult social care eleven-plus (UK), 20, 65–66, 82, 100, 196 Elias, Peter, 266 Eliot, T.

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The existing model of helter-skelter globalization has been producing too many losers, not least the global environment. Western society has been dominated in the past two generations by centrifugal forces that have spread global openness and individual freedom but weakened collective bonds and enabled Head work to claim undue reward while Hand and Heart work has diminished in dignity and pay. The knowledge economy has placed cognitive meritocracy at the center of the status hierarchy, and the cognitively blessed have thrived—but many others feel they have lost place and meaning. Recent political trends, surely reinforced by the pandemic, suggest we are moving into a more centripetal phase, in which the nation-state will be consolidated and economic and cultural openness will be a little more constrained.

Them And Us: Politics, Greed And Inequality - Why We Need A Fair Society
by Will Hutton
Published 30 Sep 2010

Bekar (2005) Economic Transformations, Oxford University Press, pp. 93–119. 10 Ibid., p. 132 and general discussion. 11 Joel Mokyr (2002) The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy, Princeton University Press; Joel Mokyr, ‘Progress and Inertia in Technological Change’, in John James and Mark Thomas (eds) (1994) Capitalism in Context: Essays in Honor of R. M. Hartwell, University of Chicago Press, pp. 230–54. 12 See Joel Mokyr (2004) The Gifts of Athena: The Historical Orgins of the Knowledge Economy, Princeton University Press. 13 Douglass C. North, John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast (2009) Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History, Cambridge University Press. 14 James C.

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Baumol (2007) Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and the Growth Mechanism of the Free-Enterprise Economies, Princeton University Press. 36 See also Robert R. Wiggins and Timothy W. Ruefli (2006) ‘Schumpeter’s Ghost: Is Hypercompetition Making the Best of Times Shorter?’, Strategic Management Journal 26 (10): 887–911. 37 Ian Brinkley (2009) ‘Knowledge Economy and Enterprise’, working paper, Knowledge Economy, run by the Work Foundation. 38 Kerry Capell, ‘Vodafone: Embracing Open Source with Open Arms’, Businessweek, 9 April 2009, at http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_16/b4127052262113.htm. See also Henry Chesbrough (2006) Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape, Harvard Business School Press; and Eric Von Hippel (2006) Democratizing Innovation, MIT Press. 39 Robert C.

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Ownership responsibilities have been discharged so casually that a huge number of great British firms – Pilkington, ICI, Corus, Cadbury, the British Airports Authority, British Energy and BOC among them – have been taken over by foreign companies. No other country would have permitted such a sell-off. Of course, there are still areas of strength, in particular in the so-called knowledge economy, and deep reservoirs of talent. But overall, there can be little confidence in the workings of such a system, despite the relief that total disaster may have been avoided. There is keen awareness of the fragility of the recovery and the profundity of the flaws that have been exposed. Moreover, there is not even the usual consolation that can be gleaned once a bubble has burst – that something useful will remain, perhaps the seeds of the next wave of innovative growth.6 Once railway mania had collapsed, the United States was left with a decent railway network; the dot.com bubble popped but left behind a wealth of young and vibrant ICT companies.

23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism
by Ha-Joon Chang
Published 1 Jan 2010

In the mathematical part of the 2007 TIMSS, US fourth-graders were behind not only the famously mathematical children of the East Asian countries but also their counterparts from countries such as Kazakhstan, Latvia, Russia and Lithuania.4 Children in all other rich European economies included in the test, except England and the Netherlands, scored lower than the US children.5 Eighth-graders from Norway, the richest country in the world (in terms of per capita income at market exchange rate – see Thing 10), were behind their counterparts not only in all other rich countries but also in much poorer countries, including Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Armenia and Serbia (it is interesting to note that all these countries are former socialist countries).6 Eighth-graders from Israel, a country famous for its educational zeal and exceptional performance in high-end research, scored behind Norway, falling behind Bulgaria as well. Similar stories were observed in science tests. How about the knowledge economy? Even if education’s impact on growth has been meagre so far, you may wonder whether the recent rise of the knowledge economy may have changed all that. With ideas becoming the main source of wealth, it may be argued, education will from now on become much more important in determining a country’s prosperity. Against this, I must first of all point out that the knowledge economy is nothing new. We have always lived in one in the sense that it has always been a country’s command over knowledge (or lack of it) that made it rich (or poor).

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Fifth: we need to take ‘making things’ more seriously. The post-industrial knowledge economy is a myth. The manufacturing sector remains vital. Especially in the US and the UK, but also in many other countries, industrial decline in the last few decades has been treated as an inevitability of a post-industrial age, if not actively welcomed as a sign of post-industrial success. But we are material beings and cannot live on ideas, however great the knowledge economy may sound. Moreover, we have always lived in a knowledge economy in the sense that it has always been a command over superior knowledge, rather than the physical nature of activities, that has ultimately decided which country is rich or poor.

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Moreover, with the rise of the so-called ‘knowledge economy’, in which knowledge has become the main source of wealth, education, especially higher education, has become the absolute key to prosperity. What they don’t tell you There is remarkably little evidence showing that more education leads to greater national prosperity. Much of the knowledge gained in education is actually not relevant for productivity enhancement, even though it enables people to lead a more fulfilling and independent life. Also, the view that the rise of the knowledge economy has critically increased the importance of education is misleading.

The Long Boom: A Vision for the Coming Age of Prosperity
by Peter Schwartz , Peter Leyden and Joel Hyatt
Published 18 Oct 2000

Although 42 The Lowq BOOM they would not explain themselves in this way, they acted as midwives in the birthing of the New Economy, the knowledge economy, out of the old industrial economy. The old economy was relatively static—change came more slowly. The New Economy became increasingly entrepreneurial and innovative. Those who succeeded were those who moved quickly. Pre- 1980s, we lived and worked in an industrial and service economy, where we mostly made stuff, tangible things, and provided services with them. Post-1980s, we are moving increasingly to a knowledge economy, where the new value added comes in the realm of ideas, which are intangibles.

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If we're heading into the Knowledge Age, we need open information systems and open debate. Even more than The CuidiNq PRiNciples 261 the free flow of capital, the global knowledge economy will need the free flow of ideas. We're going to need access to accurate information everywhere in the world. We're going to need wide open forums to carry on rigorous debates in all fields. And we're going to need an open system that can get the distilled truth out to all peoples. Only then will the twenty-first century's knowledge economy really hum. The choices the world faces between open and closed routes into the future are very clear and very stark. Choosing the closed route will move us into a vicious circle that spirals downward and inward.

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The CuidiNq PuiNciplEs 271 Innovation is now the central wealth creation mechanism of the knowledge economy. In some measure, it always was, but it is now much more. The innovations of agriculture and metalworking throughout the industrial economy were all applications of knowledge. What is different now is how many different areas of society are being transformed by knowledge, and how rapidly that knowledge itself is advancing. It's the scope and scale, the pace and spread of knowledge that make this truly a knowledge economy—very different from an industrial one. An important implication of this wealth creation process is that because the rewards for innovation in this New Economy are very high, an enormous number of people are motivated to innovate.

The End of Jobs: Money, Meaning and Freedom Without the 9-To-5
by Taylor Pearson
Published 27 Jun 2015

No one has heard much about the Rothschilds banking innovations in the last hundred years or so, yet there are plenty of wealth Rothschild descendants walking around today. The Knowledge Economy (1900–2000): The Conquest of the Corporation Over the course of the one hundred and fifty years following the Napoleonic Wars and Nathan Rothschild’s loan to Friedrich, (roughly 1800–1950), the modern corporation arose. As we transitioned from an industrial to knowledge economy, banks became extremely effective at producing capital, but the economy didn’t have enough knowledge to grow. The limit has moved from capital to knowledge.

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We aren’t going through a global recession—we’re transitioning between two distinct economic periods Certainly, the model of four distinct periods is certainly oversimplified. Economies and societies are far more complex systems than an assembly line. Different limits can exist in the same society. There are still agricultural workers (farmers) and industrial workers throughout the West, but the broadest segment of Western population is employed in the knowledge economy, and it’s that part of the economy that, over the past hundred years, has been responsible for creating most of the abundance and wealth now available. When the limit of an economy shifts through the four different stages, investing more heavily in what has always worked won’t improve the output—just as spending more time in the gym is counter-productive if you aren’t sleeping enough or eating healthy.

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The Emergence of the Entrepreneur Globalization means you are no longer competing to be more knowledgeable than the person down the street, but more knowledgeable than seven billion people around the world. Communication technology and increasing education standards have brought more individuals into the knowledge economy in the past ten years than in the preceding century. We’ve seen the number of college graduates globally go from ninety million to one hundred and thirty million between 2000 and 2010. It took us all of human history to get to ninety million and then only ten years to add another forty million.26 Secondly, the rapid advance of technology has replaced many simple tasks and driven more people into complicated knowledge work.

The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021
by Greg Clark
Published 31 Dec 2014

Courtesy of mbbirdy / iStock Photo Cover design: Sophie Ford, www.hisandhersdesign.co.uk Set in 9.5/12pt TrumpMediaeval by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2015 Contents About the Author Foreword by Martin Simmons Preface by Rosemary Feenan and Robert Gordon Clark Acknowledgements ix xi xiii xv Section I London in 1991 – Setting the scene 1 Introduction: Honor Chapman and London: World City 2 London prior to 1991: The back story 3 11 Planning for a new world city 12 The rise of finance and a new rationale for post-industrial London 13 A hiatus of government 16 The LDDC and a new era of pragmatism 16 3 The 1991 London: World City report and its message about London 19 Old rivals, new rivals 22 An agenda for metropolitan governance 24 Brand new: The promotion of London 26 The future knowledge economy 29 Section II The evolution of London, 1991 to 2015 4 The internationalisation of London’s economy 35 Internationalisation of London’s labour force 39 The global financial crisis and after 43 5 Leadership, governance and policy 47 1997 and a new direction for metropolitan government 52 The London Plan: A global city strategy 56 London boroughs 59 Promoting London 60 London’s governance today 66 vi Contents 6 Re-investment and urban regeneration 69 Cultural revitalisation of the South Bank: Lambeth, Southwark and Greenwich 72 New regeneration powers from 2000 74 Regeneration in perspective 77 From de-industrial to post-industrial: Building a new experience for markets, leisure and commerce 80 7 Corporate hub, office market and real estate 87 The rise and rise of tall buildings 88 The diffusion of London’s office geography 89 The transformative impact of foreign capital 93 8 Homes and housing in London 99 Consensus but complacency in the 1990s 100 The London Plan and a new agenda for housing 101 London’s housing predicament: Prospects and solutions 107 9 London’s evolving infrastructure platform 111 The impact of TfL and citywide government on transport 113 From incrementalism to integration?

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LPAC’s evaluation was in many respects far-sighted because, since 1991, improvements in quality of life, lifestyle options, education opportunities and career development have become much more important to the success and attraction of cities. Hubs such as Zurich, Dubai and Barcelona are only the most feted examples of cities that managed to develop outstanding knowledge economy niches despite relatively small populations. An agenda for metropolitan governance Perhaps the biggest achievement of London: World City was its galvanising of concerted action around London’s critical need for strategic city-wide government. The report’s surveys consistently and persuasively specified the necessity for more and better strategic government.

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The report’s concern with vehicle congestion became less unrelentingly urgent after the congestion charge scheme that inspired several US and European cities to consider the same intervention. The apprehension over basic provision communicated by LPAC did temporarily abate, only for new challenges to surface as London has continued to grow. The future knowledge economy London: World City acknowledged the catalysing effect of financial services growth on London’s economic structure and world city status. Many of the strengths it identified of London – ‘regulatory regime’, ‘position between US and Japanese time-zones’ and ‘well-developed English based infrastructure’ – remain bedrocks of the city’s competitive future (LPAC, 1991: 59).

Age of the City: Why Our Future Will Be Won or Lost Together
by Ian Goldin and Tom Lee-Devlin
Published 21 Jun 2023

Looking ahead, a new agenda for a more inclusive economy is required, one that blends vision with pragmatism, acknowledging that no government can defy the laws of gravity that pull people together in the knowledge economy. The experience of cities like Seattle or Leipzig shows there is hope for reversing the self-perpetuating cycles of joblessness and decay that plague many formerly prosperous cities. To rebuild struggling cities for the knowledge economy, governments need to come at the problem from two directions. First, they need to increase high-skill employment opportunities in the area, either by making it easier to start a new business or by offering incentives such as tax breaks for existing businesses to establish local operations.

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Cities therefore must form a central pillar of any strategy to better protect us from pandemics going forward. A Guide to this Book Following this introduction, in Chapter 2 we show how cities have played a pivotal role in spurring human progress from Ancient Mesopotamia to today. In Chapter 3, we unpack how the recent transition to a globalized knowledge economy has consolidated wealth into a small number of leading major cities, and consider the actions needed to ‘level up’ places that are falling behind. In Chapter 4, we turn our attention to why poverty and riches coexist within cities, and set out what needs to be done to ensure cities offer the opportunity of a better life for all their citizens.

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We conclude the book, in Chapter 10, with a summary of the agenda required to ensure cities rise to their potential and contribute to a fairer, more cohesive and more sustainable world. If humanity is to ensure that the coming age is our best yet, we must overhaul urban design, rebuild for the knowledge economy and accelerate sustainable development. That is what we owe future generations. An Aside on Defining Cities30 There is no universal agreement on what is meant by a city. For some it is defined by population size or density. For others it is an administrative designation. In England, having a cathedral helps places to qualify, so Ian’s home town, Oxford, with a population of around 160,000 is defined as a city, whereas many towns that are larger are not.

The New Class War: Saving Democracy From the Metropolitan Elite
by Michael Lind
Published 20 Feb 2020

But we are supposed to believe that they are not just old-fashioned managers and professionals, but members of a new “creative class” and “digital elite,” the “thinkpreneurs” and “thought leaders” of the “knowledge economy” who live in “brain hubs” (to use only a few of the flattering terms in the lexicon of overclass self-idolatry). From the assumption that a nearly meritocratic “knowledge economy” has replaced class-stratified, bureaucratic managerial capitalism follow two kinds of policies. The first are class-neutral, race- or gender-based policies to remove barriers to the advancement of racial minorities and women, including native white women.

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* * * — ON THE BASIS of SBTC theory, school curricula in the US and elsewhere have been reconfigured to focus on STEM skills. For a generation, the conventional wisdom has held that the “jobs of the future” are “knowledge economy” jobs like software coding. But is this really true? The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the US Department of Commerce has provided estimates for US job growth between 2016 and 2026. When the fastest-growing occupations are examined, the knowledge economy thesis does indeed appear to be partly true: “statisticians,” “software developers, applications,” and “mathematicians” are seventh, ninth, and tenth in the list, respectively, although these are outranked by solar photovoltaic installers, wind turbine service technicians (construction and maintenance jobs), and home health and personal care aides.

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Instead, the gains from growth have been concentrated among those with income from capital—investors and managers with stock options.4 In one study, in sixteen Western democracies labor productivity grew far more rapidly than average real wages and fringe benefits, but most income growth went to profits of owners and shareholders.5 Another study of thirteen advanced capitalist countries found that the growth in real wages, which had been 4 percent in the 1970s, was less than 1 percent between 1980 and 2005, while the wage share of income declined from 78 percent to 63 percent, with the rest going to income from profits, interest, dividends, and rents.6 The big money is not in “human capital” but in plain old-fashioned capital. The new economy is really a new version of the old economy—the managerial capitalist economy, not some mythical, immaterial “knowledge economy.” To be sure, nations with large pools of engineers and scientists are likely to do better than those without them. Even so, there are relatively few “knowledge economy” jobs as a share of the total. And the well-paid and prestigious ones that are not offshored in the future or given to foreign indentured servants like H-1B guest workers in the US who are willing to work for lower wages than natives will be highly prized, in competitions that the affluent offspring of overclass families are likely to win.

The New Snobbery
by David Skelton
Published 28 Jun 2021

This was done in the name of modernisation, with an assumption that manufacturing could be ‘outsourced’ as the UK would otherwise become too expensive to compete. It has meant that we spent years betting the farm on services, finance and the ‘knowledge economy’. These sectors are all important, but this focus has resulted in ‘success’ being concentrated in a graduate-heavy knowledge economy, clustered in cities, with high-status and generally lucrative jobs. At the other end of the economy, the skilled manufacturing jobs that once dominated have been replaced with relatively low-skilled, insecure, low-paid jobs.

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The only way out was for people stuck in decaying towns to educate themselves in order to compete in the knowledge economy. Politicians like Gordon Brown grew drunk on the possibility of what this new, unchallengeable reality might bring, predicting in 2007 that ‘by 2020 we will need only 600,000’ unskilled jobs.27 As predictions go, this wasn’t one that should have Mystic Meg quaking in her shoes. When 2020 came, there were as many as 13 million unskilled jobs, and 9 million of these were insecure. The knowledge economy was important, but not as important as the bold predictions suggested, meaning that graduates, as well as many non-graduates, were becoming stuck.

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The elite who had dominated the politics and economics of the previous decades were quick to denounce the ill-informed mob, with the same virulence that many of their predecessors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had used to warn of the ‘dangers of democracy’. As the dust settled in the days and weeks after the referendum, many of the modern elitists made clear their view that this was an unacceptable overturning of the natural order of things. The British meritocracy had, they argued, ensured that the most talented were doing well in the new knowledge economy and the least talented, without the ambition or the get up and go to succeed, had been ‘left behind’ by their own lack of education and intelligence. The new snobs screamed repeatedly that these ignorant fellow citizens should not be able to crush their European dream. Leave voters were quickly derided as low-information, low-intelligence people and were accused of being sold what John Major mocked as a ‘fantasy’.

The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics
by David Goodhart
Published 7 Jan 2017

ISBN: 9781849047999 eISBN: 9781849049139 www.hurstpublishers.com CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1.The Great Divide A Journey from Anywhere 2.Anywheres and Somewheres The Decline (but Survival) of Traditional Values Higher Education and Mobility The Great Liberalisation The Outriders 3.European Populism and the Crisis of the Left Populism Goes Mainstream America and Europe: The Populist Convergence Populist Parties: The Necessary, the Weird and the Ugly Why Populists Damage the Left Most 4.Globalisation, Europe and the Persistence of the National A World on the Move? The Globalisation Overshoot The European Tragedy The Persistence of the National 5.A Foreign Country? The Immigration Story What About Integration? The London Conceit 6.The Knowledge Economy and Economic Demoralisation The Disappearing Middle A Short History of Education and Training Living Standards and Inequality Short-Termism and Foreign Ownership 7.The Achievement Society What is Actually Happening on Mobility? Making it into the Elite 8.What About the Family? More State, Less Family What do Women Want?

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In the subsequent five chapters I will take different areas of life and show how Anywhere and Somewhere perspectives and interests differ. Chapter four considers globalisation, European integration and the nation state; chapter five looks at immigration, integration and the London story; chapter six looks at the knowledge economy and the declining status of non-graduate employment; chapter seven looks at the achievement society and its discontents; chapter eight looks at the remaking of family life. These are all huge fields about which libraries full of books have been written. I cannot claim to be an expert in any of them but by looking at them through the Anywhere/Somewhere prism I hope to shed some fresh light.

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Yet thanks to the rapid increase in immigration to Europe in the past generation, race and ethnicity has now also moved to the centre of European politics, while at the same time the economic discomfort of lower income America and the stagnant living standards and sharp increase in inequality since the 1970s has put social class closer to the centre of US politics. The sharper line between the successful college-educated professional with a degree of security and career progression in the knowledge economy, and the bottom half of the US workforce has cast a long shadow over the American Dream. The median household income of $53,600 is down nearly 7.5 per cent from the peak twenty years ago—but while the incomes of college graduates have risen 22 per cent in that time those of white men who didn’t progress beyond high school have fallen by 9 per cent.22 (And although headline unemployment remains low in America there has been a sharp decline in the employment rate of prime age men.)

Listen, Liberal: Or, What Ever Happened to the Party of the People?
by Thomas Frank
Published 15 Mar 2016

In fact, it is not going too far to say that the views of the modern-day Democratic Party reflect, in virtually every detail, the ideological idiosyncrasies of the professional-managerial class. Liberalism itself has changed to accommodate its new constituents’ technocratic views. Today, liberalism is the philosophy not of the sons of toil but of the “knowledge economy” and, specifically, of the knowledge economy’s winners: the Silicon Valley chieftains, the big university systems, and the Wall Street titans who gave so much to Barack Obama’s 2008 campaign. Liberal thinkers dutifully return the love, fussing over their affluent, highly educated sweethearts with all manner of flattering phrases: these high-achieving professionals are said to be the “wired workers” who will inherit the future, for example.

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See also unemployment NAFTA and sharing economy and training and Johnson, Dirk Jones, Jesse Jordan, Vernon JPMorgan Judis, John Justice Department Kahn, Alfred Kalanick, Travis Kamarck, Elaine Kennedy, Robert F. Kerry, John King, Martin Luther Klein, Joe Knapp, Bill Knights of Labor knowledge economy Kraft, Joseph Krugman, Paul Ku Klux Klan labor flexible markets for law and share of nation’s income labor unions NAFTA and Laden, Osama bin Lanier, Jaron Larson, Magali Lasch, Christopher LawTrades learning class. See also education; knowledge economy Lee, Michelle Lehane, Chris Lehman Brothers Leuchtenburg, William Lew, Jack Lewinsky, Monica Lewis, Ann LIBOR scandal Libya Lieberman, Joe Life Lincoln, Abraham lobbyists Long Beach Mortgage Mack, John Madison, James Mandela, Nelson manufacturing Manza, Jeff March on Washington (1963) Markell, Jack Maron, Marc Marshall Scholars Martha’s Vineyard Massachusetts Department of Housing and Economic Development health care system state legislature Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Innovation Initiative MassChallenge mass incarceration McCain, John McCaskill, Claire McChrystal, Stanley McGovern, George McGovern Commission MCI McKinsey firm Mechanical Turk Medicare meritocracy Mexico financial crisis of 1995 NAFTA and Microcredit Summit (1997) microlending Microsoft Miller, Zell Mills, C.

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One of the few works I know of that seems to approve, albeit with reservations, of liberalism’s alliance with a segment of the upper crust is the 2010 book Fortunes of Change, written by the philanthropy journalist David Callahan.35 The premise of his argument is that our new, liberal plutocracy is different from plutocracies of the past because rich people today are sometimes very capable. “Those who get rich in a knowledge economy,” the journalist tells us, are well-schooled; they often come from the ranks of “highly educated professionals” and consequently they support Democrats, the party that cares about schools, science, the environment, and federal spending for research. It is not a coincidence, Callahan continues, that “some of the biggest zones of wealth creation are near major universities.”

Restarting the Future: How to Fix the Intangible Economy
by Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake
Published 4 Apr 2022

One thing we have noticed is that people sometimes assume it means something that it doesn’t. In particular, we found that people associated intangible investment with other modern economic phenomena, such as the knowledge economy or the postindustrial economy. They also often associated it with the tech sector, or in some cases with a sort of dystopian modernity. These associations are misleading, so let’s look more closely at some key terms, trends, and phenomena. The Knowledge Economy The term “knowledge economy” was coined by Fritz Machlup, who first proposed measuring intangible investments in a 1962 book; it was subsequently popularised by management guru Peter Drucker.

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One can write down a business’s operations or codify management practices such as Scrum or Six Sigma, but their implementation is about more than just knowledge. It is also about their instantiation in a set of relationships.39 Perhaps the reason the intangible economy is often described as the “knowledge economy” is that economists, being cerebral people, find the knowledge aspect of intangibles most salient. But equating intangibles with the knowledge economy is a misleading shorthand, obscuring the importance of relational and expressive capital in the modern economy. The Postindustrial Economy People sometimes describe the intangible economy as postindustrial, a phrase coined by French sociologist Alain Touraine and popularised by Daniel Bell in the 1970s.

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De Fiore, Fiorella, and Harald Uhlig. 2011. “Bank Finance versus Bond Finance.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 43 (7): 1399–1421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2011.00429.x. Dell’Ariccia, Giovanni, Dalida Kadyrzhanova, Camelia Minoiu, and Lev Ratnovski. 2017. “Bank Lending in the Knowledge Economy.” International Monetary Fund working paper no. 2017/234. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/234. De Loecker, Jan, and Jan Eeckhout. 2018. “Global Market Power.” National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 24768. https://www.nber.org/papers/w24768. Del Negro, Marco, Michele Lenza, Giorgio Primiceri, and Andrea Tambalotti. 2020.

Tailspin: The People and Forces Behind America's Fifty-Year Fall--And Those Fighting to Reverse It
by Steven Brill
Published 28 May 2018

POWERING THE CASINO ECONOMY The meritocratic elite that began emerging in the 1960s became the vanguard of what we now call the “knowledge economy”—a world in which brawn (or the investment in and organization of brawn in manufacturing) has increasingly been replaced by brains as the American economic engine. Except for engineers inventing software, the knowledge economy mostly put the new meritocratic elite to work as lawyers, bankers, executives, and consultants creating new ways to trade and bet on stock and other financial instruments, and new ways to rearrange or protect assets, rather than grow them. In that sense, the knowledge economy should probably be called the financial economy—and, given all the betting rather than building involved, perhaps even the casino economy.

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In the 1960s, colleges and universities, and then the country generally, began to apply a long-treasured, although usually ignored, American value—meritocracy—to challenge the old-boy network in determining who would rise to the top. That made those at the top smarter and better equipped to dominate what was becoming a knowledge economy. It was one of the twentieth century’s great breakthroughs for equality. As you will read, I was a beneficiary of the change and also played a role in embedding it in the legal industry. It had the unintended consequence, however, of entrenching a new aristocracy of rich knowledge workers who were much smarter and more driven than the old-boy network of heirs born on third base.

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Markovits and Fisman’s study suggesting that even those he described as elite liberals politically were not big on income equality suggests an explanation of a fundamental paradox of the last fifty years in America: That at the same time that the country made such great strides in liberal causes related to democracy and equal rights—women’s rights, civil rights, voting rights, LGBT rights—the balance of economic power and opportunity became so unequal. * * * — Looking further at elite lawyers is a good way to see how the growth of the knowledge economy and meritocracy reinforced each other. Until the 1970s, law was a relatively sleepy profession. From 1900 to 1970 the number of lawyers per capita in the U.S. remained about the same, despite the onslaught of new laws and regulations in the Teddy Roosevelt reform era and continuing during the Franklin Roosevelt New Deal.

Capitalism Without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy
by Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake
Published 7 Nov 2017

As the power of computers and the Internet became more apparent in the 1990s, the idea that immaterial things were economically important became increasingly widely accepted. Sociologists talked of a “network society” and a “post-Fordist” economy. Business gurus urged managers to think about how to thrive in a knowledge economy. Economists began to think about how research and development and the ideas that resulted from it might be incorporated into their models of economic growth, an economy parsimoniously encapsulated by the title of Diane Coyle’s book The Weightless World. Authors like Charles Leadbeater suggested we might soon be “living on thin air.”

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Everyone knows that the output of developed countries, even ones with large manufacturing sectors like Germany or Japan, consists mostly of services. Some of the sociologists and futurists who first heralded the rise of “post-industrial society” were also prophets of what became known as the knowledge economy. Is it true, then, that the modern world is replacing dark satanic mills with service businesses that invest in systems, information, and ideas? It turns out the evidence is not so clear-cut. Figure 2.7 shows that, in all our countries, the service sector was, in the late 1990s, more tangible-intensive, but this has reversed.

…

As Goodridge and Haskel (2016) point out, the UK Data Protection Act “controls how your personal information is used,” that the UK Information Commissioner “promotes data privacy for individuals,” and the Freedom of Information Act allows citizens to request publicly held datasets (all our italics).* Romer (1991), when talking about intangibles, uses terms like “ideas,” “blueprints,” and “instructions.” The OECD talks about the “knowledge economy,” while economists typically refer to “knowledge” that is embodied or disembodied. Meanwhile, in his masterful work on the Industrial Revolution, the economic historian Joel Mokyr divides “knowledge” into propositional and prescriptive (Mokyr 2002). How does all this fit together? Let’s start with data.

The Economics of Belonging: A Radical Plan to Win Back the Left Behind and Achieve Prosperity for All
by Martin Sandbu
Published 15 Jun 2020

But when a society switches to new, more productive ways of doing things, and entirely new activities emerge that require new skills and abilities, the old ways are abandoned. And the danger is that those who thrived on the old ways are abandoned along with them. That is what has happened in the West. Here are four ways how. * * * 1. The plight of the uneducated. What does it mean to say we live in a knowledge economy? It means that information, know-how, and cognitive skills are the central source of economic value. That is obviously true for the research and innovation that makes other activities more productive. But such skills are also vital for managing and coordinating the immense complexity of an advanced economy.

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The crumbling foundations of the blue-collar aristocracy are the assembly lines, docks, rigs, and trucks where the men traditionally did most of the work. As such, they are the perfect stage for displays of old-fashioned machismo (Trump’s photo op with an eighteen-wheel truck on the White House lawn comes to mind). That sits less well with the skills that create value in the new service and knowledge economy. Social intelligence, a talent for caring, and similar soft skills are increasingly in demand, as are the jobs that require them: nursing, social care and childcare, teaching, and the like. In the United States, for example, one in four new jobs in the next decade is expected to come in health care, social assistance, and education, and we should expect similar developments elsewhere.19 In many places, however, these jobs come with low status and lower pay.

…

How well or badly different countries navigated that change maps well onto how manageable or challenging a political landscape they face today. There are three stages in the story of how policy makers have dealt with the economic upheavals of the last half century. The first is how they managed—or more often than not, mismanaged—the shift from an industrial to a knowledge economy. The second is the impact of the global financial crisis, the run-up to it and its aftermath. The third is still under way: it is about the policy response to the digitisation of economic life. If this were baseball, it would be fair to count two strikes against Western policy makers’ performance already.

The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class?and What We Can Do About It
by Richard Florida
Published 9 May 2016

I found myself confronting the dark side of the urban revival I had once championed and celebrated. Our divides were causing greater inequality both within cities and metro areas, and between them. As I pored over the data, I could see that only a limited number of cities and metro areas, maybe a couple of dozen, were really making it in the knowledge economy; many more were failing to keep pace or falling further behind. Many Rustbelt cities are still grappling with the devastating combination of suburban flight, urban decay, and deindustrialization. Sunbelt cities continue to attract people to their more affordable, sprawling suburban developments, but few are building robust, sustainable economies that are powered by knowledge and innovation.

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As I will show in Chapter 10, what our cities need is not just deregulation, but a reformed land use system that, together with broad changes in the tax system, increased investment in transit, and a shift from single-family homes to rental housing, can help create the kinds of density, clustering, and talent mixing that the urbanized knowledge economy requires. The fact of the matter is that the urban land nexus is shaped by an even more powerful and immutable constraint than just land use restrictions—that of basic geography. Cities and metro areas like Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Chicago face hard physical boundaries like mountains and water, which, in addition to regulations that limit height or density, hinder their capacity for development.

…

As working- and middle-class families settled into suburban houses, their purchases of washers, dryers, television sets, living room sofas, carpets, and automobiles stimulated the manufacturing sector that employed so many of them, creating more jobs and still more homebuyers.28 Suburban sprawl was the key engine of the now fading era of cheap economic growth. But today, clustering, not dispersal, powers innovation and economic growth. Many people still like living in suburbs, of course, but suburban growth has fallen out of sync with the demands of the urbanized knowledge economy. Too much of our precious national productive capacity and wealth is being squandered on building and maintaining suburban homes with three-car garages, and on the roads and sprawl that support them, rather than being invested in the knowledge, technology, and density that are required for sustainable, high-quality growth.

Big Data and the Welfare State: How the Information Revolution Threatens Social Solidarity
by Torben Iversen and Philipp Rehm
Published 18 May 2022

Similar efforts are underway in credit markets, where detailed information about credit history is linked to a trove of data on income, occupation, residence, and so on. There is currently no integrated analytical framework we can use to examine the consequences of Big Data for social policy and inequality. This book offers such a framework and applies it to the history of social protection, with an emphasis on the rise of the knowledge economy and taking the role of partisanship and national political and regulatory institutions into account. the logic: division of insurance pools One of the most important drivers of redistribution and equality is largescale risk pooling. When every worker pays into the same unemployment scheme and receives a benefit that is independent of their income, that scheme is highly redistributive provided that risks are not positively related to income.

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During the Conservative Bildt government in the early 1990s more funding was shifted to individual UIFs, as opposed to a common pool, and dispersion rose dramatically before being pared back again in 2014. The Swedish case illustrates a broader trend in labor markets that intersects with our information story. Risks of unemployment and income losses are increasingly tied to occupation, education, and location. This is because the transition to the knowledge economy has strongly favored well-educated professionals in the expanding cities. Because this development is also a driver of growing neighborhood segregation, information is increasingly shared in narrow, socioeconomically homogenous groups. In more heterogeneous groups, people’s views on risks and policies tend to converge to the mean of the national distribution, whereas in small homogenous groups, views tend to converge to the mean in each distinct group.

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Private pension plans have helped fuel a huge expansion of credit markets, which also increasingly serve to smooth personal income and hence act as insurance. “Nonlinear” career patterns where workers move between family and work and between work and education are much more common in today’s knowledge economy than in yesterday’s industrial economy, and credit markets have accommodated this shift. In just over twenty years, from 1995 to 2016, private debt in advanced democracies increased from an average of 90 percent to about 157 percent of GDP (OECD 2018b). Insofar as credit is used to smooth income, interest https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009151405.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press The Fragmentation of Social Solidarity 65 rates are essentially equivalent to insurance premiums – they are the cost of insurance against income volatility.

Who Stole the American Dream?
by Hedrick Smith
Published 10 Sep 2012

BROKEN PROMISES: BANKRUPTING MIDDLE-CLASS PENSIONS CHAPTER 12. 401(K)’S: DO-IT-YOURSELF: CAN YOU REALLY AFFORD TO RETIRE? CHAPTER 13. HOUSING HEIST: PRIME TARGETS: THE SOLID MIDDLE CLASS CHAPTER 14. THE GREAT WEALTH SHIFT: HOW THE BANKS ERODED MIDDLE-CLASS SAVINGS CHAPTER 15. OFFSHORING THE DREAM: THE WAL-MART TRAIL TO CHINA CHAPTER 16. HOLLOWING OUT HIGH-END JOBS: IBM: SHIFTING THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY TO INDIA CHAPTER 17. THE SKILLS GAP MYTH: IMPORTING IT WORKERS COSTS MASSES OF U.S. JOBS PART 5: OBSTACLES TO A FIX CHAPTER 18. THE MISSING MIDDLE: HOW GRIDLOCK ADDS TO THE WEALTH GAP CHAPTER 19. THE RISE OF THE RADICAL RIGHT, 1964–2010: ASSAULT ON THE MIDDLE-CLASS SAFETY NET CHAPTER 20.

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A few glimmers have begun to appear—a handful of plants coming back from China, a modest uptick in manufacturing employment, and business leaders such as Grove speaking out. But much more needs to be done, as you will see in the final section of this book. CHAPTER 16 HOLLOWING OUT HIGH-END JOBS IBM: SHIFTING THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY TO INDIA Merchants have no country. The mere spot they stand on does not constitute so strong an attachment as that from which they draw their gain. —THOMAS JEFFERSON, letter, 1814 What we are trying to do is outline an entire strategy of becoming a Chinese company. —JOHN CHAMBERS, CEO of Cisco In this new era of globalization, the interests of companies and countries have diverged.

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That became the new rallying cry for business and political leaders. Some economists reckoned that traditional U.S. manufacturing was doomed because China and the rest of Asia were becoming the workshops of the global economy with their three hundred million or more low-cost, moderately skilled workers. America’s new high ground would be the knowledge economy—the Internet, IT, scientific research, product development, corporate services, finance—areas where American universities would generate high-end skills and where start-ups would smartly innovate the United States to a long-term competitive advantage. Bill Clinton, seeking support from Silicon Valley’s high-tech leaders, made the promise of masses of high-skill, high-wage, high-tech jobs a centerpiece of his 1992 presidential campaign and one of his first White House initiatives.

Always Day One: How the Tech Titans Plan to Stay on Top Forever
by Alex Kantrowitz
Published 6 Apr 2020

A company founder would come up with an idea (Let’s make widgets!) and then hire employees for execution purposes only (they’d be in the factory, making the widgets). Then, in the late 1930s, we started moving from an economy dominated by factories to one dominated by ideas—what we call the “knowledge economy.” In today’s knowledge economy, ideas matter, but we still mostly spend our time on execution work. We develop a new product or service, and then spend our time supporting it instead of coming up with something else. If you sell dresses, for instance, supporting each design requires loads of execution work: pricing, sourcing, inventory management, sales, marketing, shipping, and returns.

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Workers were hired for their labor, not their ideas. So companies could replace them overnight and hardly tell the difference. Then came the reaction. In the mid-1900s, we moved from an economy driven by industry to one driven by information. In this new knowledge economy, companies hired people not simply for what they could do physically, but for what they knew. The transition to the knowledge economy caused managers to start rethinking the old factory approach. Striking fear into your employees, it turned out, wasn’t a great way to harness their brain power. Treating them with kindness and respect, however, could net smarter marketing plans, creative accounting solutions, and successful customer service interactions in return.

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See invention “disagree and commit” principle, 24 Dorsey, Jack, 212 Downey, Allen, 200 Dweck, Carol, 185 Dyer, Lee, 210–13 dystopian technological scenarios, 191–205 education system, 213–15 Eichenwald, Kurt, 189–90 Elamiri, Abdellah, 164, 165, 189 Element.ai, 13 Elison, Meg, 193 eMarketer, 73, 111, 114, 147, 195 employment, technology’s impact on, 35–36, 201–2, 204–5, 215–16, 223–24 Engineer’s Mindset about, 14–18, 17 and Apple, 17, 131, 143, 151, 161 at aQuantive, 163 general adoption of, 18, 211, 213, 225 tech leaders with (see Bezos, Jeff; Nadella, Satya; Pichai, Sundar; Zuckerberg, Mark) three applications of, 15–17, 17 (see also collaboration; hierarchies; invention) execution work, 8–10, 11–14, 226 Facebook, 55–91 abuses of power by, 195–96 addressing feedback failures at, 83–89 advertising revenues of, 195–96 algorithmic compensation model of, 81–82 artificial intelligence/machine learning at, 75–81, 88 and Cambridge Analytica, 83, 84, 158 and congressional investigations, 83–84, 85–86 content moderation at, 77–81, 86 contractors’ wages at, 155 dominance of, 3 Engineer’s Mindset at, 16 and Facebook Groups, 69–70, 201 and Facebook Live, 77 feedback culture at, 1–2, 16, 55–57, 60–62, 66, 68 and feedback from staff, 65–68, 70–74 and feedback from users, 59, 59n, 68–70 Friday Q&As at, 62–63 idea pathways at, 62–63 invention at, 58–60, 101 leadership team at, 63–64 mobile app of, 65–68 and News Feed, 68–69 and Oculus Connect (virtual reality), 89–90 optimism evident at, 85–86 and presidential election of 2016, 16, 59, 64, 83 and privacy emphasis of Apple, 157–58 reinventions of, 7, 74, 89–90 and Sandberg, 64–65 Stories feature of, 70–74 suicide-prevention tool of, 79–80 training on feedback delivery, 55–57 vulnerability of, 58 See also Zuckerberg, Mark face-recognition technology, 75–76 factories, 207–8 Farestart, 217 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 155–59 Federighi, Craig, 129, 134 feedback and feedback cultures addressing gaps/failures in, 85–89 and Apple’s Siri, 144 Facebook’s culture of, 1–2, 16, 55–57, 60–62, 66, 68 and hierarchy, 55, 213 at Microsoft, 181 from the public, 59, 59n receiving, 57 training on delivery of, 55–57 VitalSmarts’ method of, 56 Firefox by Mozilla, 104, 106–7 Fitzpatrick, Jen, 114–15 Fong-Jones, Liz, 119 Fox, Nick, 116 General Motors (GM), 9 Gershgorn, Dave, 188 Ghonim, Wael, 193 Giannandrea, John, 134 Giridharadas, Anand, 217 Give and Take (Grant), 63 Gizmodo, 94 Gleit, Naomi, 62, 63 Go grocery store of Amazon, 21–22, 25, 53 Goldstein, Robin Diane, 132, 138 Goler, Lori, 62, 81, 82 Google, 93–128 abuses of power by, 195–96 advertising revenues of, 195–96 and AI Principles, 122 and Alphabet restructuring, 110–11 and Amazon Echo, 109, 111 and Android, 96, 108 and artificial intelligence/machine learning, 13, 109, 111–12, 114, 119–23 and Chrome, 7, 96, 102–8 communication tools enabling collaboration at, 96–99, 115–16, 123, 125, 128 cross-company collaboration at, 17, 96–97, 114–16, 118–19 and Damore memo, 93–95 dissent at, 119–28 dominance of, 3 empowerment of employees at, 105–6 Engineer’s Mindset at, 17 and Gmail, 102–4, 112 and Google+, 115 and Google Assistant, 7, 17, 96, 113–19 and Google Home, 116–17, 118, 147 invention encouraged at, 101 and Microsoft, 96, 100, 102, 103–4 and partnerships for Toolbar distribution, 100–102, 107 and Pentagon’s Maven project, 119–23, 127 productivity apps of, 103 products developed by, 7 reinventions of, 95–96, 110–11, 114 transparency at, 96, 115–16, 121, 127, 128, 138 Walkout at (2018), 123–28, 154–55 See also Pichai, Sundar government, change needed in, 226 Graham, Don, 60–62, 64 Grant, Adam, 63, 214 Green, Cee Lo, 11 Green, Diane, 120 growth, productivity, 197, 225 growth mindset cultures, 185–86 Hardesty, Ken, 160 Hartman, Marty, 216, 219 Henry, Alyssa, 212 Herbrich, Ralf, 38–39, 42, 52, 220 hierarchies, 184 at Apple, 17, 131, 136 at aQuantive, 163 and Engineer’s Mindset, 16, 17 at Facebook, 55, 62 and hardware operations, 116–17 at Microsoft, 166, 180–83, 190 See also feedback and feedback cultures Hill, Ned, 9 Hired (Bloodworth), 33 Hirsch, Gil, 75 Hit Refresh (Nadella), 165, 180, 183, 184 Hoefflinger, Mike, 65 homelessness, 216–17 HomePod of Apple, 129–31 Honan, Mat, 2 housing, lack of affordable, 216–17 Human Side of Enterprise, The (McGregor), 208–9 Hyman, Louis, 213 IBM, 13 idea work, 8–10, 14, 15 income inequality, 215–19 independent-thinking skills, 214 initiative, value of, 215 “innovator’s dilemma,” 9 Instagram Stories, 73 Internet use, social effects of, 200 introverts, 212 invention Amazon’s culture of, 16, 22–26, 45, 51 Amazon’s system of, 26–30, 36, 101 at Apple, 131, 136–37, 160–61 at aQuantive, 163 and copying other products, 74 cultivation of, 211 democratic invention, 15–16, 17 enabled by technological advances, 9–10 and Engineer’s Mindset, 15–16, 17 exercising thoughtfulness in, 224 at Facebook, 58–60, 101 at Google, 101 incentivizing, 212 at Microsoft, 164, 166, 172–73, 179–80, 190 and reinvention, 7–8, 74 in smaller companies, 225 stymied by tech giants, 196 systems that support, 211–12 Isilon Systems, 18 Ive, Jony, 134, 135 Jassy, Andy, 45 Jobs, Steve death of, 142–43 and iPhone, 7, 142 on values represented in marketing, 159 vision of, 132–33 Judah, Norm, 177, 178 Kiva Systems, 31 knowledge economy, 9 Kumar, Dilip, 45–46 Kwon, Elaine, 40, 41, 45, 49, 52 language translation, automation of, 43 Larson-Green, Julie, 173, 181, 182, 183, 188 Lavin, Carl, 86–88 lay-offs, 221–22 LeCun, Yann, 76 Lee, Kai-Fu, 74 Leo, Michael, 223 Li, Fei-Fei, 120–21 Lin, Sandi, 28, 48, 52 LinkedIn, 186–87 Litwin, Adam Seth, 215, 216, 218 Lobe, 179 loneliness epidemic, 199–200 Lynn, Barry, 195–96 machine learning.

The Cult of Smart: How Our Broken Education System Perpetuates Social Injustice
by Fredrik Deboer
Published 3 Aug 2020

They hear it from their parents, from their teachers, and from their guidance counselors. They hear it from politicians from both parties, who insist without evidence and against common sense that education is the only way to lift people out of poverty and into comfort. They hear it from economists and sociologists who report that we now live in a globalized knowledge economy. And they hear it in the casual way that intelligence is over and over again equated with overall human value. This is the Cult of Smart. It is the notion that academic value is the only value, and intelligence the only true measure of human worth. It is pernicious, it is cruel, and it must change.

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It was they, in other words, who would be jockeying for position in the Cult of Smart, the great American obsession with appearing intelligent above and beyond all things, the one value that is thought to define us and our worth. And, in time, those other students would be his competition in the labor market in our new knowledge economy. I lost track of him after I left that job. I hope the world served him better in the second decade of his life than it did in the first. Flash forward several years. I was a master’s student at the University of Rhode Island, teaching one of my first college classes. Freshman writing. The class was going well save for a few problem students, including the chronically absent who would fail the class and who, I knew, were likely to fail out of school altogether.

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The most notorious of these changes was the North American Free Trade Agreement, a treaty vociferously opposed by labor unions who predicted—correctly—that it would result in a loss of jobs in automaking, textiles, and similar occupations that did not require a college degree. In time the rise of China as the world’s default manufacturer undermined American uneducated labor even further. Today, if you’ll forgive the cliché, we live in a knowledge economy. The jobs that are the least vulnerable appear to be those that require the most education. In particular, those who work in educated labor–heavy fields like education and medicine seem to enjoy the most stability in their employment. (That education and medicine are also places where we face growing cost crises does not seem coincidental.)

Nervous States: Democracy and the Decline of Reason
by William Davies
Published 26 Feb 2019

Pointing particularly to examples such as “Silicon Fen” around Cambridge University or North Carolina’s “Research Triangle,” gurus such as Richard Florida, Michael Porter, and Charles Leadbeater argued that the economic success stories of the future would be cities and business clusters that attracted highly educated, socially liberal workers, who were willing to mingle informally and circulate ideas. These centers of innovation would often emerge around universities. With good social connections between entrepreneurs, academic research, and venture capital, a whole new era of prosperity could be achieved, based upon nothing but ideas and imagination. This was the idea of a “knowledge economy” with a “creative class” of open-minded, highly mobile young graduates at its heart. Cities, universities, and other concentrations of people were key to this. This vision was not wrong, but its applicability was limited. It is certainly true that cities such as London and New York have grown rapidly since the early 1990s, both in population and in wealth, with a side effect being widespread housing crises.

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The scientific perspective on society, as pioneered by Graunt and Petty, continues to provide a plausible picture of reality for most of these people, mediated by the likes of the New York Times or the Economist. But what of the others? What kinds of perspectives and analyses are suppressed or sidelined by the expert view of aggregates and averages? And can we understand it as something other than just false? Among those not included in this “knowledge economy” vision of progress, an individual is more likely to be an object of expert scrutiny than an agent of it. As cultural and economic advantage becomes increasingly concentrated around big cities and universities, expert knowledge is something the privileged do to the less privileged. Bureaucracy and quantitative research become ways of collecting data about the population, but without actually getting to know people or listen to them.

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However, his ideas and success pose some unavoidable questions about the status of knowledge and expertise in society: what kind of knowledge do we value, and why do we value it? Since the 1980s, policymakers in many countries have deliberately sought to encourage greater commercial applications of scientific knowledge, to develop a “knowledge economy.” Treating knowledge as a private economic asset has led to a vast expansion in consultancy services, such that by the late 1990s, one-sixth of all graduates from American Ivy League universities and Oxford and Cambridge were going into careers in management consultancy.5 In post-industrial societies “creative industries” became viewed as a gold mine, as long as copyright enforcement was strong enough to protect their assets.

Social Life of Information
by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid
Published 2 Feb 2000

To be, in Peter Drucker's term, a "knowledge worker" now seems much more respectable than being a mere "information worker," though for a while the latter seemed very much the thing to be. Similarly, pundits are pushing "information economy" and the venerable ''information age" aside in the name of the more Page 119 voguish "knowledge economy" and "knowledge age." There's even a bit of alternative prefixation in such terms as knobot, which we talked about in chapter 2, where the buzz of bots and the buzz of knowledge meet. Beyond its buzz, however, is there any bite to these uses of knowledge? When people talk about knowledge, are they just clinging to fashion (as many no doubt are), or might some be feeling their way, however intuitively, toward something that all the talk of information or of process lacks?

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Focusing on process, as we argued, draws attention away from people, Page 121 concentrating instead on disembodied processes and the information that drives them. Focusing on knowledge, by contrast, turns attention toward knowers. Increasingly, as the abundance of information overwhelms us all, we need not simply more information, but people to assimilate, understand, and make sense of it. The markets of the knowledge economy suggest that this shift is already underway. Investment is no longer drawn, as postindustrial champions like to point out, to bricks and mortar and other forms of fixed capital. Nor does it pursue income streams. (In some of the newest knowledge organizations there is as yet barely enough income to puddle, let alone stream.)

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Instead, investors see value in people and their know-how-people with the ability to envisage and execute adventurous new business plans and to keep reenvisaging these to stay ahead of the competition. So, while the modern world often appears increasingly impersonal, in those areas where knowledge really counts, people count more than ever. In this way, a true knowledge economy should distinguish itself not only from the industrial economy but also from an information economy. For though its champions like to present these two as distinct, the information economy, like the industrial economy, shows a marked indifference to people. The industrial economy, for example, treated them en masse as interchangeable partsthe factory "hands" of the nineteenth century.

Cities Are Good for You: The Genius of the Metropolis
by Leo Hollis
Published 31 Mar 2013

This sector was the one area of the global economy that was least affected by the credit crunch; in 2008 it generated $592 billion, more than double its turnover in 2002, which suggests an annual growth of 14 per cent. The knowledge economy forces us to think again about how we work, and what we do; it could also allow us to think about the city anew. According to Richard Florida, the extent of the creative classes is having a profound impact on the success of cities. Using the broadest definition of the knowledge economy as possible – ‘science and technology, arts and design, entertainment and media, law, finance, management, healthcare and education’9 – Florida shows that since the decline of industry in the west, this new class of worker has risen at a gallop: 5 per cent of all employment in 1900, 10 per cent in 1950, 15 per cent in 1980 and more than 30 per cent by 2005.

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Singapore now sells itself as the super-charged Asian creative hub. Yet this commitment to the Information Age comes with risks and has altered the relationship between the government and the people, who are now encouraged to be innovative, independent and educated. You cannot encourage innovators and a knowledge economy and then expect them to act like dutiful servants: schools began to teach a new curriculum that encouraged critical thinking rather than learning by rote; the launch of the ‘Singapore One’ initiative guaranteed every citizen a high-speed internet connection while the iN2015 masterplan hopes to develop a new generation of global business leaders.16 This revolution within a revolution – which in time will surely come to question Singapore’s Hobbesian way of life – has nonetheless been dictated from the top down.

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For others, mobility itself is no proof of success or creativity, and ‘the stuck’ could easily be reinterpreted as happy.14 Still more warn against the worship of the ‘creative class’ as the only means of developing a competitive economy, dismissing all that has happened before as irrelevant, promoting a doctrine preaching that ‘the history of a city is at best of little use, and at worst an obstacle to entering the advanced knowledge economy. The prescription is to bring the economy from up high into one’s city.’15 It is sometimes too easy to be seduced by the new, rather than really looking and seeing what is happening on the ground. Creativity does not evolve out of a vacuum; it does not emerge from a photo opportunity or a government initiative.

The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream
by Christopher B. Leinberger
Published 15 Nov 2008

The boredom of having only the option of drivable sub-urban life, including the unintended consequences of ever longer and more congested commutes and the running of nearly every errand in a car, is not to be underestimated. T H E M A R K E T R E D I S C OV E R S WA L K A B L E U R B A N I S M | 9 1 Alongside these demographic changes, the economy has made a fundamental change. The new economy has been called many things: the virtual economy, the service economy, the postindustrial economy, the knowledge economy, and the creative economy. This has come to mean a focus on the up front, creative portion of a product or service development and the back-end marketing and distribution of that product or service. The actual production may be outsourced abroad, or it may be accomplished with fewer employees in this country due to advances in technology, which lead to increased productivity.

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This is a repeat of the earlier trend of increased productivity in agriculture, leading to plummeting numbers of jobs over the past century (agricultural jobs were down to less than two percent of all jobs in 2000 from, as mentioned in chapter 1, forty percent in 1900 and twenty-seven percent in 1920). The agricultural economy transitioned to the industrial economy, and now the industrial is transitioning to the knowledge economy. The economic driver of how the American Dream is implemented on the ground is changing once again. Dr. Richard Florida’s assertion in his 2002 book, The Rise of the Creative Class, that future economic growth depends on the retention and attraction of the highly educated has become accepted wisdom of many economic development officials in cities throughout the country.

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The Economist magazine reported that “talent has become the world’s most sought after commodity.”4 Certainly not all of the so-called creative class—software engineers; medical, legal, and financial professionals; high-tech entrepreneurs; educators; and others—want to live in walkable urban places for all phases of their lives, but many of them certainly want the opportunity to do so and may demand it at various times of their lives. The metropolitan area that does not offer walkable urbanism is probably destined to lose economic development opportunities; the creative class will gravitate to those metro areas that offer multiple choices in living arrangements. 92 | THE OPTION OF URBANISM The growth of the knowledge economy means that the most important factor in determining which metropolitan areas experience growth in new companies and jobs is the quality of the workforce—their education, training, and experience. The metropolitan areas with the highest educational attainment tend to be the fastest growing regions today—witness the growth of the two coasts and the Sunbelt of the past couple of decades, the new “U” shape of the USA.

Elsewhere, U.S.A: How We Got From the Company Man, Family Dinners, and the Affluent Society to the Home Office, BlackBerry Moms,and Economic Anxiety
by Dalton Conley
Published 27 Dec 2008

No, most socializing involves weak, work-related ties: folks who are in the same field but just swinging through town for a conference or meeting—potential clients, former mentors, prospective employees. You never know from where the next big project—that great idea—is going to come from in today’s “knowledge economy.” In our marriage, nobody cooks. We generally eat take-out, when I am in charge, or raw food, when my wife is. Whereas, even in my parents’ relatively progressive marriage, my mother was the primary caregiver (except for Sundays when my father would take us to Aqueduct Racetrack), in our arrangement it is often more likely that I will be the one to pick up the kids thanks to my wife’s more hectic travel schedule.

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This craftsman set his own hours as he was paid for piecework. However, there were inherent limits to how much he could work. He needed raw materials. He needed light (so was generally confined to working during the day). And he needed customers (limited to a very local market). But today’s professional in the knowledge economy is uninhibited by pesky materials or the need to work with specific implements in a “shop.” She can work at any and all times, as long as she has an outlet to plug into and a decent wireless connection. In the flexible nature of the post-industrial economy this new professional shares the freedom of the medieval craftsman to draw up her own schedule, but she is driven by the economic red shift to work any and all hours, made possible by the portable workshop of the BlackBerry and the laptop.

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Likewise, one of the most popular forms of gambling, slot machines, involves the seemingly mind-numbing action of inserting a small metal disk into a slot and then pulling a lever. Something that would have epitomized the dullness of Taylorized work in the bygone industrial age is now the way we “get into a zone” of privacy, becoming one with the machine, and escape the oppressive sociality of the service sector and the mind-bending tasks associated with the knowledge economy. Whereas pulling the lever of the machine was once the gesture that clocked you in and out of work, that very same motion now symbolizes our escape from the oppressive sociality of work.4 This remerger of work and play is quite ironic, since some theorists of industrial capitalism saw the emergence of the modern market as the very thing that allowed for a sacrosanct private sphere.

The Wake-Up Call: Why the Pandemic Has Exposed the Weakness of the West, and How to Fix It
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 1 Sep 2020

One former British spy points out that his children are immensely better educated than he was, far more tolerant, but the only time they meet the working class is when their internet order arrives; they haven’t shared trenches with them. They have been relieved of guilt. The closer you get to the summit of the global elite the truer this is. People in Silicon Valley do “give back” but they focus on philanthropy outside the public sector. In a knowledge economy, the brain of a Bezos or a Buffett is their most valuable asset. The only obvious member of the West’s super-rich to have jumped into full-time public service—Mike Bloomberg—employs one of us; even his foes would say he ran New York City well. Very few have followed him. The collapse of the party system has not helped.

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America’s tech budget is eaten up by the cost of supporting legacy systems—and the elderly workers who run them—because nobody has had the courage to pay for the upgrade. Bill Lincoln should borrow from America’s past, as well as Asia’s present. Roosevelt built the dams. Eisenhower built the freeways. Bill Lincoln will use the fact that America can borrow long-term money at close to 0 percent to build the infrastructure a knowledge economy needs. That includes a subsidized internet, but also an overhaul of technology in every department. Otherwise the shabbiness of LaGuardia airport will be repeated in cyberspace. 9. GO LOCAL An important reason why Seoul did so well in dealing with Covid had nothing to do with technology or efficiency.

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Then you needed to provide better nutrition to improve people’s ability to fight off infectious diseases. And then better schools and a decent food supply to make sure you had a fighting-fit, well-educated population. The question now is where the national minimum should be set in a dynamic knowledge economy. We have already explained why America needs a national health service for practical reasons. There are philosophical reasons too. The contract between the richest country on the planet and its people surely entails providing free (or nearly free) medical care in the same way as it involves providing free (or nearly free) education.

Plutocrats: The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else
by Chrystia Freeland
Published 11 Oct 2012

Here is how Martin laid out his theory in the Harvard Business Review: “For much of the twentieth century, labor and capital fought violently for control of the industrialized economy and, in many countries, control of the government and society as well. Now . . . a fresh conflict has erupted. Capital and talent are falling out, this time over the profits from the knowledge economy. While business won a resounding victory over the trade unions in the previous century, it may not be as easy for shareholders to stop the knowledge worker–led revolution in business.” Martin’s thesis helps explain one of the most striking contrasts between today’s super-elite and their Gilded Age equivalents: the rise, today, of the “working rich.”

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That means you can probably blame Drucker for far too many soul-destroying PowerPoint presentations, peppy but hollow business books, and inspirational corporate “coaches” with lots of energy but no message. But Drucker also, more than half a century ago, predicted the shift to what he dubbed a “knowledge economy” and, with it, the rise of the “knowledge worker.” Drucker made his name in America, but he was a product of the Viennese intellectual tradition—Joseph Schumpeter was a family friend and frequent guest during his boyhood—of looking for the big, underlying social and economic forces and trying to spot the moments when they changed.

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There was no way, Marx pointed out, for the worker to own the steam engine and to be able to take it with him when moving from one job to another. The capitalist had to own the steam engine and control it.” Hence the power of the robber barons and the complaints of the proletariat. But that logic collapses in the knowledge economy: “Increasingly, the true investment in the knowledge society is not in machines and tools but in the knowledge of the knowledge worker. . . . The market researcher needs a computer. But increasingly this is the researcher’s own personal computer, and it goes along where he or she goes. . . .

The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa
by Calestous Juma
Published 27 May 2017

Using this framework, with government functioning as a facilitator for social learning, business enterprises will become the locus of learning, and knowledge will be the currency of change.11 Most African countries already have in place the key institutional components needed to make the transition to being a player in the knowledge economy. The emphasis should therefore be on realigning the existing structures and creating new ones where they do not exist. The challenge is in building the international partnerships necessary to align government policy with the long-term technological needs of Africa. The promotion of science and technology as a way to meet human welfare needs must, however, Advances in Science, Technology, and Engineering 43 take into account the additional need to protect Africa’s environment for present and future generations.

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That program will include bioresource utilization, biopolymer utilization in health, waste management, and environmental protection, and biopolymer utilization in agriculture as described above. Transferring the production know-how to farmers and the industry is another key component of the Center. Technology Prospecting Much of the debate on the place of Africa in the global knowledge economy has tended to focus on identifying barriers to accessing new technologies. The basic premise has been that industrialized countries continue to limit the ability of developing countries to acquire new technologies by introducing restrictive intellectual property rights. These views were formulated at a time when technology transfer channels were tightly controlled by technology suppliers, and developing countries had limited opportunities to identify the full range of options available to them.

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Countries such as India have studied this model and have come to the conclusion that one way to harness the expertise is to create a new generation of “universities for innovation” that will seek to foster the translation of research into commercial products. In 2010 India unveiled a draft law that will provide for the establishment of such universities. The law grew out India’s National Knowledge Commission, a high-level advisory body to the prime minister aimed at transforming the country into a knowledge economy.30 A number of countries have adopted policy measures aimed at attracting expatriates to participate in the economies of their countries of origin. They are relying on the forces of globalization such as connectivity, mobility, and interdependence to promote the use of the diaspora as a source of input into national technological and business programs.

Culture and Prosperity: The Truth About Markets - Why Some Nations Are Rich but Most Remain Poor
by John Kay
Published 24 May 2004

Market economies solve coordination problems through a combination of spontaneous order and social institutions. Nothing guarantees that solutions will be reached or that those that are reached are efficient. But coevolution has usually produced answers. The Knowledge Economy Big Knowledge ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• It is a cliche that we live today in a knowledge economy. 1 At first sight, markets do not seem a good mechanism for producing and transmitting knowledge. Once created, knowledge can be transferred relatively cheaply to other people at little cost. If the people who create new knowledge can't protect it, they can't sell it.

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HB95.K29 2004 330.12 '2-dc22 2003056911 04 05 06 07 08 <•/RRD 10 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 {Contents} • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes Acknowledgments A Note to Readers {part I} The 1 2 3 4 5 A Postcard from France The Triumph of the Market People Figures How Rich States Became Rich {part II} 6 7 8 9 10 11 Issues The Structure of Economic Systems Transactions and Rules Production and Exchange Assignment Central Planning Pluralism Spontaneous Order {part III} Perfectly Competitive Markets 12 Competitive Markets 13 Markets in Risk 14 Markets in Money vii ix xi 1 3 9 22 31 54 71 73 83 93 105 115 125 135 137 153 162 {vi} Contents 15 General Equilibrium 16 Efficiency {part IV} The Truth About Markets 173 184 195 Neoclassical Economics and After Rationality and Adaptation Information Risk in Reality Cooperation Coordination The Knowledge Economy 197 209 222 234 247 259 266 How It All Works Out 275 Poor States Stay Poor Who Gets What? Places The American Business Model The Future of Economics The Future of Capitalism 277 289 302 311 323 340 Appendix: Nobel Prizes in Economics Glossary Notes Bibliography Index 356 361 365 390 411 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 {part V} 24 25 26 27 28 29 {List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes} Figures 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 14.1 The Distribution of World Income The Dimensions of Economic Lives Rich States in Europe Rich Stares in Asia U.S.

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This similarly vacuous concept has been lauded by the OECD (1975). According to estimates by Dixon (1996), 36% of expenditures under the Superfund to that date related to transactions costs rather than clearing up pollution. Buchanan and Stubblebine (1962), Demsetz (1964). Mnookin and Kornhauser (1979). Chapter 23: The Knowledge Economy ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1. See, for example, Shapiro and Varian (1998); also "new economy'' writers such as Kelly (1998), Leadbeater (2000), and Coyle (2001). 2. Bodanis (2000), Clark (1979). 3. The Bletchley Park project, once highly secret, has now generated extensive literature-Hinsley and Stripp (1993), Enever (1994), Butters (2000)-and a film (Enigma). 4.

A Pelican Introduction Economics: A User's Guide
by Ha-Joon Chang
Published 26 May 2014

A UK government report estimates that up to 10 per cent of the fall in manufacturing employment between 1998 and 2006 in the UK may be due to this ‘reclassification effect’.7 Making things still matters The view that the world has now entered a new era of the ‘knowledge economy’, in which making things does not confer much value, is based upon a fundamental misreading of history. We have always lived in a knowledge economy. It has always been the quality of knowledge involved, rather than the physical nature of the things produced (that is, whether they are physical goods or intangible services), that has made the more industrialized countries richer.

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Many economists have argued that, with rising income, we begin to demand services, such as eating out and foreign holidays, relatively more than we demand manufactured goods. The resulting fall in the relative demand for manufacturing leads to a shrinking role for manufacturing, reflected in lower output and employment shares. This view got a boost in the 1990s, with the invention of the worldwide web and the alleged rise of the ‘knowledge economy’. Many argued that the ability to produce knowledge, rather than things, was now critical, and high-value knowledge-based services, such as finance and management consulting, would become the leading sectors in the rich countries that were experiencing deindustrialization. The manufacturing industry – or the ‘bricks and mortar’ industry – was viewed as second-rate activity that could be shifted to cheap-labour developing countries, such as China.

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And in terms of the latter effect, the importance of the manufacturing sector cannot be over-emphasized, as it has been the main source of new technological and organizational capabilities over the last two centuries. Unfortunately, with the rise of the discourse of post-industrial society in the realm of ideas and the increasing dominance of the financial sector in the real world, indifference to manufacturing has positively turned into contempt. Manufacturing, it is often argued, is, in the new ‘knowledge economy’, a low-grade activity that only low-wage developing countries do. But factories are where the modern world has been made, so to speak, and will keep being remade. Moreover, even in our supposed post-industrial world, services, the supposed new economic engine, cannot thrive without a vibrant manufacturing sector.

Revolution in the Age of Social Media: The Egyptian Popular Insurrection and the Internet
by Linda Herrera
Published 14 Apr 2014

Liberalization Egyptian Style The Egyptian government, historically reluctant to allow the spread of technologies that would loosen its grip on its citizenry, nevertheless opened its doors to information and communication technologies (ICT) and the liberalization of the media. The transition to an “information society,” otherwise called a “knowledge economy,” came about through a combination of pressure and opportunity. The countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) tied any number of loans and trade agreements to Egypt’s willingness to sync its national economy with the knowledge economy in which OECD countries held a clear advantage. At the same time, an ICT-driven economy would allow Egypt to more fully participate in the global marketplace, with its promise of profits and economic growth.

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Freedom House, 35, 105 Freire, Paulo, 154 Game Boy, 8 Gandhi, 34, 84, 88, 124 Garbaya, Samir, 105 Gaza, 17 El General, 112 See also Ben Aoun, Hamada Al-Ghad Party, 20, 22, 50 Ghonim, Wael, 88, 131, 147–8, 153 Revolution 2.0, 1–2, 42, 79, 121–2, 149 and AbdelRahman Mansour, 85–6, 90, 98 and marketing, 54, 64, 72 Gika, 132–3, 135 Glassman, James K., 23–4, 32–33, 35–7 Google, 5, 24, 30–1, 35, 43, 63, 105 employees of, xi, 1, 2, 38, 44, 54, 72 Google Ideas, 1, 2, 44, 147 Guevara, Che, 157–8 Hardt, Michael, 5 Hegazy, Safwat, 126 Homeland Security, 35 Hoover Institute, 35 Howcast Media, 24, 38–9, 44, 53 Hughes, Karen, 30 human rights, 42, 46, 49, 56, 63, 87, 103–4 activists, 21, 31, 110 blogging and, 39 Hussien, Nermin, 133 ICQ, 13 See also chat rooms ideology, 19, 53, 75, 143, 145, 146 anti-, 149, 154, 158 dominant, 155 mechanisms of, 116, 156, 159 pan-Islamic, 121 Ikhwanbook, 127 Ikhwantube, 127 Ikhwan Twitter, 127 Ikhwanwiki, 127 information society, 6, 103, 104 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 63 See also ElBaradei, Mohamed International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7 International Republican Institute, 34 internet freedom, 40–3, 46, 82, 148 Intifada (second), 17 Iran, 18, 23, 39, 153 Green Movement, 35, 39–41 State Department and, 43 technology and, 23 youth, 33 Ismailia, 114, 121 Israel, 2, 8, 13, 14 Israelis, 13 Al Jazeera, 9, 68, 77, 81, 86, 101–3 Al Jazeera Mubasher, 101–2, 122 Jihad, 33, 52, 63 Johnson, Steven, 145 el-Kabir, Emad, 21, 152–3 Kefaya, 19–20, 21, 60, 80, 86 See also The Egyptian Movement for Change Khaled, Amr, 80 King, Martin Luther Jr., 34, 88 knowledge economy, 7 Kristy, 133 Kulina Khaled Said. See “We Are All Khaled Said” Kulina Leila. See “We Are All Leila” Lakoff, George, 125 Leisure Time (Awqat Faragh), 4 Liebman, Jason, 38, 44 MacKinnon, Rebecca, 42 Maher, Ahmed, 22, 38 Malcolm X, 88–9 Mandela, Nelson, 99 Mansour, AbdelRahman, 72, 79–98, 111, 148–9 Mansoura, 20, 65, 80, 114 Marovic, Ivan, 34 El Masry, Mohamed, 133 Mazzini, Guiseppe, 25 Media Hubs, 30 memes, 115–17, 135, 137, 141, 153 Middle East Partner Initiative (MEPI), 29–30, 44 military, 3, 26, 35 in Egypt, 37, 87, 146, 155–6 Egyptian counter-revolution and, 137–41 Elbaradei and, 85 Mubarak and, 119–20 US, 147 See also SCAF Milosovic, Slobodan, 34 mindquake, 18, 84 Ministry of Interior, 48, 97, 112, 113 See also al-Adly, Habib mobile phones, 7, 10, 12, 13, 21, 145 Mobinil, 10 Mohamed Mahmoud Street, 75, 132, 150–1 Molotov Cola, 133 Morales, Oscar, 35, 45, 99 Morozov, Evgeny, 40, 43, 44 Morsi, Amr, 133 Morsi, Mohamed, 102, 120–3, 126, 128–33, 136–7, 140 and AbdelRahman Mansour, 82 MTV, 24, 36 Mubarak regime, 96, 102, 125, 147, 155 censorship and, 115 electronic militias of, 30, 117–120 resistance to, 3, 18–20, 60, 77–81, 87–8 fall of, 74 post-, 126–7 US government and, 37, 83 violence of, 92, 134, 137 mummy, 151–2 Muslim Brotherhood, 96, 110, 124, 126–40, 146, 156 AbdelRahman Mansour and, 77, 80, 82, 86 Al Jazeera and, 102 defectors, 77, 82 e-militias, xi, 117, 120–5, 131 resistance to, 3 on women, 15 The Change (Al Taghrir) and, 18 youth, 123 Nadim Center for Human Rights, 63 al-Nahda Square, 137 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 19, 95, 124 National Association for Change, 63, 84 See also Mohamed ElBaradei National Democratic Party, 119 National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 34 Near East Regional Democracy Program (NERD), 41–2 Negri, Antonio, 5 nongovernmental organization (NGO), 29, 127, 147 Nour, Ayman, 20–1, 50 Nye, Joseph S.

The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work
by David Frayne
Published 15 Nov 2015

If Marxist critics believed that industrial work had stifled the worker’s capacities, things changed in the second half of the twentieth century when many commentators greeted the developing era of post-industrial work with a degree of fanfare. Futurologists forecasted the advent of a new ‘knowledge economy’, which would see a shift away from the standardised manual work of old, towards a higher concentration of smart jobs in the service and computer-based industries (Bell, 1973). Now a political orthodoxy, the notion of a new ‘knowledge economy’ was first celebrated by economists and sociologists in the 1960s, when it was generally believed that the future prosperity of nations would depend on their ability to produce intelligent, knowledgeable workers for a new era of work.

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Post-industrial forms of employment would help reintroduce the ‘human factor’ into work, and jobs would no longer simply be about efficiency and obeying orders; they would draw on the more distinctively human qualities such as social competence, cognitive ability, practical experience, or consciousness of responsibility, offering workers new opportunities to feel morally invested in their work (Offe, 1985: 137–8). With the benefit of hindsight, some commentators have seen fit to question these claims about the transition to a burgeoning knowledge economy (Thompson et al., 2001). Whilst the statistical proportion of jobs in service or information-based industries has undoubtedly increased, we need to be cautious about accepting this trend as evidence of a shift towards a more humane, highly skilled world of work (see Fleming et al., 2004). Occupational categories do not tell us all there is to know about the ways that particular forms of work are experienced, and the statistics fail to communicate the more mundane and miserable aspects of many modern jobs.

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K., 93 GDP, critiqued as indicator of progress, 3, 223 Generation X, 114 Genesis, Book of, 23 Gerald, a former academic, 151, 177, 178, 180, 193–4 Germany, 35-hour week in, 224 gestural type of rebellion, 214 Goffman, Erving, 192, 200, 204, 212 Goodman, Eleanor, 157 Google, offices of, 59 Gorz, André, 2, 19–20, 35–41, 43, 61, 62, 67, 74, 82, 90–1, 92, 115–16, 149–50, 151, 178, 179, 184–5, 217, 220–1 Gothenburg (Sweden), shorter working day in, 224 graduates, disillusionment of, 146 Graeber, David, 40 Granter, Edward, 112 gratifying work see satisfying work gratitude, culture of, 232 Greece: ancient, work regarded as curse, 23–4; sea turtle rescue project, 181 Green Party (UK): Basic Income policy, 226; policy on reducing working hours, 224 Gregg, Melissa, 72, 218 growth, economic, 43, 44, 236; critique of, 3–4, 6 Guinness beer, marketing of, 87 H Haiven, Max, 231 Hank, a brothel client, 55 ‘hardworking people’, reference to, 99 Harmony, a utopian society, 31 having, mode of being, 79, 166 Hayden, Anders, 39 Health and Safety Executive (UK), 148 hedonism, alternative, 116, 162–3, 168, 187 ‘Hephaestus’ company, 56–7 high-commitment work cultures, 57 hobbies, use of term, 70 Hochschild, Arlie, 52, 137; The Managed Heart, 53–4; The Outsourced Self, 67 Hodgkinson, Tom, How To Be Idle, 206 holidays, entitlement to, 139 homes, atmosphere of, 184–5 Honneth, Axel, 193 honour, 193 Horkheimer, Max, 81 humanisation of working day, 61 Humphery, Kim, 90 Hunnicutt, Benjamin, Work Without End, 82–5, 96–7 hygiene, Gorz’s definition of, 149–50 I identification with job roles, 62 identity, linked to work, 14–15, 27 idleness, morally objectionable, 83 idler: synonyms for, 189; use of term, 120 Idlers’ Alliance, 118–19, 122, 206, 207, 234 idling, concept of, 234 Illich, Ivan, 185–6 illness, 148, 196–7; has a meaning, 149; medical diagnosis of, 197; mental, 152; need for justification of, 202; non-suppression of, 150–1; repoliticisation of, 229 imagination, defending the importance of, 235–7 immaterial labour, 56 immaturity, perceived, 197–8 ‘in between jobs’, 202 inclusion, social, 161 income: alternative sources of, 161; management of, 121; to be decoupled from work, 112 indifference in work, 47–52 inner critic, 203 insecurity, 73–4 interiority, loss of, 81 International Labour Organisation (ILO), 42, 68 internships, unpaid, 81 interviews: limitations of, 121; methodology of, 118–19 intimacy of work, 52–61 Italian Autonomist movement, 1–2 J Jack, a former librarian, 122–4, 170 Jackson, Tim, 43 Jahoda, Marie, 106, 137 James, Selma, 115 Jarrett, Joanna, 199 job application forms, 76 job centres, 201 job competition, globalisation of, 42 job creation, 6 job insecurity, 6 joblessness, voluntary, in USA, 124–5 Jobseeker’s Allowance, 104, 134, 136 July, Miranda, 189 junk commodities, accumulation of, 170 K Kelley, Robin, 115 Kelvin, Peter, 199 Kerouac, Jack, 206 Kerr, Walter, The Decline of Pleasure, 173 Kettering, Charles, 85 Keynes, John Maynard, 33–5, 68, 82, 84; ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, 33 Khasnabish, Alex, 231 knowledge economy, 49, 61 L labour exchanges, regulate casual labouring, 28 labour habits, new, formation of, 29 labour market, pressure of, 80 Labour Party (UK), 5 ‘labourers without labour’, 39, 41 Lafargue, Paul, The Right To Be Lazy, 21 laptops, 72 Larry, a former social worker, 120, 131–4, 137, 175 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 204 laziness, alleged culture of, 100 Learning to Love You More project, 189 Lefkowitz, Bernard, 124–5 Lego Movie, The, 71–2 leisure: as privilege for all, 95; fear of, 111; promotes consumption, 84 leisure time, shortage of, 68 less work see working less Levitas, Ruth, 235 Lewis, Justin, 85 life plans, 210 Linder, Staffan, 173–4, 177 living in a community, 144 living with intention, 128 living with less, as empowerment, 180 living without work, 21–3, 117, 119, 141 Lodziak, Conrad, 89 looking after pets, 195 ‘looking over one’s shoulder’, 76 loss of income, personal consequences of, 109 low-wage work, 6 lowering levels of spending, 171 Lucy, a former bargain shop worker, 127, 134–8, 151, 153, 159, 167, 174–5, 177, 183, 186, 194, 195, 198, 205–6 Lynx deodorant, marketing of, 87 M Marcuse, Herbert, 8, 35; Eros and Civilisation, 34; One-Dimensional Man, 26 Marienthal, sociological research into, 106–8, 110 Markland, George L., 97 Marx, Karl, 26, 30, 46, 85, 106, 116, 125, 142, 143, 147, 148; Capital, 32, 47, 114; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, 47–8; views on technology, 32, 33; views on work, 17–18, 32 material objects, connection to, 183 material wealth, desire for, 27 Matthew, a former office worker, 13, 58, 134–8, 141, 142–4, 146–7, 159, 169, 174, 177, 183, 186, 194, 201, 202, 205–6 maturity, definition of, 198 McDonald’s, 167, 213 ‘McJobs’, 114 McKenna, S., 109 McShit T-shirt, 213 Mead, George Herbert, 203 mealtimes see eating together meaningfulness in work, 63 meaningless work, 12–13, 22, 40 medication, rejection of, 150–1 Merton, Robert, 146 Mike, an interviewee, 124, 130, 165 Mills, C.

Britannia Unchained: Global Lessons for Growth and Prosperity
by Kwasi Kwarteng , Priti Patel , Dominic Raab , Chris Skidmore and Elizabeth Truss
Published 12 Sep 2012

In this chapter the achievements of Israel, perhaps surprisingly to some, are celebrated in the area of science and technology. Israel has shown how venture capital can be attracted into exciting areas. This capital is particularly supportive of technological innovation and businesses which rely on what is sometimes called ‘the knowledge economy’. Through the application of science and business acumen, exciting commercial opportunities often arise. Overshadowed by political concerns, Israel remains an underappreciated hub of scientific innovation. By contrast, it is a commonly observed feature of modern Britain that the state and bureaucracy have become more entrenched over the last decade.

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Royal Society, Knowledge, Networks and Nations: Global Scientific Colloboration in the 21st Century (2011). 99. D. Autor, The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings (Center for American Progress and the Hamilton Project, 2010). 100. Ian Brinkley, Manufacturing and the Knowledge Economy (The Work Foundation, 2009). 101. Elizabeth Truss, Academic Rigour and Social Mobility: How Low Income Students are being Kept Out of Top Jobs (CentreForum, 2011). 102. Jonathan Adams and James Wilsdon, The New Geography of Science: UK Research and International Colloboration (Demos, 2006). 103.

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Bordo, Michael D., Angela Redish and Hugh Rockoff, Why Didn’t Canada have a Banking Crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or in 1907, or in 1983) (2010). Bourgon, Jocelyn, Program Review: The Government of Canada’s Experience Eliminating the Deficit, 1994–99: A Canadian Case Study (Institute for Government, 2009). Bradshaw, Jenny, et al., PISA 2009: Achievement of 15-Year-Olds in England (NFER, 2010). Brinkley, Ian, Manufacturing and the Knowledge Economy (The Work Foundation, 2009). BVCA, Benchmarking UK Venture Capital to the US and Israel: What Lessons can be Learned? (2009). Cato Institute, Economic Freedom of the World (2011). CBI, Action for Jobs (2011). Centre for Social Justice, Breakdown Britain (2006). Centre for Social Justice, Breakthrough Britain (2007).

How to Fix Copyright
by William Patry
Published 3 Jan 2012

Among the habits of mind this book examines are the fundamental beliefs that copyright laws directly cause people to create works they wouldn’t otherwise create, directly put substantial money in authors’ pockets; that culture depends on copyright; and, more recently, that copyright law is a key driver of competitiveness and of the knowledge economy. 2 HOW TO FIX COPYRIGHT Do copyright laws cause these wonderful things to come true in real life and not just in our beliefs? Simply believing things will happen isn’t enough. If we want wonderful things to come true (and who doesn’t?) we must do more than believe that they will; we must ensure they do.

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In 2009, KEA, a Brussels-based consultancy group, prepared a report for the European Commission159 questioning the asserted link between creativity and competitiveness: “[T]raditionally, culture is not seen as a motor for better management or for honing a competitive edge in product development, learning or human resources.”160 In Europe (and many other regions), for example, there is intensive competition and innovation in developing cuisines, the recipes for which are not protected by copyright.161 Yet, despite occasional calls for such rights,162 chefs continue to innovate, much to diners’ delight. Just as the shift from the cultural industries to the creative industries led to a shift away from the expressive nature of authors’ and artists’ contributions and toward commodity sales, so too culture is now seen as merely another aspect of the “knowledge economy,”163 judged by how it performs in an invisible hand marketplace. But you can’t economically measure how an increase in knowledge will lead to productivity gains. If we want more creative works and more knowledgeable citizens, we will have to disassociate these goals from commodity markets, and focus on why people create and learn.

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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Single Market for Intellectual Property Rights 294 NOTES TO PAGES 127–131 Boosting creativity and innovation to provide economic growth, high quality jobs and first class products and services in Europe, Provisional Version, May 2011. (“Single Market communication”). 158. This is not the only incomprehensible foundational remark made by the Commission in its Single Market communication. On page three the Commission states: IPR are property rights that protect the added value generated by Europe’s knowledge economy on the strength of its creators and investors.” I have no idea what this means. 159. “The Impact of Culture on Creativity” (June 2009), available at: http://www.keanet.eu/en/impactcreativityculture.html. 160. Report at 21. 161. See U.S. Copyright From Letter 122, available at: http://www. copyright.gov/fls/fl122.html. 162.

The Power of Pull: How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion
by John Hagel Iii and John Seely Brown
Published 12 Apr 2010

Although a few of these forums are officially sponsored by the game designer, most of them have emerged spontaneously, organized by participants seeking access to more advice and insight regarding the challenges they face in the game. This “knowledge economy” is impressively large: In the United States alone, the official forums hosted by Blizzard Entertainment contain tens of millions of postings in hundreds of forums. There are an equal number in China and Europe.16 By providing the most up-to-date in-game information, this knowledge economy gives players a hedge against the ways in which World of Warcraft is constantly changing, allowing them to keep pace with their unpredictable in-game surroundings.

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See Myanmar (Burma) Saffron Revolution The Burning Crusade WoW release Business Process Expert (BPX) Community Canguu, Bali Cannon, Walter Carbon war room Cash-for-clunkers initiative ccMixter Chandler, Alfred Change as accelerating with growth initiatives, talent development in and of institutions as opportunity to motivate, mobilize, others with perceptions of fears, risk three phases with trajectory of passion, talent, growth Chief Culture Officer (McCracken) China as geographic edge-transforms-core example geographic spikes in knowledge economy of WoW Christensen, Clayton Cisco Clark, Jeff Clockspeed Cloud computing The Cluetrain Manifesto (Levine and others) Coase, Ronald Collaboration cross-team, for designing creation spaces mindset scalable sustained Collaboration curves defined, described exist as WoW players improve performance institutions reoriented around for mobilizing distributed resources and performance results creating virtuous cycles COMDEX Comfort zones Companies.

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See Change; Innovations Institutional innovation catalyzed by passionate individuals by a few 20th century leaders hoped to be created by Markle Task Force needed for shaping strategies as third wave transforming challenges into opportunities Institutional platforms amplifying employee networks focusing on needs of others for talent development Institutions amplifying employees’ passions, creativity amplifying power of pull amplifying through IT investments amplifying through mindset being pulled from the top elements of journey toward pull ig with growth strategies using pull-based models motivating employees to improve performance participating in conference strategies participating in geographic spikes push programs described redefining scalable learning rationale viability of Intel Interaction leverage through shaping platforms Internet as edge-transforms-core example Internet Relay Chat iPhone communications technology iPod Iranian protests of 2009 cellphone videos go viral personal online networks mobilized Irons, Andy Irons, Bruce IT architectures, outside-in IT investments exception handling using edge participants related to scalable push ideas Ito, Joichi (Joi) as moving out of comfort zones personal benefits from social network in selected virtual environments social networks amplify success of others supports Iranian protestors with personal network iTunes platform Journey toward pull elements introduced maps with elementsig Joy, Bill Just-in-time manufacturing philosophy Kagermann, Henning Kaminsky, Dan Key players in shaping strategies Kinoshita, Matt Knowledge, explicit versus tacit Knowledge economy Knowledge flows access through shaping platforms compared to, moving from, knowledge stocks fig on the edge as filters for relevant information of passionate employees in personal lives, creating new knowledge tacit versus explicit Knowledge workers artificially distinguished from workforce performance improvement for Kustom Air Strike Labor unions Larsen brothers Lean manufacturing Learning organization approaches Lemmey, Tara Leschziner, Vanina Leverage based on capabilities vs. financial as element of journey toward pull igigig growth driven by pull platforms for/from passionate, talented, individuals in institutions as shaping, extending, personal ecosystems as shaping platform Levine, Rick Levy, Ellen Li & Fung global network Linear Technologies LinkedIn Listening skills.

American Made: Why Making Things Will Return Us to Greatness
by Dan Dimicco
Published 3 Mar 2015

DiMicco’s refreshing heterodoxy isn’t limited only to trade. In chapter 6, he takes aim at the prevailing conventional wisdom surrounding the so-called knowledge economy and the skills gap, which was a prominent issue in the 2012 presidential debates. While innovation is important—crucial, in fact—DiMicco posits that it is not enough to generate real economic growth. And the fact is, more often than not, the supposed value created in the knowledge economy doesn’t stay in the United States. “It’s no accident that just as manufacturing has moved offshore, our research and development is now following,” he says.

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It’s what enables our businesses to grow, create new products and services, and generate new jobs.”2 “Ultimately, to create manufacturing jobs, we’ve got to be innovating,” says General Electric CEO Jeffrey Immelt.3 On the other hand, Larry Summers, who served as one of Obama’s closest economic advisers, has said, “America’s role is to feed a global economy that’s increasingly based on knowledge and services rather than on making stuff.”4 And Gary Shapiro, the president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, says flatly, “Innovation, not manufacturing, will bring jobs.”5 So which is it? Can the United States be an innovator without manufacturing? Or do the two go hand in hand? Is it enough for the United States to focus on building a knowledge economy that fosters innovation? No. Sorry, but innovation alone is worth nothing. Platitudes about innovation are worth even less. As solutions go, if you think innovation is going to save us, you’re dreaming. You simply can’t sustain a diverse, vibrant, large-scale economy like that of the United States on innovation alone.

Britain Etc
by Mark Easton
Published 1 Mar 2012

Britain has a higher proportion of NEETs – young people not in education, employment or training – than any other OECD country except Greece, Italy, Mexico and Turkey. The credit crunch only served to magnify the point. Unemployment figures in the depths of the recession showed that among those working in the knowledge economy – financial consultants, business managers, lawyers – the proportion claiming jobseeker’s allowance was 1 per cent. Among those who usually worked in unskilled admin jobs, the figure was 37 per cent. And for those without skills, matters are only going to get worse. Much worse. Globalisation doesn’t just open up new markets; it is bringing an estimated 42 million new people into the international jobs market every year – and most of those are unskilled.

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For each Briton who graduates there are at least twenty Chinese and Indian graduates jostling for work in the global marketplace. Not every Indian degree is equivalent to a degree from Oxford or Cambridge. But then not every British degree is either. The noisy arguments over higher university tuition fees in England have tended to drown out the really critical point: higher education is a product in the global knowledge economy and price is a factor of supply and demand. Domestic students still get a subsidised rate, albeit not quite as generous a subsidy as previously, but the real revolution has been that UK institutions have begun directly competing with each other to sell their courses. At the same time, their student customers have been encouraged to become increasingly canny shoppers.

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But his model has been revised in recent years, taking into account the most valued knowledge skills. The new taxonomy has at its peak ‘synthesis’: the ability to take elements of the previous steps and use them to create new knowledge. Synthesis is the pinnacle – people who can synthesise are virtual gods in the knowledge economy, the most sought after talents in the globalised twenty-first century. British success in the new age is going to depend on workers who have knowledge and understanding, but also the ability to analyse and evaluate and synthesise information and ideas from multiple sources all at the same time.

Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-Hour Workweek
by Rutger Bregman
Published 13 Sep 2014

In that sense, I’m heartened by our dissatisfaction, because dissatisfaction is a world away from indifference. The widespread nostalgia, the yearning for a past that never really was, suggests that we still have ideals, even if we have buried them alive. True progress begins with something no knowledge economy can produce: wisdom about what it means to live well. We have to do what great thinkers like John Stuart Mill, Bertrand Russell, and John Maynard Keynes were already advocating 100 years ago: to “value ends above means and prefer the good to the useful.”31 We have to direct our minds to the future.

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Later, productivity experts calculated that if they had worked half the hours then the world might have enjoyed the groundbreaking Macintosh computer a year earlier.35 The correlation between working hours and productivity in wealthy countries, 1990–2012 Source: OECD There are strong indications that in a modern knowledge economy, even 40 hours a week is too much. Research suggests that someone who is constantly drawing on their creative abilities can, on average, be productive for no more than six hours a day.36 It’s no coincidence that the world’s wealthy countries, those with a large creative class and highly educated populations, have also shaved the most time off their workweeks.

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Technological advances are putting the inhabitants of the Land of Plenty in direct competition with billions of working people across the world, and in competition with machines themselves. Obviously, people aren’t horses. There’s only so much you can teach a horse. People, on the other hand, can learn and grow. So we pump more money into education and give three cheers for the knowledge economy. There’s just one problem. Even people with a framed piece of paper on their wall have cause for concern. William Leadbeater was well trained in his job when it was supplanted by a mechanized loom in 1830. The point is not that he wasn’t educated, but that suddenly his skills were superfluous.

What About Me?: The Struggle for Identity in a Market-Based Society
by Paul Verhaeghe
Published 26 Mar 2014

As a result, we get better and cheaper products and more efficient services within a single free market, unhampered by government intervention. This is ethically right because success or failure in that competition depends entirely on individual effort. So everyone is responsible for their own success or failure. Hence the importance of education, because we live in a rapidly evolving knowledge economy that requires highly trained individuals with flexible competencies. A single higher-education qualification is good, two is better, and lifelong learning a must. Everyone must continue to grow because competition is fierce. That’s what lies behind the current compulsion for performance interviews and constant evaluations, all steered by an invisible hand from central management.

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The teachers who are there to guide their early steps often feel failures themselves because they are only lowly primary-school teachers, right at the bottom of the Niagara Falls of educational diplomas — unless, of course, they work at a top school with top pupils. Many people will acknowledge that the system is flawed, yet at the same time see no alternative. Surely competency-based education is crucial to the success of a knowledge economy? The simple answer is: no, it isn’t. As anyone with long-term teaching experience knows, the last few decades have seen a serious and universal decline in the standard of education. Despite the stress on competencies, this doesn’t just mean that pupils are less well-equipped in terms of cultural baggage.

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As soon as thinking is involved, especially creativity, intrinsic motivation proves far more effective. In fact, in such cases extrinsic motivation — that’s to say, bonuses — has a negative effect, causing people to perform worse than those who are intrinsically motivated. In this region of the world, where the focus is on the knowledge economy, the majority of jobs fall into the second category. Jobs that entail little thought — for example, conveyor-belt work, are largely a thing of the past. In that sector, bonuses do have a positive effect, but ironically enough are rarely awarded. So politicians and captains of industry have everything to gain by dismantling the extrinsic-motivation model as fast as possible.

Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
by David Epstein
Published 1 Mar 2019

Eventually, they decided to go try something else. In other words, they learned things about themselves in their twenties and responded by making match quality decisions. The academy’s leaky officer pipeline began springing holes en masse in the 1980s, during the national transition to a knowledge economy. By the millennium, the leaks formed a torrent. The Army began offering retention bonuses—just cash payments to junior officers if they agreed to serve a few more years. It cost taxpayers $500 million, and was a massive waste. Officers who had planned to stay anyway took it, and those who already planned to leave did not.

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Both the culture of the time—pensions were pervasive and job switching might be viewed as disloyal—and specialization were barriers to worker mobility outside of the company. Plus, there was little incentive for companies to recruit from outside when employees regularly faced kind learning environments, the type where repetitive experience alone leads to improvement. By the 1980s, corporate culture was changing. The knowledge economy created “overwhelming demand for . . . employees with talents for conceptualization and knowledge creation.” Broad conceptual skills now helped in an array of jobs, and suddenly control over career trajectory shifted from the employer, who looked inward at a ladder of opportunity, to the employee, who peered out at a vast web of possibility.

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But the idea that a change of interest, or a recalibration of focus, is an imperfection and competitive disadvantage leads to a simple, one-size-fits-all Tiger story: pick and stick, as soon as possible. Responding to lived experience with a change of direction, like Van Gogh did habitually, like West Point graduates have been doing since the dawn of the knowledge economy, is less tidy but no less important. It involves a particular behavior that improves your chances of finding the best match, but that at first blush sounds like a terrible life strategy: short-term planning. CHAPTER 7 Flirting with Your Possible Selves FRANCES HESSELBEIN GREW UP in the mountains of western Pennsylvania, among families drawn by steel mills and coal mines.

Terms of Service: Social Media and the Price of Constant Connection
by Jacob Silverman
Published 17 Mar 2015

As the Danish academic Anders Colding-Jørgensen argues: “We should no longer see the Internet as a post office where information is sent back and forth, but rather as an open arena for our identity and self-promotion—an arena that is a legitimate part of reality, just like our homes, workplaces and other social arenas in our society.” We’ve moved, he explains, from an information economy to an identity economy. This is a bit self-serving—commentators have developed no shortage of dubious new types of “economy,” from the “attention economy” to the “knowledge economy”—but Colding-Jørgensen is onto something. Our consumption of information online has shifted from purely utilitarian to an expression of the self. This is the paradigm of “Pics or it didn’t happen,” where every incident is worthless without shareable documentation, because our experiences are made fuller by being shared.

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Risk assessment algorithms may already be parsing our social-media profiles, pooling information to be used in a future background check. Forced to work constantly to pay off household debt or school loans, we don’t have the time to learn the skills that would, we are told, allow us to succeed in the knowledge economy.* Large corporations start to realize that they can not only build on existing outsourcing—which has seen human resources, IT, customer service, and a range of other support staff shunted overseas—but also practice an ad hoc outsourcing at home, summoning pliable, cheap workers whenever they’re needed.

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The case settled in 2009, years after the Community Leader Program was shut down, for a reported $15 million. A couple of years later, AOL bought the Huffington Post, another new-media company built partly on the backs of volunteers, none of whom saw any of the $315 million purchase price. As these examples illustrate, the knowledge economy relies on extracting maximum information and data from users at minimum cost. It is true, as Tiziana Terranova says, that “the Internet has been always and simultaneously a gift economy and an advanced capitalist economy.” Some things we’re comfortable giving away for free, others we’re not, and the decision on what is exploitative may differ between well-meaning individuals.

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order
by Parag Khanna
Published 4 Mar 2008

The base of the Burj Dubai tower was designed by American architects to resemble an Arabian desert flower, and the Al-Qasr bungalows blend modern design with Bedouin ventilation shafts that channel breezes downward into spacious chambers. Dubai can even buy brains: Its Knowledge Village features micro-campuses of the world’s top universities, and the current ruler, the benevolent Sheikh Mohammed, has pledged $10 billion to an education fund that promotes the region’s knowledge economy.*44 The hip Gulf male today sports his spotless white dishdasha, wears an American baseball cap, drives a Porsche or a Range Rover, and eats sushi in fine Asian fusion restaurants. But even with all the money in the world, Arab states seem to consciously avoid investing in replicating the indigenous capacity that has fueled East Asia’s rise to the pinnacle of the global economy.

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Even when projected oil reserves run dry over the next two decades, it will still have massive deposits of natural gas. Urban-rural inequality and weak primary education have kept it from attaining the level of South Korea, but the highest share of its massive long-term budget is devoted to education, pushing the country to compete more actively in both the manufacturing and knowledge economies. The former spice route sultanate of Malacca now blends Portuguese colonial architecture with computer assembly plants, while Kuala Lumpur residents can purchase gourmet foods at Carrefour, the paragon brand of first-world grocery shopping. Leadership can make much of the difference anywhere in the world, and while Venezuelans are stuck with Hugo Chávez, Malaysians had Mahathir bin Mohamad.

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First-world countries slow to adjust to the pace of global redistribution of labor and investment are vulnerable to competition from—and potentially displacement by—members of the second world. A single world economy of competition across all sectors and regions has sparked a palpable global middling by which even more countries get pulled into the second world. The knowledge economy is no longer the special domain of the first world, meaning not only low-wage jobs but also such previously nontradable services as technology development, medical diagnostics, business consulting, and legal processing are off-shored to second-and third-world countries, where expanding incomes and consumption further strain the precious commons.

Blue Ocean Strategy, Expanded Edition: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant
by W. Chan Kim and Renée A. Mauborgne
Published 20 Jan 2014

“Value Innovation: The Strategic Logic of High Growth.” Harvard Business Review 75, January–February, 102–112. ———. 1997b. “Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy.” Harvard Business Review 75, July–August, 65–76. ———. 1997c. “On the Inside Track.” Financial Times, April 7. ———. 1997d. “When ‘Competitive Advantage’ Is Neither.” Wall Street Journal, April 21. ———. 1998a. “Procedural Justice, Strategic Decision Making, and the Knowledge Economy.” Strategic Management Journal, 323–338. ———. 1998b. “Building Trust.” Financial Times, January 9. ———. 1998c. “Value Knowledge or Pay the Price.” Wall Street Journal Europe, January 29. ———. 1998d.

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“Value Knowledge or Pay the Price.” Wall Street Journal Europe, January 29. ———. 1998d. “A Corporate Future Built With New Blocks.” New York Times, March 29. ———. 1999a. “Creating New Market Space.” Harvard Business Review 77, January–February, 83–93. ———. 1999b. “Strategy, Value Innovation, and the Knowledge Economy.” MIT Sloan Management Review 40, no. 3, Spring. ———. 1999c. “The Bright Idea that Conquered America.” Financial Times, May 6. ———. 2000. “Knowing a Winning Business Idea When You See One.” Harvard Business Review 78, September–October, 129–141. ———. 2002. “Charting Your Company’s Future.” Harvard Business Review 80, June, 76–85. ———. 2003.

Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future
by Ian Goldin , Geoffrey Cameron and Meera Balarajan
Published 20 Dec 2010

While these temporary worker programs ended in the 1970s, economic migration channels are now established policy tools for receiving countries to promote “demand-led” migration.9 High-Skilled Migration Globalization has helped to shape a consensus among leading receiving countries about the desirability of highly skilled economic migration.10 In the early 1990s, traditional countries of immigration redoubled their efforts to attract high-skilled migrants to work and settle permanently.11 McLaughlan and Salt note, “the mainspring for policy has been the perceived benefit to national economic growth derived from the permanent acquisition of high-level human expertise.”12 Global economic competitiveness has driven a contest for skilled migrants to work in growing service sectors and the “knowledge economy.” European and certain Asian countries, however, have been slower to implement high-skilled migrant programs that lead to permanent settlement. The basic definition of a highly skilled migrant is one who has completed a formal two-year college education or more.13 Some authors also include members of the “creative class”: artists, athletes, performers, and entrepreneurs who may not meet the preceding formal definition, but make niche contributions to the economy and society.14 Highly skilled migrants, concludes the World Migration Report, “are mainly in high value-added and high productivity activities that are essential in the global knowledge society.”15 In skilled migration programs, admission is often linked to employment conditions.

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The result has been a progressive (and selective) dismantling of barriers to skilled migration, a trend that will continue in the coming decades. Leading corporations and businesses are increasingly competing for talent at a global level. They testify that it is more difficult to attract employees in a knowledge economy, especially when jobs involve working across borders and cultures. A report by KPMG, a management consulting group, notes: As corporations expand and join the globalized economy, the demand for talent has never been greater. This factor, combined with declining fertility rates and an increasing demand for talent within developing countries, has led to the so-called “labour crunch” where competition for skilled labour is intense.100 The “war for talent” means that businesses are often looking for people with cross-cultural skills and perspectives and the education to thrive in an information-driven environment.

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“Immigrants in the United States 2007: A Profile of America's Foreign-Born Population,” Center for Immigration Studies Backgrounder, November 2007. 161. Camarota, 2007 162. Quoted in Castles and Miller, 2009: 235. 163. Castles and Miller, 2009: 237. 164. OECD, 2007: 76. 165. Ibid.: 76. 166. Jeffrey G. Reitz. 2005. “Tapping Immigrants' Skills: New Directions for Canadian Immigration Policy in the Knowledge Economy,” IRPP Choices 11(1): 3. 167. Reitz, 2005: 3. 168. Aaditya Mattoo, Ileana Cristina Neagu, and Çalar Özden. 2005. “Brain Waste? Educated Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3581. 169. The Observer. 2010. “A Portrait of the New UK Migrant,” 17 January 2010, pp. 16–17. 170.

Human Frontiers: The Future of Big Ideas in an Age of Small Thinking
by Michael Bhaskar
Published 2 Nov 2021

Innovators shared their new mechanisms directly with their peers and with government organisations, in periodicals and at public displays. Membership of bodies like the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was desirable. Steadily this ecosystem gave rise to the ‘first knowledge economy’, one built on a culture of ideas creation. Not coincidentally, this was the first time an economy hit escape velocity.6 In the words of economic historian Joel Mokyr, this was a ‘culture of growth’.7 A new proto-scientific culture spanned Europe: a Republic of Letters, an ‘invisible college’ and transnational market for ideas, where leading thinkers created a buzzing epistolary network devoted to discovery, exploration, thought and experiment.

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Hvide, Hans K., and Jones, Benjamin F. (2018), ‘University Innovation and the Professor's Privilege’, American Economic Review, Vol. 108 No. 7, pp. 1860–98 IEA (2019), ‘World Energy Investment 2019’, IEA, Paris, accessed 19 October 2019, available at https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2019 Illies, Florian (2013), 1913: The Year Before the Storm, London: The Clerkenwell Press Ingham, Tim (2019), ‘Nearly 40,000 Tracks Are Being Added To Spotify Every Single Day’, Music Business Worldwide, accessed 15 September 2019, available at https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/nearly-40000-tracks-are-now-being-added-to-spotify-every-single-day/ Ioannidis, John (2005), ‘Why Most Published Research Findings Are False’, Public Library of Science Medicine, Vol. 2 No. 8: e124 Ioannidis, John (2018), ‘Meta-research: Why research on research matters’, Public Library of Science Biology, Vol. 16 No. 3: e2005468 Israel, Jonathan I. (2006), Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752, Oxford: Oxford University Press Jacobs, Margaret C. (2014), The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Jaffe, Adam B., and Jones, Benjamin F. (eds) (2015), The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Jaffe, Adam B., and Lerner, Josh (2004), Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress, And What To Do About It, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Janik, Allan, and Toulmin, Stephen (1973), Wittgenstein's Vienna, New York: Simon and Schuster Jockers, Matthew L. (2013), Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History, Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois Press Johnson, Steven (2011), Where Good Ideas Come From: The Seven Patterns of Innovation, London: Penguin Jones, Benjamin F. (2009), ‘The Burden of Knowledge and the “Death of the Renaissance Man”: Is Innovation Getting Harder?’

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sh=4653592652b6 Meng, Fankang, and Ellis, Tom (2020), ‘The second decade of synthetic biology: 2010–2020’, Nature Communications, Vol. 11 No. 5174 Merton, R. (1961), ‘Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 105 No. 5, pp. 470–86, accessed 8 September 2020, available from http://www.jstor.org/stable/985546 Merton, Robert K. (1996), On Social Structure and Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Merton, Robert K., and Barber, Elinor (2003), The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Mesoudi, Alex (2011), ‘Variable Cultural Acquisition Costs Constrain Cumulative Cultural Evolution’, Public Library of Science ONE, Vol. 6 No. 3, e18239 Miller, Arthur I. (2019), The Artist in the Machine: The World of AI-Powered Creativity, Boston, MA: MIT Press Mlodinow, Leonard (2019), Elastic: Flexible Thinking in a Constantly Changing World, London: Penguin Mokyr, Joel (1990), The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress, New York: Oxford University Press Mokyr, Joel (1994), ‘Cardwell's Law and the political economy of technological progress’, Research Policy, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 561–74 Mokyr, Joel (1999), ‘The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914’, in Storia dell’economia Mondiale, Rome: Laterza Mokyr, Joel (2002), The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Mokyr, Joel (2011), The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution 1700–1850, London: Penguin Mokyr, Joel (2014), ‘Big Ideas: Riding the Technology Dragon’, The Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter 2014 Mokyr, Joel (2017), A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Mokyr, Joel (2018), ‘The past and the future of innovation: Some lessons from economic history’, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 69, pp. 13–26, Moore, Gillian (2019), The Rite of Spring: The Music of Modernity, London: Head of Zeus Moretti, Franco (2013), Distant Reading, London: Verso Moretti, Enrico (2019), ‘The Effect of High-Tech Clusters on the Productivity of Top Inventors’, NBER Working Paper 26270 Morieux, Yves (2017), ‘Technology is improving, productivity isn't.

A United Ireland: Why Unification Is Inevitable and How It Will Come About
by Kevin Meagher
Published 15 Nov 2016

Historically, Ireland has sought to make its economy more competitive through keeping business taxes low, culminating in the 12.5 per cent rate, much to the chagrin of other EU member states, who have criticised its aggressive taxation regime, allowing it to cream off the spoils of international investment. But tiny Ireland, with its lack of connectivity to the Continent and dearth of mineral reserves, has simply made the most of what it has. In recent years it has conveniently skipped over the Industrial Revolution and headed straight for the intellectual, capitalintensive industries of the knowledge economy. A young, well-educated workforce (nearly half the Republic’s population – 49 per cent – is under thirty-five, whereas the EU average is just 40 per cent), a competitive tax regime, membership of the single market and a huge hinterland in the United States has provided a potent mix (especially as US companies account for two-thirds of foreign direct investment into Ireland).

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It is clear now they actually provided a bridgehead for it, in a similar way, perhaps, that the Good Friday Agreement will subsequently do in Northern Ireland. Both are small, sophisticated countries with a hinterland in the English-speaking world; however, both are content to take their place in the European Union, with few of the hang-ups of the English. Both are knowledge economies with young, well-educated populations. Scottish Nationalists are showing that the oldest idea: national sovereignty and a people’s determination to secure it, endures as a rallying point. Like the Irish version, it challenges Unionists to come up with a better reason to cling to the status quo.

The New Geography of Jobs
by Enrico Moretti
Published 21 May 2012

I consider the Great Divergence to be one of the most important developments in the United States over the past thirty years. As we will discover, the growing economic divide between American communities is not an accident but the inevitable result of deep-seated economic forces. More than traditional industries, the knowledge economy has an inherent tendency toward geographical agglomeration. In this context, initial advantages matter, and the future depends heavily on the past. The success of a city fosters more success, as communities that can attract skilled workers and good jobs tend to attract even more. Communities that fail to attract skilled workers lose further ground.

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The effect can be amazing: while individual companies in a cluster do not necessarily become more efficient as they grow in size, all companies taken together become more efficient as the cluster grows. A surprising implication is that as a country, the United States is more productive—and therefore richer—because its innovation sector is concentrated in a limited number of innovation hubs rather than spread out among all cities. This is one of the paradoxes of our knowledge economy. The forces of attraction and the agglomeration of economic activity create differences and inequality among communities. But at the same time, a significant part of America’s economic vitality and prosperity depends on them. The three forces of attraction are further magnified by the tendency of engineers, scientists, and innovators to leave established companies to open their own shops.

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See Manufacturing Jobs, Steve, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>] Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, Tennessee/Virginia, and cost of living, [>] Johnson & Johnson, [>]–[>] Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and cost of living, [>], [>] Joplin, Missouri, and cost of living, [>] Kahn, Jeff, [>] Kahn, Matthew, [>]–[>] Kain, John F., [>] Kansas City, [>], [>], [>] Katz, Lawrence F., [>]–[>], [>]–[>] Kauffman, Ewing Marion, [>]–[>] Kerr, William, [>] Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, [>] Klepper, Steven, [>] Kline, Pat, [>], [>] Knowledge economy, [>], [>] and paradox of agglomeration, [>] See also at Innovation Knowledge spillovers, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>] from academic researchers, [>] by immigrants, [>] and investment in innovation, [>]–[>] land-use policy harm to, [>] and local investment subsidies, [>] retaining U.S. leadership in, [>] social return on, [>] from university research, [>]–[>] See also Externalities Kodak, [>], [>], [>] Korea (South), [>], [>] Krugman, Paul, [>], [>] Kumar, Neil, [>] Labor markets (U.S.)

Losing Control: The Emerging Threats to Western Prosperity
by Stephen D. King
Published 14 Jun 2010

For free-marketeers, the growth of legal systems that created and protected property rights allowed people to enter into binding contracts which, in turn, allowed the invisible hand to do its work (even though the state plays a much bigger role in the allocation of resources in the developed world than it did at the end of the nineteenth century). And there are those who embrace the supposed benefits of the post-industrial ‘knowledge economy’. For example, in The Writing on the Wall Will Hutton says: Soft knowledge is becoming as crucial as hard knowledge in the chain of creating value. By hard knowledge I mean the specific scientific, technological and skill inputs into a particular good or service … soft knowledge refers to the bundle of less tangible production inputs involving leadership, communication, emotional intelligence, the disposition to innovate and the creation of social capital that harnesses hard knowledge and permits its effective embodiment in goods and services and – crucially – its customization.

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By hard knowledge I mean the specific scientific, technological and skill inputs into a particular good or service … soft knowledge refers to the bundle of less tangible production inputs involving leadership, communication, emotional intelligence, the disposition to innovate and the creation of social capital that harnesses hard knowledge and permits its effective embodiment in goods and services and – crucially – its customization. Their interaction and combination is the heart of the knowledge economy. There is something rather theological about this approach, in part because it is so intangible. It encapsulates the idea that the West will continue to outperform because (i) it has done so in the past; (ii) its social arrangements are more ‘advanced’ than in countries elsewhere; and (iii) liberal democracy has triumphed over all other systems.

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(i) healthcare (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) hedge funds (i), (ii), (iii) Hertz, Noreena (i) Hitler, Adolf (i) Hobbes, Thomas (i) Home Office (i) Hong Kong (i) ‘hot money’ inflows (i) housing market anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii) capital controls (i) population ageing (i) price stability (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) savings (i) trade (i) human capital theory (i) human ingenuity argument (i), (ii) Hume, David (i), (ii) Hungary (i) hunt for yield (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Huntingdon, Samuel (i) Hutton, Will (i), (ii) hyperinflation (i), (ii) IFS see Institute for Fiscal Studies IMF see International Monetary Fund immigration economic integration, political proliferation (i) nationalism (i) number of migrants to US (i) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii) population demographics (i) Spain and silver (i) Immigration Act (i), (ii) Immigration and Naturalization Act (1965) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) imperialism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) imports (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) income inequality globalization (i), (ii) political economy and inequalities (i) education (i) the emerging gap (i) emerging nations and income inequality in the developed world (i) food shortages (i) globalization (i) living with inequality (i) new modes of redistribution (i) not getting just rewards (i) a three-country model (i) too much domesticity (i) United Kingdom (i) winners and losers (i) price stability and economic instability (i) resource scarcity (i) state capitalism (i), (ii) Western progress (i), (ii), (iii) the West’s diminished status (i) income per capita argument (i) incomes China (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii) price stability and economic instability (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) rent-seeking behaviour (i) scarcity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) India anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii) Islam (i) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) population demographics (i), (ii), (iii) price stability and economic instability (i) rent-seeking behaviour (i) scarcity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) state capitalism (i), (ii), (iii) trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Indonesia (i), (ii), (iii) Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd (ICBC) (i) Industrial Revolution (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) infant mortality rate (i), (ii), (iii) inflation anarchy in capital markets (i) economic integration, political proliferation (i) indulging the US no more (i), (ii) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii) population demographics (i), (ii), (iii) price stability and economic instability (i) back to the 1970s (i) defining and controlling inflation (i) emerging economies (i), (ii) inflation as an instrument of income and wealth distribution (i) inflation as a result of currency linkages (i) overview (i), (ii), (iii) from stability to instability (i) we are not alone (i) resource scarcity (i) state capitalism (i), (ii) trade (i), (ii) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii), (iii) information technology (i), (ii) Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) (i), (ii) interest rates anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) globalization (i) indulging the US no more (i), (ii) price stability and economic instability (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) savings (i) state capitalism (i), (ii), (iii) trade (i) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) International Olympic Committee (i), (ii) Internet (i) investment anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) capital flows and nation states (i), (ii) economic integration, political proliferation (i) nineteenth century (i) political economy and inequalities (i) population demographics (i), (ii), (iii) price stability and economic instability (i) protectionism (i) resource scarcity (i) state capitalism (i) trade (i), (ii), (iii) investment banks (i), (ii) ‘invisible hand’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Iran (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Iraq (i), (ii), (iii) Ireland (i), (ii) Islam (i), (ii), (iii) Isutani, Minoru (i) Italy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Izvolsky, Count Alexander (i) Japan anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) population demographics (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) price stability and economic instability (i), (ii) scarcity (i), (ii) secrets of Western success (i), (ii) state capitalism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) trade (i), (ii), (iii) US trade deficit (i) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Jay, Peter (i) Jefferson, Thomas (i) jet airline industry (i) Jewish populations (i), (ii), (iii) Jin Mao Tower (i) Jones, Francis (i) Judt, Tony (i) junk bonds (i), (ii) juntas (i) Kamin, Steven B. (i) Kaplan, Stephen N. (i) keiretsu firms (i), (ii) Kennedy, John F. (i), (ii) Kennedy, Paul (i) Keynesianism (i), (ii) Keynes, John Maynard (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) KGB (i) Khan, Genghis (i) Khan, Kublai (i) Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (i) Klein, Naomi (i) knowledge economy (i), (ii) Komatsu (i) Korea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Korean War (i) kudoka (‘hollowing out’) in Japan (i) Kuwait (i) Kuznets, Simon (i), (ii) labour capital markets (i) empires (i), (ii) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) price stability and economic instability (i), (ii) rent-seeking behaviour (i) running out of workers (i) command over limited resources (i) demographic dividends and deficits (i) demographic dynamics (i) infant mortality (i) Japan: an early lesson in ageing (i) not the time to close the borders (i) pensions and healthcare (i) a renewed look at migration (i) scarcity (i) state capitalism (i) trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii) labour mobility (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Labour Party (i), (ii) land (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Latin America (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) law (i), (ii) League of Nations (i) Leicester, Andrew (i) Lenglen, Suzanne (i) Lenin, Vladimir (i), (ii), (iii) Lennon, Emily (i) Leviathan (Hobbes) (i) Levi Strauss company (i) Levy, Frank (i), (ii), (iii) Lewis, Bernard (i) LG (i) liberal democracy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) life expectancy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Lincoln, Abraham (i) liquidity (i), (ii), (iii) Liverpool FC (i) living standards anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii), (iii) capital controls (i) demographic dividends and deficits (i) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii) price stability and economic instability (i), (ii) scarcity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) trade (i) London (i), (ii), (iii) London Electricity plc (i) L’Oréal (i) Louisiana Purchase (i), (ii) Louis XVIII (i) Louvre accord (i) Lucas, Edward (i) Luther, Martin (i) Macmillan, Harold (i) macroeconomic policy (i), (ii), (iii) Maddison, Angus (i), (ii), (iii) Magna Carta (i) malaria (i) Malaysia (i) Malta (i) Malthusian constraint political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) population demographics (i) price stability and economic instability (i) rent-seeking behaviour (i), (ii) scarcity (i) state capitalism (i) Malthus, Thomas (i), (ii), (iii) Manchester City FC (i), (ii) Manchester United FC (i) manufacturing (i), (ii), (iii) Mao Zedong (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) market forces political economy and inequalities (i), (ii) scarcity (i), (ii) secrets of Western success (i), (ii), (iii) state capitalism (i), (ii) Western progress (i), (ii) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii) Marks, Catherine (i) Marxism (i) Marx, Karl (i), (ii), (iii) McDonalds (i) meat-based diets (i) Medicare (i) Medvedev, Dimitry (i), (ii) metals (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Mexico anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii) migration (i) monetary union (i) Spain and silver (i) trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Meyer, Sir Christopher (i) Microsoft (i) Middle East (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) migration globalization (i), (ii), (iii) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii) population demographics (i), (ii) scarcity (i) Spain and silver (i) military action (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Mill, John Stuart (i) Minder, Raphael (i) Ming Dynasty (i), (ii) minimum wage (i) Mitsubishi Estate Company (i), (ii) mobile phones (i) monetarism (i), (ii) monetary policy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Monetary Policy Committee (i) money supply (i), (ii), (iii) Mongols (i), (ii) monopolies (i), (ii) Morgan, Darren (i) mortgages (i), (ii), (iii) multinationals (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Muslims (i), (ii) Nabucco (i) Napoleon Bonaparte (i) Napoleonic Wars (i) nationalism globalization (i), (ii), (iii) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii) state capitalism (i) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii), (iii) xenophobia (i) nation states (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) natural gas (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) The Netherlands (i), (ii) ‘new economy’ (i) New Orleans (i) Newton, Sir Isaac (i) New York (i) New York Times (i) New Zealand dollar (i) Nicolson, Sir Arthur (i) Nigeria (i) Nixon, Richard (i), (ii) Nord Stream (i), (ii), (iii) North American Free Trade Association (i), (ii), (iii) North Atlantic Treaty Organization see NATO Norway (i), (ii) Nozick, Robert (i) nuclear technology (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) nutrition see diet; food Obama, Barack (i), (ii) Obama, Michelle (i) Obstfeld, Maurice (i) O’Dea, Cormac (i) OECD see Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office for National Statistics (i), (ii), (iii) off-shoring (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) oil indulging the US no more (i), (ii) political economy and inequalities (i), (ii), (iii) price stability (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) scarcity (i) state capitalism (i), (ii) Oldfield, Zoë (i) Olympic Games (i), (ii), (iii) one-child policy (i), (ii) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Ricardo) (i), (ii) OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) (i) Opium Wars (i), (ii) opportunity cost (i), (ii), (iii) Oregon (i) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (i), (ii), (iii) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (i) Ottoman Empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) outsourcing (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Owens, Jesse (i), (ii) ownership (i), (ii) Oxford University (i) P&O (i) Pakistan (i) Panama (i) Pearl Harbor (i) Pebble Beach, California (i) Pennine Natural Gas (i) pensions anarchy in capital markets (i), (ii), (iii) population demographics (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) price stability and economic instability (i) scarcity (i) the West’s diminished status (i), (ii), (iii) People’s Bank of China (i) Perloff, Jeffrey M.

Humankind: A Hopeful History
by Rutger Bregman
Published 1 Jun 2020

De Blok sums up his philosophy like this: ‘It’s easy to make things hard, but hard to make them easy.’ The record clearly shows that managers prefer the complicated. ‘Because that makes your job more interesting,’ de Blok explains. ‘That lets you say: See, you need me to master that complexity.’ Could it be that’s also driving a big part of our so-called ‘knowledge economy’? That pedigree managers and consultants make simple things as complicated as possible so we will need them to steer us through all the complexity? Sometimes I secretly think this is the revenue model of not only Wall Street bankers but also postmodern philosophers peddling incomprehensible jargon.

…

This is the only disorder, I once heard a psychiatrist remark, that’s seasonal: what seems insignificant over summer vacation requires more than a few kids to be dosed on Ritalin when schools start again.22 Granted, we’re a lot less strict with kids today than we were a hundred years ago, and schools are no longer the prisons they resembled in the nineteenth century. Kids who behave badly don’t get a slap, but a pill. Schools no longer indoctrinate, but teach a more diverse curriculum than ever, transferring as much knowledge to students as possible so they’ll find well-paying jobs in the ‘knowledge economy’. Education has become something to be endured. A new generation is coming up that’s internalising the rules of our achievement-based society. It’s a generation that’s learning to run a rat race where the main metrics of success are your résumé and your pay cheque. A generation less inclined to colour outside the lines, less inclined to dream or to dare, to fantasise or explore.

…

They found that fully a quarter of respondents doubt the importance of their own work.37 Who are these people? Well, they’re certainly not cleaners, nurses, or police officers. The data show that most ‘meaningless jobs’ are concentrated in the private sector – in places like banks, law firms and ad agencies. Judged by the criteria of our ‘knowledge economy’, the people holding these jobs are the definition of success. They earned straight As, have sharp LinkedIn profiles and take home fat pay cheques. And yet the work they do is, by their own estimation, useless to society. Has the world gone nuts? We spend billions helping our biggest talents scale the career ladder, but once at the top they ask themselves what it’s all for.

Work Won't Love You Back: How Devotion to Our Jobs Keeps Us Exploited, Exhausted, and Alone
by Sarah Jaffe
Published 26 Jan 2021

Joshua Clover, in his book Riot, Strike, Riot , called this “the affirmation trap”: a situation where “labor is locked into the position of affirming its own exploitation under the guise of survival.” It is a short step from the affirmation trap to the labor of love. 18 The jobs that replaced the factory jobs were in retail, in health care, and in services and technology. We hear a lot about the knowledge economy, about the exciting creative work we could be doing, but we’re all far more likely to be in some sort of service job. These jobs come with their own affirmation trap: you must show up with a smile on your face or be tossed out. 19 The ideals of freedom and choice that neoliberalism claims to embrace function, paradoxically, as a mechanism for justifying inequality.

…

If teachers were simply adequate, the thinking goes, then all of this inequality would go away. Yet when this line of argument is pursued to its end, the lie is evident: even if every single child received a top-notch education, and “learned to code,” as the cliché has it, all this would do is produce more competition for those relatively few highly paid knowledge-economy jobs, and drive down their wages. It’s almost like that’s the point. 40 But in 2012, the Chicago teachers’ strike upended these power dynamics. Black teachers like Karen Lewis were at the forefront of the reform movement within teacher unions around the country, drawing on the history of Black and leftist teachers’ community involvement in places like Chicago and New York.

…

Further, she wrote, “Its only ‘capital’ is knowledge and skill, or at least the credentials imputing skill and knowledge. And unlike real capital, these cannot be hoarded against hard times.” A PhD might have been a symbol of so-called human capital, but its value could not be guaranteed. 20 Just as the vaunted “knowledge economy” was making headlines, in other words, the labor of knowledge workers was being devalued and deskilled. Doctors became more likely to work for large institutions, lawyers in massive firms or to work in-house at corporations. We started to hear more about “stress” and mental health on the job than physical injury.

There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century
by Fiona Hill
Published 4 Oct 2021

What had made them attractive as a location for heavy industry made them unattractive for the information economy, which clustered around places without unsightly mine shafts and factory smokestacks but with “locational amenities” more conducive to creating a new density of advanced technology—amenities such as colleges and universities. People who lived in the old, specialized towns and regions suddenly found themselves stuck in place. They were not equipped for the knowledge economy, which was developing in other locations. They didn’t have the educational background or the qualifications to move somewhere else—nor did they have the financial means. The 1980s were the critical turning point. Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan helped to drive the nail into the coffin of twentieth-century industry while ensuring that those trapped inside the casket would find it practically impossible to pry the lid off.

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Neither did the UK in the 1980s, when the big state-dominated heavy industries closed down. In Eastern Europe as well as in the UK, coal miners, steelworkers, and other manufacturing workers had limited assistance from the state as they figured out how to move into private firms and the emerging high-tech and knowledge economies. Most workers ended up—like my dad did when the mines closed—in low-paid, low-skilled manual labor (if they were lucky). I had seen this transformation up close in England, and I soon would have a chance to see it in the former USSR as well. Right on the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, with my master’s degree in hand, I got a full-time job working for Professor Graham Allison at the Kennedy School of Government for the Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project, a series of research and technical assistance initiatives focused on the economic and political transition in Russia.

…

In keeping with the post-1980s focus on individual responsibility and attainment, the state would provide neither a handout nor a hand up; instead, students should take out loans that they could pay off later. Armed with their degrees and other qualifications, they would surely find higher-skilled, better-paid jobs in the new knowledge economy than their parents had found in the old industrial sectors. In short, a college degree and other advanced or technical training were individuals’ personal investments in their own future, not part of the state’s investment in its population’s education or in the country’s future. The ethos of Thatcherism and Reaganism had spread from economics to education.

Most Likely to Succeed: Preparing Our Kids for the Innovation Era
by Tony Wagner and Ted Dintersmith
Published 17 Aug 2015

Over the course of the twentieth century, that goal has been somewhat modified with the expectation that public schools, and not just private schools, should prepare more students for white-collar professions and for the “knowledge economy.” A college education was assumed to be required for both. But, as we will see, the nature of the education that students receive in many colleges today does nothing whatsoever to prepare them for the innovation economy that has emerged in the last two decades. Today’s world is different. Routine tasks are being automated. Content is ubiquitous. Even many of the tasks required in a knowledge economy—collection, transmission, and processing of information—are increasingly handled by computers.

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See purpose of education riding a bicycle example and, 31 test prep as focus and problem in, 85–86 variations and similarities in, 84 Karabel, Jerome, 173 Kay, Ken, 249, 260 Kearns, David, 224, 225 Keeling, Richard, 149 Kennedy, Ted, 26 Khan, Sal, 193–94, 199 Khan Academy, 98, 193, 194 kindergarten conflicting goals in, 37–39 See also K-12 education King, Martin Luther, 121 KIPP network of charter schools, 57, 122, 249, 252 Klein, Joel, 227 knowledge economy (knowledge workers) educational methods for, 25–26, 27 purpose of education and, 43 Koru, 237–38 Krueger, Alan, 176 Labaree, David, 161–62 laboratory schools, 233 LaMontagne, Juliette, 239 language arts courses. See English language courses Latin grammar school model, 24 Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 41, 199 Leader’s Guide to 21st Century Education, The (Kay and Greenhill), 260 learning apprenticeship model of, 21, 22–24 college education and, 154–58 hands-on, learning-by-doing approach in, 32, 33, 34 riding a bicycle example in, 28–32 standardized assessment of, 32 See also educational methods learning-by-doing, hands-on approach, 21, 22–24, 33, 34, 244–45 lecture model, 191, 193–94, 195 “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 121 Levin, Dave, 252–53 Levine, Arthur, 174 LinkedIn, 14, 237 Littky, Dennis, 247 Lockhart, Paul, 101–02 Losing Ourselves (documentary film), 47 Lumina Foundation, 164, 165 Maggiano, Ron, 218 MakerLab, 246 Malcolm X Shabazz High School, Newark, New Jersey, 49, 249–51 Mann, Horace, 24–25, 170 Massachusetts, early public education in, 24 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 161, 167, 192, 193, 195, 196, 236, 238–39, 246, 254, 255, 256 math courses, 88–102, 145 adult use of skills learned in, 93 areas taught in, 88–89 college admissions and, 96–98 college teaching of, 93 computer applications for, 93–94 creative problem-solving in, 94 financial literacy and, 71–72, 88 fun of math, 102–03 importance of, 87 NBA Math Hoops game for developing, 45 proposed reimagining of curriculum in, 98–100 skills taught in, 90–91 slide-rule use in, 90–92 standardized tests on, 92–93, 94–95 20th-century model of, 89–90 21st-century model of, 101 Mathematician’s Lament, A (Lockhart), 101–02 Mattingly, Kevin, 199 Mazur, Eric, 129–31, 132, 194–95, 199, 200–02, 203, 216–17 McDaniel, Mark, 198 McKinsey, 189 Media Lab, MIT, 192, 193, 238–39, 254 Meier, Deborah, 73, 139, 247 memorization approach.

The Post-American World: Release 2.0
by Fareed Zakaria
Published 1 Jan 2008

The difference between average science scores in poor and wealthy school districts within the United States, for instance, is four to five times greater than the difference between the U.S. and Singaporean national averages. In other words, America is a large and diverse country with a real inequality problem. This will, over time, translate into a competitiveness problem, because if we cannot educate and train a third of the working population to compete in a knowledge economy, it will drag down the country. But we do know what works. The large cohort of students in the top fifth of American schools rank along with the world’s best. They work hard and have a highly scheduled academic and extracurricular life, as anyone who has recently been to an Ivy League campus can attest.

…

By all calculations, Medicare threatens to blow up the federal budget. The swing from the surpluses of 2000 to the deficits of today has serious implications. For most families, moreover, incomes are flat or rising very slowly. Growing inequality is the signature feature of the new era fueled by a triple force—the knowledge economy, information technology, and globalization. Perhaps most worryingly, Americans are borrowing 80 percent of the world’s surplus savings and using it for consumption. In other words, we are selling off our assets to foreigners to buy a couple more lattes a day. These problems have accumulated at a bad time because, for all its strengths, the American economy now faces some of its strongest challenges in history.

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.: of 1984, 251 of 1992, 245 of 2008, 276 electricity, 33 Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center for Personalized and Predictive Oncology, 201 energy resources, 30–34, 38, 128, 131, 176, 232, 233 Engels, Friedrich, 85 engineers, 204–8 English language, 81, 85, 92–93, 96, 151, 167, 168, 173, 186–87, 224 Enlightenment, 122–25 Enron Corp., 221 entitlements, government, 216, 219, 241 entrance exams, 205–6, 210–12 entrepreneurship, 108, 193, 199 environmental issues, 32–34, 40, 42, 85, 111 EP-3 plane incident (2001), 135 Epic of America, The (Adams), 237 equities, 202 Erickson, John, 37 Essai sur les moeurs (Voltaire), 123 Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 70 Ethiopia, 130 “Eurabia,” 16 Europe: agriculture in, 70 balance of power in, 4, 257, 266–67 colonialism of, 36, 37, 57, 60, 65, 78–83, 129, 156, 162–63, 195 cultural influence of, 1–5, 16, 38–39, 41, 62–99, 126–27 Eastern, 222, 260 economies of, 32, 46–47, 212–13, 221, 222, 233, 245 education in, 207–8, 210 fertility rate of, 213, 215 foreign investment by, 80, 212 foreign trade of, 78, 212 geography of, 76, 77 global influence of, 52–53, 232–33, 245, 253 health care in, 212 immigration to, 16, 224, 280 industrialization of, 87, 104, 262 military forces of, 13, 173, 245, 247, 251, 267 Muslim communities of, 16, 280 Europe (continued) parliamentary system of, 234 Pershing missiles in, 251 population of, 66, 80 postwar, 20, 49–50 poverty in, 80 privatization in, 222 productivity of, 200, 212 religious attitudes in, 122–25 Roman rule of, 77 technology sector of, 68–70, 123, 200–202, 208 unemployment rate of, 212 U.S. relations with, 244–45, 251–85 see also specific countries European Union, 5, 52, 92–93, 105, 111, 131, 136, 141, 224, 240 euros, 267 “Eurozone,” 212–13, 221 Fallows, James, 202–3 Falun Gong, 113 family values, 92, 93 famine, 67, 70 fascism, 36, 195, 255, 275–76 fashion, 88 fatwas, 14, 15 Federal Reserve, 26 fengshui, 126 Ferguson, Niall, 81, 140, 190 Ferris wheel, 3 fertility rates, 148, 213, 214–15 feudalism, 99, 193 Figaro, 187 film industry, 90, 94, 147, 153–55 financial markets, 7, 17, 72, 109–10, 217, 219–22 Financial Times, 139 “five keys,” 194–95 “flat world” concept, 27 Flynn, Stephen, 279 follow-on equity offerings, 202 food prices, 21, 30, 67, 70 Forbidden City, 71, 103 Ford Motor Co., 104 Foreign Affairs, 114, 230, 235 foreign aid, 129–32, 133, 135, 155 foreign exchange, 105, 222, 241–42 foreign investment, 27, 80, 104–5, 108, 153, 202–3, 212, 219 foreign trade, 21, 24–25, 36, 57–58, 69, 78, 102, 104–5, 129–32, 133, 200, 212, 216, 217, 229, 280–83 Fortune, 204 Foster, Norman, 152 Foxconn, 229 France: colonies of, 79, 80 culture of, 91, 95 democracy in, 116–17 economy of, 24, 36, 116–17, 152, 191, 192 foreign policy of, 125, 130 global influence of, 117, 240 infrastructure of, 152 labor force of, 226 nuclear weapons of, 174 technology sector of, 201 U.S. relations with, 251, 252–53 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 124 French Revolution, 116, 123 Friedman, Thomas, 27, 50 Fuchs, Thomas, 123 Fukuzawa, Yukichi, 84, 86 “Future of European Universities, The,” 207–8 G-7 countries, 49, 55 G-8 countries, 40–41 G-20 summits, 26, 55 Galileo Galilei, 68 Gama, Vasco da, 62 Gandhi, Indira, 165, 167, 169, 180, 274 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 36, 89, 147, 163–64, 173–74 Gandhi, Rajiv, 158 Gandhi, Sonia, 159 Gates, Bill, 109, 155, 204 General Electric, 100, 104, 258 General Motors, 104, 149, 225, 230, 244 Genesis, Book of, 172 geography, 76 George III, King of England, 69 Georgia, 260 Gerges, Fawaz, 14 German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 24, 244 Germany: economy of, 20, 25, 38, 40, 118, 192 global influence of, 10, 38, 53, 117, 118, 121, 176, 256, 257, 261, 266–67 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 58, 191 Imperial, 186n, 192, 195, 257, 261, 266–67 industrialization of, 20, 193 labor force of, 226 military spending of, 241 navy of, 186n, 195 Nazi, 10, 25, 36–37, 143, 266, 275 reunification of, 244, 245 taxation in, 223 technology sector of, 201 U.S. relations with, 244, 245, 251 Gibraltar, 195 Gibraltar Strait, 239–43 Gilpin, Robert, 127 Gingrich, Newt, 276 Giuliani, Rudy, 276, 277 Glimpses of World History (Nehru), 163 global economic crisis (2008–2009), xi–xiii, 2, 21–22, 42–49, 51, 55 globalization, 6–61 agriculture and, 21, 30, 31, 32–33, 65–67, 70, 71–72, 100, 106, 112, 136, 151, 160 capital markets in, 21, 24–25, 48, 200, 219–22 competition in, 212–13, 225–26, 243–50 cultural impact of, 1–5, 38–39, 41, 62–99, 126–27 demographics of, 212–16 economic conditions of, 6–61, 93–94, 97, 197–99, 217, 241–43, 255 energy resources and, 30–34 environmental impact of, 33–34, 40, 85, 111 expansion of, 19–23, 29–34 free markets in, 23–29, 57–58, 59–60, 217, 242, 259 future trends of, 1–5, 94–99, 199–203, 204, 239–85 identity and, 41 impact of, on U.S. unemployment, xiii international organizations and, 5, 24, 40–41 labor markets in, 27–28, 206, 228–29 language of, 92–93 mass media in, 9, 16, 27, 95, 96, 209 military destabilization and, 6–10, 140, 142–43 modernization and, 16, 35, 39, 86–90, 94–95 multinational focus of, 1–5 nationalism and, 34 nuclear proliferation in, 174–78 political impact of, 19–20, 22–23, 29, 31–42, 52, 93–94, 99, 127–28, 137–44, 241–42 in post-American world, see post-American world poverty rate in, 3, 22 regional powers in, 257–63 technology in, xiii, 27, 200–202, 219, 224–25, 228–32 terrorism and, 10–19, 29, 34, 59, 264 U.S. as superpower in, 4, 49–61, 117, 120, 142–44, 182–83, 223–85 global warming, 33, 34, 40, 85 God, 122–25, 169 gold, 25, 188, 197 Goldman Sachs, xii, 40, 49, 148, 214 Goldsmith, Oliver, 93 gold standard, 25, 197 Good Earth, The (Buck), 100 Great Britain, 184–99 agriculture in, 70, 71–72 capitalism in, 187, 192–93 culture of, 187, 262 decline of, 184–99, 216, 237, 261–63, 266, 268 democracy in, 120 economy of, 24, 28, 97, 148, 186, 191–97, 198, 216, 237, 262 education in, 82–83, 187, 210 Empire of, 36, 37, 57, 60, 65, 79, 80–83, 84, 89, 94, 97–98, 151, 154, 156, 158–59, 161, 162–63, 164, 170, 173, 179, 184–99, 237, 261–63, 266, 268 financial markets of, 222, 223–24 foreign investment in, 153 foreign policy of, 125, 130, 194–97, 237, 261–63, 266 global influence of, 117, 184–289 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 66, 191, 193, 196, 197 home ownership in, 225 industrialization of, 65, 66, 104, 191, 192–93, 218, 262 infrastructure of, 152 manufacturing sector of, 28, 192–93 military forces of, 105n, 174, 185, 192, 195, 198, 241 military spending of, 105n, 241 navy of, 186, 192, 195, 198 nuclear weapons of, 174 political system of, 41, 120, 186, 194–97, 234 population of, 191 productivity in, 71–72 technology sector of, 201 terrorist attacks in, 17, 278, 280 U.S. relations with, 168, 189, 194–97, 241, 254, 261, 274 in World War II, 37, 195–97 Great Depression, 25, 42–43, 227 Great Exhibition (1851), 64 Great Leap Forward, 117, 129 Great Moderation, 44 Greece, 46–47, 48, 67, 151, 193 Greenspan, Alan, 24 gross domestic product (GDP), 18, 22, 49, 58, 66, 104, 109, 111, 118–19, 139, 145, 148, 151, 152, 157, 191, 193, 196, 198–99, 200, 207–8, 215, 217, 218, 219n, 249, 255 Grove, Andy, 49–50 “grow-the-denominator” strategy, 107 Gujarat earthquake (2001), 155 Gulf War, 244 Gurr, Ted Robert, 8 Haass, Richard, 268 Haiti, 272 Halloween, 92 Hamas, 6 Hapsburg Empire, 117–18 Har Hui Peng, 211 “harmonious society,” 111 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 103 Head & Shoulders shampoo, 105 health care, 108, 155, 157–58, 160, 161, 212, 225–26, 233n, 283 Heathrow Airport, 152 helium, 30 Henry, Prince of Prussia, 186n Heritage Foundation, 235 Hezbollah, 6, 7, 269 “hidden hand,” 166 Hinduism, 74, 75, 97–98, 146, 169–74, 180 Hinduism (Monier-Williams), 170 Hira, Ron, 205 Hitler, Adolf, 37, 103 HIV, 149, 161 Hodges, William, 71 Holbrooke, Richard, 246 Hollywood, 90, 94 Holman, Michael, 201 Homeland Security Department, U.S., 277 home ownership, 85, 152, 217, 225 Hong Kong, 26, 81, 153, 184, 209, 214, 222 household savings, 217–18 House of Representatives, U.S., 280–81 Huang, Philip, 71 Huang, Yasheng, 153 Hu Jintao, 111, 118, 119, 130, 134 human capital, 151, 218–19 human rights, 88–89, 93, 97, 121–27, 157–58, 173, 242, 256, 260, 274 Humphrey, Hubert, 283 Huntington, Samuel P., 53, 87 Hussein, Saddam, 189, 248n, 274 Hwa Chong Institution, 211 hyperinflation, 25 “hyperpower,” 246 IBM, 104 Ignatius, David, 270 Ikenberry, John, 256 Immelt, Jeffrey, 204, 258 immigration, 16, 61, 87, 167, 213–16, 224, 233, 272, 276, 278, 283 Imperial China, 62–74, 76, 77, 84, 86, 122–25 Imperial Germany, 186n, 192, 195, 257, 261, 266–67 imperialism, 42, 258–59, 261–63 Imperial Japan, 36–37, 38, 84, 134–35, 196 income levels, 23, 67, 113–14, 148, 206, 207, 212, 216, 217–18, 219, 282 independent regulatory agencies, 90 India, 31, 145–83, 281 agriculture in, 151, 160 ancient civilization of, 64, 65, 67, 70, 77, 82–83 as Asian country, 151–52, 173, 181 author as native of, 205, 210, 271, 283, 284–85 automobiles in, 110, 111, 149, 229–30 banking industry of, 153, 157 billionaires in, 149, 155 British rule of, 36, 37, 60, 81, 84, 89, 94, 97–98, 151, 154, 156, 158–59, 161, 162–63, 164, 170, 173, 179 capitalism in, 74, 113–15, 152–53, 157, 167 caste system of, 74, 180–81 China compared with, 64, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 146, 147–51, 152, 157, 159, 167, 169, 175–78, 181–82, 257 Chinese relations with, 133, 143, 165, 166, 169, 173, 257 coal power in, 34 Communist Party of, 158 Constituent Assembly of, 154 Constitution of, 150 consumerism in, 151–52 corruption in, 156–57 credit in, 152–53 culture of, 64, 67, 70, 77, 82–83, 88, 93, 94, 95, 99, 169–74 as democracy, 40, 108, 109, 113, 117, 145, 150, 152, 154, 156–62, 167, 169, 172, 173, 176, 178–83 demographics of, 148 as developing country, 151–53, 157–62, 169, 175, 177, 181 diversity of, 178–83 domestic market of, 48 economic reform in, 108, 159–62, 169, 178 economy of, xii, 2–3, 23, 40–41, 48, 55, 65, 74, 86, 108, 113–15, 117, 145–62, 166–67, 169, 175, 178, 181, 200, 226–27, 249 education in, 82–83, 109, 155, 157–58, 160, 161, 204–8, 210 Election Commission of, 157 as emerging market, 39, 53, 258 emigration from, 167 energy needs of, 30, 34, 176 engineers trained in, 204–8 female literacy in, 157 film industry of, 90, 94, 147, 153–55 foreign investment in, 153 foreign policy of, 162–78 free markets in, 23 global influence of, 53, 146–48, 164–78, 181, 256–57, 269 government of, 145, 150, 156–67, 177–83 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 49, 66, 145, 148, 151, 152, 157, 249 growth rate for, 2, 145–56, 158, 159–62, 166, 169, 178, 182, 249 health care in, 155, 157–58, 160, 161 Hinduism in, 74, 75, 97–98, 146, 169–74, 180 HIV rate in, 149, 161 human rights in, 88–89, 97, 157–58, 173 income levels of, 148, 207 independence of, 154, 159, 162 industrialization of, 151 inflation in, 145 infrastructure of, 149–53, 159 languages of, 93, 151, 168, 179, 180 legal system of, 150, 157 literacy rate in, 157–58 living standards in, 66–67 manufacturing sector of, 22, 148–49, 151, 153 mass media in, 154–55, 173 middle class of, 160 military forces of, 164, 167, 174–78, 249, 260 modernization of, 74, 145–49, 151 multinational corporations in, 60 Muslim minority in, 12, 158–59, 172, 180–81 nationalism in, 41, 145, 158–59, 180–83 nonalignment policy of, 163–66, 177 nuclear weapons of, 54, 167, 174–78, 249, 260 oil needs of, 30 Pakistan’s relations with, 145, 165, 172, 176 political parties in, 154, 156–62, 178, 179–80 population of, 23, 31, 66, 145, 147–48, 178–83 poverty in, 3, 146, 149, 150, 155–58, 169, 177 private sector of, 148–53, 160–61 regional governments in, 145, 161–62, 178–83 service sector of, 43, 148, 151, 229 socialism in, 157, 161, 173, 178 taxation in, 236 technology sector of, 28, 50, 148–49, 161, 204–8 as UN member, 165n urbanization of, 150, 153–55, 160, 166 U.S. compared with, 155–56, 200, 226–27 U.S. relations with, 54–55, 144, 160, 166–68, 173, 174–78, 182, 249–50, 263, 264, 266, 269, 271, 274, 283 wage levels in, 207 Western influence in, 88–91, 94, 99 women in, 88, 157, 160–61 Indian Institutes of Technology, 145, 161, 205–6 Indonesia, xii, 4, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 86, 99, 110, 132, 171, 278 industrialization, 2, 3, 20, 65, 66, 87, 104, 106–7, 110, 151, 191, 192–93, 200, 204, 217, 218, 262 industrial revolution, 104, 262 inflation, 25–26, 28, 43, 145, 217 information technology, 9, 215, 219 Infosys Technologies, 50, 148, 153, 155 infrastructure, 149–53 initial public offerings (IPOs), 202, 220–22 intellectual property, 125–26 interest rates, 21, 43, 75, 139, 222 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 33 intermediate business expenses, 218 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 54, 175, 176 International Herald Tribune, 96 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 24, 41, 48–49, 55, 241 Internet, 27, 93, 96, 112–13, 135, 142, 225 investment funds, 3, 32, 201 iPhone, 203 iPod, 147 Iran, 6, 8, 9, 16, 18, 31, 54–55, 96, 125, 141, 167, 190, 235–36, 259, 260, 273, 277, 284 Iranian hostage crisis, 284 Iran-Iraq War, 9 Iraq, xi, 6, 8, 9, 11–12, 13, 15, 52, 141, 162, 185, 189–90, 199, 244, 246, 247–48, 250 Iraq War, xi, 6, 8, 52, 141, 185, 189–90, 199, 247–48, 250, 251, 252, 260, 269, 273, 274 Ireland, 46–47, 48 iron, 131, 191 Islam, 10–17, 75, 89, 122, 125, 158–59, 172, 180–81, 213, 241, 263, 272, 276, 278 Islamic fundamentalism, 10–17, 75, 89, 172, 241, 263, 271, 272, 278 Israel, 6, 96, 168, 246, 260, 269, 274, 284 Italy, 24, 97, 148, 182, 195 It’s a Wonderful Life, 85 “Ivory Tower” nations, 201 Jakarta, 17 James, Lawrence, 189 Japan, 26, 282 Buddhism in, 171 China compared with, 104–5 Chinese relations of, 101, 120, 134–35, 143 culture of, 87, 89, 91–92, 98, 99, 122, 212 democracy in, 114, 116 economy of, 20, 22, 23, 28, 36–37, 38, 40, 86, 104–5, 118, 120, 233, 245 education in, 207–8, 209, 210, 211–12 family values in, 92, 93 fertility rate of, 214 Japan (continued) foreign aid by, 135 foreign trade of, 77, 81–82 global influence of, 22, 35, 37, 38, 40, 53, 118, 120, 121, 176, 233, 256 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 207–8 Imperial, 36–37, 38, 84, 134–35, 196 manufacturing sector of, 28 Meiji Reformation in, 84 military forces of, 134 population of, 51, 214 savings rate of, 104 technology sector of, 87, 201, 207–8, 233 trade balance of, 104 U.S. relations with, 245, 266 Western influence in, 81–82, 84, 98, 99 Jemaah Islamiah, 11 Jiang Zemin, 134 jihad, 10–17 Muslim views on, 14–15 Joffe, Josef, 53, 251, 266 Jones, Benjamin, 214–15 Jordan, 8, 14 Judaism, 11, 122, 172 Kagan, Robert, 253 Kant, Immanuel, 123 Karnataka, 180 Kennedy, Paul, 74, 193 Kent, Muhtar, 58, 236–37 Kenya, 4, 41 Keynes, John Maynard, 196–97 kimonos, 88 Kissinger, Henry, 245, 265 Kitchener, H. H., 189 knowledge economy, 219 Kohl, Helmut, 245 Korean War, 20 Kosovo, 35, 245, 272 Kotak, Uday, 153 Kreuz-Zeitung, 188 Krishnadevaraya, 67 Kursk, Battle of, 37 Kyoto accords (1997), 34, 40 Kyrgyz Republic, 54 labor market, 27–28, 69, 151, 202, 206, 225–26, 228–29 labor-saving devices, 71–72 labor unions, 158, 212 Landes, David, 73 Las Vegas, 3 Latin America, 6, 19, 31, 40, 90, 95, 245 Latin language, 92 law: common, 81 contract, 125–26, 150 divine, 123 Islamic, 16 natural, 123–24 rule of, 114, 125–26, 150, 157, 225 Laxman, R.

Imagining India
by Nandan Nilekani
Published 25 Nov 2008

But if we fail, our demographic curve will become a line to a powder keg. “People, people, people”: Our changing impressions Looking back, the common man and woman have been bit players in our histories, their role determined by statistics and crowds. It is only recently, particularly since the 1970s, with the rise of labor productivity and the knowledge economy, that the political power of people has been accompanied with greater economic power. This shift in power has been especially significant in India. For a long time, governments regarded the country’s population as its great liability. Vastly poor and illiterate, India’s people were “the great unwashed,” a burden not just for the country but also a worry for the rest of the world.

…

India has a lot of ground to cover on education, and very little time.” I am familiar with this tone of wary optimism—I have caught it often in the remarks of NGO workers and the bureaucrats working with India’s schools. Despite some signs of progress, our dilemmas in school education are very real; they are the small print that accompanies India’s rise as a knowledge economy. We have some pretty shocking statistics when it comes to education: India produces the second largest number of engineers in the world every year, as well as the largest number of school dropouts. Even as India is building a name for itself in intellectual capital, a third of its population remains illiterate.

…

Politicians who oppose the unshackling of the labor market, and even favor new constraints, have often referred to India’s workers as the “toiling masses,” a homogeneous, beaten-down group who need the enveloping arms of the state. In this version of events, labor is a passive force that survives only thanks to the aggressive intervention of labor regulations. But this is no longer true. The idea of “mass,” easily replaceable labor has foundered on the rock of India’s rising knowledge economy. India’s growth has also given labor new power and employment opportunities. At Infosys, we have our share of employees who come from financially constrained backgrounds—Prasad, the son of a rickshaw puller, and Fatima Bibi Sheik, a young girl whose husband, a street pani puri vendor, supported her education and put her through college.

Capitalism in America: A History
by Adrian Wooldridge and Alan Greenspan
Published 15 Oct 2018

Americans began to regard their prowess in winning Nobel Prizes as a measure of the country’s economic virility—between 1943 and 1969, America won twenty-one Nobel Prizes in Physics, far more than any other country, though eleven of the winners were European refugees. Over the postwar period as a whole, it established a striking and sustained lead over every other country. Postwar America led the world in creating a knowledge economy. American higher education provided a unique mixture of access and quality. The proportion of eighteen- to twenty-four-year-olds enrolled in institutions of higher education increased from 9.1 percent in 1939 to 15.2 percent in 1949 to 23.8 percent in 1959 to 35 percent in 1969. This was at a time when only the children of the elite plus a handful of scholarship winners went to university in Europe.

…

The Defense Department and the National Science Foundation became the prime funders of much of America’s basic research—allocating money not just to great universities such as Bush’s MIT but also to big companies and to hybrid research organizations that straddled the division between academia and business such as RAND, the Stanford Research Institute, and Xerox PARC. The United States intensified its investment in the knowledge economy after the Soviets launched Sputnik on October 4, 1957, followed by the much larger Sputnik 2, with its dog, Laika, and its panel of scientific instruments just a month later. The Sputniks shook Americans out of their complacency: what will Americans find if they ever make it to the moon, a journalist once asked the physicist Edward Teller; “Russians” came the grim reply.14 Congress immediately declared “an educational emergency”: among the hair-raising revelations at the time was that 75 percent of schoolchildren didn’t study any physics whatsoever.

…

All in all, 50 percent more new drugs were approved by the Federal Drug Administration between 1940 and 1960 than in the fifty years after 1960.17 Against this should be set the fact that the number of cigarettes consumed per person increased from two thousand in 1940 to four thousand in 1970, with the majority of adults smoking regularly. Atomic power was a particularly striking version of the knowledge economy. The United States created the Atomic Energy Commission in 1946 to find peaceful uses for nuclear power, in part to offset the worryingly high cost of developing the atomic bomb in the first place. Nuclear swords would not be so controversial if they could also be used as nuclear plows. Eight years later, in 1954, it passed the Atomic Energy Act to encourage private companies to build nuclear reactors.

Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism
by Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart
Published 31 Dec 2018

Many changes are transforming the workforce and society in post-­industrial economies through the globalization of economic markets, compounded by the period-­effect linked with the deep financial crash and Eurozone sovereign debt crisis.54 There is overwhelming evidence of powerful trends toward growing wealth inequality and declining real income for most of the population in the West, based on the rise of the knowledge economy, technological automation, and the collapse of the manufacturing industry; the global flows of labor, goods, capital, and people (especially the inflow of migrants and refugees); the erosion of organized labor; shrinking welfare safety-­nets; and neo-­liberal austerity policies.55 The idea that economic conditions have deepened the cultural backlash is supported by studies of electoral geography reporting that Trump supporters were concentrated disproportionately in the Appalachian coal country, rural Mississippi, and rural counties in the Midwestern Rust Belt.56 In the 2016 US election, the Trump vote was correlated with areas dependent upon manufacturing sectors hit by the penetration of Chinese imports, particularly in Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.57 Similarly, in Brexit, support for the UK to Leave the EU was concentrated in northern England and the Midlands.58 Leave votes were disproportionately in ‘left-­behind’ areas characterized by low income, high unemployment, and historic dependence on manufacturing industry.59 In the second round of French presidential elections in 2017, Marine Le Pen’s National Front support was strongest in traditional areas of low-­skill employment with double digit unemployment in Northern France, as well as the traditional Mediterranean bastion, while Emmanuelle Macron won by a landslide in Paris and its affluent suburbs.60 And in the September 2017 Bundestag contests, Alternative for Germany attracted its highest share of the vote in former-­East Germany, which lags behind the more prosperous West.61 Similar regional findings are reported elsewhere in Western Europe.62 For all these reasons, we expect that economic conditions experienced in some local communities and at individual levels are likely to reinforce authoritarian and populist values.63 18 Understanding Populism Building on these observations, we theorize that the authoritarian reflex arising from long-­term processes of cultural change is likely to be accelerated and deepened by fears of economic insecurity, including the individual experience of the loss of secure, well-­paid blue-­collar jobs, and the collective experience of living in declining communities of the left-behinds.64 Material hardship is likely to make groups more susceptible to the anti-­establishment appeals of authoritarian-­populist actors, offering simple slogans blaming ‘Them’ for stripping prosperity, job opportunities, and public services from ‘Us.’65 This chapter considers evidence testing these arguments, at both the individual and community levels.

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authoritarian and libertarian values, reverses earliest among the Baby Boom generation in Norway, Denmark, and Finland, all affluent post-­ industrial societies and long-­established liberal democracies, with strong egalitarian cultural traditions and comprehensive cradle-to-grave welfare states. Several Northern European societies show a similar profile, such as France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland – all affluent knowledge economies. By contrast, the tipping point is reached later (among Generation X, born in the mid-­1970s), in Mediterranean countries such as Spain, communist Greece, and Italy. The gap barely reverses itself in post-­ Europe, such as in Ukraine, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and in Turkey (where no reversal occurs), reflecting the sluggish economic growth and the later (and unstable) democratic development of several states in this region.

…

And urban elites look down on them for holding retrograde views about the flag, faith, and community that are no longer politically correct.12 Resentment of the establishment, and adherence to the older values of traditional Christian morality, fitting in, and deference toward authority (‘Queen and country’), are said to flourish among the ‘left-behinds.’13 Thomas Piketty’s influential work has called attention to rising levels of income and wealth inequality.14 In recent decades, the US and UK and other high-­income countries have experienced sharply rising income inequality; despite substantial economic growth, the gains have gone almost entirely to the top 10 percent of the population.15 Yet advanced economies differ, with income inequality rising much faster and further in the United States than in the European Union. Inequality has been exacerbated by growing automation and outsourcing, globalization, the erosion of labor unions, government austerity policies, the growth of the knowledge economy, and the limited capacity of governments to regulate investment decisions by multinational corporations or to stem migration flows. The financial crisis also reduced tax revenues and squeezed public sector borrowing, restricting the capacity of states to respond through welfare provisions. Piketty argues that inequality has been rising steeply in many advanced economies since about 1970.16 All but one of the OECD countries for which data are available saw growing income inequality before taxes and transfers from 1980 to 2009.

The Retreat of Western Liberalism
by Edward Luce
Published 20 Apr 2017

This was enabled by the relentless drop in the cost of transport. What steam did in the nineteenth century, aeroplanes, supertankers and mechanised ports did for the last third of the twentieth century. The explosion of communications technology in the twenty-first century is enabling Western companies to do precisely the same in the knowledge economy today. Companies’ ability to go offshore via diversified global supply chains is no longer confined to physical goods. In the short term it is not artificial intelligence the West should worry about. It is what Baldwin calls remote intelligence. In some respects it has already arrived. Over the last twenty years, India and the Philippines reaped the rewards of the telecoms revolution to create lower-skilled service sector jobs at call centres, and on technology helpdesks.

…

(essay), 5, 14, 181 Garten, Jeffrey, From Silk to Silicon, 25 Gates, Bob, 177–8 gay marriage issue, 187, 188 gender, 57 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 72 Genghis Khan, 25 gentrification, creeping, 46, 48, 50–1 Georgia, Rose Revolution (2003), 79 Germany, 15, 42, 43, 57, 78, 115; far-right resurgence in, 139–40; and future of EU, 180; Nazi, 116, 117, 155, 171; post-war constitution, 116; rise of from late nineteenth century, 156–7; Trump’s attitude towards, 179–80; vocational skills education, 197 gig economy, 62–5 Gladiator (film), 128–9 Glass, Ruth, 46 global economy: centre of gravity shifting eastwards, 21–2, 141; change of guard (January 2017), 19–20, 26–7; emerging middle classes, 21, 31, 39, 159; end of Washington Consensus, 29–30; fast-growing non-Western economies, 20–2; Great Convergence, 12, 13, 24, 25–33; Great Divergence, 13, 22–5; Great Recession, 63–4, 83–4, 192, 193; new protectionism, 19–20, 73, 149; ‘precariat’ (‘left-behinds’), 12, 13, 43–8, 50, 91, 98–9, 110, 111, 131; rapid expansion of China, 20–2, 25–8, 157, 159; spread of market economics, 8, 29; West’s middle-income problem, 13, 31–2, 34–41; see also globalisation, economic; growth, economic globalisation, economic: China as new guardian of, 19–20, 26–7; Bill Clinton on, 26; in decades preceding WW1, 155; Elephant Chart, 31–3; Friedman’s Golden Straitjacket, 74; Jeffrey Garten’s history of, 25; and global trilemma, 72–3; and multinational companies, 26–7; need to abandon deep globalisation, 73–4; next wave of, 32; radical impact of, 12–13; and stateless elites, 51, 71; and Summers’ responsible nationalism, 71–2; and technology, 55–6, 73, 174 Gongos (government-organised non-governmental organisations), 85 Google, 54, 67 Gordon, Robert, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 57–8, 59–61 Graham, Lindsey, 134 Greece: classical, 4, 10, 25, 137–8, 156, 200; overthrow of military junta, 77 Greenspan, Alan, 71 growth, economic: and bad forecasting, 27; as Bell’s ‘secular religion’, 37; and digital economy, 54–5, 59, 60; Elephant Chart, 31–3; emerging economies as engine of, 21, 30, 31, 32; Golden Age for Western middle class, 33–4, 43; Robert Gordon’s thesis, 57–8, 59–61; and levels of trust, 38–9; as liberal democracy’s strongest glue, 13, 37, 103, 201–2; out-dated measurement models, 30–1; technological leap forward (from 1870), 58–9; West’s middle-income problem, 13, 31–2, 34–41 Hamilton, Alexander, 78 Harvard University, 44–5 healthcare and medicine, 35, 36, 42, 58, 59, 60, 62, 102, 103, 198 Hedges, Chris, Empire of Illusion, 125 Hegel, Friedrich, 161–2 Heilbroner, Robert, 10 Hispanics in USA, 94–5 history: 1930s extremism, 116–17; Chinese economy to 1840s, 22–3; Fukuyama’s ‘end of history’, 5, 14, 181; Great Divergence, 13, 22–5; Hobson’s prescience over China, 20–1; and inequality, 41–3; and journalists, 15; Keynes’ view, 153–5; Magna Carta, 9–10; of modern democracy, 112–17; nineteenth-century protectionism, 78; nineteenth-century European diplomacy, 7–8, 155–6, 171–2; non-Western versions of, 11; Obama on, 190; Peace of Westphalia (1648), 171; populist surge in late-nineteenth-century USA, 110–11; post-war golden era, 33–4, 43; post-war US foreign policy, 183–4; technological leap forward (from 1870), 58–9; theories of, 10–11, 14, 190; Thucydides trap, 156–7; utopian faith in technology, 127–8; Western thought on China, 158–9, 161–2; ‘wrong side of history’ language, 187–8, 190, 191–2; Zheng He’s naval fleet, 165–6; see also Cold War; Industrial Revolution Hitler, Adolf, 116, 128, 171 Hobbes, Thomas, 104 Hobsbawm, Eric, 5 Hobson, John, 20, 22–3 Hofer, Norbert, 15–16 homosexuality, 106, 107, 109–10 Hong Kong, 163–4 Hourly Nerd, 63 Hu Jintao, 159 Humphrey, Hubert, 189 Hungary, 12, 82, 138–9, 181 Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations, 181 Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, 128, 129 illiberal democracy concept, 119, 120, 136–7, 138–9, 204 India: caste system, 202; circular view of history, 11; colonial exploitation of, 22, 23, 55–6; democracy in, 201; future importance of, 167, 200–1; and Industrial Revolution, 23–4; internal migration in, 41; as nuclear power, 175; and offshoring, 61–2; pre-Industrial Revolution economy, 22; rapid expansion of, 21, 25, 28, 30, 58, 200, 201–2; Sino-Indian war (1962), 166; as ‘young’ society, 39, 200 Indonesia, 21 Industrial Revolution, 13, 22, 23–4, 46, 53; non-Western influences on, 24–5; and steam power, 24, 55–6 inequality: decline in post-war golden era, 43; and demophobia, 122–3; forces of equalisation, 41–3; global top 1 per cent, 32–3, 50–1; growth of in modern era, 13, 41, 43–51; in India, 202; in liberal cities, 49–51; in nineteenth century, 41; and physical segregation, 46–8; urban–hinterland split, 46–51 infant mortality, 58, 59 inflation, 36 Instagram, 54 intelligence agencies, 133–4 intolerance and incivility, 38 Iran, 175, 193, 194 Iraq War (2003), 8, 81, 85, 156 Isis (Islamic State), 178, 181, 182–3 Islam, 24–5; Trump’s targeting of Muslims, 135, 181–3, 195–6 Israel, 175 Jackson, Andrew, 113–14, 126, 134 Jacobi, Derek, 128–9 Japan, 78, 167, 175 Jefferson, Thomas, 56, 112, 163 Jobs, Steve, 25 Johnson, Boris, 48, 118–19 Jones, Dan, 9 Jospin, Lionel, 90 journalists, 15, 65 judiciary, US, 134–5 Kant, Immanuel, 126 Kaplan, Fred, Dark Territory: The Secret History of Cyber War, 176–8 Kennedy, John F., 146, 165 Kerry, John, 8 Keynes, John Maynard, 153–5, 156 Khan, A.Q., 175 Khan, Sadiq, 49–50 Kissinger, Henry, 14, 162, 166 knowledge economy, 47, 61 Kreider, Tim, 111 Krugman, Paul, 162 Ku Klux Klan, 98, 111 labour markets: and digital revolution, 52–5, 56, 61–8; and disappearing growth, 37; driving jobs, 56–7, 63, 191; gig economy, 62–5; offshoring, 61–2; pressure to postpone retirement, 64; revolution in nature of work, 60–6, 191–3; security industry, 50; status of technical and service jobs, 197–8; and suburban crisis, 46; wage theft, 192; zero hours contracts, 191 Lanier, Jaron, 66, 67 Larkin, Philip, 188 Le Pen, Marine, 15, 102, 108–10 League of Nations, 155 Lee, Spike, 46 Lee Teng-hui, 158 left-wing politics: and automation, 67; decline in salience of class, 89–92, 107, 108–10; elite’s divorce from working classes, 87–8, 89–95, 99, 109, 110, 119; in France, 105–10; Hillaryland in USA, 87–8; and ‘identity liberalism’, 14, 96–8; McGovern–Fraser Commission (1972), 189; move to personal liberation (1960s), 188–9; populist right steals clothes of, 101–3; Third Way, 89–92; urban liberal elites, 47, 49–51, 71, 87–9, 91–5, 110, 204 Lehman Brothers, 30 Li, Eric, 86, 163–4 liberalism, Western: Chinese hostility to, 84–6, 159–60, 162; crisis as real and structural, 15–16; declining belief in ‘meritocracy’, 44–6; declining hegemony of, 14, 21–2, 26–8, 140–1, 200–1; elites as out of touch, 14, 68–71, 73, 87–8, 91–5, 110, 111, 119, 204; and ‘identity liberalism’, 14, 96–8; linear view of history, 10–11; Magna Carta as founding myth of, 9–10; majority-white backlash concept, 12, 14, 96, 102, 104; psychology of dashed expectations, 34–41; scepticism as basis of, 10; and Trump’s victory, 11–12, 28, 79, 81, 111; ‘wrong side of history’ language, 187–8, 190, 191–2; see also democracy, liberal Lilla, Mark, 96, 98 Lincoln, Abraham, 146 Lindbergh, Charles, 117 literacy, mass, 43, 59 Lloyd George, David, 42 Locke, John, 104 London, 46, 47, 48, 49–50, 140 Los Angeles, 50 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 133 Magna Carta, 9–10 Mahbubani, Kishore, 162 Mailer, Norman, Miami and the Siege of Chicago, 189 Mair, Peter, 88, 89, 118 Mann, Thomas, 203 Mao Zedong, 163, 165 Marconi, Guglielmo, 128 Marcos, Ferdinand, 136 Marshall, John, 134 Marshall Plan, 29 Marxism, 10, 11, 51, 68, 106, 110, 162 Mattis, Jim, 150–1 May, Theresa, 100, 152, 153 McAfee, Andrew, 60 McCain, John, 134 McMahon, Vince and Linda, 124, 125 McMaster, H.

China's Future
by David Shambaugh
Published 11 Mar 2016

This is crucial if China is to avoid becoming stuck forever in the Middle Income Trap. The only way out of the trap (as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and other newly industrialized economies have demonstrated) is through innovation, which enables moving up the productivity and economic value chains. Becoming an innovative society and knowledge economy is the principal task facing the nation, and it is cited as such in all major government documents and leaders’ speeches. Yet, China’s economy today remains an assembly and processing economy, not a creative and inventive one. Moreover, most of the goods that are assembled or produced in China for export are intellectually created elsewhere.

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Soft Authoritarianism, global impact healthcare heavy industry, energy demand of higher education / university system Himalayan glacial melt Hong Kong Hu Jintao Hu Yaobang “Hua Guofeng Interregnum” hukou system Huntington, Samuel Hurun China Rich List I “illusion of Chinese power” India Indian Ocean / Indo-Pacific region individualism Indonesia inequality innovation as key to success private sector vs. state sector insurance bank deposit health intellectual property intellectuals International Monetary Fund (IMF) international relations Europe future impact of China Global South military capabilities peripheral countries Russia see also United States (US) internet / social media investment and aid program EU foreign overinvestment problem R&D and trade, Asia J “J-Curve” concept Japan as newly industrializing economy (NIE) relations with jasmine revolution Jiang Zemin K Kissinger, Henry knowledge economy Krugman, Paul L labor market / workforce aging Lewis Turning Point migration social mobility land degradation Laos Lardy, Nicholas Latin America Lee Kuan Yew Leninist systems Lewis, W. Arthur Lewis Turning Point Li Keqiang Li Shiqiao liberal neo-authoritarianism local government debt protests against revenues and expenditures transparency and accountability Lou Jiwei low-wage manufacturing Lubman, Stanley M “Made in China 2025” program managed political reform from above manufacturing/industry chemical pollution / explosion energy demands high-end low-wage Mao Zedong mass unrest, incidents of Tiananmen Square demonstrations McKinsey & Company media sector megapolises Mekong River middle class, growth of Middle Income Trap migration and labor market military (PLA) anti-corruption campaign capabilities EU arms embargo innovation modernization program navy Russia and China, coordination US and China, comparison millionaires/billionaires modernization theorists multinational corporations Myanmar N National Budget Law National Bureau of Statistics National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) National People’s Congress (NPC) National Security Law nationalism navy neo-authoritarianism, liberal Neo-Totalitarianism economy polity society vs.

The Industries of the Future
by Alec Ross
Published 2 Feb 2016

To this end, the core question for China’s future is whether its model of relative economic openness but tight political control can foster real innovation. Thus far, it seems that its knowledge economy has been hampered. For example, China’s successes in the Internet economy have all come from either building Chinese versions of technologies previously invented in the United States or Canada (and often stealing the intellectual property to do it) or from providing low-cost manufacturing to build the hardware for non-Chinese companies. But while the control-freak impulse from Beijing has hindered the development of China’s knowledge economy, it hasn’t killed off the spirit of Chinese innovation. Jack Dorsey senses a level of vibrancy coming from China’s entrepreneurs.

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Beyond developing nations, individuals and states all over the world that took advantage of the wave of technological innovation flourished. Our most valued commodities have gone from salt and sugar to chemicals and fuels to data and services. The regions that provide those now lead the global knowledge economy. Twenty-five hundred miles from Charleston, West Virginia, several trillion dollars of wealth was generated in Silicon Valley in addition to products that fundamentally changed the way everyone reading this book lives. THE INDUSTRIES OF THE FUTURE The book I know my parents or grandparents wish they had read in the 1960s would have described what globalization was going to do to the world.

Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future
by Paul Mason
Published 29 Jul 2015

The problem comes when you try to measure and capture that third thing. Robert Metcalfe, the inventor of the Ethernet switch, claimed in 1980 that a network’s value is ‘the number of users squared’. So while the cost of building a network rises in a straight line, its value rises in an exponential curve.38 By implication the art of doing business in a knowledge economy is to capture everything between the straight line and the rising curve. But how do we measure value? In terms of money saved, revenue earned or profits accrued? In 2013, the OECD’s economists agreed that it could not be captured by traditional market metrics. ‘While the Internet’s impact on market transactions and value added has been undoubtedly far-reaching,’ they wrote, ‘its effect on non-market interactions … is even more profound.’39 Economists have tended to ignore non-market interactions: they are, by definition, non-economic – as insignificant as a smile passed between two customers in the Starbucks queue.

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The knowledge content of products is becoming more valuable than the physical elements used to produce them. In the 1990s, as the impact of info-tech began to be understood, people from several disciplines had the same thought at once: capitalism is becoming qualitatively different. Buzz phrases appeared: the knowledge economy, the information society, cognitive capitalism. The assumption was that info-capitalism and the free-market model worked in tandem; one produced and reinforced the other. To some the change looked big enough to conclude it was as important as the move from merchant capitalism to industrial capitalism in the eighteenth century.

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It’s not popular because it’s not very useful for calculating and predicting movements within a functioning and stable market system. But faced with the rise of info-capitalism, which is corroding price mechanisms, ownership and the connection between work and wages, the labour-theory is the only explanation that does not collapse. It is the only theory that allows us to properly model where value is created in a knowledge economy, and where it ends up. The labour-theory tells us how to measure value in an economy where machines can be built for free and last for ever. WORK IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE Amid the empty shops in the run-down high street of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, there is a branch of Gregg’s. Gregg’s sells high-fat food at low prices and is one of the few places busy at lunchtime.

The Penguin and the Leviathan: How Cooperation Triumphs Over Self-Interest
by Yochai Benkler
Published 8 Aug 2011

What made the early work on commons, like Ostrom’s Nobel-winning work or Acheson’s on lobster gangs, so influential is that they began the long process of empirical debunking of the then-prevailing view that commons in which rules are enforced by norms are necessarily doomed to fail. Intellectually, these studies set the background for the explosive growth in commons-based practices in the twenty-first century. For the commons has finally come into its own. Because in today’s knowledge economy, the most valuable resources—information and knowledge—are themselves a public good, and the best way to develop and maximize this good is through millions of networked people pooling that knowledge and working together to create new products, ideas, and solutions. And no example better shows how successful norms can organize this very kind of cooperation than Wikipedia.

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Similarly, $900,000 per year (compared to tens of millions of dollars in the United States) at the Japanese automobile firms was more than enough to attract leading executives to the top positions. Another example, near and dear to my own heart, is academia. The leading American universities are widely known for attracting the top scientific minds in the world. In today’s knowledge economy, ever more dependent on innovation and technological advances, the top researchers who teach at these universities would all have much higher-paying salaries if they were to work for companies, be they Merck or Microsoft. Yet thousands of the most qualified, intelligent, creative, and educated people in the world choose to earn vastly less (in some cases hundreds of thousands of dollars a year less) in academia instead of taking their skills to the private sector.

MacroWikinomics: Rebooting Business and the World
by Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams
Published 28 Sep 2010

Yet many VCs won’t even look at a business plan, let alone hear a pitch, from someone who doesn’t come highly referred. The theory is that if a VC relies on a trusted network of contacts s/he can effectively lessen the number of crappy ideas that s/he has to sift through to find a golden nugget. But in today’s global knowledge economy, the next Facebook, Google, or Tesla Motors is as likely to be born in Tel Aviv as it is to be born in Silicon Valley, as likely in Bangalore as in Boston. And while the “old boys’ network” is good if you are an old boy, it’s not so good if you are a young woman from Brazil with a billion-dollar business innovation.

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The cost of building new continuing education programs from scratch could be prohibitively high, but new models of collaborative education can help bring greater efficiency and creativity to the efforts to help graduating students and aging employees update their skills.23 Indeed, why not allow companies and governments to participate in this global network for higher learning too? Fees collected from commercial users could be used to subsidize ongoing development of the platform. TIME FOR REINVENTION OR ATROPHY? The combination of the new Web, the new generation of learners, the demands of the global knowledge economy, and shock of the economic crisis is creating a perfect storm for the universities, and the storm warnings of change are everywhere. In 1997, none other than Peter Drucker predicted that big universities would be “relics” within thirty years.24 Today, Drucker’s seemingly hyperbolic and apocryphal predictions seem less shrill and even prescient.

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In a typical funding scenario, government agencies put out an RFP (request for proposals) and scientists compete rather than collaborate to win it. They typically go off to do their research privately, and when it’s done they report the results back to their funders, who eventually publish it for others. It’s closed. It’s anticollaborative. And it’s antithetical to the demands of the global knowledge economy. Rather than turn inward, or focus narrowly on national goals, funding bodies should open up and create a truly open market for science funding—one that rewards only the most qualified candidates and doesn’t pay heed to passports, seniority, or star status. Sure, this arguably undermines one of the key reasons why many funding bodies exist: to promote national science objectives and national research institutions.

The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation
by Carl Benedikt Frey
Published 17 Jun 2019

Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty [New York: Crown Business], 207–8). 42. Ibid., 80. 43. For efforts by the ruling classes to block replacing technologies, see chapters 1 and 3. 44. J. Mokyr, 2002, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 232. 45. J. Mokyr, 1992b, “Technological Inertia in Economic History,” Journal of Economic History 52 (2): 331–32. 46. D. S. Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 8. 47.

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There was significant productivity growth in watch making from the late seventeenth century onward, but the industry was tiny. See M. Kelly and C. Ó Gráda, 2016, “Adam Smith, Watch Prices, and the Industrial Revolution,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1727–52. 53. On the price of books, see J. Van Zanden, 2004, “Common Workmen, Philosophers and the Birth of the European Knowledge Economy” (paper for Global Economic History Network Conference, Leiden, September 16–18). 54. Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 55. 55. On the numbers of books published, see ibid., 49. 56. G. Clark, 2001. “The Secret History of the Industrial Revolution” (Working paper, University of California, Davis), 60. 57.

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Journal of Economic History 60 (1): 1–41. Mokyr, J. 2001. “The Rise and Fall of the Factory System: Technology, Firms, and Households Since the Industrial Revolution.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55 (1): 1–45. Mokyr, J. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, J. 2011. The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850. London: Penguin. Kindle. Mokyr, J., and H. Voth. 2010. “Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700–1870: Theory and Evidence.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, edited by S.

Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the Next Economic Miracles
by Ruchir Sharma
Published 8 Apr 2012

There was the dream of great riches, yes, but also a boundless optimism and faith in human progress, a sense that the innovations flowing out of Silicon Valley would soon reshape the world for the better. Tech CEOs became rock stars because they promised a life of rising productivity, falling prices, and high salaries for generating ideas in the hip office pods of the knowledge economy, or for trading tech stocks from a laptop in the living room. It was impossible in those days to get investors interested in anything that did not involve technology and the United States, so some of us started talking up emerging markets as “e-merging markets,” while analysts spent a lot of time searching for the new Silicon Valley, which they dutifully but often implausibly discovered hiding in loft offices everywhere from Prague to Kuala Lumpur.

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More capital could also then flow to the productive parts of the global economy, and I would not be surprised if U.S. technology again becomes the mania of the coming decade—mirroring the nineteenth century, when the United States saw two railroad booms in the space of three decades. In the 1980s and 1990s, the United States cut way back on investment in roads and buildings—exactly the investments that were taking off in China—and moved to embrace its new role as the premier knowledge economy. The state of American roads is now seen as a national scandal, but much less attention is paid to the upside: spending on software and equipment more than doubled in the period between 1980 and 2000, unleashing a productivity boom that drove the strong U.S. recovery through the 1990s. U.S. strength in technology looks overwhelming in comparison with even the fastest-rising emerging markets, and in comparison with Japan and Taiwan, nations that also spend heavily on tech research and development but generate a lot less growth out of it.

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So American innovation is no accident. As Albert Einstein said, “Innovation is not the product of logical thought, although the result is tied to logical structure.” The United States is strong across the board in technology, but it’s really in the field of software—the ideas that drive the emerging knowledge economy—that the system produces its greatest advantages and generates the most wealth. While Apple employs fifty thousand people and has a market capitalization that has risen fivefold over the last five years, the Taiwan companies that make gadgets for Apple employ millions but have seen their stock prices stagnate for lack of pricing power.

An Extraordinary Time: The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy
by Marc Levinson
Published 31 Jul 2016

The yen’s sharp rise against the dollar in 1978 did little to dent sales. By then, Japanese cars were common sights in the United States, where they accounted for one-fourth of automobile sales in 1980.15 As MITI’s planners had envisioned, small cars were just the leading edge of Japan’s new “knowledge economy.” Japan’s research and development spending per worker rose 70 percent during the 1970s, after adjusting for inflation, turning Japan from a maker of copycat products to a source of innovation. As the credo “lighter, thinner, shorter, and smaller” spread across Japanese industry, high-speed computers, advanced cameras with top-notch optics, numerically controlled machine tools, and high-capacity color photocopiers began pouring out of factories.

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Henry Schroder & Co., 82 Jamaica, 244 Japan, 63, 66–67, 81, 115–129, 163, 164, 233; administrative management in, 178; anti-inflation campaign in, 118–119; automobile industry in, 122–123; bank loans to Third World and, 241, 242; banks/banking system in, 94 (see also Bank of Japan; banks/banking systems); budget deficits in, 150; debt crisis in, 247, 251; decline of old economy of cheap labor and energy in, 118, 121–122; deregulation in, 113; economic crisis of 1990s in, 270; economic growth in, contributors to, 116–117; economic inefficiency in, 117; economic planning in, 25, 117, 123; economic slowdown in, 3–4; economic stagnation in, 261; economy at close of World War II in, 17, 18, 19; education in, 145; environmentalism in, 62; income distribution in, 140; income per person in, 6, 116; income tax in, 147, 149, 164; inflation and buying power in, 56; inflation in, 164; knowledge economy in, 123; labor productivity in, 257; labor share in, 141–142; manufacturing and trade in, 11, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124–129, 131, 137, 261; Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 25, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 129; modernization in, 117; new economy of engineering and design in, 122; oil crisis of 1973 in, 2–3, 72, 74, 77–78, 115–119, 122–124, 240; oil crisis of 1970s in, 177–178; operation scale-down in, 118; political parties in, 178; postwar economic boom in, 20; postwar productivity in, 23, 24; privatization in, 215–216; productivity bust in, 259, 268; productivity growth in, 263; productivity slowdown in, 265; service sector in, 117, 123–124; textile/apparel sector in, 119–120; trade with United States and, 119–120; unemployment scheme in, 121; ungovernability in, 156–160; US trade sanctions against, 128–129; wage, training, and job seeking subsidies in, 121; welfare state in, 18, 145 jawboning, 76–77 Jenkins, Peter, 150, 169 John Paul II, 219 Johnson, Lyndon, 145, 162; “guns and butter” model and, 48–49 Johnson administration, 222 Jones, Jack, 169 Jordan, 69 Joseph, Sir Keith, 176; free-market economics and, 172, 260 Kahn, Alfred, 112 Kaufman, Henry, 66, 232 Kennedy, Edward, 112 Kennedy, John F., 26, 144–145; inflation and, 261; unemployment and, 261 Kennedy administration, 222 Kenya, 44 Keynes, John Maynard, 31 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 33 Kissinger, Henry, 70 Klasen, Karl, 55 Kleinwort Benson, 84 knowledge economy, 123 Kohl, Helmut, 10, 177, 213 Korea, 242, 265 Korean Peninsula, 44 Korean War, 4, 20, 122 Krauss, Ellis, 177 Krippner, Greta, 236 Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 255 Kuwait, 70 Kuznets, Simon, 133–136; gross national product and, 134; stages of economic growth and, 134–135 Kuznets curve, 134–135 labor productivity, 257–258.

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Henry Schroder & Co., 82 Jamaica, 244 Japan, 63, 66–67, 81, 115–129, 163, 164, 233; administrative management in, 178; anti-inflation campaign in, 118–119; automobile industry in, 122–123; bank loans to Third World and, 241, 242; banks/banking system in, 94 (see also Bank of Japan; banks/banking systems); budget deficits in, 150; debt crisis in, 247, 251; decline of old economy of cheap labor and energy in, 118, 121–122; deregulation in, 113; economic crisis of 1990s in, 270; economic growth in, contributors to, 116–117; economic inefficiency in, 117; economic planning in, 25, 117, 123; economic slowdown in, 3–4; economic stagnation in, 261; economy at close of World War II in, 17, 18, 19; education in, 145; environmentalism in, 62; income distribution in, 140; income per person in, 6, 116; income tax in, 147, 149, 164; inflation and buying power in, 56; inflation in, 164; knowledge economy in, 123; labor productivity in, 257; labor share in, 141–142; manufacturing and trade in, 11, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124–129, 131, 137, 261; Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 25, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 129; modernization in, 117; new economy of engineering and design in, 122; oil crisis of 1973 in, 2–3, 72, 74, 77–78, 115–119, 122–124, 240; oil crisis of 1970s in, 177–178; operation scale-down in, 118; political parties in, 178; postwar economic boom in, 20; postwar productivity in, 23, 24; privatization in, 215–216; productivity bust in, 259, 268; productivity growth in, 263; productivity slowdown in, 265; service sector in, 117, 123–124; textile/apparel sector in, 119–120; trade with United States and, 119–120; unemployment scheme in, 121; ungovernability in, 156–160; US trade sanctions against, 128–129; wage, training, and job seeking subsidies in, 121; welfare state in, 18, 145 jawboning, 76–77 Jenkins, Peter, 150, 169 John Paul II, 219 Johnson, Lyndon, 145, 162; “guns and butter” model and, 48–49 Johnson administration, 222 Jones, Jack, 169 Jordan, 69 Joseph, Sir Keith, 176; free-market economics and, 172, 260 Kahn, Alfred, 112 Kaufman, Henry, 66, 232 Kennedy, Edward, 112 Kennedy, John F., 26, 144–145; inflation and, 261; unemployment and, 261 Kennedy administration, 222 Kenya, 44 Keynes, John Maynard, 31 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 33 Kissinger, Henry, 70 Klasen, Karl, 55 Kleinwort Benson, 84 knowledge economy, 123 Kohl, Helmut, 10, 177, 213 Korea, 242, 265 Korean Peninsula, 44 Korean War, 4, 20, 122 Krauss, Ellis, 177 Krippner, Greta, 236 Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 255 Kuwait, 70 Kuznets, Simon, 133–136; gross national product and, 134; stages of economic growth and, 134–135 Kuznets curve, 134–135 labor productivity, 257–258.

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI
by Frank Pasquale
Published 14 May 2020

For more on how this can be done in the manufacturing and service sectors not focused on in this book, see Roberto Unger, The Knowledge Economy (New York: Verso, 2019). 5. Roger Boesche, “Why Could Tocqueville Predict So Well?” Political Theory 11 (1983): 79–103. 6. Joseph E. Aoun, Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017). 7. I borrow the term “most advanced modes of production” from Roberto Unger, The Knowledge Economy. 8. Eliza Mackintosh, “Finland Is Winning the War on Fake News. What It’s Learned May Be Crucial to Western Democracy,” CNN, May 2019, https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/05/europe/finland-fake-news-intl/. 9.

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Audrey Watters, “Teaching Machines,” Hack Education (blog), April 26, 2018, http://hackeducation.com/2018/04/26/cuny-gc. 20. Natasha Dow Schüll, Addiction by Design (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012). 21. Rowan Tulloch and Holly Eva Katherine Randell-Moon, "The Politics of Gamification: Education, Neoliberalism and the Knowledge Economy," Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 40, no. 3 (2018): 204–226. 22. Tristan Harris, “How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind—From a Magician and Google Design Ethicist,” Medium, May 18, 2016, https://medium.com/swlh/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3#.ryse2c3rl. 23.

Hacking Capitalism
by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;

Software was explicitly covered under copyright after the amendments made in the Computer Software Copyright Act of 1980. Software code had been included in national copyright law in most European countries by the end of the 1980s. 15. Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism—Who Owns The Knowledge Economy (London: Earthscan, 2002), 171. 16. Translating source code to binary code is called compiling. The reversed procedure is known as decompiling. It is much harder to decompile and it is often prohibited in law. 17. A collection of Richard Stallman’s speeches, where he outlines the major issues within the free software movement, as well as an appendix with the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, and GNU Free Documentation License, can be found in ed.

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As with the coining of the term ‘pirate copying’, or the negative associations conveyed from the word ‘hacker’, part of the struggle is fought on a semantic level. 59. Pamela Samuelson, “Regulation of Technologies to Protect Copyrighted Works”, Communication of the ATM 39 (1996), and Peter Drahos & John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism—Who Owns The Knowledge Economy (London: Earthscan, 2002). 60. The third chapter on commodification of information will discuss in more detail the conflict between periphery and centre on intellectual property. 61. It says: “Banning open source would have immediate, broad, and strongly negative impacts on the ability of many sensitive and security-focused DOD groups to protect themselves against cyberattacks,”, quoted in Washington Post (May 23, 2002). 62.

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Derrida, Jacques. Given Time. Counterfeit Money, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. ed. DiBona, Chris, and Sam Ockman and Mark Stone. Open Sources—Voices from the Open Source Revolution, London: O’Reilly & Associates, 1999. Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. Information Feudalism—Who Owns The Knowledge Economy, London: Erthscan, 2002. ed. Dreyfuss, Rochelle, and Diane Zimmerman and Harry First. Expanding the boundaries of Intellectual Property—Innovation Policies for the Knowledge Society, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. du Gay, Paul. Consumption and Identity at Work, London: Sage, 1995.

Smart Cities, Digital Nations
by Caspar Herzberg
Published 13 Apr 2017

Incheon was a large, growing city, but it was not a budding international presence. When the 1997 Asian financial crisis hit, influential analysis described South Korea’s situation as akin to a nut in the nutcracker, competing as it did with a savvier technological power in Japan and far greater resources in China.3 Increasing the national profile as a knowledge economy was a direct response to this evaluation; additionally, the Incheon authorities embraced the primacy of airports as a central concept in their strategy. John Kasarda, director of the Center for Air Commerce at the University of North Carolina’s Kenan-Flagler Business School, neatly defined this idea when he coined the term “aerotropolis”; in his view, the airport (which he contends will only increase in importance in coming decades, as cities become more powerful than some of the nations containing them) should be a hub that connects and centralizes all city traffic.

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. _____________________________________________ 1 “South Korea: Finding its place on the world stage,” McKinsey & Company, April 2010, http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/asia-pacific/south-korea-finding-its-place-on-the-world-stage. 2 Akamai’s State of the Internet report, Second Quarter 2014, https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/news/press/2014-press/akamai-releases-second-quarter-2014-state-of-the-internet-report.jsp. 3 Alexey Volynets, “Case Study: Korea’s Transition Towards Knowledge Economy,” World Bank, 2016, http://go.worldbank.org/2KQGBF91M0. 4 Anthony Townsend, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers and the Quest for a New Utopia (W.W. Norton, 2013), p. 28. 5 Microsoft Named Preferred Technology Partner in “City of the Future” Project, Microsoft press release, May 9, 2008, http://news.microsoft.com/2008/05/09/microsoft-named-preferred-technology-partner-in-city-of-the-future-project/#sm.0000sejqhlx73ddjydb1lilqjfiiy#7vXsTmeBmQGoO2ky.97. 6 Greg Lindsay, “Cisco’s Big Bet on New Songdo: Creating Cities From Scratch,” Fast Company, February 2010, https://www.fastcompany.com/1514547/ciscos-big-bet-new-songdo-creating-cities-scratch. 7 See YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?

The AI-First Company
by Ash Fontana
Published 4 May 2021

DLEs can accumulate information: across single or multiple organizations; that is structured; when processed by machines; and that has a quantitative benefit. DLEs have very few limits: they grow fast because structured information feeds into machines that calculate faster than humans. Modern computing machines can process multiple types of information. Learning fast is smart. Learning effects were for the knowledge economy: the era that started after the industrial revolution, when we moved from manufacturing to services. DLEs are for today’s economy. This is the era in which we’ve made several leaps: distributing information digitally instead of verbally; sharing information automatically rather than manually; learning across minds instead of learning merely manually; learning on hardware (computers) as opposed to “wetware” (brains); and learning not just on one node but across nodes in a network.

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A/B test, 271 accessibility of data, 72, 107 accuracy, 175, 203–4 in proof of concept phase, 59–60 active learning-based systems, 94–95 acyclic, 150, 271 advertising, 227, 240 agent-based models (ABMs), 103–5, 271 simulations versus, 105 aggregated data, 81, 83 aggregating advantages, 222–65 branding and, 255–56 data aggregation and, 241–45 on demand side, 225 disruption and, 239–41 first-mover advantage and, 253–55 and integrating incumbents, 244–45 and leveraging the loop against incumbents, 256–61 positioning and, 245–56 ecosystem, 251–53 staging, 249–51 standardization, 247–51 storage, 246–47 pricing and, 236–39 customer data contribution, 237 features, 238–39 transactional, 237, 281 updating, 238 usage-based, 237–38, 281 on supply side, 224–25 talent loop and, 260–61 traditional forms of competitive advantage versus, 224–25 with vertical integration, see vertical integration aggregation theory, 243–44, 271 agreement rate, 216 AI (artificial intelligence), 1–3 coining of term, 5 definitions and analogies regarding, 15–16 investment in, 7 lean, see Lean AI AI-First Century, 3 first half of (1950–2000), 3–9 cost and power of computers and, 8 progression to practice, 5–7 theoretical foundations, 4–5 second half of (2000–2050), 9 AI-First companies, 1, 9, 10, 44 eight-part framework for, 10–13 learning journey of, 44–45 AI-First teams, 127–42 centralized, 138–39 decentralized, 139 management of, 135–38 organization structure of, 138–39 outsourcing, 131 support for, 134–35 when to hire, 130–32 where to find people for, 133 who to hire, 128–30 airlines, 42 Alexa, 8, , 228, 230 algorithms, 23, 58, 200–201 evolutionary, 150–51, 153 alliances of corporate and noncorporate organizations, 251 Amazon, 34, 37, 84, 112, 226 Alexa, 8, 228, 230 Mechanical Turk, 98, 99, 215 analytics, 50–52 anonymized data, 81, 83 Apple, 8, 226 iPhone, 252 application programming interfaces (APIs), 86, 118–22, 159, 172, 236, 271 applications, 171 area underneath the curve (AUC), 206, 272 artificial intelligence, see AI artificial neural network, 5 Atlassian Corporation, 243 augmentation, 172 automation versus, 163 availability of data, 72–73 Babbage, Charles, 2 Bank of England, 104–5 Bayesian networks, 150, 201 Bengio, Yoshua, 7 bias, 177 big-data era, 28 BillGuard, 112 binary classification, 204–6 blockchain, 109–10, 117, 272 Bloomberg, 73, 121 brain, 5, 15, 31–32 shared, 31–33 branding, 256–57 breadth of data, 76 business goal, in proof of concept phase, 60 business software companies, 113 buying data, 119–22 data brokers, 119–22 financial, 120–21 marketing, 120 car insurance, 85 Carnegie, Andrew, 226 cars, 6, 254 causes, 145 census, 118 centrifugal process, 49–50 centripetal process, 50 chess, 6 chief data officer (CDO), 138 chief information officer (CIO), 138 chief technology officer (CTO), 139 Christensen, Clay, 239 cloud computing, 8, 22, 78–79, 87, 242, 248, 257 Cloudflare, 35–36 clustering, 53, 64, 95, 272 Coase, Ronald, 226 compatibility, 251–52 competitions, 117–18 competitive advantages, 16, 20, 22 in DLEs, 24, 33 traditional forms of, 224–25 see also aggregating advantages complementarity, 253 complementary data, 89, 124, 272 compliance concerns, 80 computer chips, 7, 22, 250 computers, 2, 3, 6 cost of, 8–9 power of, 7, 8, 19, 22 computer vision, 90 concave payoffs, 195–98, 272 concept drift, 175–76, 272 confusion matrix, 173–74 consistency, 256–57 consultants, 117–18, 131 consumer apps, 111–13, 272 consumer data, 109–14 apps, 111–13 customer-contributed data versus, 109 sensor networks, 113–14 token-based incentives for, 109–10 consumer reviews, 29, 43 contractual rights, 78–82 clean start advantage and, 78–79 negotiating, 79 structuring, 79–82 contribution margin, 214, 272 convex payoffs, 195–97, 202, 272 convolutional neural networks (CNNs), 151, 153 Conway, John, 104 cost of data labeling, 108 in ML management, 158 in proof of concept phase, 60 cost leadership, 272 DLEs and, 39–41 cost of goods sold (COGS), 217 crawling, 115–16, 281 Credit Karma, 112 credit scores, 36–37 CRM (customer relationship management), 159, 230–31, 255, 260, 272 Salesforce, 159, 212, 243, 248, 258 cryptography, 272 crypto tokens, 109–10, 272 CUDA, 250 customer-generated data, 77–91 consumer data versus, 109 contractual rights and, 78–82 clean start advantage and, 78–79 negotiating, 79 structuring, 79–82 customer data coalitions, 82–84 data integrators and, 86–89 partnerships and, 89–91 pricing and, 237 workflow applications for, 84–86 customers costs to serve, 242 direct relationship with, 242 needs of, 49–50 customer support agents, 232, 272 customer support tickets, 260, 272 cybernetics, 4, 273 Dark Sky, 112, 113 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 5 dashboards, 171 data, 1, 8, 69, 273 aggregation of, 241–45 big-data era, 28 complementary, 89 harvesting from multiple sources, 57 incomplete, 178 information versus, 22–23 missing sources of, 177 in proof of concept phase, 60 quality of, 177–78 scale effects with, 22 sensitive, 57 starting small with, 56–58 vertical integration and, 231–32 data acquisition, 69–126, 134 buying data, 119–22 consumer data, 109–14 apps, 111–13 customer-contributed data versus, 109 sensor networks, 113–14 token-based incentives for, 109–10 customer-generated data, see customer-generated data human-generated data, see human-generated data machine-generated data, 102–8 agent-based models, 103–5 simulation, 103–4 synthetic, 105–8 partnerships for, 89–91 public data, 115–22 buying, see buying data consulting and competitions, 117–18 crawling, 115–16, 281 governments, 118–19 media, 118 valuation of, 71–77 accessibility, 72, 107 availability, 72–73 breadth, 76 cost, 73 determination, 74–76 dimensionality, 75 discrimination, 72–74 fungibility, 74 perishability and relevance, 74–75, 201 self-reinforcement, 76 time, 73–74 veracity, 75 volume of, 76–77 data analysts, 128–30, 132, 133, 137, 273 data as a service (DaaS), 116, 120 databases, 258 data brokers, 119–22 financial, 120–21 marketing, 120 data cleaning, 162–63 data distribution drift, 178 data drift, 176, 273 data-driven media, 118 data engineering, 52 data engineers, 128–30, 132, 133, 137, 161, 273 data exhaust, 80, 257–58, 273 data infrastructure engineers, 129–32, 137, 273 data integration and integrators, 86–90, 276 data labeling, 57, 58, 92–100, 273 best practices for, 98 human-in-the-loop (HIL) systems, 100–101, 276 management of, 98–99 measurement in, 99–100 missing labels, 178 outsourcing of, 101–2 profitability metrics and, 215–16 tools for, 93–97 data lake, 57, 163 data learning effects (DLEs), 15–47, 48, 69, 222, 273 competitive advantages of, 24, 33 data network effects, 19, 26–33, 44, 273 edges of, 24 entry-level, 26–29, 31–33, 36–37, 274 network effects versus, 24–25 next-level, 26–27, 29–33, 36–37, 278 what type to build, 33 economies of scale in, 34 formula for, 17–20 information accumulation and, 21 learning effects and, 20–21 limitations of, 21, 42–43 loops around, see loops network effects and, 24–26 powers of, 34–42 compounding, 36–38 cost leadership, 39–41 flywheels, 37–38 price optimization, 41–42 product utility, 35–36 winner-take-all dynamics, 34–35 product value and, 39 scale effects and, 21–23 variety and, 34–35 data learning loops, see loops data lock-in, 247–48 data networks, 109–10, 143–44, 273 normal networks versus, 26 underneath products, 25–26 data pipelines, 181, 216 breaks in, 87, 181 data platform, 57 data processing capabilities (computing power), 7, 8, 19, 22 data product managers, 129–32, 274 data rights, 78–82, 246 data science, 52–56 decoupling software engineering from, 133 data scientists, 54–56, 117, 128–30, 132–39, 161, 274 data stewards, 58, 274 data storage, 57, 81, 246–47, 257 data validators, 161 data valuation, 71–77 accessibility in, 72, 107 availability in, 72–73 breadth in, 76 cost in, 73 determination in, 74–76 dimensionality in, 75 discrimination in, 72–74 fungibility in, 74 perishability and relevance in, 74–75, 201 self-reinforcement in, 76 time in, 73–74 veracity in, 75 decision networks, 150, 153 decision trees, 149–50, 153 deduction and induction, 49–50 deep learning, 7, 147–48, 274 defensibility, 200, 274 defensible assets, 25 Dell, Michael, 226 Dell Technologies, 226 demand, 225 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 36 designers, 129 differential privacy, 117, 274 dimensionality reduction, 53, 274 disruption, 239–41 disruption theory, 239, 274 distributed systems, 8, 9 distribution costs, 243 DLEs, see data learning effects DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, 36 drift, 175–77, 203, 274 concept, 175–76 data, 176 minimizing, 201 e-commerce, 29, 31, 34, 37, 41, 84 economies of scale, 19, 34 ecosystem, 251–52 edges, 24, 274 enterprise resource planning (ERP), 161, 250, 274 entry-level data network effects, 26–29, 31–33, 36–37, 274 epochs, 173, 275 equity capital, 230 ETL (extract, transform, and load), 58, 275 evolutionary algorithms, 150–51, 153 expected error reduction, 96 expected model change, 96 Expensify, 85–86 Facebook, 25, 43, 112, 119, 122 features, 63–64, 145, 275 finding, 64–65 pricing and, 238–39 federated learning, 117, 275 feedback data, 36, 199–200 feed-forward networks, 151, 153 financial data brokers for, 120–21 stock market, 72, 74, 120–21 first-movers, 253–55, 275 flywheels, 37–38, 243–44 Ford, Henry, 49 fungibility of data, 74 Game of Life, 104 Gaussian mixture model, 275 generative adversarial networks (GANs), 152, 153 give-to-get model, 36 global multiuser models, 275 glossary, 271–82 Google, 111–12, 115, 195, 241, 251, 253–54 governments, 118–19 gradient boosted tree, 53, 275 gradient descent, 208 graph, 275 Gulf War, 6 hedge funds, 227 heuristics, 139, 231, 275 Hinton, Geoffrey, 7 histogram, 53, 275 holdout data, 199 horizontal products, 210–12, 276 HTML (hypertext markup language), 116, 276 human-generated data, 91–102 data labeling in, 57, 58, 92–100, 273 best practices for, 98 human-in-the-loop (HIL) systems, 100–101, 276 management of, 98–99 measurement in, 99–100 missing labels, 178 outsourcing of, 101–2 profitability metrics and, 215–16 tools for, 93–97 human learning, 16–17 hyperparameters, 173, 276 hypertext markup language (HTML), 116, 276 IBM (International Business Machines), 5–8, 255 image recognition, 76–77, 146 optical character, 72, 278 incumbents, 276 integrating, 245–46 leveraging the loop against, 256–61 independent software vendors (ISVs), 161, 248, 276 induction and deduction, 49–50 inductive logic programming (ILP), 149, 153 Informatica, 86 information, 1, 2, 276 data versus, 22–23 informational leverage, 3 Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 239 input cost analysis, 215–16 input data, 199 insourcing, 102, 276 integration, 86–90, 276 predictions and, 171 testing, 174 integrations-first versus workflow-first companies, 88–89 intellectual leverage, 3 intellectual property (IP), 25, 251 intelligence, 1, 2, 5, 15, 16 artificial, see AI intelligent applications, 257–60, 276 intelligent systems, 19 interaction frequency, 197 interactive machine learning (IML), 96–97, 276 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 250–51 Internet, 8, 19, 32, 69, 241–42, 244 inventory management software, 260 investment firms, 232 iPhone, 252 JIRA, 243 Kaggle, 9, 56, 117 Keras, 251 k-means, 276 knowledge economy, 21 Kubernetes, 251 language processing, 77, 94 latency, 158 layers of neurons, 7, 277 Lean AI, 48–68, 277 customer needs and, 49–50 decision tree for, 50–52 determining customer need for AI, 50–60 data and, 56–58 data science and, 54–56 sales and, 58–60 statistics and, 53–54 lean start-up versus, 61–62 levels in, 65–66 milestones for, 61 minimum viable product and, 62–63 model features lean start-ups, 61–62 learning human formula for, 16–17 machine formula for, 17–20 learning effects, 20–22, 277 moving beyond, 20–21 legacy applications, 257, 277 leverage, 3 linear optimization, 42 LinkedIn, 122 loans, 35, 37, 227 lock-in, 247–48 loops, 187–221, 273 drift and, 201 entropy and, 191–92 good versus bad, 191–92 metrics for measuring, see metrics moats versus, 187–88, 192–94 physics of, 190–92 prediction and, 202–3 product payoffs and, 195–98, 202 concave, 195–98 convex, 195–97, 202 picking the product to build, 198 repeatability in, 188–89 scale and, 198–201, 203 and data that doesn’t contribute to output, 199–200 loss, 207–8, 277 loss function, 275, 277 machine-generated data, 102–8 agent-based models, 103–5 simulation, 103–4 synthetic, 105–8 machine learning (ML), 9, 145–47, 277 types of, 147–48 machine learning engineers, 39, 56, 117–18, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 161, 277 machine learning management loop, 277 machine learning models (ML models), 9, 26, 27, 31, 52–56, 59, 61, 134 customer predictions and, 80–81 features of, 61, 63 machine learning models, building, 64–65, 143–54 compounding, 148–52 diverse disciplines in, 149–51 convolutional neural networks in, 151, 153 decision networks in, 150, 153 decision trees in, 149–50, 153 defining features, 146–47 evolutionary algorithms in, 150–51, 153 feed-forward networks in, 151, 153 generative adversarial networks in, 152, 153 inductive logic programming in, 149, 153 machine learning in, 151–52 primer for, 145–47 recurrent neural networks in, 151, 153 reinforcement learning in, 152, 153 statistical analysis in, 149, 153 machine learning models, managing, 155–86 acceptance, 157, 162–66 accountability and, 164 and augmentation versus automation, 163 budget and, 164 data cleaning and, 162–63 distribution and, 165 executive education and, 165–66 experiments and, 165 explainability and, 166 feature development and, 163 incentives and, 164 politics and, 163–66 product enhancements and, 165 retraining and, 163 and revenues versus costs, 164 schedule and, 163 technical, 162–63 and time to value, 164 usage tracking and, 166 decentralization versus centralization in, 156 experimentation versus implementation in, 155 implementation, 158–66 data, 158–59 security, 159–60 sensors, 160 services, 161 software, 159 staffing, 161–162 loop in, 156, 166–81 deployment, 171–72 monitoring, see monitoring model performance training, 168–69 redeploying, 181 reproducibility and, 170 rethinking, 181 reworking, 179–80 testing, 172–74 versioning, 169–70, 281 ROI in, 164, 176, 181 testing and observing in, 156 machine learning researchers, 129–34, 135–36, 138, 277 management of AI-First teams, 135–38 of data labeling, 98–99 of machine learning models, see machine learning models, managing manual acceptance, 208–9 manufacturing, 6 marketing, customer data coalitions and, 83 marketing segmentation, 277 McCulloch, Warren, 4–5 McDonald’s, 256 Mechanical Turk, 98, 99, 215 media, 118 medical applications, 90–91, 145, 208 metrics, 203 measurement, 203–9 accuracy, 203–4 area underneath the curve, 206, 272 binary classification, 204–6 loss, 207–8 manual acceptance, 208–9 precision and recall, 206–7 receiver operating characteristic, 205–6, 279 usage, 209 profitability, 209–18 data labeling and, 215–16 data pipes and, 216 input cost analysis, 215–16 research cost analysis, 217–18 unit analysis, 213–14 and vertical versus horizontal products, 210–12 Microsoft, 8, 247 Access, 257 Outlook, 252 military, 6, 7 minimum viable product (MVP), 62–63, 277 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 4, 5 ML models, see machine learning models moats, 277 loops versus, 187–88, 192–94 mobile phones, 113 iPhone, 252 monitoring, 277 monitoring model performance, 174–78 accuracy, 175 bias, 177 data quality, 177–78 reworking and, 179–80 stability, 175–77 MuleSoft, 86, 87 negotiating data rights, 79, 80 Netflix, 242, 243 network effects, 15–16, 20, 22, 23, 44, 278 compounding of, 36 data network effects versus, 24–25 edges of, 24 limits to, 42–43 moving beyond, 24–26 products with versus without, 26 scale effects versus, 24 traditional, 27 value of, 27 networks, 7, 15, 17 data networks versus, 26 neural networks, 5, 7, 8, 19, 23, 53, 54, 277–78 neurons, 5, 7, 15 layers of, 7, 276 next-level data network effects, 26–27, 29–33, 36–37, 278 nodes, 21, 23–25, 27, 44, 278 NVIDIA, 250 Obama administration, 118 Onavo, 112 optical character recognition software, 72, 278 Oracle, 247, 248 outsourcing, 216 data labeling, 101–2 team members, 131 overfitting, 82 Pareto optimal solution, 56, 278 partial plots, 53, 278 payoffs, 195–98 concave, 195–98 convex, 195–97, 202 perceptron algorithm, 5 perishability of data, 74–75, 201 personalization, 255–56 personally identifiable information (PII), 81, 278 personnel lock-in, 248 perturbation, 178, 278 physical leverage, 3 Pitts, Walter, 4–5 POC (proof of concept), 59–60, 63, 278 positioning, 245–56 power generators, 209, 278 power teachers, 209 precision, 278 precision and recall, 206–7 prediction usability threshold (PUT), 62–64, 90, 91, 173, 200–202, 279 predictions, 34–35, 48, 63, 65, 148, 202–3 predictive pricing, 41, 42 prices charged by data vendors, 73 pricing of AI-First products, 236–39 customer data contribution and, 237 features and, 238–39 transactional, 237, 280 updating and, 238 usage-based, 237–38, 281 of data integration products, 87 optimization of, 41–42 personalized, 41 predictive, 41, 42 ROI-based, 235–36, 279 Principia Mathematica, 4 prisoner’s dilemma, 104 probability, in data labeling, 107 process automation, 6 process lock-in, 248 products, 59 features of, 61, 63 lock-in and, 248 utility of, 35–36 value of, 39 profit, 213 profitability metrics, 209–18 data labeling and, 215–16 data pipes and, 216 input cost analysis, 215–16 research cost analysis, 217–18 unit analysis, 213–14 and vertical versus horizontal products, 210–12 proof of concept (POC), 59–60, 63, 278 proprietary information, 44, 279 feedback data, 199–200 protocols, 248 public data, 115–22 buying, see buying data consulting and competitions, 117–18 crawling, 115–16, 281 governments, 118–19 media, 118 PUT (prediction usability threshold), 62–64, 90, 91, 173, 200–202, 278 quality, 175, 177–78 query by committee, 96 query languages, 279 random forest, 53, 64, 279 recall, 279 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 205–6, 279 recurrent neural networks (RNNs), 151, 153 recursion, 150, 279 regression, 64 reinforcement learning (RL), 103, 147–48, 152, 153, 279 relevance of data, 74–75 reliability, 175 reports, 171 research and development (R & D), 42 cost analysis, 217–18 revolutionary products, 252 robots, 6 ROI (return on investment), 55, 63–65, 93, 164, 176, 181, 198, 279 pricing based on, 235–36, 279 Russell, Bertrand, 4 sales, 58–60 Salesforce, 159, 212, 243, 248, 258 SAP (Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing), 6, 159, 161, 247, 248 SAS, 253 scalability, in data labeling, 106 scale, 20–22, 227, 279 economies of, 19, 34 loops and, 198–200, 203 in ML management, 158 moving beyond, 21–23 network effects versus, 24 scatter plot, 53, 280 scheme, 279 search engines, 31 secure multiparty computation, 117, 279 security, 159 Segment, 87–88 self-reinforcing data, 76 selling data, 122 sensors, 113–14, 160, 280 shopping online, 29, 31, 34, 37, 41, 84 simulation, 103–4, 280 ABMs versus, 105 social networks, 16, 20, 44 Facebook, 25, 43, 112, 119, 122 LinkedIn, 122 software, 159 traditional business models for, 233–34 software-as-a-service (SaaS), 87, 280 software development kits (SDKs), 112, 280 software engineering, decoupling data science from, 133 software engineers, 139, 134–37 Sony, 7 speed of data labeling, 108 spreadsheets, 171 Square Capital, 35 stability, 175–77 staging, 249–51 standardization, 247–48, 249–50 statistical analysis, 149, 153 statistical process control (SPC), 156, 173, 280 statistics, 53–54 stocks, 72, 74, 120–21 supervised machine learning, 147–48, 280 supply, 225 supply-chain tracking, 260 support vector machines, 280 synthetic data, 105–8, 216 system of engagement, 280 system of record, 243, 281 systems integrators (SIs), 161, 248, 281 Tableau, 253 talent loop, 260–61, 281 Taylor, Frederick W., 6 teams in proof of concept phase, 60 see also AI-First teams telecommunications industry, 250–51 telephones mobile, 113 iPhone, 253 networks, 23–25 templates, 171 temporal leverage, 3 threshold logic unit (TLU), 5 ticker data, 120–21 token-based incentives, 109–10 tools, 2–3, 93–97 training data, 199 transactional pricing, 237, 280 transaction costs, 243 transfer learning, 147–48 true and false, 204–6 Turing, Alan, 5 23andMe, 112 Twilio, 87 uncertainty sampling, 96 unit analysis, 213–14 United Nations, 250 unsupervised machine learning, 53, 147–48, 281 Upwork, 99 usability, 255–56 usage-based pricing, 237–38, 281 usage metrics, 209 user interface (UI), 89, 159, 281 utility of network effects, 42 of products, 35–36 validation data, 199 value chain, 18–19, 281 value proposition, 59 values, missing, 178 variable importance plots, 53, 281 variance reduction, 96 Veeva Systems, 212 vendors, 73, 161 data, prices charged by, 73 independent software, 161, 248, 276 lock-in and, 247–48 venture capital, 230 veracity of data, 75 versioning, 169–70, 281 vertical integration, 226–37, 239, 244, 252, 281 vertical products, 210–12, 282 VMWare, 248 waterfall charts, 282 Web crawlers, 115–16, 282 weights, 150, 281 workflow applications, 84–86, 253, 259, 282 workflow-first versus integrations-first companies, 88–89 yield management systems, 42 Zapier, 87 Zendesk, 233 zettabyte, 8, 282 Zetta Venture Partners, 8–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ash Fontana became one of the most recognized startup investors in the world after launching online investing at AngelList.

The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention
by William Rosen
Published 31 May 2010

One of those costs, in the early decades of the eighteenth century, was incurred due to the fact that an awful lot of the newest bits of useful knowledge were hard to compare, one with the other, because they described the same phenomenon using different words (and different symbols). As the metaphorical shelves of the knowledge market filled with innovations, buyers demanded that they be comparable, which led directly to standardization of everything from mathematical notation to temperature scales. In this way, the Industrial Enlightenment’s knowledge economy lowered the barriers to communication between the creators of theoretical models and masters of prescriptive knowledge, for which the classic example is Robert Hooke’s 1703 letter to Thomas Newcomen advising him to drive his piston by means of vacuum alone. The dominoes look something like this: A new enthusiasm for creating knowledge led to the public sharing of experimental methods and results; demand for those results built a network of communication channels among theoretical scientists; those channels eventually carried not just theoretical results but their real-world applications, which spread into the coffeehouses and inns where artisans could purchase access to the new knowledge.

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This was one of the many areas that attracted the attention of the Austrian American economist Fritz Machlup, who, forty years ago, approached the question in a slightly different way: Is it possible to expand the inventive work force? Can labor be diverted into the business of invention? Can an educational or training system emphasize invention? Machlup—who first popularized the idea of a “knowledge economy”—spent decades collecting data on innovation in everything from advertising to typewriter manufacture—by one estimate, on nearly a third of the entire U.S. economy—and concluded with suggesting the counterintuitive possibility that higher rates of compensation actually lower the quality of labor.

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Ferguson, “Metallurgical and Machine-Tool Developments,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization. 17 His greatest contribution to metallurgical history Cyril Stanley Smith, “Metallurgy in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization. 18 After nearly ten years of secret experiments “Benjamin Huntsman” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 19 His furnaces could be made Smith, “Metallurgy in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization. 20 He departed from the norm Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002). 21 in 1750, when Britain consumed Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity. 22 “the father of the iron trade” The Times, editorial, July 29, 1856. 23 a relatively pure form of wrought iron From Dr. Joseph Gross’s description of Wood’s process in Puddling in the Iron Works of Merthyr Tydfil, quoted at http://www.henrycort.net. 24 “The puddlers were the artistocracy” Postan and Habakkuk, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966). 25 “a peculiar method of preparing” R.

The Job: The Future of Work in the Modern Era
by Ellen Ruppel Shell
Published 22 Oct 2018

A veteran strategist, Gorelick had partnered with major financial institutions, airlines, pharmaceutical companies, global retailers, and start-ups large and small. Digitally savvy and forward thinking, he was by all appearances a winner—a member of the top 4 or 5 percent flying high in the knowledge economy. But that was then, just short of his fifty-seventh birthday. Just shy of his fifty-eighth, Gorelick was still proud of his three-point shot. But the rest of his life had come unhinged from his résumé. When we first met in person, he was driving a cab, manning a cash register at Whole Foods, and peddling neckties at Lord and Taylor.

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Nor has it resulted in more people attaining more challenging, higher-skilled jobs. In fact, here’s the stunner: overall, digital technology has led to a decline in the demand for the high-level skills that command a high-level wage. A decline in demand for skill? To many if not most of us, this statement sounds preposterous. We’ve heard so much about the knowledge economy and its nearly insatiable demand for technological and managerial acumen. Skills are the key to the twenty-first-century kingdom, right? Once again, it’s complicated. No one doubts that acquiring skills can help broaden an individual’s prospects. But in the aggregate, there are convincing signs that the demand for skills has cooled.

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If that is the case, it will be difficult to meaningfully increase intergenerational mobility and rebuild the middle class without also rebuilding unions or some comparable worker based organizations.” The decline of labor unions and the ascendance of at-will employment arrangements neatly coincided with the rise in the knowledge economy, in which workers are expected to negotiate for individual advantage rather than to bargain collectively toward common goals. The IT sector in particular seemed to consider unions a special threat. In the 1970s, Intel cofounder Robert Noyce declared, “Remaining non-union is an essential for survival for most of our companies” and “a very high priority for management.”

Women & Power: A Manifesto
by Mary Beard
Published 2 Nov 2017

(To give just one figure, around 4 per cent of UK MPs were women in the 1970s; around 30 per cent are now.) But my basic premise is that our mental, cultural template for a powerful person remains resolutely male. If we close our eyes and try to conjure up the image of a president or – to move into the knowledge economy – a professor, what most of us see is not a woman. And that is just as true even if you are a woman professor: the cultural stereotype is so strong that, at the level of those close-your-eyes fantasies, it is still hard for me to imagine me, or someone like me, in my role. I put the phrase ‘cartoon professor’ into Google UK Images: ‘cartoon professor’ to make sure that I was targeting the imaginary ones, the cultural template, not the real ones; and ‘UK’ to exclude the slightly different definition of ‘professor’ in the USA.

The Great Reset: How the Post-Crash Economy Will Change the Way We Live and Work
by Richard Florida
Published 22 Apr 2010

But true Fordism, the combination of mass production and mass consumption, didn’t emerge as a full-blown economic and social model until mass suburbanization—the spatial fix of post–World War II America. Our own collapse, in the early years of the twenty-first century, is the crisis of the latest economic revolution—the rise of an idea-driven knowledge economy that runs more on brains than brawn. It reflects the limits of the suburban model of development to channel the full innovation and productive capabilities of the creative economy. The places that thrive today are those with the highest velocity of ideas, the highest density of talented and creative people, and the highest rate of metabolism.

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.: Harvard University Press, 1966). 3. My discussion of technological innovation during the First Reset is based on the following key sources: Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), and Mokyr, Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Prince ton, N.J.: Prince ton University Press, 2004). See also David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Nations Are So Rich and Others Are So Poor (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999). 4. David Hounshell, From American System to Mass Production, 1880–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985). 5.

Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages
by Carlota Pérez
Published 1 Jan 2002

The post-Second World War golden age was facilitated as much by the Bretton Woods agreements as by the development of ample personal banking services, widespread consumer and home buying credit (both made less risky by unemployment insurance); urban development financial schemes, specialized banking and other arrangements for the smooth functioning of the fast growing real estate and insurance sectors; government loans; and so on. It is clear that the burgeoning knowledge economy will require a very wide range of new instruments and even the overturning of some ‘eternal truths’ about the tangible nature of assets. 215. Kindleberger (1984) p. 79. Synergy: Supporting the Expansion of the Paradigm 133 C. A Shared and Embedded Paradigm: Flourishing Synergy and Convergent Expansion What makes the Synergy prosperity an era of good feeling is its tendency to encompass greater and greater parts of the economy and larger and larger parts of society in the benefits of growth.216 After a period of acute polarization on several fronts, when prosperity was extremely lopsided, the system searches for coherence through the widespread application of the now established paradigm, as the logic of both production and consumption.

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They include construction, transport and trade accompanying the particular nature of the expansion, as well as other activities that complete the new production and consumption spectrum. In the fourth surge, these included the flourishing of a service economy; in the case of the current surge, they will probably involve many activities related to intermediation in the information world and to production in the knowledge economy. So the range of sectors that support growth and need financing in this phase encompasses: ● the core industries of the paradigm, which are still growing, advancing and expanding; 216. Tylecote (1985 and 1992) was the first to discuss the importance of income distribution as a determining element of the possibility of a ‘long-wave’ prosperity. 134 ● ● ● Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital the infrastructure, increasing its coverage and services; the whole of the old economy being modernized and rejuvenated; and a group of new branches of industry and services that are supplementary to the others and complete the fabric of the economy within the logic of that paradigm.

Sleeping Giant: How the New Working Class Will Transform America
by Tamara Draut
Published 4 Apr 2016

And like the small army that cared for my dad, the wages range from poverty-level to solidly middle class.1 The need for legions of health-care workers, still mostly women but with a modest and growing percentage of men, will continue to swell as the baby boomers grow old and frail. In fact, it will be the low-paid health-service jobs that will increase the most as more baby boomers retire. This bargain-basement economy will grow the most for the foreseeable future—not the much-touted knowledge economy. Topping the list of occupations that will add the most jobs to our economy are retail salespeople, child-care workers, food preparers and cooks, janitors, bookkeepers, maids, and truck drivers. Of the thirty occupations that will add the most jobs in the coming decade, half pay less than $30,000 a year.2 This is the heart of America’s working class today.

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Many of these jobs exist at the bottom of a long line of contracts and subcontracts, or are staffed by temp agencies, or are part of a franchise system—all forms of hiring that no longer align with existing labor laws written almost a century ago, making them vulnerable to wage theft and unsafe working conditions. These jobs are the giant amoeba of the American labor market, swallowing and engulfing more and more of our workers in a huge blob of low-paying work. This reality is not reflected in TED talks, swanky ideas summits, or other intellectually elite venues where rumination about the knowledge economy, entrepreneurship, and creative destruction are de rigueur. But make no mistake, it is the economy of our present and our future. Table 1. The Largest Jobs in the Bargain-Basement Economy (2012) Source: U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 1.4, Occupations with the Most Job Growth, 2012 and Projected 2022, at http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm and Occupational Outlook Handbook at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/.

Cogs and Monsters: What Economics Is, and What It Should Be
by Diane Coyle
Published 11 Oct 2021

Public goods often require public provision because they need up-front financing, but once paid for there is no additional (marginal) cost to their use so extracting payment for use may be practically difficult and will be economically inefficient. Increasing returns to scale, externalities, and non-rival goods are pervasive in modern knowledge economies. When there is rapid technical change and rapid diffusion of new goods and services, as now, fixed preferences are even less likely to exist than in stable times when it is simply fashion or social influence or learning that changes individual preferences. Government co-ordination in terms of public-good research, technical standards, skills and so on is essential for markets to come into existence.

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The economy of mass production reached its apogee by the 1960s, and the turning point became evident with the economic crises of the 1970s. By the mid-1980s Paul Romer had started publishing his work on the role of knowledge in economic growth (for which he was later awarded the Nobel memorial prize), underlining the way it changes economic phenomena (Romer 1986a, b). In the knowledge economy, growth is like a snowball gathering ever-greater mass as it rolls downhill. Increasing returns to scale are pervasive in leading sectors such as information technology or biotechnology. Small changes in policy or other decisions lead to very large difference in outcomes. There are tipping points as things that start small, like a digital platform, suddenly become very big indeed.

Brilliant, Crazy, Cocky: How the Top 1% of Entrepreneurs Profit From Global Chaos
by Sarah Lacy
Published 6 Jan 2011

And thanks to that vast buildout of communications, computers, and the Internet, people argued that a global y flung, outsourced company could function as one tight organization. The United States was lauded as something even greater than a place that could make things. It was becoming a so-cal ed knowledge economy. The United States was the place that would dream up the big ideas, like iPods, smartphones, and eBook readers, and send them off for someone else to actual y build. Business professors like David B. Yoffie of Harvard Business School argued that we weren’t outsourcing anything of value, as the United States was becoming more of a high-margin service economy.

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See Muslims Israel: entrepreneurship in Erel Margalit story Gilad Japhet story innovative spirit military ethos strengths versus weaknesses venture capital boom Japhet, Gilad Jardim, Francisco Jerusalem Venture Partners Jobs, Steve John F. Kennedy School, Columbia Justdial Kagabo, Jean de Dieu Kagame, Paul Kaskus Kauffman Foundation KFC Khosla, Vinod Kidder, Tracy Kingstone, Peter R. Kinzer, Stephen Klein, Saul Knowledge economy: India as U.S. as Koni restaurants Koogle, Tim Krugman, Paul Ku, Victor Lal, Lakhan Last.fm Late Show with David Letterman, The Levchin, Max Levensohn, Pascal Levensohn Venture Partners Li, Robin Li, Song Limman, Selina LinkedIn Li Peng Luce, Edward Lula. See Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da Ma, Jack Ma Huateng Mail.ru Group Mamuaya, Rama Mani, VSS Mao Zedong Margalit, Erel McDonald’s, in Brazil Mehrotra, Rajiv Meiloo Mendes, Nivea mercadoLibre MetaCafe Microsoft: as competitor as innovator in Israel Miranda, Marcelo MIT Mitra, Sugata MixIt Mobile World Congress Monster.com Montgomery Securities Moore‘s Law M-Pesa Murambi Genocide Memorial Murangira, Emmanuel Murthy, Narayana Musk, Elon Muslims: in India in Indonesia in Pakistan MyHeritage MySQL Napster NASDAQ: Infosys IPO Israeli participation Latin America listing 1990s boom Silicon Val ey and volatility of Naspers National Venture Capital Association Nayak, Sanjay Negri, Heraldo Negroponte, Nicholas Nehru, Jawaharlal Nelson, Wil ie New Yorker, The New York Stock Exchange New York Times Magazine Nexus Ventures NIT Noff, Ayelet Nokia Nova, Dan Obama, Barack Olympics (2016) Omidyar, Pierre O’Neil , Jim One Laptop Per Child Oracle Oriental Fashion Driving School Ourivio, Eduardo Outsourcing: to China to India in Israel in U.S.

The Genius Within: Unlocking Your Brain's Potential
by David Adam
Published 6 Feb 2018

The ground becomes even less solid when the human improvements to be introduced – by both therapy and enhancement – are cognitive as well as physical, because ‘normal’ is much harder to define and because the likely benefits could have more day-to-day impact. As politicians are constantly telling us, we live in a knowledge economy. Knowledge is power. And a little knowledge remains a dangerous thing, especially if a political, military or economic rival has a little more. Or if they are just a little quicker on the buzzer. In autumn 2012, I got an email out of the blue inviting me to appear on a special Christmas series of the television quiz show University Challenge for graduates.

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Clearly there were always some high achievers who caught the eye (and built bridges, cracked trigonometry, predicted celestial mechanics, wrote the US constitution, invented the bicycle) but were our great-grandparents and people further back generally, well, just a bit thick? Intelligence, recall, is using what you’ve got to do what you want. Or to get what you need. And 150 years ago, before remote controls and tube lines and having to go to school and having to work in the knowledge economy and having other people want to know what you know and how much, people wanted and needed different things from their brains. James Flynn has looked at all the records he can find from as many places as kept them and suggests that, prior to industrialization, humans focused on concrete objects and as modernity shaped their lives, so their brains learned to grapple with abstract concepts.

What's Wrong With Economics: A Primer for the Perplexed
by Robert Skidelsky
Published 3 Mar 2020

Big data and computer technology have lowered information costs so much that billions of individuals can now transact with each other directly ‘on line’ without the need for institutional intermediaries. Institutions recede before the invasion of social media and on-line shopping. ‘All that is solid melts into air’, as Marx put it. Radical sociologists, like the Brazilian Roberto Unger, believe that the ‘knowledge economy’ is bound to generate a decentralised world of small firms wired into global networks.10 However, the new individualist perspective is premature. The institutions thrown up by digital technology are less visible than their predecessors, their activities more ‘virtual’, but this does not mean that they do not exist, or that they are not even larger and more powerful.

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Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organization, New York: Free Press. Simon, Herbert (1991). ‘Organizations and Markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5 (2): 25–44. Standing, Guy (2014 [2011]). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, London: Bloomsbury Academic. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira (2019). The Knowledge Economy, London: Verso. Chapter 9 Cartwright, Nancy (1999). The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cherrier, Beatrice (2011). ‘The Lucky Consistency of Milton Friedman’s Science and Politics, 1933–1963’, in R. Van Horn, P. Mirowski and T. Stapleford (eds.), Building Chicago Economics: New Perspectives on the History of America’s Most Powerful Economics Program (Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Dark Cloud: How the Digital World Is Costing the Earth
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 14 Jun 2023

According to Barlow, only in an electronic world, free of the shackles of the physical world, is political emancipation possible: ‘Our identities have no bodies, so, unlike you, we cannot obtain order by physical coercion.’22 This utopia of liberation from matter is echoed in the business world. The knowledge economy (or ‘economy of the immaterial’) is based on knowledge, creativity, and imagination, rather than on resources.23 It is arguably synonymous with infinite and sustainable growth, and follows the natural course of history.24 Indeed, in the early 1980s, the 100 richest companies in the United States ‘either dug something out of the ground or turned a natural resource (iron ore or oil) into something tangible that you could hold’, writes the American star business expert Seth Godin.25 Today, according to the American physicist-turned-journalist Chris Anderson, ‘Only thirty-two of the Top 100 companies today make things you can hold, from aerospace and motor vehicles to chemicals and food, metal, bending, and heavy industry.

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For further reading, Arnaud Macé presents select texts on the debate in his book La Matière [‘Matter’] (Flammarion, 2013). 22 John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, 8 February 1996. 23 Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, Princeton University Press, 1972. 24 If indeed ‘our growth is based on raw materials, it cannot be infinite. If it is based on knowledge, however, infinite growth is very easily to achieve’, postulates the French researcher Idriss Aberkane in a HuffPost blog in 2014. See ‘L’économie de la connaissance est notre nouvelle renaissance’ [‘The knowledge economy is our new renaissance’], The Huffington Post, 4 June 2014. 25 Seth Godin, Unleashing the Ideavirus: Stop Marketing AT People! Turn Your Ideas into Epidemics by Helping Your Customers Do the Marketing thing for You, Hachette Books, 2001. 26 Chris Anderson, Free: The Future of a Radical Price, Hyperion, 2009. 27 Read Keith D.

The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
by Richard Susskind and Daniel Susskind
Published 24 Aug 2015

However, when professionals are told—by academics and consultants, for example—that they are in the ‘knowledge business’, somehow this terminology does not resonate. Similarly, when professionals are informed that they are central to the so-called ‘knowledge economy’, they are rarely moved. A simple distinction is also often ignored in thinking about the ‘knowledge economy’—between industries, on the one hand, that have come to depend deeply on knowledge and those, on the other, whose very purpose is to provide knowledge itself. In the former camp, for instance, fall the manufacturing and retail sectors, whose operating models have been enhanced through the development and application of innovative ideas, fresh thinking, new working practices, imaginative use of technology, and more systematic management.

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Very often they are driven some by other, non-financial motivation—they want to make better legal guidance and medical advice available because, for example, it is intrinsically good to do so. Yochai Benkler explores this phenomenon in detail in his book The Penguin and the Leviathan. And he is infused with optimism: For the commons has finally come into its own. Because in today’s knowledge economy, the most valuable resources—information and knowledge—are themselves a public good, and the best way to develop and maximise this good is through millions of networked people pooling that knowledge and working together to create new products, ideas, and solutions.39 And again: Once you open up the possibility that people are not only using the Web as a platform to produce their own individual content, but also to pool their efforts, knowledge and resources without expecting any sort of payment or compensation, the possibilities for what they can create are astounding.40 This evidence goes some way to addressing the ‘free-rider’ problem.

Masters of Management: How the Business Gurus and Their Ideas Have Changed the World—for Better and for Worse
by Adrian Wooldridge
Published 29 Nov 2011

The tragedy for GM was that it rejected Drucker’s advice about using teams in the 1940s—only to have the same lesson rammed down its throat by the Japanese in the 1970s. Drucker’s enthusiasm for empowerment was reinforced by his belief that the old industrial proletariat was being replaced by knowledge workers. He believed that the advanced world was moving from “an economy of goods” to “a knowledge economy,” and that management was changing as a result: managers needed to learn how to engage the minds, rather than simply control the hands, of their workers. This softer approach was a direct challenge to Taylor’s stopwatch theories and their fans in business. But the idea of a “knowledge worker” (a term that Drucker coined in 1959) also posed questions for politicians.

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University research departments have helped to drive innovation in everything from design to entertainment. The second is openness to outsiders. Émigrés have always been more entrepreneurial than their stick-in-the-mud cousins: the three most entrepreneurial “countries” in modern history have been the ones inhabited by the Jewish, Chinese, and Indian diasporas. In today’s knowledge economy, educated émigrés are at the cutting edge of innovation. They create more firms than other people, as Silicon Valley demonstrates; circulate ideas, money, and skills; fill skills gaps; and mix and match knowledge from different parts of the world. A third thing that policymakers need to do is free their mind of one of Schumpeter’s most bewitching phrases: creative destruction.

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This disparity is likely to intensify as countries simultaneously woo educated workers and build up barriers to less-educated immigrants. Most developed countries are already struggling to find enough doctors and teachers, and are wondering how they will manage when the baby-boomer generation retires. Developing countries, for their part, realize that they will not be able to plug into the global knowledge economy unless they give their people the freedom to move around. A powerful array of interests, from multinationals to city politicians, supports the idea of a global market for the best people. Countries cut themselves off from it at their peril—particularly as hunger for talent is no longer confined to a handful of elite companies.

Business Metadata: Capturing Enterprise Knowledge
by William H. Inmon , Bonnie K. O'Neil and Lowell Fryman
Published 15 Feb 2008

Knowledge management programs attempt to manage the process of creation or identification, accumulation, and application of knowledge or intellectual capital across an organization. Knowledge management, therefore, attempts to bring under one set of practices various strands of thought and practice relating to: ✦ intellectual capital and the knowledge worker in the knowledge economy; ✦ the idea of the learning organization; ✦ various enabling organizational practices such as Communities of Practice and corporate Yellow Pages directories for accessing key personnel and expertise; ✦ various enabling technologies such as knowledge bases and expert systems, help desks, corporate intranets and extranets, Content Management, wikis, and Document Management.

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Business metadata, therefore, can support knowledge management by ✦ Facilitating knowledge capture through technologies like wikis or collaboration/groupware (Chapter 6) ✦ Facilitating knowledge dissemination by using technologies that allow the information to be accessed when and where it is most likely to be needed (Chapter 8) ✦ Providing for organization of the metadata by categorization schemes, controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, and ontology so that information can be easily found. 15.7 Knowledge Management and Social Issues 15.7 269 Knowledge Management and Social Issues 15.7.1 Graying of the Workforce In 2006, approximately 75 million people born between 1946 and 1964, turned 60 years old (see Segel, 2006). As noted at the beginning of this chapter, the main type of worker in the knowledge economy is the knowledge worker. Obviously, then, if a large percentage of the workforce retires at once, the result will be an incredible brain drain. This is precisely what is about to occur as the “baby-boomer” generation hits retirement age. K.C. Jones, quoting IBM, describes the ramifications of this event as follows: “The aging population will be one of the major social and business issues of the 21st Century.”

Payoff: The Hidden Logic That Shapes Our Motivations
by Dan Ariely
Published 15 Nov 2016

At the same time, as our research has shown, getting people to care deeply about their jobs, by adding meaning, personal investment, and connection, can create substantial benefits for both employees and employers. Work quality, morale, and productivity all improve. While both perspectives contain important truths, I believe that in an increasingly knowledge-based economy, it’s becoming increasingly important to design organizations along Marx’s point of view. In the knowledge economy, the workplace relies heavily on trust, engagement, and goodwill—and as the autonomy of each person in the organization increases, so does the importance of making everyone feel deeply connected to the enterprise. Reflecting on my relationship with Duke University, I think of myself as someone who benefits from a win-win relationship.

The London Problem: What Britain Gets Wrong About Its Capital City
by Jack Brown
Published 14 Jul 2021

In the final months of 2020, however, a new strain of the virus emerged in London and the south-east, and the capital’s fate changed once again. It is likely that there will be more twists and turns to follow. But while the idea that the capital had acquired immunity seems to have proven fanciful, the secto-ral make-up of London’s economy and the prevalence of ‘knowledge economy’ jobs remain an asset. It is for this reason, among others, that the post-pandemic era is likely to see regional inequalities increase rather than reduce. In November 2020, Centre for London found that the capital’s economy had been hit harder, and its recovery had been slower, than the rest of the UK.15 But there is good reason to think that once people are able to travel to work once more and tourism returns, London’s economy, with its sizeable talent pool, infrastructure, and built environment, will be in a better position to ‘switch back on’ than other parts of the country.16 The capital’s economy will take a major medium-term hit at the very least.

The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences
by Rob Kitchin
Published 25 Aug 2014

These alternative interests can often become aligned in paradoxical ways, though they may have quite different agendas, for example the support of big business for the open data movement with respect to public data (see Chapter 3). In other words, data are manifested and situated within complex and contested political economies and, at the same time, they are used to shape such debates and regimes. Moreover, data constitute an economic resource, one that is a key component of the next phase of the knowledge economy, reshaping the mode of production to one that it is data-driven (see Chapter 7). Since the late 1980s, scholars such as Castells (1988, 1996) have argued that the latest cycle of capitalism is underpinned by the production of knowledge that creates new products and forms of labour, facilitates economic restructuring, and enhances productivity, competitiveness, efficiencies, sustainability and capital accumulation.

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Since 2010 dozens of countries and international organisations (e.g., the European Union [EU] and the United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]) have followed suit, making thousands of previously restricted datasets open in nature for non-commercial and commercial use (see DataRemixed 2013). Such a shift in position has been facilitated by influential international and national lobby groups such as the Open Knowledge Foundation and the Sunlight Foundation, accompanied by the lobbying of knowledge-economy industry groups and companies, as well senior civil servants convinced by the arguments used, and dozens of local groups seeking to leverage municipal data. While the arguments of the open data movement are presented in a commonsensical manner, using tropes such as transparency, accountability, participation, innovation and economic growth, the rapid opening up of government and scientific data has not been universally welcomed.

The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers (Wiley Finance)
by Feng Gu
Published 26 Jun 2016

The patents of Apple and Pfizer, the brands of Coca-Cola and Amazon, the highly efficient business processes (organizational capital) of Walmart and Southwest Airlines drove these companies’ success, rather than their machines, physical premises, or inventory. The increasing dominance of intangibles among corporate assets is widely recognized, with its consequences having become known as the “knowledge economy,” except, that is, by accountants, who strangely persist in ignoring the intangibles insurgence. How ironic that physical and financial investments, unable to create substantial value by themselves, are fully recognized as assets on corporate balance sheets—think about the “contribution” of inventory or short-term investments to the growth prospects of Pfizer—whereas investments in internally generated intangibles, such as patents, brands, or knowhow—powerful value creators—are immediately expensed; that is, treated in the income statement as regular expenses (salaries, rent) without future benefits.

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See In-process-R&D Irrational investors 50–51 Jobs, Steve 52 Johnson, Don 31 Johnson & Johnson’s operations cash 165 Pfizer, comparison 165 Joint relevance-loss of earnings, problem 34–35 Joint ventures 86 rarity 7 ROI, assessment 188 Just-in-time strategy 7 Key performance indicators (KPIs) 113, 127 lists, disparateness 129 Knowledge economy 78 KYTHERA Biopharmaceuticals 164, 166 Lease capitalization, avoidance 222 Liabilities fair valuation 37–38 fair values 61 Liber Abaci (Fibonacci) 231 Life and health (LH) 147 Limited liability corporation, establishment 95–96 Litigation implementation concerns 205–206 risk 90 Lockheed Martin, innovation strategies 85 Lundholm, Russell 220–221 Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section 5 Management, risk mitigation strategies 159 Managerial estimates, proliferation 38 Subject Index Managers competitive concerns 129 decisions, distortions 85–86 estimates/forecasts proliferation 219 verification, enabling 220–221 forecasts 47 performance-related information source 44 guidance 116 importance 119 wishful thinking 205 Marked-to-market items 97 Marked-to-myth 37, 97 Market share, loss 173 Markets, movement absence 19 earnings, impact 57 Market value (MV) 32–33, 38 capitalization 89 regression 89f Mark to market nontraded assets/liabilities 37–38 Media/entertainment, Strategic Resources & Consequences Report 133–135, 143f Medical costs, inflation (impact) 155–156 Medical devices, development 171 Merck joint development 168 Q3–2013 sales, decrease 174–175 Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) 96 Message, information 41–43 Metacloud Technology 216–217 Momentum (operations) 7 Monetary information 127 Morgan, J.

The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy
by Diane Coyle
Published 29 Oct 1998

Although here he emphasised miniaturisation and the use of new materials in making the same value of physical output lighter, the Fed chairman could have added the expansion of services as opposed to manufacturing, or in other words the switch away from physical output in all the developed economies. This switch includes not only the ‘knowledge’ economy, the growth of services ranging from management consultancy to the music industry that make extensive use of computer technologies, but also low-technology services like fast food restaurants. Although some of the technological leaps driving weightlessness are not all that recent, their embodiment in our economies is new — it takes upwards of 40 years for businesses to adopt new technologies.

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It includes charities, voluntary organisations from unions to think tanks and lobby groups, nongovernmental organisations including the quangos that overlap with the public sector, not-for-profit businesses, churches, schools, housing associations, museums, and mutual and co-operative organisations.2 The list could go on. It could be extended to cover all the ‘unemployed’ people who describe themselves as ‘carers’, for example, of whom there are about 6 million in the UK. These are just as much part of the weightless world as jobs in the knowledge economy. The link is that they are all very people-intensive services whose purpose is to provide the service rather than maximise the profit that can be made from doing so. The absence of an emphasis on profit and productivity is precisely what will permit the sector to create jobs. It parallels the way some advanced economies have permitted the existence of an inefficient, sheltered sector as an employment policy, like retailing in Japan, safeguarded from competition by strict regulation, or the public sector in many northern European countries.

The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 14 May 2014

Lee has always made it clear that Singapore is open for business: There are few places where it is easier for a big multinational to set up shop, where tariff barriers are lower, and where taxes are more manageable. But at the same time the state guides the economy. It chivies local businesses up the “value chain”—betting first on manufacturing, then on services, and now on the knowledge economy. It also owns shares in the island’s biggest companies, such as Singapore Airlines and Singapore Telecommunications. Lee’s bossiness is even more noticeable in politics. To begin with, his authoritarianism was rather unsubtle: Suspected communists were locked up and elections rigged. In every election from 1968 to 1984 his People’s Action Party won all the seats.

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It could reach 75 percent in 2050: In the developing world more than one million people move to cities every five days. Some cities are veritable behemoths: Chongqing, where Bo Xilai had his power base, sits at the heart of a region of thirty million people, six times the population of Denmark and about the same as the population of Canada. Cities are also the locus of the knowledge-economy: Parag Khanna of the New America Foundation, a think tank, calculates that forty city-regions produce two-thirds of the world’s economic output and an even higher share of its innovations. Gerald Carlino of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia notes that the denser the city, the more inventive: The number of patents per head rises by an average of 20 percent to 30 percent for each doubling of the number of employed people per square kilometer.

Free culture: how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity
by Lawrence Lessig
Published 15 Nov 2004

" [70] See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at link #14. See also Ben Hunt, "Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk," Financial Times, 14 February 2003, 11. [71] See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10¬13, 209. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple industries such as agriculture.

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[195] Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, "Final Report: Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy" (London, 2002), available at link #55. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil. [196] See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. [197] International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at link #56.

Tightrope: Americans Reaching for Hope
by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl Wudunn
Published 14 Jan 2020

One study found that for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate in a county, the incidence of child neglect rose by 20 percent. Disappearing jobs is a problem that varies greatly by region. Economists debate whether the American economy overall is at full employment, but it certainly isn’t in Flint, Michigan, where 35 percent of men of prime working age were not employed in 2018. Hubs of the “knowledge economy,” based on technology and education, have prospered, while rural areas and industrial regions continue to struggle. Half of all zip codes have less employment today than they did in 2007, while San Francisco, Seattle, Boston and New York are flourishing. Even more jobs may disappear in the coming years with the spread of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

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There has been a growing premium in the labor market for educated workers, but Mississippi and other southern states have underinvested in education and other forms of human capital, particularly for blacks but also for whites. The South’s strategy was to cut taxes, on the theory that low taxes would attract businesses and boost the economic growth rate, but this was not terribly effective in the age of the knowledge economy. High-paying, high-technology employers want low tax rates, of course, but above all they require a pool of educated workers, so they often end up investing in high-tax, high-education states like California, Massachusetts and New York. This is amplified when right-wing politicians in the South defend Confederate statues or demonize gays or transgender people, and the result is further economic backwardness and frustration.

Data and the City
by Rob Kitchin,Tracey P. Lauriault,Gavin McArdle
Published 2 Aug 2017

Richardson and Chang Woon Nam 70 Cities, State and Globalization City-regional governance Tassilo Herrschel 69 The Creative Class Goes Global Edited by Charlotta Mellander, Richard Florida, Bjørn Asheim and Meric Gertler 68 Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Technology and the Transformation of Regions Edited by Charlie Karlsson, Börje Johansson and Roger Stough 67 The Economic Geography of the IT Industry in the Asia Pacific Region Edited by Philip Cooke, Glen Searle and Kevin O’Connor 66 Working Regions Reconnecting innovation and production in the knowledge economy Jennifer Clark 65 Europe’s Changing Geography The impact of inter-regional networks Edited by Nicola Bellini and Ulrich Hilpert 64 The Value of Arts and Culture for Regional Development A Scandinavian perspective Edited by Lisbeth Lindeborg and Lars Lindkvist 63 The University and the City John Goddard and Paul Vallance 62 Re-framing Regional Development Evolution, innovation and transition Edited by Philip Cooke 61 Networking Regionalised Innovative Labour Markets Edited by Ulrich Hilpert and Helen Lawton Smith 60 Leadership and Change in Sustainable Regional Development Edited by Markku Sotarauta, Ina Horlings and Joyce Liddle 59 Regional Development Agencies: The Next Generation?

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Edited by Andy Pike 33 Geographies of the New Economy Critical reflections Edited by Peter W. Daniels, Andrew Leyshon, Michael J. Bradshaw and Jonathan Beaverstock 32 The Rise of the English Regions? Edited by Irene Hardill, Paul Benneworth, Mark Baker and Leslie Budd 31 Regional Development in the Knowledge Economy Edited by Philip Cooke and Andrea Piccaluga 30 Regional Competitiveness Edited by Ron Martin, Michael Kitson and Peter Tyler 37 Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks Nicos Komninos 29 Clusters and Regional Development Critical reflections and explorations Edited by Bjørn Asheim, Philip Cooke and Ron Martin 36 Devolution, Regionalism and Regional Development The UK experience Edited by Jonathan Bradbury 28 Regions, Spatial Strategies and Sustainable Development David Counsell and Graham Haughton 35 Creative Regions Technology, culture and knowledge entrepreneurship Edited by Philip Cooke and Dafna Schwartz 27 Sustainable Cities Graham Haughton and Colin Hunter 34 European Cohesion Policy Willem Molle 26 Geographies of Labour Market Inequality Edited by Ron Martin and Philip S.

Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass
by Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri
Published 6 May 2019

Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2013. Greenhouse, S. “Equal Work, Less-Equal Perks: Microsoft Leads the Way in Filling Jobs with ‘Permatemps.’” New York Times, March 30, 1998. Gregg, Melissa. Work’s Intimacy. Cambridge, England: Polity, 2011. ———. Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. Grier, David Allen. When Computers Were Human. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. Grossman, Jonathan. “Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage.” Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management, United States Department of Labor website.

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For generative, pivotal critiques of this framing, see Ilana Gershon, Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (or Don’t Find) Work Today (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017); Melissa Gregg, Work’s Intimacy (Cambridge, England: Polity, 2011); Melissa Gregg, Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018); Gina Neff, Venture Labor: Work and the Burden of Risk in Innovative Industries (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012); Trebor Scholz, Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy (Cambridge, England: Polity, 2016). [back] 6. Our results show that many workers share lucrative tasks and information about reputable requesters with their network connections.

Platform Capitalism
by Nick Srnicek
Published 22 Dec 2016

These changes have received labels such as ‘paradigm shift’ from McKinsey1 and ‘fourth industrial revolution’ from the executive chairman of the World Economic Forum and, in more ridiculous formulations, have been compared in importance to the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.2 We have witnessed a massive proliferation of new terms: the gig economy, the sharing economy, the on-demand economy, the next industrial revolution, the surveillance economy, the app economy, the attention economy, and so on. The task of this chapter is to examine these changes. Numerous theorists have argued that these changes mean we live in a cognitive, or informational, or immaterial, or knowledge economy. But what does this mean? Here we can find a number of interconnected but distinct claims. In Italian autonomism, this would be a claim about the ‘general intellect’, where collective cooperation and knowledge become a source of value.3 Such an argument also entails that the labour process is increasingly immaterial, oriented towards the use and manipulation of symbols and affects.

Were You Born on the Wrong Continent?
by Thomas Geoghegan
Published 20 Sep 2011

Co-determination, works councils—in other words, worker control—keep people in groups, rubbing elbows with each other, and all this rubbing of elbows helps build up human capital. Indeed, for some economists, while not applying it to Germany, this is now a fashionable idea. Think of all the buzz about the “knowledge” economy, which, in the world of academic economists, is an inquiry as to how knowledge drives economic growth. For finding out about this new economics, I refer the reader to David Warsh’s 2006 book, Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations, which introduces us to economists trying to untangle the connections between the kind of knowledge that comes from groups and economic growth.

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Army strikes union resorts/ex-spas unionization rates in the manufacturing sector wage-setting and works councils youth membership The Germans (Craig) Gerschenkron, Alexander Ghilarducci, Teresa Gibbon, Edward Gibbons, James Gini coefficient Giscard d’Estaing, Valery Glass-Steagall Act globalization and German capitalism and labor market flexibility “Globalization and Income Inequality” (Harjes) “Glühwein Festival” (Hamburg) Goethe-Institute Goldman Sachs Gordon, Robert Gramm, Phil Grass, Günter Green Party and European social democracies German coalition government and Agenda 2010 German coalition government and wages/unemployment German coalition government and welfare German coalition government and works councils Germany green technology Greenspan, Alan Guardian (UK) gun ownership Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Diamond) Gutteres, António Habermas, Jürgen Halliburton Hamburg, Germany Harjes, Thomas health care spending Heine, Heinrich Heinz (retired German labor leader) Hemingway, Ernest Herodotus Hesbaugh, Ted Hitler, Adolf Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen) Hobsbawm, Eric Holocaust hours worked and GDP leisure time and standard-of-living How to Lie with Statistics (Huff) Huff, Darrell human capital Humboldt University (Berlin) IBZ Guest House (Berlin) IG Metall (German union) and CDU’s 2009 victory over SDP foreign-born members Frankfurt May Day parade (2001) works councils youth membership “Incentive for Working Hard” (Conference Board, May 2001) income equality/inequality An Inconvenient Truth (film) International Labor Organization (ILO) International Monetary Fund Iraq war Jesuits and papal social democracy jobs/employment artists big business employees cross-subsidies European social democracies and German unemployment Germany high-skill jobs and high-end precision goods manufacturing workforce and percent of adults holding an associate degree public employees (public-sector civil service jobs) self-employment skilled-labor shortage small business employees types of jobs available unemployment rates for college graduates U.S. Johnson, Diane Judt, Tony Kafka, Franz Kant, Immanuel Keynes, John Maynard Kiel, Germany Kinsley, Michael Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations (Warsh) “knowledge” economies Kohl, Helmut Krise. See financial meltdown of 2008 (the Krise) and German model labor markets (German). See German model of social democracy (labor and industry) labor movement (German). See German model of social democracy (unions and labor movement) Lafontaine, Oskar laissez-faire capitalism Landesbank (State Bank of Hesse) land-use planning Lane, Nathan law students and law education Germany U.S.

Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking
by E. Gabriella Coleman
Published 25 Nov 2012

The expanding use of desktop computers and networking at home, especially for business purposes, guaranteed steady profits for the software industry, and transformed small firms like Microsoft, Oracle, Novell, Cisco, and Adobe into some of the most influential as well as profitable corporations worldwide. In the early 1990s, even with healthy profits, a lucrative market, and well-established intellectual property regulations, the trade associations representing the software industry and other sectors of the knowledge economy were unsatisfied with the legal state of affairs. Trade groups intensified their efforts to secure more changes in intellectual property law largely through international treaties to better serve the interests of the corporations they represented. To achieve this, they integrated four new approaches into their arsenal: they worked with federal law enforcement agencies to strike against “pirates”; they pursued civil court remedies against copyright infringers; they launched moral education campaigns about the evils of piracy (Gillespie 2009); and finally, they pushed aggressively for the inclusion of intellectual property provisions in the multilateral trade treaties of the 1990s, notably the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Douglas, Mary. 1975. Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. London: Routledge. Downey, Gary. 1998. The Machine in Me: An Anthropologist Sits among Computer Engineers. London: Routledge. Drahos, Peter, with John Braithwaite. 2002. Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? London: Earthscan. Elkin-Koren, Niva. 2006. Exploring Creative Commons: A Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit. In The Future of the Public Domain: Identifying the Commons in Information Law, ed. Lucie Guibault and P. Bernt Hugenholtz, 325–46. Leiden, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Elliott, Carl. 2003.

The Verdict: Did Labour Change Britain?
by Polly Toynbee and David Walker
Published 6 Oct 2011

But it was also typical of the times that the in-phrase became ‘cultural and creative industries’: the arts to become money-spinners, culture and commerce combining in mystical union. Indeed, by 2009 the culture industries made up 8 per cent of GDP – a considerable contribution and significantly around the same amount as the City and financial services, including all high street banking and insurance. Another catchphrase was knowledge economy – trying to capture the commercial importance of ideas and experiences that were also significant in themselves. Labour had the glimmerings of a vision of Britain, open, innovative, arty, keen on the pursuit of knowledge and endowed by public money – and very cheap at the price. Labour bequeathed something much richer than they inherited, but had not painted a national transfiguration.

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Index 9/11 attacks, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 A levels, 1 Aberdeen, 1 abortion, 1, 2, 3 Abuhamza, Junaid, 1 AC Milan, 1 Acme Whistles, 1 Action for Children, 1 Adams, Douglas, 1 Adonis, Andrew, 1 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, 1 Afghanistan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Helmand province, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Africa, 1, 2, 3 after-school clubs, 1, 2, 3 Age of Stupid, 1, 2 Ahern, Bertie, 1 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 1 Ainsworth, Bob, 1 aircraft-carriers, 1 Al Qaeda, 1, 2, 3, 4 Albania, 1 alcohol consumption, 1, 2 and crime, 1, 2, 3 Alexander, Professor Robin, 1 Alzheimer’s disease, 1 Amritsar massacre, 1 Amsterdam summit, 1, 2 Anderson, Lance Corporal George, 1 animal welfare, 1, 2 anti-social behaviour orders (Asbos), 1, 2, 3 apprenticeships, 1, 2 Arafat, Yasser, 1 archaeological artefacts, 1 Arctic Monkeys, 1 Armistice Day, 1 arms trade, 1, 2 Armstrong, Franny, 1 arts budget, 1 Ashmolean Museum, 1 asthma, 1, 2 asylum seekers, 1, 2, 3, 4 Attenborough, Richard, 1 Attlee, Clement, 1 August, Kathy, 1 Austin, Richard, 1 Australia, 1, 2, 3 Austria, 1 autism, 1 aviation, 1 Aylesbury, 1 Baghdad, 1 Baker, Mike, 1 Bakewell, Joan, 1 Bali, 1 Balls, Ed, 1, 2, 3 Bank of England, 1, 2 Barber, Sir Michael, 1 Barker, Kate, 1 Barnardo’s, 1 Barnet Hospital, 1 Barton, Geoff, 1 Basildon and Thurrock Hospital, 1 Basra, 1, 2, 3 Bean, Richard, 1 Beattie, Captain Doug, 1 Beckham, David, 1 Belarus, 1 Belfast, 1, 2, 3 Belgium, 1 Belize, 1 Benn, Hilary, 1, 2 Bennett, Alan, 1 Berlusconi, Silvio, 1 Beveridge, William, 1 Bichard, Sir Michael, 1 Big Brother, 1, 2 Bilbao, 1 Billington, Michael, 1 bin Laden, Osama, 1, 2 Bingham, Lord, 1 Birk, Andy, 1, 2, 3 Birmingham, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Aston, 1, 2, 3 Longbridge car plant, 1 and transport policy, 1, 2 birth rate, 1 Black Wednesday, 1 Blackburn, 1, 2 Blackpool, 1 Blair, Cherie, 1 Blair, Tony, 1, 2 and asylum seekers, 1, 2 and child poverty, 1, 2, 3, 4 and climate change, 1, 2 and constitutional reform, 1, 2 and crime, 1, 2, 3 and cultural policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and economic policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and education, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Europe, 1 and fairness, 1, 2, 3 foreign policy and Iraq war, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and health, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and Northern Ireland, 1 and Princess Diana, 1, 2 public apologies, 1 and public sector reform, 1, 2 and religion, 1 and ‘respect’ agenda, 1 style of government, 1 technophobia, 1, 2 and transport, 1, 2 Blears, Hazel, 1, 2 Bloody Sunday inquiry, 1 Bloomberg, Michael, 1 Bloxham, Tom, 1 Blunkett, David, 1, 2 and crime, 1, 2, 3, 4 and education, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and migration, 1 BMW, 1 Bobbitt, Philip, 1 Boddingtons’ brewery, 1 Bolton, 1 Boothroyd, Betty, 1 Bosnia, 1 Boston, Lincolnshire, 1, 2, 3, 4 Bowman, Philip, 1 Boyle, Danny, 1 Bradford, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Bradford and Bingley, 1 Bradshaw, Ben, 1 Branson, Richard, 1 Brassed Off, 1 Brazil, 1 breastfeeding, 1, 2 Brent, 1 Brighton, 1, 2 Brindle, David, 1 Bristol, 1 Bristol Royal Infirmary, 1 Britain’s Got Talent, 1 British Airways strikes, 1 British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, 1 British Energy, 1 British Film Institute, 1 British Medical Association, 1, 2 British Museum, 1 British National Party (BNP), 1, 2, 3 Brixton, 1 broadband services, 1 Brown, Gordon, 1, 2, 3, 4 and climate change, 1, 2, 3 and constitutional reform, 1 and crime, 1, 2, 3 and cultural policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and defence policy, 1 and economic policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and education, 1, 2 and Europe, 1 and fairness, 1 and foreign policy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and G20 summit, 1, 2 and health, 1 and pensions, 1, 2 and PFI, 1 and public sector reform, 1 style of government, 1, 2 and tax credits, 1, 2 and transport, 1 Bruges, 1 Brussels, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Bryant, Chris, 1 BSE (mad cow disease), 1, 2 Buffini, Damon, 1 Bulgaria, 1 Bulger, Jamie, 1 Buncefield explosion, 1 Burgess, Graham, 1 Burma, 1, 2 Burnham, Andy, 1 buses, 1, 2 Bush, George W., 1, 2, 3, 4 business, 1 company governance, 1 competition policy, 1 see also manufacturing Business Links, 1, 2 Cable, Vince, 1 Cadbury, 1 Caine, Judy, 1 Callaghan, James, 1 Cameron, David, 1, 2, 3, 4 Campaign for Real Ale, 1 Campbell, Alastair, 1, 2 Campbell, Naomi, 1 Canada, 1 cancer research, 1 cannabis, 1, 2 Cannock Chase Hospital, 1 Capel Manor College, 1 Carbon Trust, 1 Cardiff, 1, 2 Millennium Stadium, 1 see also Welsh assembly Care Quality Commission, 1, 2, 3 carers, 1 Carousel children’s centre, 1 Casey, Louise, 1, 2 casinos, 1 Castle, Barbara, 1 cataracts, 1, 2 Cator Park School, 1 CCTV, 1, 2, 3 celebrity culture, 1 Central Office of Information, 1 Ceuta, 1 Charity Commission, 1 Charleroi, 1 Chase Farm Hospital, 1, 2, 3 Cheltenham, 1 Cheney, Dick, 1 Chicago, 1 Chilcot inquiry, 1, 2, 3, 4 Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission, 1 child poverty, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Child Support Agency, 1 child trafficking, 1 Child Trust Funds, 1, 2 childcare, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 children, 1 in care, 1 and crime, 1, 2 and pre-school education, 1 and reading, 1, 2 and safety, 1 and targets, 1 children’s centres, 1, 2, 3 Chile, 1 China, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and foreign policy, 1, 2, 3, 4 Chinese cockle pickers, 1 Christian Voice, 1 Chumbawamba, 1 Church of England, 1 Churchill, Winston, 1 cigarette smoking, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 see also smoking ban citizenship curriculum, 1 City of London, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 City of London police, 1 civil partnerships, 1 civil service, 1 Clapham Common, 1 Clapham Park estate, 1, 2 Clarke, Charles, 1 Clarke, Ken, 1, 2 Clarke, Michael, 1 Clarkson, Jeremy, 1, 2 ‘clean technologies’, 1 Cleveland Way, 1 climate change, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and transport and energy policies, 1 Climbié, Victoria, 1 Clinton, Bill, 1, 2, 3 Clitheroe, 1 cloning, 1 coal, 1 coalition government, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cockermouth, 1 Cohen, Sir Ronnie, 1 Cole, Vanessa, 1 Collins, Colonel Tim, 1 Comer, Beryl, 1, 2, 3, 4 Common Agricultural Policy, 1, 2 community sentences, 1 Confederation of British Industry (CBI), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 conflict diamonds, 1 Congo, 1 Connelly, Peter (Baby P), 1 Connexions, 1, 2 Contactpoint database, 1 Cook, Robin, 1, 2 Cool Britannia, 1, 2 Cooper, Robert, 1 Cooper, Yvette, 1 Copenhagen summit, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Corby, 1, 2 Corn Laws, repeal of, 1 Cornwall, 1, 2 Coronation Street, 1 coroners, 1 Corus, 1 Countryside Alliance, 1, 2 County Durham, 1 Coventry, 1, 2, 3 Cowley, Philip, 1 Cox, Brian, 1 Crawford, Texas, 1 creative industries, 1, 2 credit card debt, 1 Crewe and Nantwich by-election, 1 Crick, Bernard, 1 cricket, 1 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships, 1 crime, 1 car crime, 1 cyber-crime, 1 and demography, 1, 2 and drugs, 1 gun crime, 1, 2 juvenile crime, 1, 2, 3 knife crime, 1, 2 organized crime, 1, 2, 3 street crime, 1 Criminal Records Bureau, 1 Cruddas, Jon, 1 Cullen, Janet, 1, 2, 3, 4 Cumner-Price, George, 1 cycling, 1, 2, 3 Cyprus, 1, 2 Daily Mail, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Daily Telegraph, 1 Darfur, 1 Darling, Alistair, 1, 2, 3 Darwen, 1, 2 Darzi, Lord (Ara), 1 Data Protection Act, 1, 2 Davies, Norman, 1 Davies, Ron, 1 Davis, David, 1 Dearlove, Sir Richard, 1 defence policy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Delhi, 1 dementia, 1 demonstrations, policing of, 1 Demos, 1 Denham, John, 1 Denison, Steve, 1 Denmark, 1, 2 dentistry, 1 depression, 1 Derby, 1 devolution, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Dewar, Donald, 1, 2 diabetes, 1 Diana, Princess of Wales, 1, 2, 3 Dilnot, Andrew, 1 disabilities, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 disarmament, 1 divorce rate, 1 DNA database, 1 Dobson, Frank, 1, 2 doctors consultants, 1 GPs, 1, 2, 3 night and weekend cover, 1 pay, 1, 2, 3 working hours, 1 domestic violence, 1, 2, 3, 4 Doncaster, 1, 2, 3 Dongworth, Averil, 1 Dorling, Professor Danny, 1, 2, 3 Drayson, Paul, 1 drones, 1 drug dealers, 1, 2 drugs, 1, 2, 3 Dublin, 1 Duffy, Bobby, 1 Dundee, 1 Dunn, John, 1 Dunwoody, Gwyneth, 1 EastEnders, 1 Ecclestone, Bernie, 1 ‘eco towns’, 1 ecstasy, 1 Edinburgh, 1, 2, 3 see also Scottish parliament Edlington, 1 education, 1 further education and training, 1, 2, 3, 4 higher education, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 nursery education, 1 productivity in, 1 pre-school education, 1 and selection, 1, 2 and social class, 1, 2 spending on, 1, 2 and targets, 1, 2, 3 Welsh Assembly and, 1 see also schools education action zones, 1 Education Maintenance Allowance, 1, 2, 3 e-government, 1, 2 Egypt, 1 electoral reform, 1, 2, 3 electricity generation, 1, 2 Elgar, Edward, 1 Elgin marbles, 1 Elizabeth, Queen, the Queen Mother, 1 Elizabeth II, Queen, 1, 2, 3 employee buy-outs, 1 employment, 1 flexible, and migration, 1 part-time, 1, 2 state and ‘parastate’, 1, 2 women and, 1, 2 working hours, 1, 2 energy policies, 1 English for Speakers of Other Languages, 1 English Heritage, 1 Enron, 1 Environment Agency, 1, 2 equalities legislation, 1, 2, 3 Equality and Human Rights Commission, 1, 2, 3 Ericsson, 1 ethnic minorities, 1 euro, 1, 2 Eurofighter, 1 European Court of Human Rights, 1 European Union, 1, 2 European Union Emission Trading Scheme, 1 Eurostar, 1 Exeter, 1 Fairtrade products, 1 Falconer, Charlie, 1 Falklands War, 1 Family Intervention Projects (FIPs), 1 Farlow, Andrew, 1 farmers, 1, 2 fashion, 1 Feinstein, Professor Leon, 1, 2 Financial Services Authority, 1 financial services, 1, 2, 3 Financial Times, 1 Finland, 1 fire and rescue service, 1 fiscal stimulus, 1 floods, 1, 2, 3, 4 Florence, 1 flu, 1, 2 swine flu, 1, 2 Folkestone, 1 food and drink, 1, 2 foot-and-mouth disease, 1, 2 football, 1, 2, 3 Football Association, 1 forced marriages, 1 foreign policy, 1, 2, 3 France, 1, 2, 3, 4 economy and business, 1, 2 and education, 1, 2 and health, 1, 2, 3 Frankfurt am Main, 1 Franklin, Tom, 1 Frears, Stephen, 1 free speech, 1, 2 freedom of information, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Freud, Lord, 1 Full Monty, The, 1 Future Jobs Fund, 1 G20 summit, 1, 2, 3 Gainsborough, 1 Galbraith, J.K., 1 Gallagher, Liam, 1 Gallagher, Noel, 1 gambling, 1 gangmasters, 1, 2 gas, 1 Gates, Bill, 1 Gateshead, 1 Gaza, 1 GCHQ, 1 GCSEs, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gehry, Frank, 1 Geldof, Bob, 1 gender reassignment, 1 General Teaching Council, 1 genetically modified crops, 1 Germany, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 economy and business, 1, 2, 3, 4 and education, 1, 2 and health, 1, 2 Ghana, 1 Ghandi’s curry house, 1 Ghent, 1 Gladstone, William Ewart, 1, 2 Glaister, Professor Stephen, 1 Glasgow, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gleneagles summit, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 globalization, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and crime, 1 and foreign policy, 1, 2, 3 and inequality, 1 and migration, 1, 2 Gloucester, 1 Goldacre, Ben, 1 Good Friday agreement, 1 Goodwin, Sir Fred, 1 Goody, Jade, 1 Gormley, Antony, 1 Gould, Philip, 1 grandparents, and childcare, 1 Gray, Simon, 1 Great Yarmouth, 1 Greater London Authority, 1, 2 Greater London Council, 1 green spaces, 1 Greenberg, Stan, 1 Greengrass, Paul, 1 Greenspan, Alan, 1, 2 Greenwich, 1 Gregg, Paul, 1 Guardian, 1, 2, 3 Guizot, François, 1 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, 1 Gummer, John, 1 Gurkhas, 1 Guthrie of Craigiebank, Lord, 1 Guy’s and St Thomas’s Hospital, 1 habeas corpus, suspension of, 1 Hacienda Club, 1 Hackney, 1 Hale, Baroness Brenda, 1 Hallé Orchestra, 1 Ham, Professor Chris, 1 Hamilton, Lewis, 1 Hammersmith Hospital, 1 Hammond, Richard, 1 Hardie, Keir, 1 Hardy, Thea, 1 Haringey, 1, 2 Harman, Harriet, 1 Harris of Peckham, Lord, 1 Harrison, PC Dawn, 1, 2 Harrow School, 1 Hartlepool, 1, 2 Hastings, 1, 2 Hatfield rail crash, 1 Hatt family, 1, 2, 3, 4 health, 1 and private sector, 1, 2 and social class, 1 spending on, 1, 2 Health Action Zones, 1 Health and Safety Executive, 1 Heathcote, Paul, 1 Heathrow airport, 1, 2, 3, 4 Hellawell, Keith, 1 Hennessy, Professor Peter, 1 Henry, Donna Charmaine, 1, 2, 3 heroin, 1 Hewitt, Patricia, 1, 2 Higgs, Sir Derek, 1 Hills, Professor John, 1, 2, 3 Hirst, Damien, 1 HMRC, 1, 2, 3 Hogg, John, 1, 2, 3 Hoggart, Richard, 1 Holly, Graham, 1 homelessness, 1, 2 Homerton Hospital, 1 homosexuality, 1, 2, 3 ‘honour’ killings, 1 Hoon, Geoff, 1 hospital-acquired infections, 1 hospitals and clinics, 1, 2, 3, 4 A&E units, 1, 2 closures, 1, 2, 3 foundation trusts, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and PFI, 1 House of Commons reforms, 1, 2 House of Lords reforms, 1, 2, 3, 4 housing market, 1, 2, 3 housing policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Howe, Elspeth, 1 Hoxton, 1 Huddersfield, 1 Hudson, Joseph, 1 Hull, 1, 2, 3 Human Rights Act, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Humber Bridge, 1 hunting ban, 1 Hussein, Saddam, 1, 2, 3, 4 Hutton, John, 1 Hutton, Will, 1, 2 identity cards, 1, 2 If (Kipling), 1 Imperial War Museum North, 1 income inequalities, 1, 2, 3 gender pay gap, 1, 2 and high earners, 1 and social class, 1 Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), 1 Independent Safeguarding Authority, 1 independent-sector treatment centres (ISTCs), 1 Index of Multiple Deprivation, 1 India, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 individual learning accounts, 1 inflation, 1 and housing market, 1, 2 International Criminal Court, 1 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1, 2, 3 internet, 1, 2, 3 and crime, 1 and cyber-bullying, 1 file sharing, 1 gambling, 1 and sex crimes, 1 Iran, 1, 2, 3 Iraq, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 arms supplies, 1 Chilcot inquiry, 1, 2, 3, 4 and Territorial Army, 1 and WMD, 1 Ireland, 1, 2, 3 Irish famine, 1 Irvine of Lairg, Lord, 1, 2 Ishaq, Khyra, 1 Islamabad, 1 Isle of Man, 1 Isle of Wight, 1, 2 Israel, 1 Italy, 1, 2, 3 and football, 1 Ivory Coast, 1 Japan, 1, 2, 3, 4 Jenkins, Roy, 1, 2 Jerry Springer: The Opera, 1 Jobcentre Plus, 1, 2 John Lewis Partnership, 1, 2 Johnson, Alan, 1, 2, 3, 4 Johnson, Boris, 1, 2 Judge, Lord (Igor), 1 Judge, Professor Ken, 1 Julius, DeAnne, 1 jury trials, 1, 2 Kabul, 1 Kapoor, Anish, 1, 2 Karachi, 1 Karadžic, Radovan, 1 Kashmir, 1 Kaufman, Gerald, 1 Keegan, William, 1 Keep Britain Tidy, 1 Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, 1 Kensit, Patsy, 1 Keynes, John Maynard, 1 Keys, Kenton, 1 Kidderminster Hospital, 1 King, Sir David, 1, 2 King, Mervyn, 1 King Edward VI School, 1 King’s College Hospital, 1 Kingsnorth power station, 1 Kirklees, 1 Knight, Jim, 1 knighthoods, 1 knowledge economy, 1 Kosovo, 1, 2, 3, 4 Kynaston, David, 1 Kyoto summit and protocols, 1, 2, 3 Labour Party membership, 1 Lacey, David, 1 Ladbroke Grove rail crash, 1 Lamb, General Sir Graeme, 1 Lambert, Richard, 1 landmines, 1 Lansley, Andrew, 1 lapdancing, 1 Las Vegas, 1 Lawrence, Stephen, 1 Lawson, Mark, 1 Layard, Professor Richard, 1 Le Grand, Professor Julian, 1 Lea, Ruth, 1 Lea Valley High School, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Leahy, Sir Terry, 1, 2 learndirect, 1 Learning and Skills Council, 1 learning difficulties, 1, 2 learning mentors, 1 Leeds, 1, 2, 3, 4 legal reforms, 1 Leigh, Mike, 1 Lenon, Barnaby, 1 Lewes, 1 Lewisham, 1 Liberty, 1 licensing laws, 1, 2 life expectancy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Life on Mars, 1 Lincoln, 1 Lindsell, Tracy, 1, 2 Lindsey oil refinery, 1 Lisbon Treaty, 1 Liverpool, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Liverpool FC, 1 living standards, 1, 2 living wage campaign, 1, 2 Livingstone, Ken, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Livni, Tzipi, 1 Loaded magazine, 1 local government, 1, 2, 3 and elected mayors, 1 Lockerbie bomber, 1 London, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 bombings, 1, 2 congestion charge, 1, 2 detention of foreign leaders, 1 G20 protests, 1 Iraq war protests, 1, 2 mayoral election, 1, 2 and transport policy, 1, 2, 3 London Array wind farm, 1 Longannet, 1 Longfield, Anne, 1 Lord-Marchionne, Sacha, 1 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 1 lorry protests, 1, 2 Lowry Museum, 1 Lumley, Joanna, 1 Luton, 1, 2, 3, 4 Lyons, Sir Michael, 1 Macfadden, Julia, 1 Machin, Professor Stephen, 1, 2 Maclean, David, 1 Macmillan, Harold, 1 Macmillan, James, 1 McNulty, Tony, 1 Macpherson, Sir Nick, 1 Macpherson, Sir William, 1 McQueen, Alexander, 1 Madrid, 1, 2, 3 Major, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Malaya, 1 Malloch Brown, Mark, 1 Manchester, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 club scene, 1, 2 and crime, 1, 2 Gorton, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and local government, 1 and transport policy, 1, 2, 3 Manchester Academy, 1 Manchester United FC, 1, 2 Manchester University, 1 Mandelson, Peter, 1, 2 Manpower Services Commission, 1 manufacturing, 1, 2, 3 Margate, 1 ‘market for talent’ myth, 1 marriage rate, 1 Martin, Michael, 1 maternity and paternity leave, 1, 2 Mayfield, Charlie, 1 Medical Research Council, 1 mental health, 1, 2, 3, 4 mephedrone, 1 Metcalf, Professor David, 1 Metropolitan Police, 1, 2, 3 Mexico, 1, 2 MG Rover, 1 Michael, Alun, 1 Middlesbrough College, 1, 2 migration, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Milburn, Alan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Miliband, David, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Miliband, Ed, 1, 2, 3 Millennium Cohort Study, 1, 2 Millennium Dome, 1, 2, 3 Miloševic, Slobodan, 1 Milton Keynes, 1 minimum wage, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Mitchell, Senator George, 1 modern art, 1 Mohamed, Binyam, 1 Monbiot, George, 1 Moray, 1 Morecambe, 1, 2 Morecambe Bay cockle pickers, 1 Morgan, Piers, 1 Morgan, Rhodri, 1 mortgage interest relief, 1 Mosley, Max, 1 motor racing, 1 Mowlam, Mo, 1 Mozambique, 1 MPs’ expenses, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 MRSA, 1 Mugabe, Robert, 1 Muijen, Matt, 1 Mulgan, Geoff, 1 Mullin, Chris, 1 Murdoch, Rupert, 1, 2, 3 Murphy, Richard, 1 museums and galleries, 1, 2, 3 music licensing, 1 Muslims, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mutualism, 1 Myners, Paul, 1 nanotechnology, 1, 2, 3 National Air Traffic Control System, 1 National Care Service, 1 national curriculum, 1 national debt, 1 National Forest, 1 National Health Service (NHS) cancer plan, 1 drugs teams, 1 and employment, 1, 2 internal market, 1 IT system, 1 league tables, 1 managers, 1, 2 NHS direct, 1 primary care, 1 productivity, 1, 2 and public satisfaction, 1 staff numbers and pay, 1 and targets, 1, 2, 3 waiting times, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 National Heart Forum, 1 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 1, 2 National Insurance, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 National Lottery, 1, 2, 3 National Offender Management Service, 1 National Savings, 1 National Theatre, 1 Natural England, 1, 2 Nazio, Tiziana, 1 Neighbourhood Watch, 1 Netherlands, 1, 2 neurosurgery, 1 New Deal, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 New Deal for Communities, 1, 2 New Forest, 1 Newcastle upon Tyne, 1, 2 Newham, 1, 2 newspapers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Nigeria, 1 Nightingale, Florence, 1 non-doms, 1 North Korea, 1 North Middlesex Hospital, 1 North Sea oil and gas, 1 Northern Ireland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Northern Rock, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Norway, 1 Nottingham, 1, 2 NSPCC, 1 nuclear power, 1 Number Ten Delivery Unit, 1 nurses, 1, 2, 3, 4 Nutt, Professor David, 1 NVQs, 1 O2 arena, 1 Oakthorpe primary school, 1, 2 Oates, Tim, 1 Obama, Barack, 1, 2 obesity, 1, 2 Octagon consortium, 1 Office for National Statistics, 1, 2 Office of Security and Counter Terrorism, 1 Ofsted, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Ofwat, 1 Oldham, 1, 2, 3, 4 O’Leary, Michael, 1 Oliver, Jamie, 1, 2 Olympic Games, 1, 2, 3 Open University, 1 O’Reilly, Damien, 1, 2 orthopaedics, 1 Orwell, George, 1, 2 outsourcing, 1, 2, 3, 4 overseas aid, 1, 2 Oxford University, 1 paedophiles, 1, 2, 3 Page, Ben, 1, 2 Pakistan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Palestine, 1, 2 parenting, 1 absent parents, 1 lone parents, 1, 2 teenage parents, 1 Paris, 1, 2 Park Lane, 1 Parkinson, Professor Michael, 1 particle physics, 1 party funding, 1, 2, 3 passport fraud, 1 Passport Office, 1 Patch, Harry, 1 Payne, Sarah, 1, 2 Peach, Blair, 1 Pearce, Nick, 1 Peckham, 1, 2 Aylesbury estate, 1 Peel, Sir Robert, 1 pensioner poverty, 1, 2 pensions, 1, 2 occupational pensions, 1, 2 pension funds, 1, 2 private pensions, 1 public-sector pensions, 1 state pension, 1, 2 Persian Gulf, 1 personal, social and health education, 1 Peterborough, 1 Peugeot, 1 Philips, Helen, 1 Phillips, Lord (Nicholas), 1, 2 Phillips, Trevor, 1 Pilkington, Fiona, 1 Pimlico, 1 Pinochet, Augusto, 1 Plymouth, 1, 2 Poland, 1, 2 police, 1 and demonstrations, 1 numbers, 1, 2, 3 in schools, 1, 2, 3 pornography, 1 Portsmouth FC, 1, 2 Portugal, 1 post offices, 1 Postlethwaite, Pete, 1 poverty, 1, 2, 3 see also child poverty; pensioner poverty Premier League, 1 Prescott, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 press officers, 1 Preston, 1 Prevent strategy, 1 Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), 1, 2 prisons, 1, 2 Private Finance Initiative (PFI), 1, 2 probation, 1, 2 property ownership, 1 prostitution, 1, 2, 3 Public Accounts Committee, 1 public sector reform, 1, 2 public service agreements, 1 public spending, 1, 2, 3 and the arts, 1 and science, 1 Pugh, Martin, 1 Pullman, Philip, 1 QinetiQ, 1 Quality and Outcomes Framework, 1 quangos, 1, 2 Queen, The, 1 Quentin, Lieutenant Pete, 1, 2 race relations legislation, 1 racism, 1, 2 RAF, 1, 2, 3 RAF Brize Norton, 1 railways, 1 Rand, Ayn, 1 Rawmarsh School, 1 Raynsford, Nick, 1 Reckitt Benckiser, 1 recycling, 1 Redcar, 1 regional assemblies, 1, 2 regional development agencies (RDAs), 1, 2, 3 regional policy, 1 Reid, John, 1 Reid, Richard, 1 religion, 1, 2 retirement age, 1, 2 right to roam, 1 Rimington, Stella, 1 Rio Earth summit, 1 road transport, 1 Rochdale, 1, 2 Roche, Barbara, 1 Rogers, Richard, 1 Romania, 1, 2 Rome, 1 Rooney, Wayne, 1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1 Rosetta Stone, 1 Rosyth, 1 Rotherham, 1, 2, 3 Royal Opera House, 1 Royal Shakespeare Company, 1 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 1 Rugby, 1 rugby union, 1 Rumsfeld, Donald, 1 rural affairs, 1, 2 Rushdie, Salman, 1 Russia, 1, 2 Rwanda, 1 Ryanair, 1, 2 Sainsbury, Lord David, 1 St Austell, 1 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 1, 2 St Pancras International station, 1 Salford, 1, 2, 3, 4 Sanchez, Tia, 1 Sandwell, 1 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 1, 2 Savill, Superintendent Paul, 1 Saville, Lord, 1 savings ratio, 1 Scandinavia, 1, 2, 3 Scholar, Sir Michael, 1 school meals, 1, 2 school uniforms, 1 school-leaving age, 1 schools academies, 1, 2, 3, 4 building, 1 class sizes, 1 comprehensive schools, 1, 2 faith schools, 1, 2, 3, 4 grammar schools, 1, 2, 3 and inequality, 1 nursery schools, 1 and PFI, 1, 2, 3 police in, 1, 2, 3 primary schools, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 private schools, 1, 2 secondary schools, 1, 2, 3 in special measures, 1 special schools, 1 specialist schools, 1 and sport, 1 science, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scotland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and children, 1 devolution, 1 electricity generation, 1 and health, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scottish parliament, 1, 2 Section 1, 2 security services, 1 MI5, 1, 2, 3 Sedley, Stephen, 1 segregation, 1 self-employment, 1 Sellafield, 1 Serious Organized Crime Agency, 1 sex crimes, 1 Sex Discrimination Act, 1 Shankly, Bill, 1 Sharkey, Feargal, 1 Shaw, Liz, 1 Sheen, Michael, 1 Sheffield, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Sheringham, 1 Shetty, Shilpa, 1 Shipman, Harold, 1 shopping, 1 Short, Clare, 1 Siemens, 1 Siena, 1 Sierra Leone, 1, 2 Skeet, Mavis, 1 skills councils, 1 slavery, 1 Slough, 1 Smith, Adam, 1 Smith, Chris, 1 Smith, Jacqui, 1, 2 Smith, John, 1, 2 Smithers, Professor Alan, 1, 2 smoking ban, 1, 2 Snowden, Philip, 1 social care, 1, 2, 3 Social Chapter opt-out, 1 social exclusion, 1, 2 Social Fund, 1 social mobility, 1, 2 social sciences, 1 social workers, 1 Soham murders, 1, 2, 3, 4 Solihull, 1, 2 Somalia, 1, 2 Souter, Brian, 1 South Africa, 1 South Downs, 1 Spain, 1, 2, 3 special advisers, 1 speed cameras, 1 Speenhamland, 1 Spelman, Caroline, 1 Spence, Laura, 1 sport, 1, 2 see also football; Olympic Games Sri Lanka, 1, 2 Stafford Hospital, 1 Staffordshire University, 1 Standard Assessment Tests (Sats), 1, 2, 3 Standards Board for England, 1 statins, 1, 2, 3 stem cell research, 1 STEM subjects, 1 Stephenson, Sir Paul, 1 Stern, Sir Nicholas, 1, 2 Stevenson, Lord (Dennis), 1 Stevenson, Wilf, 1 Steyn, Lord, 1 Stiglitz, Joseph, 1 Stockport, 1 Stonehenge, 1 Stoppard, Tom, 1 Straw, Jack, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 student fees, 1 Stuff Happens, 1 Sudan, 1, 2 Sugar, Alan, 1 suicide bombing, 1 suicides, 1 Sun, 1, 2 Sunday Times, 1, 2 Sunderland, 1, 2 supermarkets, 1, 2 Supreme Court, 1, 2 Sure Start, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 surveillance, 1, 2 Sutherland, Lord (Stewart), 1 Swansea, 1 Sweden, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Swindon, 1 Taliban, 1, 2 Tallinn, 1 Tanzania, 1 Tate Modern, 1 Taunton, 1 tax avoidance, 1, 2, 3 tax credits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 council tax credit, 1 pension credit, 1, 2, 3 R&D credits, 1 taxation, 1, 2 10p tax rate, 1 capital gains tax, 1, 2 corporation tax, 1, 2, 3, 4 council tax, 1, 2 fuel duty, 1, 2, 3 green taxes, 1, 2 and income inequalities, 1 income tax, 1, 2, 3, 4 inheritance tax, 1, 2 poll tax, 1 stamp duty, 1, 2, 3 vehicle excise duty, 1 windfall tax, 1, 2, 3 see also National Insurance; VAT Taylor, Damilola, 1 Taylor, Robert, 1 teachers, 1, 2, 3 head teachers, 1, 2 salaries, 1, 2 teaching assistants, 1, 2 teenage pregnancy, 1, 2, 3 Teesside University, 1 television and crime, 1 and gambling, 1 talent shows, 1 television licence, 1, 2, 3 Territorial Army, 1 terrorism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Terry, John, 1 Tesco, 1, 2, 3, 4 Tewkesbury, 1 Thames Gateway, 1 Thameswey, 1 Thatcher, Margaret, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Thatcherism, 1, 2, 3 theatre, 1 Thornhill, Dorothy, 1 Thorp, John, 1 Tibet, 1 Tilbury, 1 Times, The, 1 Times Educational Supplement, 1, 2 Timmins, Nick, 1 Titanic, 1 Tomlinson, Mike, 1 Topman, Simon, 1, 2 torture, 1, 2 trade unions, 1, 2, 3 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 1, 2, 3 tramways, 1 transport policies, 1, 2 Trident missiles, 1, 2, 3 Triesman, Lord, 1 Turkey, 1, 2 Turnbull, Lord (Andrew), 1 Turner, Lord (Adair), 1, 2, 3 Tweedy, Colin, 1 Tyneside Metro, 1 Uganda, 1 UK Film Council, 1 UK Sport, 1 UK Statistics Authority, 1 unemployment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 United Nations, 1, 2, 3 United States of America, 1, 2 Anglo-American relationship, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and child poverty, 1 and clean technologies, 1 economy and business, 1, 2, 3 and education, 1, 2, 3 and healthcare, 1, 2 and income inequalities, 1 and internet gambling, 1 and minimum wage, 1 universities, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and migration, 1 and terrorism, 1 tuition fees, 1 University College London Hospitals, 1 University for Industry, 1 University of East Anglia, 1 University of Lincoln, 1 Urban Splash, 1, 2 Vanity Fair, 1 VAT, 1, 2, 3 Vauxhall, 1 Venables, Jon, 1 Vestas wind turbines, 1 Victoria and Albert Museum, 1 Waitrose, 1 Waldfogel, Jane, 1 Wales, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and children, 1 devolution, 1 Walker, Sir David, 1 walking, 1, 2 Walsall, 1 Wanless, Sir Derek, 1 Wanstead, 1 Warm Front scheme, 1 Warner, Lord Norman, 1 Warsaw, 1 Warwick accord, 1 water utilities, 1 Watford, 1 welfare benefits child benefit, 1, 2 Employment Support Allowance, 1 and fraud, 1, 2, 3, 4 housing benefit, 1 incapacity benefit, 1, 2 Income Support, 1 Jobseeker’s Allowance, 1, 2, 3 and work, 1, 2 Welsh assembly, 1, 2 Wembley Stadium, 1 Westfield shopping mall, 1 Wetherspoons, 1 White, Marco Pierre, 1 Whittington Hospital, 1 Wiles, Paul, 1 Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett, 1 Williams, Professor Karel, 1 Williams, Raymond, 1 Williams, Rowan, 1 Wilson, Harold, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Wilson, Sir Richard, 1 wind turbines, 1, 2 Winslet, Kate, 1 winter fuel payments, 1 Wire, The, 1 Woking, 1, 2 Wolverhampton, 1 Woolf, Lord, 1 Wootton Bassett, 1, 2 working-class culture, 1 working hours, 1, 2 World Bank, 1 Wrexham, 1 Wright Robinson School, 1, 2, 3 xenophobia, 1 Y2K millennium bug, 1 Yarlswood detention centre, 1 Yeovil, 1 Yiewsley, 1 York, 1, 2, 3, 4 Young Person’s Guarantee, 1 Youth Justice Board, 1 Zimbabwe, 1, 2 About the Author Polly Toynbee is the Guardian’s social and political commentator.

How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet (Information Policy)
by Benjamin Peters
Published 2 Jun 2016

In 1965, the American computer businessman Gordon Moore expressed a distinct exponential law that has applied to the microscopic level of the compounding growth of silicon chip production—that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles every two years (2N).51 Both men foresaw in 1962 the emerging information sector or what Austrian American economist Fritz Machlup called “the knowledge economy.” For Kharkevich, the amount of information that a society processes can be expressed as a power law function of the industries it contains, and for Moore, the amount of information that a society processes can be expressed as an exponential function of the transistors on the circuits its industries can produce.52 These sibling laws (Moore’s 2N and Kharkevich’s N2) diverge interestingly in complex systems (when N is larger than 4).

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I., 59 Kharkevich, Aleksandr, 12, 81, 97–101, 103–105, 120, 174, 180, 185, 216 Kharkevich’s law, 99–100 Khrushchev, Nikita, 33, 45, 57–58, 63–66, 70, 75–76, 83, 85, 87–88, 90, 102–103, 107, 135, 138, 148, 153, 216 Kibernetika, 38 Kiev, 4 Kirilenko, A. P., 161, 171 Kirillin, V. A., 161 Kitov, Anatoly, 12, 35–37, 40, 43–44, 46, 69, 71, 81–91, 103–104, 108, 118, 120, 122, 137–139, 144, 148, 169, 174, 178, 181–185, 191, 198, 216 Knowledge base, 9 Knowledge economy, 99 Kolman, Ernest, 40–44, 216 Kolmogorov, Andrei, 34, 41, 44, 46, 216 Komchamstvo, 114 Komp’yuter, 38 Komsomol Spotlight, 107 Kornai, János, 72–73 Kosygin, Aleksei, 65, 67, 114, 140, 153, 161–166, 216 Kovalev, N. I., 12, 81, 101–103, 105, 178, 180 Kramnik, Vladimir, 176 Krilov, N., 42 Krinitskiy, Nikolai, 177 Kronrod, Alexander, 178 Kukharchuk, A.

The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century
by Ronald Bailey
Published 20 Jul 2015

“The true key to the timing of the Industrial Revolution has to be sought in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century and the Enlightenment movement of the eighteenth century. The key to the Industrial Revolution was technology, technology is knowledge,” explains Northwestern University economic historian Joel Mokyr in his 2002 book The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Technology is the productive engine that has enabled some happy portion of humanity to escape from our natural state of abject poverty. Correspondingly, Timothy Ferris, author of The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature, points out: “Liberalism and science are methods, not ideologies.”

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“generic focus on new products”: Gary Marchant et al., Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). Impact of the Precautionary Principle on Feeding Current and Future Generations. Issue Paper 52. CAST, Ames, Iowa, 2013. “The true key to the timing”: Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. “Liberalism and science”: Timothy Ferris in Michael Shermer, “Democracy’s Laboratory: Are Science and Politics Interrelated?” Scientific American, September 2010. www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=democracys-laboratory. “Human reason can neither predict”: Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition, ed.

Break Through: Why We Can't Leave Saving the Planet to Environmentalists
by Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus
Published 10 Mar 2009

The person you worked next to on the assembly line also likely lived in your neighborhood, worshipped at your church, and sat on the stool next to you when you drank at the local union hall. The industrial economy provided a stability that helped create and maintain strong ties. Affluence, modernization, and the demands of the new service and knowledge economies also brought a concomitant decline in orientations toward traditional forms of authority and social norms and institutions. Whether in the workplace, houses of worship, or politics, Americans increasingly demanded more unmediated relationships with power and authority and became less willing to accept traditional social norms inherited from their parents and grandparents.

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What we have been pointing to is not a recipe for creating a movement but rather a set of trends that could become the raw material of a new politics: the continuing importance of association and affiliation in American life; the rising importance and strength of weak ties; greater flexibility in work, family, political, and community life; and the rising importance of creativity to the knowledge economy. What we are arguing against is the thin notion of politics which has taken hold of liberals and environmentalists: the notion that social and economic transformation can occur through better policies and marketing alone. Many environmental leaders today believe that they can advance a resonant politics on global warming if they use words like stewardship and quote relevant passages of Genesis.

Small Change: Why Business Won't Save the World
by Michael Edwards
Published 4 Jan 2010

The best answer to all these questions is for you and me to get involved in a broad-based movement in support of citizen philanthropy, and to become philanthropists ourselves but do so in a way that does not reinforce or replicate the unhealthy patterns of the past; to ask the difficult questions about philanthropy and social change, and not to be brushed aside when we are told that we have no right to question foundations that belong to others; to accept the obligation to hold ourselves accountable to more than a board of close friends and acquaintances; and to see ourselves as partners in a common project of social transformation that places disadvantaged people at the center of their own story. the difference that makes the difference 103 Philanthrocapitalism is the product of a particular era of industrial change that has brought about temporary monopolies in the systems required to operate the knowledge economy, often controlled by individuals who are able to accumulate spectacular amounts of wealth. That same era has produced great inequalities and social dislocations, and experience suggests that such wealth will be politically unsustainable unless much of it is given away, just as in earlier decades when Ford, Rockefeller, and Carnegie found themselves in much the same position.

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking
by Susan Cain
Published 24 Jan 2012

It’s the story of a contemporary phenomenon that I call the New Groupthink—a phenomenon that has the potential to stifle productivity at work and to deprive schoolchildren of the skills they’ll need to achieve excellence in an increasingly competitive world. The New Groupthink elevates teamwork above all else. It insists that creativity and intellectual achievement come from a gregarious place. It has many powerful advocates. “Innovation—the heart of the knowledge economy—is fundamentally social,” writes the prominent journalist Malcolm Gladwell. “None of us is as smart as all of us,” declares the organizational consultant Warren Bennis, in his book Organizing Genius, whose opening chapter heralds the rise of the “Great Group” and “The End of the Great Man.” “Many jobs that we regard as the province of a single mind actually require a crowd,” muses Clay Shirky in his influential book Here Comes Everybody.

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(Uwe Wolfradt, “Individual Differences in Creativity: Personality, Story Writing, and Hobbies,” European Journal of Personality 15, no. 4, [July/August 2001]: 297–310.) 5. Hans Eysenck: Hans J. Eysenck, Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 6. “Innovation—the heart of the knowledge economy”: Malcolm Gladwell, “Why Your Bosses Want to Turn Your New Office into Greenwich Village,” The New Yorker, December 11, 2000. 7. “None of us is as smart as all of us”: Warren Bennis, Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration (New York: Basic Books, 1997). 8. “Michelangelo had assistants”: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2008). 9. organize workforces into teams: Steve Koslowski and Daniel Ilgen, “Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 7, no. 3 (2006): 77–124. 10.

The Economics of Enough: How to Run the Economy as if the Future Matters
by Diane Coyle
Published 21 Feb 2011

The growing number of pensioners will need carers, nurses, and doctors. Advances in medical technology mean our expectations of health care are constantly on the increase, and we expect the health service to provide us with the latest techniques and drugs. Similarly, expectations of the education system are rising in what is so often described as the “knowledge economy.” More young people are staying in higher education, and we expect standards to continue improving at every level. It doesn’t feel like an option not to consume more and better health and education services as time goes by. Figure 12. Who will care? Yet one consequence of the way services like these are eating up a rising share of personal and government budgets is the employment of a growing army of low-paid and low-status workers in these sectors, sometimes illegal immigrants.

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See distribution Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore), 60 Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), 36 India, 212; emerging middle class of, 125; fairness and, 122–26, 133; inequality and, 125–26; nature and, 63, 65, 81; posterity and, 108; purchasing power parity (PPP) and, 306n19; Satyam and, 146; trust and, 146, 149, 163, 172; wage penalties and, 133; World Bank influence and, 163 Industrial Revolution, 27, 149, 290, 297 inequality, 4–5, 11, 17, 84, 306n19, 308n34; Bush and, 127–28; consequences for growth, 135–36; decline in trust and, 139–44; dramatic increase in, 126–27, 131; extraction ratio for, 124; fairness and, 114–16, 122–43; fractal character of, 134; Gini coefficient and, 126; globalization and, 122–24, 127, 131, 155; happiness and, 25, 36, 42, 44, 53; high salaries and, 130, 143–44, 193, 223, 277–78, 286, 296; historical perspective on, 126–27; institutions and, 116, 127–31, 141; measurement of, 126; policy recommendations for, 267, 276, 295–97; poverty and, 43, 55–56, 100, 125, 128, 138, 142, 168–69, 261, 267; reduction of, 276–77; Republican administrations and, 127–28; social corrosiveness of, 139–44; structural causes of, 131–35; superstar effect and, 134; taxes and, 115–16, 123, 127–28, 131, 135–36; trends in, 125–30; unequal countries and, 124–30; United Kingdom and, 125–30; United States and, 122, 125–31, 135, 276; values and, 223–24, 234–36; well-being and, 137–43; within/between countries, 123–24 inflation, 37, 43, 61, 89, 102–5, 110–11, 189, 281, 305n17 information and communication technology (ICT), 6–7, 15, 17; data explosion and, 205, 291; decreased cost of, 254; fairness and, 133; happiness and, 24–25; institutional impacts of, 252–53; structural effects of, 194–98; trust and, 156–60, 165–67, 174 innovation, 6–7, 12; consumer electronics and, 36–37; fairness and, 121, 134; growth and, 271–73, 281, 290–92; happiness and, 37; institutions and, 244, 258, 263, 290–91; measurement and, 183, 196, 201–8, 273–74; musicians and, 195; nature and, 69–70, 81; policy recommendations for, 290–91; posterity and, 102; statistics and, 201–7; trust and, 157; values and, 210, 216, 220, 236 In Praise of Slowness, 27 institutions, 18; anomie and, 48, 51; balance and, 12–17; blindness of to financial crises, 87–88; broad framework for, 249–52; capitalism and, 240; consumption and, 254, 263; decentralization and, 246; democracy and, 242–43, 251–52, 262; downsizing and, 175, 246, 255; economies of scale and, 253–58; efficiency and, 245–46, 254–55, 261; extinction crisis and, 288; face-to-face contact and, 7, 147, 165–68; failures of, 240–44, 257, 262–63, 267, 289–90; fall of communism and, 226, 239–40, 252; freedom and, 244, 262; globalization and, 244; governance and, 242, 247, 255–58, 261–62; government and, 240–63; growth and, 258, 261, 263; health care and, 247, 252–53; high salaries and, 130, 143–44, 193, 223, 277–78, 286, 296; impact of new technologies and, 252–54; importance of, 261–63; inequality and, 116, 127–31, 141; innovation and, 244, 258, 263, 290–91; legitimacy and, 8, 16, 50, 66, 68–69, 162–63, 213, 226, 269, 274, 292, 296–97; managerialism and, 259; morals and, 254; nature and, 66–69, 82–84; New Public Management and, 245–47; outsourcing and, 159, 161, 175, 219, 287; policy recommendations for, 269, 284–91; politics and, 239–48, 251, 256–63; pollution and, 15, 35, 228; productivity and, 244–47, 257, 263; public choice theory and, 242–43; public deliberation and, 258–60; reform and, 245–48, 256, 285, 288–91, 296–97; responsibility to posterity and, 296; shareholders and, 145, 248, 257–58, 277; statistics and, 245; technology and, 244–46, 251–54, 257–63 (see also technology); values and, 240–42, 246–47, 258–60 intangible assets: measurement and, 199–201, 204–6; satellite accounts and, 38, 81, 204–6, 271; social capital and, 149–52, 157, 161, 199–201 InterAcademy Council, 66–67 interbank market, 1–2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 59, 66–69, 82, 297 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 90, 101–3, 111, 162–64, 176, 211, 287, 297 International Price Comparison, 124 International Telecommunications Union, 219 Internet, 155, 195, 245, 260, 273, 287–89, 291, 296 invisible hand, 209 iPods, 195 Ipsos Mori poll, 66, 247 Ireland, 172 Iron Curtain, 183, 239, 252 Italy, 95, 97–98, 146, 152 Jackson, Michael, 198 Japan, 42; debt of, 102; equal income distribution in, 125; fairness and, 125–26, 140–41; inequality and, 126; lost decade of, 102; posterity and, 91–92, 95, 97–98, 102; savings rates in, 280; trust and, 169, 175; voter turnout and, 175 Jazz Age, 127 Jefferson, Thomas, 184, 253–54 Johns, Helen, 41 Johnson, Simon, 256–57 Johnson, Steven, 187 Justice (Sandel), 237 Kahneman, Daniel, 215 Kamarck, Elaine, 247–48 Kay, John, 139, 245–46, 257 Kennedy School of Government, 247 Keynes, John Maynard, 101, 183–84, 190 Kleinwort, Dresdner, 87 knowledge economy, 191 Kobayashi, Keiichiro, 102 Korea, 126 Krugman, Paul, 100–103, 127–29, 232, 282 Kyoto Protocol, 62–64 labor: absorbing work and, 10, 48–49; call centers and, 131, 133, 161; creativity and, 166–68, 205–7; downsizing and, 175, 246, 255; global cities and, 165–70; globalization and, 131, 149 (see also globalization); human capital and, 81, 203–4, 282; measurement and, 189–99; migration and, 108–10, 172; outsourcing and, 159, 161, 175, 219, 287; pensions and, 4, 25, 85–86, 90, 92–100, 103–7, 111–13, 174–76, 191, 203, 243, 269–71, 275, 280, 286, 289–90, 293; Protestant work ethic and, 13–14, 236; retirement age and, 94, 97–99, 106–7, 112; skilled, 132–33, 159, 166–67, 276; specialization and, 160–61; technology and, 131–33; unemployment and, 3, 10, 43, 51, 56, 89, 107, 169, 207, 212–13, 243; unions and, 15, 51, 224, 249; unskilled, 132–33, 158, 172, 193; well-being and, 137–39; Whitehall Studies and, 139 lack of control, 47, 138–39 Lawson, Neal, 26 Layard, Richard, 31, 39–40, 43 Lehman Brothers, 1, 85, 87–88, 145, 211, 275–76 Leipzig marches, 239 Leviathan (Hobbes), 114 light bulbs, 59–61 Linux, 205 Lipsky, John, 102, 111 List, John, 117 literacy, 36 Live Nation, 197 living standards, 78–79, 106, 113, 136, 151, 162, 190, 194, 267 lobbyists, 15, 71, 247, 257, 276, 285, 289, 296 Lolapaloozza, 197 Louis Vuitton, 150 Luxury Fever (Frank), 40 Mackenzie, Donald, 221 Madonna, 194 Malthusianism, 95 Mama Group, 197 managerial competence, 2, 16, 150, 209, 259 Manzi, Jim, 231–32 Mao Zedong, 10 markets: asymmetric information and, 17, 186, 214, 219–20, 229, 248, 254, 262–63; black, 225; boom–bust cycles and, 4, 22, 28, 93, 102, 106–9, 136–37, 145, 147, 213, 222–23, 233, 277, 280, 283; capitalism and, 182, 230–38 (see also capitalism); culture and, 230–38; declining population and, 86, 89–90, 95–99, 103, 113; democracy and, 230–38; deregulation and, 7, 212; evidence–based policy and, 233–34; exchange advantage and, 214; externalities and, 15, 70, 80, 211, 228–29, 249, 254; failures of, 226–30, 240–44, 257, 262–63, 267, 289–90; Fama hypothesis and, 221–22; flaws of, 215–16; fractal character of, 134; free market model and, 14, 121, 129, 182–83, 210–11, 218–24, 232, 240, 243, 251; fundamentalism for, 213; gift economy and, 205–7; interbank, 1–2; international trade and, 110, 148, 159, 163; invisible hand and, 209; mathematical models of, 214; merits of, 211–17; missing, 229; moral, 210, 213, 220–25, 230–33; music, 194–98; network effects and, 253, 258; options, 222; as organizing economy, 218; performativity and, 224–25; Protestant work ethic and, 13–14, 236; public choice theory and, 220, 242–45; public domain and, 196; rational calculation and, 214–15; satellite accounts and, 81; shorting of, 86; social, 217–20; stability issues and, 2–4, 25, 70, 101, 124, 135, 140–41, 174, 176, 218, 296; trilemma of, 230–38; values and, 209–10 (see also values); winner take all, 134 Marx, Karl, 14, 28, 131, 221 McDonalds, 27 McKitrick, Ross, 68 Mean Fiddler Group, 197 Measuring Australia’s Progress, 274 measurement: asymmetric information and, 17, 186, 214, 219–20, 229, 248, 254, 262–63; Australian model and, 271, 274; balance and, 12–17; bankers and, 193, 200; capitalism and, 182; challenges of, 188–93; consumption and, 181–82, 198; distribution and, 191–99; evidence–based policy and, 233–34; GDP, 10 (see also gross domestic product [GDP]); Gini coefficient and, 126; governance and, 183, 186; government and, 182–88, 191, 193, 196, 202–3, 206; growth and, 181–85, 188–90, 194, 201–5, 208; happiness and, 35–39; health issues and, 181, 188–93, 200, 207; hedonic techniques and, 274; importance of, 184–85, 187–89; of inequality, 126; innovation and, 183, 196, 201–8, 273–74; intangible assets and, 199–201, 204–6; labor and, 189–99; less publication of, 271–72; living standards and, 13, 65, 78–79, 106, 113, 136, 139, 151, 162, 190, 194, 267; Measuring Progress exercise and, 294; policy recommendations for, 270–74; politics and, 182–84, 191, 193, 203, 208; productivity and, 189–90, 194, 199–201, 206–7; resources for, 294; social capital and, 154; statistics and, 187–89, 198–208; technology and, 181–85, 188–91, 194–201, 204–6; time constraints and, 204–7; trust and, 152–57; uncertainty of accuracy and, 273; unmeasurable entities and, 187; values and, 209, 212–13, 224 Medicare, 93–94 Meek, James, 26 metrification, 184 Metropolitan Museum of Art symposium, 100–101 Mexico, 226 Microsoft, 253, 258 migration, 108–10, 172 Milanovic, Branko, 123–24 Mill, John Stuart, 31–32 Minsky, Hyman, 226 monopolies, 196, 245, 252, 254 Montreal Protocol, 59 Moore’s Law, 156 morals: bankers and, 90, 277–78; criticism of poor and, 142; fairness and, 116–20, 127, 131, 142, 144; greed and, 221 (see also greed); growth and, 275–76, 279, 293, 295, 297; happiness and, 22, 26, 30, 34, 43, 48–49; institutions and, 254; nature and, 55, 70–72, 76, 78; performativity and, 224–25; posterity and, 90; trust and, 149, 174; values and, 185, 210, 213, 220–25, 230–33 MP3 players, 195 music, 11, 194–98, 204, 208, 229, 254 nature: Brundtlandt Report and, 77; carbon prices and, 70–71; climate change and, 57–84 (see also climate change); consumption and, 58–61, 71–76, 79, 82; Copenhagen summit and, 62, 64–65, 68, 162, 292; democracy and, 61, 66, 68; efficiency and, 61–62, 69, 82; environmentalists and, 29, 55–59, 69–70, 99; freedom and, 79; future and, 75–83; global warming and, 57, 64, 66, 68; government and, 58–62, 65–71, 82–84; greenhouse gases and, 23, 29, 35, 59, 61–63, 68, 70–71, 83; green lifestyle and, 55, 61, 76, 289, 293; gross domestic product (GDP) and, 56–60, 75–76, 80–82; growth and, 56–59, 62–66, 69–72, 76, 79–82; happiness and, 56–59, 75–76, 80–84; health issues and, 81; hybrid cars and, 61; innovation and, 69–70, 81; institutions and, 66–69, 82–84; InterAcademy Council and, 66–67; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and, 59, 66–69, 82, 297; Kyoto Protocol and, 62–64; light bulbs and, 59–61; Montreal Protocol and, 59; morals and, 55, 70–72, 76, 78; natural capital and, 79–81, 151, 271, 273; philosophy and, 69–70; plastic and, 61; politics and, 57–71, 75, 77, 82–84; population issues and, 99; productivity and, 78, 82; satellite accounts and, 81; self-interest and, 65; squandered natural wealth and, 181–82; statistics and, 66, 81–82; stewardship and, 78, 80; technology and, 69–72, 76–77, 80, 84; TEEB project and, 78–79 network effects, 253, 258 New Deal, 129 New Economics Foundation, 36 New Public Management theory, 245–47 Newton, Isaac, 214–15 Niger, 122 Nobel Prize, 18, 60, 102, 215, 220, 236, 250, 261 noise, 47 No Logo (Wolf), 34 Nordhaus, William, 37, 70, 73, 156 North, Douglass, 261 Northern Rock, 1, 146 Obama, Barack, 62–63, 87, 173, 260, 285, 288 Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, 197 obesity, 137–38, 279 Office for National Statistics, 274 Olson, Mancur, 242 opinion formers, 61 option pricing theory, 222 Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, 194 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 4, 11, 201, 305n11; happiness and, 38, 52; inequality in, 125–26; nature and, 60, 68; policy recommendations for, 273–74, 281, 283, 287, 291, 293; posterity and, 87, 93–94, 97–99, 112; trust and, 160, 171; values and, 212, 243–44, 246 organized crime, 277 Ormerod, Paul, 41 Orwell, George, 56 Ostrom, Elinor, 17, 220, 250–51, 261–63 Pakistan, 81, 226 Paradox of Choice, The (Schwartz), 10–11, 40 Parmalat, 146 partisanship, 2, 16, 101, 128, 269, 285 Peake, Mervyn, 9 pensions, 4, 25, 243; burden of, 92–95; Chinese savings and, 94; measurement and, 191, 203; policy recommendations for, 269–71, 275, 280, 286, 289–90, 293; posterity and, 85–86, 90–100, 103–7, 111–13; retirement age and, 92, 97–99, 106–7, 112; trust and, 174–76 performativity, 224–25 Persson, Torsten, 136 Pew surveys, 140 philanthropy, 33 philosophy, 16; fairness and, 114–15, 123; freedom and, 237; happiness and, 21, 27, 31–32, 49–50; nature and, 69–70; utilitarian, 31–32, 78, 237; values and, 237–39 Pickett, Kate, 137–40 Piereson, James, 183 Piketty, Thomas, 127, 129 Pimco, 287 Pinch (Willetts), 98–99 Pinker, Steven, 118, 305n4 Poland, 239 police service, 5, 35, 163, 193, 200, 247 policy: Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress and, 37–38; deregulation and, 7, 212; errors in standard, 8; evidence–based, 233–34; first ten steps for, 294–98; future and, 75–83, 291–98; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and, 59, 66–69, 82, 297; legitimacy and, 8, 16, 50, 66, 68–69, 162–63, 213, 226, 269, 274, 292, 296–97; measurement and, 187–89; OECD countries and, 4, 11, 38, 52, 60, 68, 87, 93–94, 97–99, 112, 125–26, 160, 171, 201, 212, 243–44, 246, 273–74, 281, 283, 287, 291, 293; population growth and, 95–100; practical recommendations for, 269–91; reform and, 8, 82–83, 85 (see also reform); stability issues and, 2–4, 25, 70, 101, 124, 135, 140–41, 174, 176, 218, 296; stimulus packages and, 91, 100–103, 111; sustainability and, 57 (see also sustainability); tradition and, 9; transparency and, 83, 164, 288, 296; trilemma of, 13–14, 230–36, 275; World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge, and Policy and, 38 political correctness, 173, 231 political economy, 27–28 pollution, 15, 35, 228 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 70 population issues: aging, 4, 95–100, 106, 109, 206, 267, 280, 287, 296; baby boomers and, 4, 106, 109; declining population and, 86, 89–90, 95–99, 103, 113; demographic implosion and, 95–100; environmentalists and, 99; global cities and, 165–70; Malthusianism and, 95; migration and, 108–10; one-child policy and, 95–96; posterity and, 89–90, 94–95, 105–6, 109, 112–13; retirement age and, 94, 97–99, 106–7, 112 Porter, Roy, 184 Portugal, 126, 287 posterity, 298; aging population and, 89–90, 94–95, 105–6, 109, 112–13; bankers and, 85–91, 94, 99–102; consumption and, 86, 104–6, 112–13; current generation’s debt to, 90–92, 112–13; declining population and, 86, 89–90, 95–99, 103, 113; default and, 110–12; democracy and, 106; demographic implosion and, 95–100; freedom of investors and, 108; globalization and, 108; government and, 84–95, 98–113; gross domestic product (GDP) and, 91–94, 98–99, 103, 108, 111; growth and, 90, 95, 97, 99, 102, 105–8, 111; health issues and, 89, 93–94, 97–99, 103, 106, 111–13; higher retirement age and, 94–98, 106–7, 112; innovation and, 102; institutional responsibility and, 296; less leisure and, 106–7; Medicare and, 93–94; migration and, 108–9; morals and, 90; pensions and, 85–86, 90, 92–100, 103–7, 111–13; politics and, 86–94, 98, 101–8, 111–13; poverty and, 100; productivity and, 88, 97–99, 102, 105–8, 112; public debt and, 85–86; reform and, 85–86, 98, 111–12; savings and, 86–87, 94, 98, 100–101, 105–8, 112; Social Security and, 93–94; social welfare and, 85, 100, 112; sustainability and, 79 (see also sustainability); taxpayer burden and, 85–91, 94, 99, 103–5; technology and, 107; welfare burden and, 92–95 poverty, 261, 267; desire to spend and, 55–56; fairness and, 125, 128, 138, 142; happiness and, 43; posterity and, 100; trust and, 168–69 printing press, 7 productivity, 16; balance and, 268, 271, 273–76, 281, 287; bureaucratic obstacles to, 285–86; Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress and, 37–38; fairness and, 131, 135; globalization and, 131 (see also globalization); governance and, 173–77; happiness and, 27, 38, 42, 51; improvements in, 107–8; institutions and, 244–47, 257, 263; measurement and, 189–90, 194, 199–201, 206–7; nature and, 78, 82; posterity and, 88, 97–99, 102, 105–8, 112; public services and, 257; Soviet method and, 246; technology and, 107–8, 157–59, 268; trilemma of, 13–14, 230–36, 275; trust and, 156–59, 162, 166–67, 170, 174 property rights, 80, 174, 195–96, 261 Protestant work ethic, 13–14, 236 psychology: altruism and, 118–22; anomie and, 48, 51; anxiety and, 1, 25, 47–48, 136–38, 149, 174; behavioral economics and, 116–17, 121, 282; choice and, 10–11; coherence and, 49; commuting and, 47; conflict in relationships and, 47; Easterlin Paradox and, 39–44; face-to-face contact and, 7, 147, 165–68; freedom and, 237 (see also freedom); game theory and, 116–18, 121–22; gift economy and, 205–7; greed and, 26, 34, 54, 88, 129, 150, 221–23, 248, 277–79; happiness and, 9–12, 44–50 (see also happiness); lack of control and, 47; noise and, 47; paradox of prosperity and, 174; positive, 9–10, 49–50, 303n51; public choice theory and, 220, 242–45; rational choice theory and, 214–15; shame and, 47; Slow Movement and, 27–28, 205; thrift education and, 283–84, 294–95; well-being and, 137–43 Ptolemy, 274 public choice theory, 220, 242–45 Public Domain, The (Boyle), 196 public goods, 185–86, 190, 199, 211, 229, 249, 261 purchasing power parity (PPP), 306n19 Putnam, Robert, 140–41, 152–54 Quiet Coup, The (Johnson), 256–57 Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 195 Rajan, Raghuram, 136 Rank, Robert, 40 rational choice theory, 214–15 Rawls, John, 31 Reagan, Ronald, 93, 121, 127, 211, 240, 243, 247–48 recession, 9, 11–12, 275; happiness and, 22, 24, 41, 54; nature and, 55–56, 66; plethora of books following, 55; posterity and, 85, 88, 91–93, 100–101, 108, 110; recovery from, 3, 103; trust and, 182; values and, 209–10, 213, 222 reciprocal altruism, 118–22 reform, 8; benchmark for, 218; bankers and, 277–79; bonus taxes and, 278; collective assent to, 269; courage needed for, 203; first ten steps for, 294–98; health care, 285; improving statistics and, 271; institutions and, 245–48, 256, 285, 288–91, 296–97; nature and, 82–85; New Public Management and, 245–46; politics and, 287–88; posterity and, 98, 111–12; public sector, 288–90; trust and, 162–64, 176–77; values and, 218, 233, 275–78, 295 Reinhardt, Carmen, 111 religion, 10; happiness and, 32–33, 43, 50; nature and, 76, 78; Protestant work ethic and, 13–14, 236; trust and, 147 Renaissance, 7 retirement age, 94, 97–99, 106–7, 112 revalorization, 275 Road to Wigan Pier, The (Orwell), 56 Rodrik, Dani, 136 Rogoff, Kenneth, 111 Romantic Economist, The (Bronk), 28 Romanticism, 27 Rothschilds, 147 Rousseau, Jean–Jacques, 114 Royal Bank of Scotland, 146 runs, 1 Ruskin, John, 27–28 Russia, 97–98, 123; Cold War and, 93, 112, 147, 209, 213, 239; Iron Curtain and, 183, 239, 252; production targets and, 246; as Soviet Union, 228, 246 Saez, Emmanuel, 127, 129 salaries: high, 130, 143–44, 193, 223, 277–78, 286, 296; measurement and, 191–99; paradox of, 193; superstar effect and, 134; technology and, 2, 89 Sandel, Michael, 224–25, 237 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 37, 202, 274 satellite accounts, 38, 81, 204–6, 271 Satyam, 146 savings, 1, 280–82, 293; China and, 87, 94, 100, 108; necessary increasing of, 105–6; negative, 105; policy recommendations for, 280–84; posterity and, 86–87, 94, 98, 100–101, 105, 108, 112; thrift education and, 283–84, 294–95 savings clubs, 283 Schumpeter, Joseph, 14 Schwartz, Barry, 10–11, 40 Seabright, Paul, 148–49, 170, 213–14, 228 self-interest: fairness and, 114–22; greed and, 26, 34, 54, 88, 129, 150, 221–23, 248, 277–79; moral sentiments and, 119–20, 142, 221; nature and, 65; reciprocal altruism and, 118–22; values and, 214, 221 Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 118 Sen, Amartya, 18, 37, 43, 82, 202, 237, 274, 310n25 shame, 47 shareholders, 88, 145, 248, 257–58, 277 Silicon Valley, 166 Simon, Herbert, 249–50, 254, 261, 270 Simon, Julian, 70 Singapore, 126 Sloan School, 256 Slow Food, 27 Slow Movement, 27–28, 205 smart cards, 252–53 Smith, Adam, 119–20, 209, 221, 255 Smith, Vernon, 215 social capital, 8, 12, 17; definition of, 152–53; fairness and, 116, 121, 139–43; intangible assets and, 149–52, 157, 161, 199–201; measurement of, 154, 185; policy recommendations for, 267, 271, 273, 276; Putnam on, 152–54; trust and, 5, 151–57, 168–74, 177; values and, 223–25, 231, 257 social justice, 31, 43, 53, 65, 123, 164, 224, 237, 286 Social Limits to Growth, The (Hirsch), 190, 231 social markets, 217–20 social networks, 260, 270, 288–89 Social Security, 93–94 social welfare.

Philanthrocapitalism
by Matthew Bishop , Michael Green and Bill Clinton
Published 29 Sep 2008

Drucker wrote thirty-nine books, among them The Concept of the Corporation, The Practice of Management, The Future of Industrial Man, and Post-Capitalist Society. An advocate of “scientific management” and “management by objective,” he made famous the term “knowledge worker,” reflecting his fascination with the growing importance in the modern “knowledge economy” of people who work with their minds, rather than their hands. In his later years, the Austrian-born Drucker became increasingly focused on the nonprofit sector, which he saw as having a crucial role in building community and gluing society together, yet needing better management. As well as being one of the first writers to spot the rise of social entrepreneurship, he worried about the lack of ethical leadership provided by many top business executives and other wealthy people.

…

Gates has not exploited his workers—many of whom have become millionaires—let alone put their lives in peril. While Microsoft may have enjoyed some monopoly power, it has always been exposed to dynamic competitors, from Apple to Google, which meant it had to keep innovating, reducing prices, and generally seeking to please its customers. The rise of the knowledge economy means that a growing number of the new rich can plausibly claim to have made their fortunes without exploiting anyone—the Google guys being perhaps the example par excellence. In principle, that ought to make it easier for society to applaud them and any philanthropy they do. However, not all of today’s new rich can brush off s critique so easily.

Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century
by Mark Leonard
Published 4 Sep 2000

All European countries today are reforming their economies for an age of economic interdependence, while trying to keep the best features of the European social model intact. They could be said to converging around a ‘Stockholm Consensus’, as the Swedish state has pioneered so many of these new approaches. The ‘Stockholm Consensus’ amounts to nothing less than a new social contract in which a strong and flexible state underpins an innovative, open, knowledge economy. This contract means that the state provides the resources for educating its citizens, treating their illnesses, providing childcare so they can work, and integration lessons for newcomers. In exchange, citizens take training, are more flexible, and newcomers integrate themselves. The ‘Stockholm Consensus’ stands in opposition to much of the waste of the ‘Washington Consensus’: low levels of inequality allow Europeans to save on crime and prison; energy-efficient economies protect them from hikes in oil prices; the social contract gives people leisure and a helping hand back into work if they lose their jobs; while the European single market and the euro will allow European countries to benefit from economies of scale in a global market without giving up on the adaptability and dynamism that come from being small.

Innovation and Its Enemies
by Calestous Juma
Published 20 Mar 2017

Schiffer, Studying Technological Change: A Behavioral Approach (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2011). 107. Shane Greenstein, How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015). 108. Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 257–258. 109. Tali Kristal, “The Capitalist Machine: Computerization, Workers’ Power, and the Decline in Labor’s Share within U.S. Industries,” American Sociological Review 78, no. 3 (2013): 361–389. 110. Kjell Erik Lommerud, Frode Meland, and Odd Rune Straume, “Globalisation and Union Opposition to Technological Change,” Journal of International Economics 68, no. 1 (2006): 1–23. 111.

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Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, “Sound Comes to the Movies: The Philadelphia Musicians’ Struggle against Recorded Music,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 118, nos. 1–2 (1994): 14. 15. Mark Katz, Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 9. 16. Katz, Capturing Sound, 24. 17. Anderson, “Buried under the Fecundity,” 246. 18. Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 277–278. 19. Randal C. Picker, “From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,” University of Chicago Law Review 70, no. 1 (2003): 281–296. 20. Lunde, “American Federation of Musicians,” 49. 21.

The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart
by Bill Bishop and Robert G. Cushing
Published 6 May 2008

Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital Levels Across Cities" (Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper 2091, August 2005), p. 10, http://www.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2005papers/HIER2091.pdf. 4. Richard Florida, "The World Is Spiky"Atlantic, October 2005, pp. 48–49. 5. Glaeser and Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital," pp. 10–11. 6. Joe Cortright, "The Young and Restless in a Knowledge Economy" (report prepared for CEOs for Cities, December 2005), p. 30. 7. Edward Glaeser and Jesse M. Shapiro, "City Growth and the 2000 Census: Which Places Grew, and Why" (Center of Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Brookings Institution, May 2001), p. 9, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2001/05demographics_edward-glaeser-and-jesse-m—shapiro.aspx. 8.

…

"The Economic Importance of Being Different: Regional Variations in Taste, Increasing Returns and the Dynamics of Development." Economic Development Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February 2002): 3–16. ———. "New Growth Theory, Technology and Learning: A Practitioner's Guide." Paper prepared for the Economic Development Administration, 2001. ———. "The Young and Restless in a Knowledge Economy." Report prepared for CEOs for Cities, December 2005. Crow, Paul A., Jr. "Eugene Carson Blake: Apostle of Christian Unity." Ecumenical Review 21 (1986): 228–36. Dahl, Robert A. Democracy in the United States Promise and Performance 2nd ed. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972. Dalton, Russell J. "The Social Transformation of Trust in Government."

World Cities and Nation States
by Greg Clark and Tim Moonen
Published 19 Dec 2016

Economic growth nearly doubled and unemployment fell to around 4% by the mid‐1970s. From 1964 to 1979 the share of manufacturing in employment quadrupled (Huff, 1995; Centre for Liveable Cities and Civil Service College Singapore, 2014). Co‐ordinated monitoring and appraisal of the emerging knowledge economy has helped the EDB. Economic Review Committees have directed citywide ­transitions towards a more knowledge‐intensive economy, in partnership with educational establishments. Spatial contiguity and unitary government make cross‐departmental reviews and economic development policy implementation considerably easier than the equivalent exercises in large, multi‐layered states (Centre for Liveable Cities and Civil Service College Singapore, 2014).

…

A recent tightening of Singapore’s foreign worker and immigration policy leaves Singapore vulnerable to shortages of qualified manpower in lower‐end and high‐end industries. How judiciously and flexibly the government selects and integrates immigrants will shape Singapore’ status as a forward‐looking and inclusive city (Bin, 2013; Chan, 2014). Singapore continues to take steps to adapt its education system to the knowledge economy, but it is unclear what role the government can play to ensure a strong supply of middle‐income jobs for those with mid‐tier skills. A two‐tier model of highly paid and low‐skilled jobs that resembles other world cities has begun to raise questions about the future spectrum of employment. The capacity of local businesses to grow by reducing overhead and land costs will be one factor that shapes Singapore’s ability to grow middle‐income jobs in the future (Centre for Liveable Cities and Civil Service College Singapore, 2014).

Shadow Libraries: Access to Knowledge in Global Higher Education
by Joe Karaganis
Published 3 May 2018

But it has given rise to a line of official Indian thinking on the subject. In 2012, the Government of India established a National Mission on Libraries based on the recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC)—a group set up to advise the government on measures needed to make India competitive in the knowledge economy.18 The aim of the National Mission is to digitize and link the collections of the 9,000 public libraries in India. The significance of the Mission is that it is the first major public intervention in rethinking libraries since the mid-1980s. The National Mission is complemented by semi-private efforts such as the Digital Empowerment Foundation (DEF) and the Developing Library Network (DELNET), which are supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to upgrade public libraries in India.

…

Evelin Heidel is an independent researcher and member of Creative Commons. She works with the DIY Book Scanner Project and other groups working on the field of digitization, copyright, and access to knowledge. Joe Karaganis, editor, is vice president at the American Assembly at Columbia University. His work focuses on the regulation of the knowledge economy, and has recently included research on intermediary liability, broadband adoption, and media piracy. He also directs the Open Syllabus Project. Lawrence Liang is a lawyer and writer based in New Delhi. A cofounder of the Alternative Law Forum, he is a professor of law at the School of Law, Governance and Citizenship, Ambedkar University.

The End of Work: Why Your Passion Can Become Your Job
by John Tamny
Published 6 May 2018

In his classic book Wealth and Poverty, George Gilder notes that while education and credentials are most important in government, “elsewhere most skills are learned on the job.”54 It’s not that people should avoid education, but education has little to do with success in the working world. It’s said that we live in a “knowledge economy,” but most people don’t understand what that means. Precisely because the economy is evolving faster and faster, classroom teaching can’t keep up. The “knowledge” that wins is gained by doing the work that corresponds with your skills. We’re all intelligent, but in different ways. A prosperous economy means more of us will get to express our intelligence regardless of whether an impressive degree is attached to our name.

That Used to Be Us
by Thomas L. Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum
Published 1 Sep 2011

Our record says that we are a country whose educational performance is at best undistinguished. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan made no excuses for the results. The day the 2009 PISA results were published (December 7, 2010), he issued a statement, saying, “Being average in reading and science—and below average in math—is not nearly good enough in a knowledge economy where scientific and technological literacy is so central to sustaining innovation and international competitiveness.” The PISA test results got some fleeting newspaper coverage and then disappeared. No radio or television station interrupted its programming to tell us how poorly we had done; neither party picked up the issue and used it in the 2010 midterms.

…

For the last 235 years, America expanded and upgraded its educational system again and again in line with advances in technology. When we were an agrarian society, that meant introducing universal primary education; as we became an industrial society, that meant promoting universal high school education; as we became a knowledge economy, that meant at least aspiring to universal postsecondary education. Now the hyper-connected world is demanding another leap. Mark Rosenberg, the president of Florida International University, which has 42,000 students, summed up what it is: “It is imperative that we become much better in educating students not just to take good jobs but to create good jobs.”

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
by Marc Levinson
Published 1 Jan 2006

Bajpai, and David Hummels, “Trade and Logistics: An East Asian Perspective,” in East Asia Integrates: A Trade Policy Agenda for Shared Growth (Washington, DC, 2003), pp. 117–137. 10. David Hummels, “Time as a Trade Barrier,” mimeo, Purdue University, July 2001. 11. Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, 2002), p. 232. 12. Clark, Dollar, and Micco, “Port Efficiency,” p. 422; Nuno Limão and Anthony J. Venables, “Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage and Transport Costs,” World Bank Economic Review 15, no. 3 (2001): 451–479; Robin Carruthers and Jitendra N. Bajpai, “Trends in Trade and Logistics: An East Asian Perspective,” Working Paper No. 2, Transport Sector Unit, World Bank, 2002. 13.

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Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 2001. McNickle, Chris. To Be Mayor of New York: Ethnic Politics in the City. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Minor, Woodruff. Pacific Gateway: An Illustrated History of the Port of Oakland. Oakland: Port of Oakland, 2000. Mokyr, Joel. Tbe Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Mollenkopf, John, and Manuel Castells, eds. Dual City: Restructuring New York. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992. Moses, Robert. Public Works: A Dangerous Trade. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970. Nelson, Bruce. Divided We Stand: American Workers and the Struggle for Black Equality.

The Euro: How a Common Currency Threatens the Future of Europe
by Joseph E. Stiglitz and Alex Hyde-White
Published 24 Oct 2016

The move from agriculture to industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was often traumatic.15 Those in the older sectors saw their incomes and wealth evaporate, and had little access to capital markets; they couldn’t make the investments required to shift from the old economy to the new. But much the same is true as the economy moves from manufacturing to the service sector, and especially as it moves toward an innovation and knowledge economy. Creating a learning economy is not easy, and the government needs to play a central role.16 At the center of America’s knowledge economy are its first-rate higher educational institutions, many of which were established more than a hundred years ago, some hundreds of years ago. And even they achieved much of their greatness as a result of migration from Europe around World War II, and with massive government support in the war and afterward for research.

England: Seven Myths That Changed a Country – and How to Set Them Straight
by Tom Baldwin and Marc Stears
Published 24 Apr 2024

And yet this myth of the future meant that they never fully understood the need to replace the sense of belonging, meaning and identity that had been ebbing away since the Thatcher decade. People from industrial communities who had once been proud of holding skilled jobs in manufacturing industries as part of that national story increasingly felt dependent on − and distant from − all the success of a weightless ‘knowledge economy’ that seemed more international than anything to do with them. In London, huge wealth was being created but many of the richest people were from overseas, including the best footballers in the new Premier League. Even some of the clubs themselves were floated on the stock exchange and bought by overseas investors.

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E., here–here, here, here, here, here, here–here Hull, here–here, here cholera epidemic, here City of Culture, here fishing industry, here industrial unrest, here memorials, here poverty, here–here social reforms, here–here human rights, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here Humber Bridge, here Humphreys, Sophie, here Hunt, Jeremy, here Hunt, Tristram, here, here–here Huxley, Thomas, here I May Destroy You, here immigration, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here EU, here–here Hong Kong, here, here Irish, here, here see also asylum seekers; refugees Imperial Federation, here imperial preference, here imperialism, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here India, here, here, here–here, here, here, here abolition of suttee, here corruption, here famines, here–here, here–here, here independence, here–here partition, here Indian Rebellion, here, here indigenous Australians, here inner-city riots, here Inquisition, here, here Iraq War, here–here, here, here Irish home rule, here Islamist extremism, here, here Isle of Wight, here–here Jackson, Phil, here Jamaica, here–here, here, here–here, here, here Baptist Rebellion, here–here James I, King, here James II, King, here James, Lily, here Japan, here Jarman, Derek, here Jarrett, Chrisann, here, here–here Jenks, Edward, here Jennings, Will, here–here Jenrick, Robert, here Jews, here, here, here–here, here–here John, King, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here Johnson, Amy, here Johnson, Boris, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here and Brexit, here–here, here, here and the Establishment, here–here, here, here and Oxford University, here, here–here Johnson, Esther, here Jones, Owen, here Jowett, Benjamin, here–here jury trials, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Kanagasooriam, James, here Kellner, Peter, here Kelly, Chloe, here Kelly, Ruth, here Kennedy, John F., here, here Kenya, here, here Kidd, Captain William, here Kinder Scout ‘mass trespass’, here King, Martin Luther, here, here Kingsley, Charles, here Kinnock, Neil, here, here Kipling, Rudyard, here, here, here Kitchener, Lord, here ‘knowledge economy’, here Kong, Elise, here Kosovo, here Kroenke, Stan, here Kuenssberg, Laura, here Kumar, Krishnan, here Kuper, Simon, here Labour Party Blair government and New Labour, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here, here Brown government, here–here and Corbyn leadership, here, here and English identity, here, here, here and Europe, here, here, here post-war government, here–here, here, here and race, here–here and Ralph Miliband, here and Red Wall, here, here–here and ‘white heat of technology’, here and working classes, here, here–here, here Lammy, David, here, here–here Lancashire Cotton Famine, here Larkin, Philip, here–here, here Laurel and Hardy, here Law Society, here Lawrence, D.

The Accidental Theorist: And Other Dispatches From the Dismal Science
by Paul Krugman
Published 18 Feb 2010

The fans, of course, go to these concerts not to appreciate the music (they can do that far better at home) but for the experience of seeing their idols in person. Technology forecaster Esther Dyson got it precisely right in 1996: “Free copies of content are going to be what you use to establish your fame. Then you go out and milk it.” In short, instead of becoming a Knowledge Economy we have become a Celebrity Economy. Luckily, the same technology that has made it impossible to capitalize directly on knowledge has also created many more opportunities for celebrity. The 500-channel world is a place of many subcultures, each with its own culture heroes; there are people who will pay for the thrill of live encounters not only with divas but with journalists, poets, mathematicians, and even economists.

The Flat White Economy
by Douglas McWilliams
Published 15 Feb 2015

‘The Impact of Recent Immigration on the London Economy’, London School of Economics, July 2007. 19. 2011 Census (workplace population analysis), Office for National Statistics, May 2014: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_364058.pdf 20. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25879675 21. ‘Internal Migration by Local Authorities in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2012’, Office for National Statistics, June 2013: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_315652.pdf 22. ‘Simply the Best? Skilled migrants and the UK’s knowledge economy’, L Hopkins & C Levy, The Big Innovation Centre, June 2012. 23. Under the UK’s national qualifications framework, Level 4 is equivalent to a Higher National Certificate – see www.gov.uk/what-different-qualification-levels-mean. 24. 2011 Census (workplace population analysis), Office for National Statistics, May 2014: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_364058.pdf 25. travel.wikinut.com/The-Cultural-Diversity-of-London/y6e37vl3/ 26.

Clock of the Long Now
by Stewart Brand
Published 1 Jan 1999

In 01944 it was those aging veterans, then in politically conservative American Legion posts, who pushed through the GI Bill for returning World War II veterans, providing them with college tuition and low-cost home mortgages; it was not a Roosevelt New Deal program at all. The GI Bill’s cost of $14.5 billion was paid back eightfold in taxes in the next twenty years, it jump-started the boom years of the 01950s, it built the world’s largest middle class, and it set the nation decades ahead as the world moved into a knowledge economy. America’s greatest infrastructural investment ever was made as a gesture of gratitude and justice rather than of profound forethought. A move in one infinite game—generational responsibility—paid off in another infinite game—growing prosperity. Perhaps James Carse is right to end his book with the words, “There is but one infinite game.”

The Nowhere Office: Reinventing Work and the Workplace of the Future
by Julia Hobsbawm
Published 11 Apr 2022

Introduction Baker, Nicholson, The Mezzanine (Granta, 2011) Turkle, Sherry, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (Basic Books, 2011) Chapter 1: Shift 1: Placeless, Timeless Flaherty, Michael G., The Textures of Time: Agency and Temporal Experience (Temple University Press, 2011) Garfield, Simon, Timekeepers: How the World Became Obsessed with Time (Canongate, 2016) Gratton, Lynda, and Andrew Scott, The 100-Year Life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity (Bloomsbury, 2020) Gregg, Melissa, Work’s Intimacy (Polity Press, 2011) ——, Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy (Duke University Press, 2018) Hochschild, Arlie Russell, The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (Penguin, 2012 [1989]) ——, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work (Holt Paperbacks, 2001 [1997]) Hunnicutt, Benjamin Kline, Kellogg’s Six-Hour Day (Temple University Press, 1996) Johnson, Elsbeth, Step Up, Step Back: How to Really Deliver Strategic Change in Your Organisation (Bloomsbury Business, 2020) Kane, Chris, Where is My Office?

Dream Hoarders: How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do About It
by Richard V. Reeves
Published 22 May 2017

While there has been a general retreat from marriage and an increase in single parenthood, these trends have left the upper middle class largely untouched. Far from abandoning marriage, college-educated Americans are busily rehabilitating the institution for the modern age, turning it into a child-rearing machine for a knowledge economy.22 Isabel Sawhill and others have shown that there are now marked differences in the marital status of Americans by income and education background, as well as wide gaps in rates of single parenthood.23 The single parenthood rate among those aged twenty-five to thirty-five in the top 20 percent is now 9 percent, up from 3 percent in 1980.

The Scandal of Money
by George Gilder
Published 23 Feb 2016

Only large companies can master the demands of the game, the need for foreign exchange hedges, transnational holding companies, legal specialists, complex securitizations, intellectual property swaps, private equity inversions, multiple stock classes, alternative energy entanglements, audit committees, double cross-checking accountant teams, diversity mandates, sexual harassment backside protectors, and other pettifoggery all crowding out the entrepreneurs. The test of an entrepreneurial idea is its experimental and empirical truth, affirmed by profitability. In a knowledge economy, cash is valuable only if it is validated by real learning. That is the moral foundation of capitalist wealth and the only source of growth. “Flooding the system with cash” is bad for the economy because it falsifies price signals and demoralizes capitalists by misrepresenting the outcomes of entrepreneurial experiments.

Last Best Hope: America in Crisis and Renewal
by George Packer
Published 14 Jun 2021

Palin was a working-class hockey mom who strutted onstage at campaign events to Gretchen Wilson’s anthem “Redneck Woman.” The women at Bonnie’s weren’t bothered at all by Palin’s obvious ignorance. They weren’t interested in her policy views or professional experience. What drew them to her was identity. She was the future. 2. The new knowledge economy created a new class of Americans: men and women with college degrees (at the very least), skilled with symbols and numbers, salaried professionals in information technology, scientific research, design, management consulting, the upper civil service, financial analysis, medicine, law, journalism, the arts, higher education.

Team Human
by Douglas Rushkoff
Published 22 Jan 2019

Enthusiasts still associated the net with education and political power. They pushed for technology in schools and laptops in Africa, even though the digital society’s essential values had been left behind in the era of 2400-baud modems. The primary purpose of the internet had changed from supporting a knowledge economy to growing an attention economy. Instead of helping us leverage time to our intellectual advantage, the internet was converted to an “always on” medium, configured to the advantage of those who wanted to market to us or track our activities. Going online went from an active choice to a constant state of being.

Fair Shot: Rethinking Inequality and How We Earn
by Chris Hughes
Published 20 Feb 2018

I had sought out and benefited from a world-class education, and it had indeed worked for me—so it surely must be the most important tool to help everyone else. “Give a man a fish,” goes the old proverb, “and you will feed him for a day. Teach him to fish, and you will feed him for a lifetime.” The transition to a knowledge economy has only intensified this faith. If we’re creating fewer manual jobs that pay living wages, then the clear answer, it would seem, is to help people learn the skills and smarts for the high-skill, high-pay “jobs of the future.” We tell ourselves that if we provide everyone with the strong foundation of a good education and make college more accessible and affordable, then anyone who has a bit of initiative will be able to enjoy a secure economic future.

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
by Fred Turner
Published 31 Aug 2006

In the industrial-era lofts south of Market Street in San Francisco and in the narrow corridors of Manhattan’s Silicon Alley, twenty-something marketers pulled their six-hundred-dollar Herman Miller chairs around hand-hewn oak and redwood tables and plotted something called “web strategy.” More than a few began to imagine themselves as bits of talent and information swirling in the currents of a knowledge economy, their own careers tied to their ability to divine its rapidly changing laws.59 Corporations reconfigured offices to facilitate flexible work, programmers camped in their companies’ open-all-night offices, and day after day, financiers, technologists, and ordinary Americans checked the financial pages for signs that the future was still dawning.

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Available at http://www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/hrc/theory/ californianideo/main/t.4.2.html (accessed September 27, 2005). Bardini, Thierry. Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. Barley, Stephen R., and Gideon Kunda. Gurus, Hired Guns, and Warm Bodies: Itinerant Experts in a Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Barlow, John Perry. “@home.on.the.ranch.” 1998. Available at http://members.aye.net/ hippie/barlow/barlow01.htm (accessed November 15, 2004). ———. “Being in Nothingness: Virtual Reality and the Pioneers of Cyberspace.” Mondo 2000, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 34 – 43. ———.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism
by Stephen Graham
Published 30 Oct 2009

This leaves the burgeoning and pivotal cities of the South categorized as a mere Other, outside of Western culture, a status which makes it all but impossible for theorists to grasp how both sets of cities mutually constitute each other within imperial, neo-colonial or postcolonial geographies.27 The field of urban studies has been particularly slow to address the central role of cities within the new imperialism – the resurgence of aggressive, colonial militarism focusing on the violent appropriation of land and resources in the South.28 Indeed, the prosperous cities of the North are today often idealized by liberal commentators and theorists as centres of migration and laboratories of cosmopolitan integration, characteristics construed as vital to their high-tech economic futures as the key nodes of the ‘global knowledge economy’. Such integration is deemed by influential urban policy gurus, such as Richard Florida, to be a key engine of economic creativity within technologically advanced capitalism.29 These perspectives, however, systematically ignore the way the North’s global cities often act as economic or ecological parasites, preying on the South, violently appropriating energy, water, land and mineral resources, relying on exploitative labour conditions in offshore manufacturing, driving damaging processes of climate change, and generating an often highly damaging flow of tourism and waste.

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Announcing the plan in 1954, Vice President Richard Nixon argued that its prime raison d’être was to ‘meet the demands of catastrophe or defense, should an atomic war come’.57 Meanwhile bright, modernist new towns and new capitals were engineered across the world, both by Soviet and Western planners and by foreign aid programmes, as a means of shoring up geopolitical support on the globally stretched frontiers of the Cold War.58 Back in the United States, meanwhile, massive new high-tech districts such as California’s Silicon Valley were forged as motors of a new ‘knowledge economy’ centred on emerging ‘global’ cities, as is well known. Much less recognized is the fact that such ‘technopoles’ were also the key foundries for the militarized control technologies which sustained the Cold War and were later mobilized as the basis for the transformation of US forces through the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’.59 At the same time, the imperatives faced by the new military science of cybernetics quickly expanded from the remote control of missiles to the task of organizing new means of rebuilding US cities during the years of mass ‘slum’ clearance in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as building early cable TV networks.60 We should also not forget the more indirect geopolitical and international security implications of Cold War geographies and architectures of urbanization.

Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 4 Mar 2003

Chandler, Scale and Scope, 200. 19. Jones, British Multinationals, 5. 20. Sampson, Company Man, 143. 21. Paul Doremus et al., The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 8. 22. Quoted in Yves Doz et al., From Global to Metanational: How Companies Win in the Knowledge Economy (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001), 63. 23. Peter Drucker, The New Realities (London: Heinemann, 1989), 119. 24. Doz et al., From Global to Metanational, 13. 25. These statistics all come from “How Big Are Multinational Companies?,” a paper released in January 2002 by Paul de Grauwe, of the University of Leuven, and Filip Camerman, of the Belgian Senate. 26.

The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market
by Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane
Published 11 Apr 2004

Todd Willis is a pseudonym for one of the participants in Basic Blue. 3. See Mary Ann Zehr, “Computer Giants Look to Students,” Education Week 17, no. 31 (April 15, 1998). 4. For the details of this story, see Richard Murnane, Nancy Sharkey, and Frank Levy, “A Role for the Internet in American Education? Lessons from Cisco Networking Academies,” in The Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education, ed. Patricia Albjerg Graham and Nevzer G. Stacey (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002), 127–57. 5. As discussed later, the community server also keeps track of students’ grades on chapter tests and the semester examination, eliminating the bookkeeping activities that consume a great deal of time for most teachers. 6.

The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction
by Jamie Woodcock and Mark Graham
Published 17 Jan 2020

Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(2): 135–162. Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., Wood, A., Barnard, H., Hjorth, I. and Simon, D.P. (2017b) The Risks and Rewards of Online Gig Work at the Global Margins. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute. Graham, M., Ojanpera, S., Anwar, M.A. and Friederici, N. (2017c) Digital connectivity and African knowledge economies. Questions de Communication, 32: 345–60. Gray, M.L. and Suri, S. (2019) Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Gray, M.L., Suri, S., Ali, S.S. and Kulkarni, D. (2016), The crowd is a collaborative network. In CSCW’16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, San Francisco, CA, 27 February–2 March.

Little Bets: How Breakthrough Ideas Emerge From Small Discoveries
by Peter Sims
Published 18 Apr 2011

Is it to impart knowledge and facts or is it to nurture curiosity, effortful problem solving, and the capacity for lifelong learning? Educational historians have repeatedly shown that today’s schools were designed during the first half of the twentieth century to meet the demands of the industrial era, not an innovative knowledge economy. “Very few schools teach students how to create knowledge,” says Professor Keith Sawyer of Washington University, a leading education and innovation researcher. “Instead, students are taught that knowledge is static and complete, and they become experts at consuming knowledge rather than producing knowledge.”

The Currency Cold War: Cash and Cryptography, Hash Rates and Hegemony
by David G. W. Birch
Published 14 Apr 2020

During his adventures in this new world, our time-travelling protagonist, who doubles as the narrator, is told by his host in the modern era (the good Doctor Edward Leete) that cash no longer exists. Instead, Dr Leete informs him, the populace uses ‘credit cards’ for retail transactions.28 While the author does not talk about the telephone, laser beams or the knowledge economy, he does make insightful predictions about the evolution of money. When talking about an American going to visit Berlin, Dr Leete notes how convenient it is for international travellers to use these ‘credit cards’ instead of foreign currency: ‘An American credit card,’ says Dr Leete, ‘is just as good as American gold used to be.’

Free to Focus: A Total Productivity System to Achieve More by Doing Less
by Michael Hyatt
Published 8 Apr 2019

While twentieth-century factory workers did the same set of tasks all day every day throughout the week, we are constantly surprised by new challenges, opportunities, and problems. All these things require a tremendous amount of mental energy not only to figure out solutions but sometimes just to keep up. Taylor’s goal was to find ways to work faster. When you apply that to the knowledge economy, however, the work never seems to end. There’s always a new idea to consider or problem to solve, and when we do a good job and complete our work, we’re rewarded with—you guessed it—more work. We’re stuck in the proverbial hamster’s wheel, running as hard and fast as we can but never making any real progress on our ever-growing list of projects and tasks.

Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech
by Jamie Susskind
Published 3 Sep 2018

Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven and London:Yale University Press, 2006), 96. 66. Benkler, Wealth of Networks, 49. 67. Boyle, Public Domain, 50; Perzanowksi and Schultz, End of Ownership, 135; see also Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (London: Earthscan, 2002). 68. Brynjolfsson, McAfee, and Spence, ‘New World Order’. 69. Susskind and Susskind, Future of the Professions, 1. 70. Susskind and Susskind, Future of the Professions, 307. 71. Arun Sundararajan, The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-Based Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2017), 3–5. 72.

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Coding Regulation: Essays on the Normative Role of Information Technology. The Hague: TMC Asser, 2006. Dourish, Paul, and Genevieve Bell. Divining a Digital Future: Mess and Mythology in Ubiquitous Computing. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011. Drahos, Peter with John Braithwaite. Information Feudalism:Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? London: Earthscan, 2002. Dredge, Stuart. ‘30 Things Being 3D Printed Right Now (and None of them Are Guns)’. The Guardian, 29 Jan. 2014 <https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2014/jan/29/3d-printing-limbs-cars-selfies> (accessed 30 Nov. 2017). Dryzek, John S., Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips, eds.

The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again
by Robert D. Putnam
Published 12 Oct 2020

The single most important driver of this regional convergence was the South’s long, steady catching up with the rest of the country, partly because of a natural convergence among different parts of a single economic unit and partly because of explicit federal policies to help the South.59 It is also broadly agreed that that regional convergence halted in the late 1970s, just about the same time that the Great Convergence in individual incomes was ending, though researchers differ on whether regional convergence at that point actually reversed, leading to growing regional inequality. Much of that disagreement turns on measurement differences that are too arcane to describe here, but those who think that regional divergence is growing typically point to the emergence of the “knowledge economy” and its concentration in a few high-tech meccas, especially on the two coasts. During the Trump years these regional disparities have become a central issue in the national public debate, as our politics become increasingly polarized regarding what to do about regions that have been “left behind.”

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.: assassination (1963), 178, 307 Civil Rights movement and, 232–33, 268 on cultural individualism vs. community needs, 11–12, 178 election of 1960 and, 79, 81, 232–33, 302 New Frontier, 12, 302 Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, 268, 282 taxation and, 55 Kennedy, Robert F., 307–8 Kerner Commission (1967), 238, 425n133 Kerouac, Jack, 182 Killen, Andreas, 304 Kinder, Donald, 241–42 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 130–31, 232 assassination (1968), 237, 238, 307, 308 “beloved community,” 180, 244 Birmingham Letter (1963), 178–79 “I Have a Dream” speech (1963), 177, 236 Kirkpatrick, Rob, 304 Kiwanis, 114, 117, 118 Kloos, Karina, 237–38, 243 Kloppenberg, James, 167, 173 Knights of Columbus, 115, 118, 119, 323 Knights of Labor, 49 knowledge economy, 44 Korean War, 81 Kroc, Ray, 117 Krugman, Paul, 65 Ku Klux Klan, 218 Kurlansky, Mark, 304 La Follette, Robert, 327 Lancet, The, 42–43 Landon, Alf, 76–77 La Rochefoucauld, François de, 236 Lasch, Christopher, 194 Latinos, 410n1 gender pay equity, 259 and I-we-I curve, 14 religious engagement, 140, 393nn85–86 see also immigrants and immigration; racial equality/inequality Lavender Scare (1950s), 180 League of Women Voters, 119, 120 Lennon, John, 306 Leo XIII, Pope, 132, 168 lesbian rights, 279 Levin, Yuval, 437–38n16 Levitsky, Steven, 106 libertarianism, 437n9 collective norms vs., 46 New Right (1960s), 62, 81, 186–91 see also cultural individualism vs. community needs; first Gilded Age (late 1800s); Great Divergence (mid-1970s–); second Gilded Age (late 1900s); social solidarity vs. isolation life expectancy, 27–28 “deaths of despair,” 43–44 in the first Gilded Age (late 1800s), 7 Great Divergence (mid-1970s–) and, 42–44 racial equality/inequality and, 202, 204–5, 240 Lilla, Mark, 299 Lincoln, Abraham: assassination, 166 Republican Party and, 78, 201 Whig communitarianism and, 166, 171, 197 see also Civil War Lindert, Peter H., 33, 35, 40, 42, 202, 209 Lions Club, 114, 117, 120 Lippmann, Walter, 110, 317–18, 329, 330, 339 literature: New Left, 188–89 New Right, 186–88 Ngram analysis of books, 169–70, 172–73, 175–76, 190–95, 197–98, 402–3nn18–23, 439n27 1920s/“Lost Generation,” 174 1950s, 182–84, 186–87, 188, 308, 442n55 1960s, 188–89, 302–4, 305 Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 182 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 315–16, 317 Lord of the Flies (Golding), 182, 308, 442n55 MacKinnon, Catharine, 264 macrohistory, 19, 245–46, 286, see also I-we-I curve(s) Madison, James, 69, 102 “makers” and “takers” meme, 187 Maloney, Thomas N., 210–11 Manduca, Robert, 211 Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, The (Wilson), 182 Manson, Charles, 308–9 March for Our Lives (2018), 328 March on Washington: of 1963, 177, 227, 232 Women’s March (2017), 333 Marcuse, Herbert, 188 Mare, Robert, 154 Margo, Robert A., 207, 211–12 Margolis, John, 304 marriage, 145–54, 157–58 average age of, 146–51 cohabitation vs., 152–53 “companionate,” 150–52, 274 divorce and, 152, 253, 278, 280 economic equality/inequality and, 153–54, 156–57 education and, 154 gender equality/inequality and, 246, 252, 254–57, 259–60, 262–65 generational differences and, 146–48, 152 I-we-I curves, 147–50 politics and, 98, 381n90 racial intermarriage, 218 religion and, 134 singletons vs., 146–47, 153, 157 social class and, 153–54 Marshall, Thurgood, 231–32, 233 Marxism, 172, 287 Masons, 115, 116, 121 Massey, Douglas, 39 McAdam, Doug, 237–38, 243 McCall’s magazine, 151 McCarthy, Joseph, 81, 180, 307–8 McCarty, Nolan, 86, 100, 102 McClure’s Magazine, 327 McDonald’s, 117 McGovern, George, 83 McKinley, William, 72, 74, 372–73n17 Mead, Margaret, 282 “Me Decade” (Wolfe), 197–98, 301, 311 media/communication: advertising in, 6–7, 25, 177, 278, 310 in the first Gilded Age (late 1800s), 2–3, 5, 6–7 internet, see internet; social media political polarization and, 101 Progressive Era muckrakers, 129, 167, 325, 327 racism in, 218, 417n64 television, 52, 151 see also literature Medicare, 59, 82 #MeToo movement, 277, 328 Millennials, 134, 141, 148, 156, 273–77, 314 Miller, Arthur, 184 Miller, William, 144 Mills, C.

World Without Mind: The Existential Threat of Big Tech
by Franklin Foer
Published 31 Aug 2017

In the industrial age, utilities were infrastructure that the public deemed essential to the functioning of everyday life—electricity and gas, water and sewage. In the end, the country couldn’t function without them, and the government removed these companies from the vicissitudes of the market, leashing them to publicly appointed commissions that set their prices. In the knowledge economy, the essential pieces of infrastructure are intellectual. With the inexhaustible choice made possible by the Internet comes a new imperative—the need for new tools capable of navigating the vastness. The world’s digital trove of knowledge isn’t terribly useful without mechanisms for searching and sorting the ethereal holdings.

Think Like an Engineer: Use Systematic Thinking to Solve Everyday Challenges & Unlock the Inherent Values in Them
by Mushtak Al-Atabi
Published 26 Aug 2014

Knowledge Revolution The oversupply of huge amounts of information free of charge and on demand is changing the world beyond recognition. This is especially true in areas of education where education systems are evolving to reflect the reality that education is about constructing knowledge rather than just remembering facts. The knowledge revolution is correlated with the rise of knowledge economy where information is constructed and organised into knowledge that can be utilised to create economic value. Knowledge management is also allowing us to gradually use machines to perform tasks that need complex decision making. 9. Green Revolution The colour of the 21st Century is green. As sustainability takes centre stage, the green economy and green development are moving towards the mainstream of the political, cultural, technological and educational debate.

Where Does It Hurt?: An Entrepreneur's Guide to Fixing Health Care
by Jonathan Bush and Stephen Baker
Published 14 May 2014

They have studied their daughter’s condition and are in touch with others who have the same disease, perhaps through new Web sites or social media. They exchange data with them, perhaps anonymously, if that’s what their daughter prefers. They know this doctor has plenty of experience with the disease. They know how much he charges. They know a lot because they and the entire health care industry are now operating in the knowledge economy. In short, they are participating in the health care revolution. It’s actually pretty simple. They shop, they make choices, and they get the medical care they want and deserve. If we push for it, that’s the way health care should be, and will be, for all of us. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A book!

Waiting for Superman: How We Can Save America's Failing Public Schools
by Participant Media and Karl Weber
Published 14 Jun 2010

The results are clear: KIPP graduates more than 95 percent of its students, compared to the district average of 70 percent. Almost 90 percent of the graduates go on to a four-year college.20 If we commit to a country where this is a reality for all young people, we’ll raise the next generation of Americans to be better educated, more creative, more productive, and ready to compete at the leading edge of the knowledge economy. That’s a change that will enhance the life of every American—and it’s one we’re ready to help make. PART VII WHAT YOU CAN DO 12 How You Can Make a Differenceb The Alliance for Excellent Education The Alliance for Excellent Education (www.all4ed.org) is a Washington, D.C.-based national policy and advocacy organization that works to improve national and federal policy so that all students can achieve at high academic levels and graduate from high school ready for success in college, work, and citizenship in the twenty-first century.

Eat People: And Other Unapologetic Rules for Game-Changing Entrepreneurs
by Andy Kessler
Published 1 Feb 2011

We went from Stone Age to Iron Age to Industrial Age to Space Age and we’re now firmly in the Idea Age. Wealth and success are no longer guaranteed by working long hours climbing the corporate ladder of success at Amalgamated Widgets, hand over hand with knives in the backs of your coworkers. Ideas rule. That whole Knowledge Economy thing may sound like a dripping cliché, but you’d better figure it out because it’s how wealth is created today, not by assembling cars or digging for oil or financing real estate or teaching history. In fact, those who do study history are doomed to repeat it. But what does that even mean, “Ideas Rule”?

Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019)
by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig
Published 15 Mar 2020

The major weakness of the compensation theory is that it wrongly assumes that meaning in life given by traditional work can be adequately compensated by an increased flow of consumer goods—a typical economistic argument. The flaw in the theory of complements lies in its vast over-estimation of human capacity. There is no reason why human mental capacity in general should increase at the same rate as machine mental capacity. A minority will be able to race with the machines in the knowledge economy. But a substantial fraction will be ‘left behind’. What is to happen to them? Already, the ‘left behind’ symptoms, and reactions to them, can be seen in increasingly precarious employment, stagnant or even falling wages, and populist protests against both automation and one of its chief agents, globalisation.

The Metric Society: On the Quantification of the Social
by Steffen Mau
Published 12 Jun 2017

Thanks to a steady stream of new indicators, rating procedures, performance measurements and polling instruments, the last corners of social life are now being illuminated and numerically encoded, a process which also places ever greater demands on us in terms of data literacy. The strong momentum in this domain is partly attributable to the process of digitalization, which makes the collection, storage and analysis of data substantially quicker and easier. Data have advanced to become the ultimate raw material of the information and knowledge economy, and the increasing datafication of society is causing ever new business areas to spring up now that the relevant information can be used to win customers, determine people's commercial utility or steer their decisions. Even the most private things, such as hobbies, family relationships, emotional states or behavioural habits have suddenly become measurable.

Hyperfocus: How to Be More Productive in a World of Distraction
by Chris Bailey
Published 31 Jul 2018

Before you buy another device, ask yourself: What jobs am I hiring it to do that the devices I already own can’t? Thinking about your devices this way forces you to consider why you really own them and, perhaps even more important, enables you to bring devices into your life only with intention. Email In the knowledge economy, email is one of the largest distractions we face every day—it’s usually the largest pain point for the people I speak to and coach (with meetings being a close second). One of the best strategies to tame email is to limit how many email notifications you receive, which limits how frequently you’re interrupted.

The Rare Metals War
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 15 Feb 2020

Faced with severe time and budgetary constraints, and ruling out the risk of components containing backdoor technology, Kendall made his decision: the ban imposed by the law of 1973 would not apply to some of the rare-earth magnets produced by the ChengDu Magnetic Material Science & Technology Co., making the Chinese company the official supplier of the F-35.43 The United States cannot do without Chinese magnets, and so, to this day, Anthony Marchese explained, the Pentagon continues to grant the waiver. ‘The manufacturers of the F-35 still buy rare earths in China. Period.’ CHAPTER EIGHT Mining goes global DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, GREEN ENERGIES, electricity logistics and storage, and the new industries of space and defence are diversifying and expanding our need for rare metals exponentially. Not a day goes by that we don’t discover a new miracle property of a rare metal, or unprecedented ways of applying it. Indeed, our technological ambitions and dreams of a greener world are limited only by the bounds of our imagination.

A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy
by Joel Mokyr
Published 8 Jan 2016

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2006. Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ———. 2007. “Mechanical Science of the Factory Floor.” History of Science, Vol. 45, part 2, No. 148, pp. 197–221. ———. 2014. The First Knowledge Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacob, Margaret C., and Larry Stewart. 2004. Practical Matter: Newton’s Science in the Service of Industry and Empire, 1687–1851. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Jami, Catherine. 1994. “Learning Mathematical Sciences during the Early and Mid-Ch’ing.”

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“The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth.” [Presidential address.] Journal of Economic History Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 285–351. ———. 2006a. “The Great Synergy: The European Enlightenment as a Factor in Modern Economic Growth.” In Wilfred Dolfsma and Luc Soete, eds., Understanding the Dynamics of a Knowledge Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 7–41. ———. 2006b. “Useful Knowledge as an Evolving System: The View from Economic history.” In Lawrence E. Blume and Steven N. Durlauf, eds., The Economy as an Evolving Complex System Vol. III: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 307–37. ———. 2006c.

Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown
by Philip Mirowski
Published 24 Jun 2013

And this is not a matter of differential capacities or distributions of innate intelligence: “the difference between the knowledge that the wisest and that which the most ignorant individual can deliberately employ is comparatively insignificant.” Experts are roundly disparaged by Hayek, and accused of essentially serving as little more than apologists for whomever employs them.145 On the face of it, it thus seems somewhat ironic that Hayek would be touted as the premier theorist of the New Knowledge Economy. But the irony dissolves once we realize that central to neoliberalism is a core conviction that the market really does know better than any one of us what is good for ourselves and for society, and that includes the optimal allocation of ignorance within the populace: “There is not much reason to believe that, if at any one time the best knowledge which some possess were made available to all, the result would be a much better society.

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See Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS) Mulligan, Casey Mundell, Robert Murdoch, Rupert Murketing MySpace Myth of the Rational Market (Fox) N NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Nassirian, Barmak National Academy National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) National Economic Council National Health Service National Income and Product Accounts National Institutes of Health National Public Radio (NPR) National Science Foundation (NSF) National Transportation and Safety Board NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research) Neoclassical econimics as empty Neoclassical economists Neoliberal Ascendancy Neoliberal Follies Neoliberal Thought Collective (NTC) about on agency bolstering of connection between economics profession and “conservatism,” “constructivism” in core insight of on crime current topography of defense mechanisms of doctrines for on economic crisis emergency executive committee meeting on equality exercising hostility toward federal government and Federal Reserve on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Foucault on on freedom Friedman on function of geoengineering and “good society,” major ambition of membership of on neuroenhancers normalization of everyday sadism orthodox macroeconomics and parallels between Seekers and persistence of on personhood political mobilizations of Radin on on “risk,” Russian doll structure of sociological structure of success stories think tanks affiliated with Thirteen Commandments writings of members of Neoliberalism Alternatives to Crisis response Defined Distinguished from neoclassical econimics Left epithet Premature obituaries for Netflix New Age New Deal New Disrespect New Economic Thinking New Industrial State (Galbraith) “New Keynesianism,” New Keynesians model New Knowledge Economy New Labour New Orthodox Seer New Right New Statesman New York Federal Reserve Bank New York Review of Books New York Times New York University (NYU) New Yorker Newbery, David on “investments,” News Corporation Newshour Newsnight Newsweek Nietzsche, Friedrich “The Night they Re-read Minsky,” Nik-Khah, Edward Nine Lives of Neoliberalism Nobel Prize Nobelists Nocera, Joe Nolan, Christopher A Non-Random Walk Down Wall Street (Lo and MacKinley) Northern Rock Nostradamus Codex Notre Dame, University of NPR (National Public Radio) NSF (National Science Foundation) NTC.

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution
by David Wootton
Published 7 Dec 2015

Thomas Kuhn thought that science and technology were antithetical to each other, at least until the 1870s.9 One might think that the historians of technology would have wanted to question this disjuncture between theory and practice – but at first they were the same people as the historians of science.10 The major attack on the established orthodoxy has come only very recently, and from an unexpected quarter: the new economic historians of the Industrial Revolution, who emphasize the importance of skills and technical innovation, of what they call ‘the knowledge economy’.11 On this question the new economic historians are (as will become apparent) in the right. But those who argue that science played a key role in the Industrial Revolution need to have an answer to a simple and by now classic question: What role did science play in the invention of the steam engine?

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Painterly Perspective and Piety: Religious Uses of the Vanishing Point, From the 15th to the 18th Century. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. Mokyr, Joel. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. ———. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. ———. ‘The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth’. Journal of Economic History 65 (2005): 285–351. ———. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Montaigne, Michel de.

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Collingwood) 431 Imaginary Invalid, The (Molière) 393 immutable mobiles 303 impetus theory 574 Index of Prohibited Books 276, 379 indexes, importance of 305n India 128, 137, 177 Indiscreet Jewels, The (Denis Diderot) 51 Industrial Revolution clockwork facilitates 486 contribution of science to 479, 508 early medieval forerunner 484 effect and duration 18, 429 geared machinery 484 precision instrumentation of 423 Scientific Revolution and 13, 17, 19, 476 16th century progress claimed 431, 446 skills involved 445 steam engine and 490 inertia 19, 50, 372 Ingrassia, Giovanni Filippo 85, 95, 96 Inquisition (Roman) Bruno burnt alive 10, 149 della Porta and 276 Descartes and 362 Galileo condemned by 37, 107, 545 Stellato before 157 torture by 314–15 Institutes of the Orator (Quintilian) 403 Institutiones (Cassiodorus) 451n instruments, scientific 209, 244–5, 560 Instruments for the Restoration of Anatomy (Tycho Brahe) 180 intellectual property 337 Intelligent Design 445 internet, the 593–4 interpretation 83 Interpreter, The (John Cowell) 402 Introductio ad veram physicam (John Keill) 473 Introductio geographica (Peter Apian) 189 Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, An (Claude Bernard) 426 invention 61n, 66–7, 82n Isaac, Joel 585–6 Isis 512 Islam 37, 66, 113 Italian (language) 30 Jackson, Thomas 402 James I, King 159 (and see below) James VI, King (of Scotland) 6, 10 (and see above) Jansen, Cornelius 289–90 Jansenism 295, 297 Japanese 484 Jardin des Plantes, Paris 356 Jerusalem 115n, 119, 120 Jesuits Aristotle and the new science 537n Clavius leading astronomer of 118 Galileo and 37, 197n, 225, 226 Gilbert’s ideas and 324, 328 missionaries 7 scholastic philosophers at colleges 31 van Helmont and 291 Venus orbiting the sun 24n Jews 66, 76 John of Glogau 72 John of Jandun 114 John of Saxony 337 John of Wallingford 118 Johns, Adrian 26n Johnson, Dr Samuel 26, 284, 474 Jones, William 564 Jonson, Ben 9, 355 Joubert, Laurent 304 Journal des sçavans 341 Jovilabe 480 Judaei, Themo 117, 135, 326 judgement 422 Julius Caesar 99 Julius Caesar (William Shakespeare) 5 Jupiter, moons of difficulties caused by 218 eclipses of 480 Galileo discovers 38, 86, 88, 407 Kepler’s terminology for 48 measuring longitudes by 481 naming of 96, 99 rapid confirmation of discovery 89, 92, 237 Rømer’s work 518 use as a clock, 215 juries 407, 419, 426 Kant, Immanuel 327 Kay, John 484 Keill, John 473 Kelley, Donald 551 Kepler, Johannes 211–14, 262–6 barnacle geese 268 conflating maths and natural philosophy 24n contacts Galileo and responses from 220–1, 224 contemporary knowledge of 8 Conversation with Galileo’s Starry Messenger 9, 302 Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae 130n, 152n, 252 escaping from circular movement 390n Gilbert’s model of magnetism and 329, 516–17 his teacher 192 Holy Roman Emperor and 31 hypotheses, types of 386–7 infinite size of universe 243 laws of planetary motion 11 Mars and 193, 301, 305 mathematician, as 424 Mercury in transit 223n Newton on 376, 393 on published writings 198n printing press recognised by 306 Rudolphine tables 307 satellites 48 sea and land levels 130n speed of light measurements and 521 universe as a clock 485 variety of publications by 205 King, Gregory 259, 260 Kircher, Athanasius 279 Knauss, Friedrich von 445 Knieper, Hans 196 knowledge access to 78–9 Aristotle’s concept of 68 as power 83–4 circulation of 340–1 experience and 81, 125n, 253, 320, 341, 421 fact as basis of 252, 297, 309 gained from discovery 80–1 Gassendi’s theory of 410 Hobbes on 298, 546, 548–9 ‘knowledge economy’ 479 Locke on 405, 420 Merton on 96 Montaigne on 557, 559, 561 new concepts of 397 no new knowledge to be had 62, 74, 78, 104 OED distinctions 420 Renaissance attitudes 73 sensation and 322 types of 323, 395n various attitudes to 321 vocabulary to be used 541–2 Wittgenstein on 23, 45 Knowledge and Social Imagery (David Bloor) 580, 589 Koch, Robert 540 Kosmotheoros (Christiaan Huygens) 234 Koyré, Alexandre coining ‘Scientific Revolution’ 16, 17, 20 ideas of place and space 19 quoted 595 science and progress 512 thought, importance of 50 Kuhn, Thomas see also Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The alternative views of science 538, 542, 543 coining ‘Copernican Revolution’ 18, 55, 145 see also On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Nicolaus Copernicus) communication between different intellectual worlds 46n Conant and 394, 544 consensus science 346 Copernicanism triumphs 516 Copernicus and Tycho Brahe 13n Isaac on 585–6 Koyré’s influence 19 new approach of 561–2 on Newton 382 on reading outdated texts 110–11 opposition of science and technology 479 phases of Venus 246n Ptolemaic science 573 publishes on English and French approaches 425–6 quoted 251 science and progress 512–13, 541 Wittgenstein and 45 ‘Kuhn loss’ 554n la Boëtie, Étienne de 555, 556, 557 La Condition postmoderne (Jean-François Lyotard) 41 La Mettrie, Julien Offray de 439 Lactantius 81 language 42n, 46–51, 53, 63–5, 579 Lanzarote 98n Large Hadron Collider 312 Laski, Harold J. 17, 19 Late Discourse (Kenelm Digby) 293 latent heat 478 Latin Cambridge entrance requirement 15 cloud names 47 Columbus and Galileo 57–8 experience and experiment 312, 347 ‘fact’, the word 254–5, 283–4, 289, 295 Lily’s Grammar 547 ‘scientific’, the word, and 29 Latin Dictionary, A (eds.

Third World America: How Our Politicians Are Abandoning the Middle Class and Betraying the American Dream
by Arianna Huffington
Published 7 Sep 2010

“Education,” said President Obama during his May 2010 commencement address at Hampton University, “is what has always allowed us to meet the challenges of a changing world.”97 But he made it clear that the bar for meeting those challenges has been raised, and that a high school diploma—formerly, in the president’s words, “a ticket into a solid middle-class life”—is no longer enough to compete in what he called the “knowledge economy.” “Jobs today often require at least a bachelor’s degree,” he said, “and that degree is even more important in tough times like these.98 In fact, the unemployment rate for folks who’ve never gone to college is over twice as high as for folks with a college degree or more.” But rather than rising “to meet the challenges of a changing world,” we’re taking a tumble.99 Our high schools have become dropout factories.

Democratizing innovation
by Eric von Hippel
Published 1 Apr 2005

Foray argues that these simplifications, although providing a rationale for a way to measure knowledge-generation activities, were never appropriate and now are totally misleading. Knowledge generation, Foray says, is now a major activity across all industrial sectors and is by no means restricted to R&D laboratories: we are in the age of the knowledge economy. He makes a central distinction between R&D that is conducted in laboratories remote from doing, and learning by doing at the site of production. He argues that both are important, and have complementary advantages and drawbacks. Laboratory research can ignore some of the complexities involved in production in search of basic understanding.

The Nature of Technology
by W. Brian Arthur
Published 6 Aug 2009

The History and Power of Writing. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1988. McGee, David. “The Early Sociology of Invention.” Technology & Culture 36:4. 1995. McGinn, Robert. Science, Technology, and Society. Prentice-Hall, New York. 1990. Mokyr, Joel. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. University Press, Princeton. 2004. Ogburn, William F. Social Change. 1922. Reprint. Dell, New York. 1966. Otis, Charles. Aircraft Gas Turbine Powerplants. Jeppesen Sanderson Aviation, Englewood, Colorado. 1997. Perez, Carlota. Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. Edward Elgar, Aldershot, UK. 2002.

The $100 Startup: Reinvent the Way You Make a Living, Do What You Love, and Create a New Future
by Chris Guillebeau
Published 7 May 2012

You can set up shop and charge for specialized help immediately. (Just remember to offer something specific and provide an easy way to get paid.) Some business models are easier than others to start on a budget. Unless you have a compelling reason to do something different, think about how you can participate in the knowledge economy. Action beats planning. Use the One-Page Business Plan and other quick-start guides to get under way without waiting. Crafting an offer, hustling, and producing a launch event will generate much greater results than simply releasing your product or service to the world with no fanfare. The first $1.26 is the hardest, so find a way to get your first sale as quickly as possible.

Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth
by Juliet B. Schor
Published 12 May 2010

Similar arrangements can be found in cooperatives, partnerships, and other modern economic enterprises. The beauty of these systems is that on a small enough scale they produce incentives for productivity and sustainable use of resources. Natural asset regeneration projects can also benefit the knowledge economy. An active open-source process can lead to a great upskilling of green knowledge. New forms of skill acquisition are already under way. Community-based environmental justice groups such as Sustainable South Bronx, Green for All, and Green Worker Cooperatives have begun to train low-income and minority individuals in river restoration, installations of green roofs, home insulation, hazardous-waste removal, and related activities.

Global Governance and Financial Crises
by Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said
Published 12 Nov 2003

His publications include with Meghnad Desai ‘Money and the global civil society: the new anti-capitalist movement’, in Anheier, Glasius and Kaldor (eds), Global Civil Society 2001 (OUP 2001), and with Yash Ghai and Mark Lattimer, Building Democracy in Iraq (Minority Rights Group 2003). 1 Introduction Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said The new century is barely three years old and many of the certainties of the last century are being re-examined. During the last decade of the last century, there was an overwhelming confidence about the economy. A ‘New Paradigm’ was hailed; the business cycle had been abolished we were told. It seemed that the knowledge economy did not obey the old laws of economics. There would be no longer boom and bust as a new generation of central bankers and prudent Finance Ministers had fashioned the perfect combination of monetary and fiscal policies for us. There was a warning in 1997 with the Asian crisis and the triple bypass for Long-Term Capital Management.

The Smartphone Society
by Nicole Aschoff

“Neoliberalism”—a model of capitalism emphasizing a reduced state role in regulating markets and providing services, and “free market” competition between countries, companies, and workers as the best way to achieve growth and efficiency—lost its legitimacy.30 In the three decades leading up to the 2008 crisis, advocates of neoliberalism promised to raise all boats through privatizing public services and institutions, shrinking the social safety net, growing the “knowledge economy,” bolstering globalization and free trade, deregulating financial markets, and maximizing shareholder value. Democrats and Republicans reassured skeptics that any pain resulting from these policy objectives would be temporary adjustments as the country shifted gears toward developing a high-tech, skilled workforce guided by efficient capital markets and the carrot and stick of “world-class” competition, which would yield good new jobs and economic growth.

Who's Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life
by Richard Florida
Published 28 Jun 2009

Brian Knudsen et al., “Bridging and Bonding: A Multi-dimensional Approach to Regional Social Capital,” Carnegie Mellon University, 2005. Robert Putnam, “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century,” Scandinavian Political Studies 30, 2, 2007, pp. 137-174. Chapter 12 1 See Joseph Cortright and Carol Coletta, “The Young and the Restless in the Knowledge Economy,” CEOs for Cities, December 2005. 2 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at www.bls.gov/nls. 3 Cortright and Coletta, “The Young and the Restless.” 4 Lena Edlund, “Sex and the City,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 1, 107, 2005, pp. 26-44. 5 “Singles Map,” National Geographic, February 2007. 6 El Valiente did single men and women with bachelor’s degrees: http://elvaliente.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/creativemappng.png.

To Be a Machine: Adventures Among Cyborgs, Utopians, Hackers, and the Futurists Solving the Modest Problem of Death
by Mark O'Connell
Published 28 Feb 2017

That decision to eat from the tree of knowledge, to heed the serpent’s counsel that doing so would make them as gods: that was the moment when everything got shot to hell. As far as the Judeo-Christian tradition is concerned, the whole human condition is a punishment for an audacious infringement, way back in those early days: that first disruption of the knowledge economy. And it could all have been so different. In the seventeenth century, in the first blush of Enlightenment’s dawn, Adam was a kind of proto-transhumanist ideal. According to the philosopher and clergyman Joseph Glanvill, the first man was blessed, among other things, with superhuman sight: He “needed no Spectacles.

Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
by Matthew Syed
Published 9 Sep 2019

Various other concerns have been raised by scholars and broadly acknowledged by the CIA. 2: Rebels Versus Clones 1 See http://aris.ss.uci.edu/~lin/52.pdf 2 Anthony King and Ivor Crewe, The Blunders of Our Governments (Oneworld, 2013). 3 Anthony King and Ivor Crewe, The Blunders of Our Governments. 4 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/forget-culture-fit-your-team-needs-add-shane-snow 5 James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of the Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few (Abacus, 2005). 6 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232513627_The_Differential_Contributions_of_Majority_and_Minority_Influence 7 Scott E. Page, The Diversity Bonus: How Great Teams Pay off in the Knowledge Economy (Princeton University Press, 2017). 8 Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007). 9 https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/women-sports-are-often-underrepresented-science 10 Michael Smith, The Secrets of Station X: How the Bletchley Park Codebreakers Helped Win the War (Biteback, 2011). 11 Michael Smith, The Secrets of Station X. 12 Robin Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, A.

The New Nomads: How the Migration Revolution Is Making the World a Better Place
by Felix Marquardt
Published 7 Jul 2021

It perhaps comes as no surprise that other forms of privilege are essentials to be packed into the overhead compartment, too. Digital nomads tend to come from wealthy countries, and tend to be from wealthy backgrounds within those countries. The clue is in the ‘digital’ – these workers tend to be highly skilled and part of the knowledge economy. Though it might be technically possible, there are no YouTube channels promoting the benefits of moving around the world working from a factory in China one day, and one in Brazil the next. During the coronavirus pandemic, a new kind of passport privilege has emerged. For most of 2020, as a US citizen, it was very hard to travel out of the country.

How Boards Work: And How They Can Work Better in a Chaotic World
by Dambisa Moyo
Published 3 May 2021

This is unfolding alongside a number of other employment trends that corporate boards should be attuned to, including the development of the information gig economy, the trend of working beyond traditional retirement age, and changes in workplace behavior and dress. Securing top talent is becoming tougher in part because of greater competition for fewer high-quality candidates and rising barriers to immigration. But, perhaps more crucially, it is also becoming harder at precisely the moment when the knowledge economy is taking off. Investment in intangible assets—for example, R&D, strong brands, and intellectual property—has doubled as a share of trade in recent years, from 5.5 percent to 13.1 percent. A 2019 McKinsey report underscored this point, explaining that “value creation is shifting to upstream activities, such as R&D and design, and to downstream activities, such as distribution, marketing, and after-sales services.”

Death Glitch: How Techno-Solutionism Fails Us in This Life and Beyond
by Tamara Kneese
Published 14 Aug 2023

Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997. GraphicSprings. “Founders Funding and Exits.” Accessed April 26, 2022. www.graphicsprings.com/founders-funding-and-exit-ranking-usa. Gregg, Melissa. Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2018. Grossman, Cathy Lynne. “Today We Are All Hokies on Facebook.” USA Today, April 17, 2007. usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-17-facebook_N.htm. Gruber, Tom. “How AI Can Enhance Our Memory, Work, and Social Lives.” TED talk (video), April 2017. www.ted.com/talks/tom_gruber_how_ai_can_enhance_our_memory_work_and_social_lives.

The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger
by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Published 1 Jan 2009

RUNNING WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL TIDE In her book, The Weightless World, Diane Coyle points out that although people in most industrialized countries experienced something like a twentyfold increase in their real incomes during the twentieth century, the weight of all that was produced at the end of the century was roughly the same as it had been at the beginning.396 She also says that the average weight of one dollar’s worth of US exports (adjusted for inflation) fell by a half between 1990 and 1996. While the trend towards ‘weightlessness’ is partly a reflection of the growth of the service sector and the ‘knowledge’ economy, it is also a reflection of changing technology and the trend towards miniaturization. That so much of modern consumption is actually lighter on the use of material resources than it was, is presumably good news for the environment. But the underlying nature of the changes contributing to weightlessness may also have important implications for equality.

Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents
by Lisa Gitelman
Published 26 Mar 2014

Jackson, “‘The Italics Are Mine,’ ” 41; Leon Jackson, The Business of Letters: Authorial Economies in Antebellum America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008). 90. See L. Jackson, “‘The Italics Are Mine.’” 91. Adrian Johns, “The Identity Engine: Printing and Publishing at the Beginning of the Knowledge Economy.” The role of publisher was in formation during the nineteenth century, as booksellers began to specialize in retail. 92. Thomas MacKellar, The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Complete Instructions for Beginners as Well as Practical Instructions for Managing Every Department of a Printing Office, 6th ed.

Before Babylon, Beyond Bitcoin: From Money That We Understand to Money That Understands Us (Perspectives)
by David Birch
Published 14 Jun 2017

Instead, the populace use ‘credit cards’.* This strikes me as rather unusual for a utopian vision since, as Nigel Dodd observes (Dodd 2014), utopias from Plato’s Republic to Star Trek don’t seem to include money at all, never mind chip and PIN. While the author does not talk about phones, the Internet, aeroplanes or the knowledge economy, he does make a couple more insightful predictions about the evolution of money. When talking about an American going to visit Berlin, the good doctor notes how convenient it is to use cards instead of foreign currency: ‘An American credit card,’ replied Dr Lette, ‘is just as good as American gold used to be’.

Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World
by Christopher Steiner
Published 29 Aug 2012

Godfried Toussaint, The Euclidean Algorithm Generates Traditional Musical Rhythms (Montreal: School of Computer Science, McGill University, 2005), http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~godfried/publications/banff.pdf. 7. Midhat J. Gazale, Gnomon: From Pharaohs to Fractals (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 33. 8. Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: Penguin, 2008), p. 34. 9. Henry Linger, ed., Constructing the Infrastructure for the Knowledge Economy, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Systems and Development, Melbourne, Australia, 2003 (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004). 10. “Apple and the Golden Ratio,” Paul Martin’s Blog, http://paulmmartinblog.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/apple-and-the-golden-ratio/. 11.

The Cost of Inequality: Why Economic Equality Is Essential for Recovery
by Stewart Lansley
Published 19 Jan 2012

But to help fill the funding gap left by the private banking system and provide more support for the real economy, they should be buttressed by the creation of a state National Investment Bank, as called for by the Engineering Employers Federation and the Institute of Civil Engineers.432 Its role would be to provide affordable loans and grants for infrastructure projects, social entrepreneurship and sound small and medium sized businesses. Potential targets would include low-carbon technology, alternative energy and the knowledge economy. This could be modelled on the German KfW banking group, founded in 1948 to help rebuild Germany’s economy. It could be financed through a mix of revenue from new taxes on banks, market funding and the profits made when the government sells state-owned shares in the bailed-out private banks.

The Great Fragmentation: And Why the Future of All Business Is Small
by Steve Sammartino
Published 25 Jun 2014

INDEX 3D printing access and accessibility see also barriers; communication; digital; social media — factors of production — knowledge adoption rates advertising see also marketing; mass media; promotion; television Airbnb Alibaba Amazon antifragility Apple artisanal production creativity audience see also crowd — connecting with — vs target Away from Keyboard (AFK) banking see also crowdfunding; currencies barriers Beck (musician) big as a disadvantage bioengineering biomimicry biotechnology bitcoins blogs borrowed interest brand business strategies change see disruption and disruptive change Cluetrain Manifesto co-creation coffee culture Cold War collaboration collaborative consumption collective sentience commerce, future see also retail and retailers communication see also advertising; promotion; social media; social relationships — channels — tools community vs target competition and competitors component retail computers see also connecting and connection; internet; networks; smartphones; social media; software; technology era; 3D printing; web connecting and connection see also social media; social relationships — home/world — machines — people — things consumerism consumption silos content, delivery of coopetition corporations see also industrial era; retail and retailers; technology era costs see also finance; price co-working space creativity crowd, contribution by the crowdfunding cryptocurrencies culture — hacking — startup currencies see also banking deflation demographics device convergence digital see also computers; internet; music; smartphone; retail and retailers, online; social media; social relationships; technology; web; work — cohorts — era — footprint — revolution — skills — strategy — tools — world disruption and disruptive change DNA as an operating system drones Dunbar's number e-commerce see retail and retailers, online economic development, changing education employment, lifetime see also labour; work ephermalization Facebook see also social media finance, peer to peer see also banking; crowdfunding; currencies Ford, Henry 4Ps Foursquare fragmentation — of cities — industrial — Lego car example gadgets see also computers; smartphone; tools games and gaming behaviour gamification geo-location glass cockpit Global Financial Crisis (GFC) globalisation Google hacking hourglass strategy IFTTT (If this then that) industrialists (capital class) industry, redefining industrial era see also consumerism; marketing; retail and retailers — hacking — life in influencers information-based work infrastructure — changing — declining importance of — legacy innovation intention interest-based groups see also niches interest graphs internet see also access and accessibility; connecting and connection; social media; social relationships; web Internet.org In Real Life (IRL) isolation iTunes see also music Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act (USA) keyboards knowledge economy lab vs factory labour see also work — low-cost language layering legacy — industries — infrastructure — media Lego car project life — in boxes — in gaming future — hack living standards see also life location see place, work making see also artisanal production; retail and retailers; 3D printing malleable marketplace manufacturing see also artisanal production; industrial era; making; product; 3D printing; tools — desktop marketing see also advertising; consumerism; 4Ps; mass media; promotion; retail and retailers — demographics, use in — industrial era — language — mass — metrics — new — post-industrial — predictive — research — target — traditional mass media ; see also advertising; marketing; media; promotion; television — after materialism media see also communication; legacy; mass media; newspapers; niches; television — consumption — hacking — platform vs content — subscription Metcalfe's law MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) Moore's law music Napster Netflix netizens networks see also connecting and connection; media; social media; social relationships newspapers see also media niches nodes nondustrial company Oaida, Raul oDesk office, end of the omniconnection era open source parasocial interaction payment systems Pebble phones, number of mobile see also smartphones photography Pinterest piracy place — of work platforms pop culture power-generating technologies price see also costs privacy see also social media; social relationships product — unfinished production see also industrial era; product; 3D printing — mass projecteer Project October Sky promotion see also advertising; marketing; mass media; media quantified self Racovitsa, Vasilii remote controls RepRap 3D printer retail cold spot retail and retailers — changing — digital — direct — hacking — mass — online — price — small — strategies — traditional rewards robots Sans nation state economy scientific management search engines self-hacking self-publishing self-storage sensors sharing see also social media; social relationships smartphones smartwatch social graphs social media (digitally enhanced conversation) see also Facebook; social relationships; Twitter; YouTube social relationships see also social graphs; social media — digital software speed subcultures Super Awesome Micro Project see Lego car project Super Bowl mentality target tastemakers technology see also computers; digital; open source; social media; smartphones; social relationships; software; 3D printing; work — deflation — era — free — revolution — speed — stack teenagers, marketing to television Tesla Motors thingernet thinking and technology times tools see also artisanal production; communication; computers; digital; making; smartphones; social media; 3D printing — changing — old trust Twitter Uber unlearning usability gap user experience volumetric mindset wages — growth — low — minimum web see also connecting and connection; digital; internet; retail and retailers, online; social media; social relationships — three phases of — tools Wikipedia work — digital era — industrial era — location of — options words see language Yahoo YouTube Learn more with practical advice from our experts WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.

We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production
by Charles Leadbeater
Published 9 Dec 2010

We-Think will really make a difference when we use it creatively to tackle major shared challenges: to spread democracy and learning, to improve health and quality of life, to tackle climate change and the threats of extremism. If we succeed in bending it to those objectives, people might look back a century from now and say it made the critical difference in the world’s ability to govern itself. We-Think tells a new story about how the global knowledge economy could develop, offering a way to create new generations of shared public goods for software, education, communications, health and food production. If globalisation is to be no more than the march of McDonald’s, Coke and Microsoft, it will be a shallow and distorted account of what Western culture has to offer that many in the developing world will reject.

Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism
by Wolfgang Streeck
Published 1 Jan 2013

The latter were partly related to the choking of inflation in the early 1980s and the Federal Reserve’s high interest policy, which put an end to the devaluation of government debt and, in the wake of the resulting economic downturn and jobs crisis, triggered greater demands on the social welfare systems. At the same time, deregulation of the finance sector was supposed to fuel ‘structural change’ to a service and knowledge economy, giving rise to renewed economic growth and, no less important, higher tax revenue. FIGURE 2.1. Growth of public debt since 2007 (% of GDP) Source: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections A further spurt of financialization then came with the Clinton administration and its spectacularly if only temporarily successful measures to shore up public finances.9 The budget surpluses briefly recorded around the turn of the millennium were due inter alia to sharp cuts in social spending.

Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life
by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Published 20 Feb 2018

The book, Capital in the Twenty-first Century, makes aggressive claims about the alarming rise of inequality, adding to it a theory of why capital tends to command too much return in relation to labor and how the absence of redistribution and dispossession might make the world collapse. Piketty’s theory about the increase in the return of capital in relation to labor is patently wrong, as anyone who has witnessed the rise of what is called the “knowledge economy” (or anyone who has had investments in general) knows. Clearly, when you say that inequality changes from year one to year two, you need to show that those who are at the top are the same people—something Piketty doesn’t do (remember that he is an economist and has trouble with things that move).

The Twittering Machine
by Richard Seymour
Published 20 Aug 2019

For the ex-Marxists among the postmodernists, this was clearly an attempt at sublimating their historical defeat. Nonetheless, the identification of a postmodern era was an attempt to describe something that had happened to capitalism. That something – whether it went under the name of the post-industrial society, the knowledge economy or informational capitalism – was the growing importance of images and signs in everyday life. The rise of information technologies and whole industries based around communications, signs and images, altered not only the economy but the structure of meaning. The growth of information economies fits well with the inherent and ever-increasing celerity of capitalism.

The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties
by Paul Collier
Published 4 Dec 2018

The explosion in knowledge turbo-charged the old relationship between specialization and urbanization, leading to spectacular growth in the largest cities. Globalization opened up new possibilities for harnessing the gains from scale, but also exposed the established clusters to new competition, sometimes leading to their demise. The knowledge revolution and the rise of the metropolis Since the 1980s the knowledge economy has expanded exponentially. This has been driven partly by unprecedented growth in the fundamental research conducted in universities and partly by a complementary expansion in the applied research conducted in firms. The potential to harness matter to human advantage is limited only by the fundamental laws of physics.

The Light That Failed: A Reckoning
by Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes
Published 31 Oct 2019

In America, similarly, the populist backlash reflects a transformation of what should have been a working-class party, the Democrats, into the party of educated elites. Both Bill Clinton and Barack Obama seemed to be saying: Imitate us! Get a college education. Or better, a post-graduate one. To white high-school graduates who were already feeling superfluous in the new Knowledge Economy, such an Imitation Imperative felt like an existential reproach. They were in no position to imitate the urban elite and its liberal values. They weren’t going to college and were therefore naturally looking for a politician who would fight back, who would tell them they weren’t lost simply because they didn’t have a college degree, who would assure them that they didn’t have to imitate the well-educated but could just go on being themselves.

How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age
by Andrew Keen
Published 1 Mar 2018

Friedman, Thanks You for Being Late: An Optimist’s Guide to Thriving in the Age of Acceleration (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016), 27. 7. Ibid., 28. 8. Joi Ito and Jeff Howe, Whiplash: How to Survive Our Faster Future (Grand Central Publishing, 2016). 9. Friedman, Thank You for Being Late, 4. 10. Dov Seidman, “From the Knowledge Economy to the Human Economy,” Harvard Review, November 12, 2014. 11. “2017 Edelman TRUST BAROMETER Reveals Global Implosion of Trust,” Edelman.com, January 15, 2017. 12. Akash Kapur, “Utopia Makes a Comeback,” New Yorker, October 3, 2016. 13. Oscar Wilde, “The Soul of Man Under Socialism” (1891), in Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism and Selected Critical Prose, ed., Linda C.

Built on a Lie: The Rise and Fall of Neil Woodford and the Fate of Middle England’s Money
by Owen Walker
Published 4 Mar 2021

‘We want Jeremy to get a sense of the quality and depth of British science being developed at our universities, to better understand the challenges early stage businesses face on the road to scaled success, and finally to learn how the government could do more to help grow and develop Britain’s knowledge economy,’ the invitation read. The event was a great success. Just two weeks later, on 21 November, prime minister Theresa May announced the launch of a Treasury-led review to identify how best the government could help fledgling companies raise money. In a sign of the influence Woodford had over the review, not only was he named on the contributing panel, but also the title of the review was lifted from his recently launched investment trust: Patient Capital.

Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil
by Kenneth Cukier , Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Francis de Véricourt
Published 10 May 2021

See also: Ellen Bialystok, “The Bilingual Adaptation: How Minds Accommodate Experience,” Psychological Bulletin 143, no. 3 (March 2017): 233–62; Cristina Crivello et al., “The Effects of Bilingual Growth on Toddlers’ Executive Function,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 141 (January 2016): 121–32. On Lewis Branscomb: Two of the authors have experienced his rigorous intellectual charm firsthand. On diversity dividend: The decision-science expert Scott Page calls it a “diversity bonus.” See Scott E. Page, The Diversity Bonus: How Great Teams Pay Off in the Knowledge Economy, ed. Earl Lewis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017). On homophily in social networks: Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (August 2001): 415–44. Norway’s gender diversity on corporate boards: Kenneth R.

The Rise of the Network Society
by Manuel Castells
Published 31 Aug 1996

On the other hand, generic workers, as executants of instructions, have continued to proliferate, as many menial tasks can hardly be automated and many workers, particularly youth, women, and immigrants, are ready to accept whatever conditions are necessary to get a job. This dual structure of the labor market is related to the structural conditions of a knowledge economy growing within the context of a large economy of low-skill services, and it is at the source of the growing inequality observed in most societies. Information and communication technologies have had a powerful effect on the transformation of labor markets and of the work process. However, their effects have been substantially mediated by the strategies of firms and the policies of governments.

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Keynesian capitalism Khoury, Sarkis Kiesler, Sara Kilby, Jack Kim, E. M. Kim, Jong-Cheol Kim, Kyong-Dong Kimsey, Stephen Kincaid, A. Douglas Kindleberger, Charles King, Alexander Kinship networks Kirsch, Guy Kiselyova, Emma Kitani, Yoshiko Klam, Matthew Kleinert, Gene Kleinrock, Leonard knowledge; economy; productivity knowledge generation knowledge management Kohl, Helmut Koike, Kazuo Kolata, Gina Kolb, David Koo, H. Koolhas, Rem Korea, South: chaebol; innovation clusters; labor practices; networking; patriarchalism; patrimonial logic; small and medium firms; state intervention; women Korte, W.

The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
by Joseph Henrich
Published 7 Sep 2020

Long-term persistence: The free and imperial city experience in Germany. Working paper, ssrn.com/abstract=1616973. Jacob, M. C. (2000). Commerce, industry, and the laws of Newtonian science: Weber revisited and revised. Canadian Journal of History 35 (2), 275–92. Jacob, M. C. (2013). The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jaffe, K., Florez, A., Gomes, C. M., Rodriguez, D., and Achury, C. (2014). On the biological and cultural evolution of shame: Using internet search tools to weight values in many cultures. Working paper, arxiv.org/abs/1401.1100.

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The Lever of Riches. New York: Oxford University Press. Mokyr, J. (1995). Urbanization, technological progress, and economic history. In H. Giersch (ed.), Urban Agglomeration and Economic Growth (pp. 51–54). Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer. Mokyr, J. (2002). The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, J. (2011). The intellectual origins of modern economic growth. Economic History Review 64 (2), 357–84. Mokyr, J. (2013). Cultural entrepreneurs and the origins of modern economic growth. Scandinavian Economic History Review 61 (1), 1–33. Mokyr, J. (2016).

The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900
by David Edgerton
Published 7 Dec 2006

Gandhi, Harijan, 13 April 1940; see http://web.mahatma.org.in. See also M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography, Or the Story of My Experiments with Truth, trans by Mahadev Desai (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, n.d.), pp. 407–14; facsimile online on http://web.mahatma.org.in. 27. Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 150–51. 28. John Ardagh, France, third edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), p. 419. 29. Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1980 (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 29. 30. ‘Epameinondas’, proclamation cited in an archival source by Mark Mazower in his Inside Hitler’s Greece: the Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944 (London: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 312–3. 31.

The Wealth of Humans: Work, Power, and Status in the Twenty-First Century
by Ryan Avent
Published 20 Sep 2016

Norton & Company, 1938) Hayes, Christopher, Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy (New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2012) Keynes, John Maynard, Essays in Persuasion, John Maynard Keynes (London: Macmillan, 1931) Landau, Ralph, Taylor, Timothy, and Wright, Gavin, eds., The Mosaic of Economic Growth (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995) Larson, Erik, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic and Madness at the Fair that Changed America (New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2003) Mason, Paul, Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future (London: Allen Lane, 2015) Malthus, Thomas, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: J. Johnson, 1798) Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich, Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) Milanovic, Branko, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016) Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002) _____, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) Moretti, Enrico, The New Geography of Jobs (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012) Murray, Charles, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2012) Pickett, Kate, and Wilkinson, Richard, The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger (London: Allen Lane, 2009) Piketty, Thomas, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) Putnam, Robert, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2001) Rifkin, Jeremy, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Rodrik, Dani, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) Saadia, Manu, Trekonomics: The Economics of Star Trek (San Francisco, CA: Pipertext, 2016) Shirky, Clay, Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (London: Allen Lane, 2010) Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: W.

The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization
by Richard Baldwin
Published 14 Nov 2016

The reason people gather even as manufacturing scatters is that high-skill jobs in the tradable sector tend to be subject to more face-to-face demands as well as agglomeration economies (discussed in Chapter 6). In writing about the United States, Enrico Moretti explains the agglomeration forces as follows: “More than traditional industries, the knowledge economy has an inherent tendency towards geographical agglomeration.… The success of a city fosters more success as communities that can attract skilled workers and goods jobs tend to attract even more. Communities that fail to attract skilled workers lose further ground.” The Netherlands is one government that has seized on this line of thinking.

The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of Defying Logic at Work and at Home
by Dan Ariely
Published 31 May 2010

In today’s economy, as we move to jobs that require imagination, creativity, thinking, and round-the-clock engagement, Marx’s emphasis on alienation adds an important ingredient to the labor mix. I also suspect that Adam Smith’s emphasis on the efficiency in the division of labor was more relevant during his time, when the labor in question was based mostly on simple production, and is less relevant in today’s knowledge economy. From this perspective, division of labor, in my mind, is one of the dangers of work-based technology. Modern IT infrastructure allows us to break projects into very small, discrete parts and assign each person to do only one of the many parts. In so doing, companies run the risk of taking away employees’ sense of the big picture, purpose, and sense of completion.

Reskilling America: Learning to Labor in the Twenty-First Century
by Katherine S. Newman and Hella Winston
Published 18 Apr 2016

Hamilton, Apprenticeship for Adulthood: Preparing Youth for the Future (New York: Free Press, 1990), 92. 20.    Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, “Mass Secondary Schooling and the State: The Role of State Compulsion in the High School Movement,” in Understanding Long-Run Economic Growth: Geography, Institutions, and the Knowledge Economy, ed. Dora L. Costa and Naomi Lamoreaux, National Bureau of Economic Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011). 21.    W. Norton Grubb and Marvin Lazerson, “Community Colleges Need to Build on Their Strengths,” Chronicle of Higher Education, Community Colleges, Special Supplement, October 29, 2004, http://web.monroecc.edu/Manila/webfiles/MCCMiddleStates/CommCollBuildStrength.pdf. 22.    

925 Ideas to Help You Save Money, Get Out of Debt and Retire a Millionaire So You Can Leave Your Mark on the World
by Devin D. Thorpe
Published 25 Nov 2012

Working as a family, communicating honestly with one another about money, and treating your employer and merchants with integrity will tip the scales in your favor in the long run. 29 Keys To Financial Happiness Having enough money does make people happier than not having enough; having more money doesn’t make people even happier. The key to financial happiness may be wanting less rather than having more. Don’t spend more than you earn. Don’t be afraid of hard work. A college education is imperative in today’s “knowledge” economy. Remember to save for the future; it will be here soon enough. Teach your children the value of money; let them want something badly enough to buy it themselves. Buy a house you can afford and that you’ll want to live in for a long time. Don’t let what other people think of your car dictate what you drive; you really don’t care what someone thinks who would judge your worth by the price of your car.

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril
by Satyajit Das
Published 9 Feb 2016

Poor health and chronic illnesses affect employability and the ability to complete educational and training courses. Lack or the high cost of childcare prevents participation in the workforce and the improving of skills. The digital divide exacerbates inequality. Lower income families frequently lack access to fast broadband connections, essential to participation in the knowledge economy. This deprives children of an essential educational tool. The gap in educational achievements between the children of higher and lower income families, measured by college enrolment and graduation rates, has increased. In part this reflects the lower quality of public education in some countries.

Nothing but Net: 10 Timeless Stock-Picking Lessons From One of Wall Street’s Top Tech Analysts
by Mark Mahaney
Published 9 Nov 2021

Here’s Zuckerberg two calls later: “One of the questions I frequently get asked are what are the big changes we want to make in the world over the next 5 or 12 years? Now that we’ve connected 1 billion people, what is the next big ambition? There are three main goals I would like us to achieve. Connect everyone, understand the world, and help build the knowledge economy” (emphasis added). How many public company CEOs talk about 5- and 12-year plans on their earnings calls? From my experience, very few. But this is exactly what you, as a long-term shareholder, would want a CEO to be talking about. A distinct positive for many earnings calls after that has been Zuckerberg spending time on each call updating investors on the company’s progress against those three goals.

Can't Even: How Millennials Became the Burnout Generation
by Anne Helen Petersen
Published 14 Jan 2021

The problem with this attitude is that working all the time doesn’t mean producing all the time, but it nonetheless creates a self-satisfying fiction of “productivity.” That ceaseless drive for productivity isn’t a natural human force—and, at least in its current form, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy, the Intel engineer Melissa Gregg examines the history of the “productivity” craze, which she dates to the 1970s, with subsequent spikes in the 1990s and the present. Gregg connects each wave of productivity management guides, self-help books, and, today, apps to periods of anxiety over downsizing and the perceived need to prove oneself as more productive—and, as such, more theoretically valuable—than one’s peers.

Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone
by Eric Klinenberg
Published 1 Jan 2012

Tenure-track jobs are disappearing everywhere, and teaching jobs that pay the bills are scarce. Relationships are demanding and distracting. They can slow you down or, worse, compromise the quality of your work. What’s more, few of them last. Don’t you owe it to yourself to prioritize work? The so-called “creative class” of those who work in the knowledge economies share a similar ethos. True, the lucky ones can occasionally enjoy a Ping-Pong game or free food in the office, but they also face enormous demands on their time and energy. They are not only vying for market share in fiercely competitive industries, from software to cinema, advertising to art.

Black Code: Inside the Battle for Cyberspace
by Ronald J. Deibert
Published 13 May 2013

Rather, it’s deliberately designed to take advantage of information and communications technologies which the Chinese see as critical to their long-term future, while maintaining political stability around one-party rule. Continued economic prosperity is essential to the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party, and information and communications technologies are central to a burgeoning knowledge economy. China doesn’t fear the Internet; rather it embraces its own particular version of it. Indeed, the Chinese are building a robust alternative design that may actually be succeeding. • • • Often ignored is the connection between China’s domestic controls and the international dimensions of its cyberspace strategy.

Late Bloomers: The Power of Patience in a World Obsessed With Early Achievement
by Rich Karlgaard
Published 15 Apr 2019

two contrasting alternatives: Carol S. Dweck and Ellen L. Leggett, “A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality,” Psychological Review 95, no. 2 (1988): 256. effectively reframing challenges: Amy C. Edmondson, Teaming: How Organizations Learn, Innovate, and Compete in the Knowledge Economy (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012); Amy C. Edmondson, Richard M. Bohmer, and Gary P. Pisano, “Disrupted Routines: Team Learning and New Technology Implementation in Hospitals,” Administrative Science Quarterly 46, no. 4 (2001): 685–716; Chris Argyris and Donald A. Schön, “Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective,” Reis, nos. 77–78 (1997): 345–48.

Stealth
by Peter Westwick
Published 22 Nov 2019

Post, High Performance: The Culture and Performance of Drag Racing, 1950–2000 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 81–82, 172. 25 On the history of Arrow and Disneyland: Robert Reynolds, Roller Coasters, Flumes and Flying Saucers (Minneapolis: Northern Lights, 1999). 26 Scherrer email. 27 Carey McWilliams, Southern California: An Island on the Land (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 1946); Starr, Golden Dreams, and other books in Starr’s Americans and the California Dream series; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso, 1992); Avila, Popular Culture in an Age of White Flight, 106–44. 28 Aviation Week quoted in David Beers, Blue Sky Dream: A Memoir of America’s Fall from Grace (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 135; job statistics from fig. 1 in Gavin Wright, “World War II, the Cold War, and the Knowledge Economies of the Pacific Coast,” paper for conference “World War II and the West It Wrought,” Stanford University, April 4–5, 2017. I thank Prof. Wright for permission to cite his paper. 29 Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), on 240. 30 Michael Davie, California: The Vanishing Dream (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972), xi. 31 David De Voss, “Whatever Happened to California?”

The Unknowers: How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World
by Linsey McGoey
Published 14 Sep 2019

McGoey (Eds), The Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies (London: Routledge, 2015); Michael Smithson, Ignorance and Uncertainty: Emerging Paradigms (New York: Springer, 1989). 11 Andrew Abbott, 2010. ‘Varieties of ignorance.’ American Sociologist 41: 174–189. 12 Robert Proctor and Londa Schiebinger, Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008). See also Steve Rayner, 2012. ‘Uncomfortable knowledge.’ Economy and Society 41(1): 107–125; Mathias Girel, Science et territoires de l’ignorance (Paris: Quae, 2017); Matthias Gross, Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society and Ecological Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010). 13 The terms macro-ignorance and micro-ignorance are my coinage, building on earlier work from science and technology studies (STS) and allied disciplines.

The Warhol Economy
by Elizabeth Currid-Halkett
Published 15 Jan 2020

East Village USA. (2004). The New Museum. New York. www.newmuseum.org/now_cur_evusa.php. Economist. (2000). The Geography of Cool. April 15: 91. Elderfield, John. (1996). Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary. Berkeley: University of California Press. ESRC Cities. (2000a). “Urban Networks, the Knowledge Economy and Planning for Growth.” Cities Summary. Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University, March. ———. (2000b). “Cultural Industries and the City.” Cities Summary. Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University, March. Fairey, Shepard. (2006). Obey: Supply and Demand: The Art of Shepard Fairey. Corte Madera: Gingko Press.

How to Spend a Trillion Dollars
by Rowan Hooper
Published 15 Jan 2020

That accounts for 453 million hectares of agricultural land, some 9 per cent of the world total.39 We need to get behind this rolling change to the farming system and give it a push, and cease relying on synthetic chemicals. Jules Pretty, of the University of Essex, who led this research, says that the creation of agricultural knowledge economies, made by building up social capital, is key to transformation. Farming is an endeavour that is shared by hundreds of millions of people. Connecting them, establishing and strengthening the bonds between them, increases trust and facilitates the sharing of knowledge. This is what Pretty means by social capital.

Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel
by Max Blumenthal
Published 27 Nov 2012

The forty-year-old son of American immigrants from California, Bennett took the reins of the far-right Jewish Home after leading the Yesha Council, the political lobby of the settlement movement. With the millions he earned from running a start-up technology firm, Bennett purchased a home in Ra’anana, a bedroom community near Tel Aviv populated by the denizens of Israel’s knowledge economy. Doing his best to conceal his religious nationalist edge, Bennett campaigned as the start-up success, the savvy impresario reaping the fruits of the modern Israeli dream. Bennett’s attempt to cultivate a moderate image did not stop him from promoting his so-called stability plan at every opportunity.

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The single-story storefronts and cobblestone lanes of the old Palestinian market area had been transformed into a conglomeration of trendy bars and upscale apartments under the direction of Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai and the commercial developers who backed him. The market was ground zero of Jaffa’s gentrification project, where the more cultivated denizens of Tel Aviv’s knowledge economy came for arak and spacious new Arabesque condos. With the romantic sound of El Atrache in the air, the sultry feeling of life in the Orient persisted, but without the Arabs who had made it so uncomfortable. Deep inside the market, I arrived at a table at a bar called Pua to find a small international group at a long table.

The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History
by David Edgerton
Published 27 Jun 2018

Of all this, politics could take only passing cognisance, by invoking clichéd terms such as ‘globalization’ and ‘neo-liberalism’. The terms ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘innovation’ were bandied around, implying a transformation in the supply side of the British economy. The economy was now ‘post-industrial’, a creative or ‘knowledge’ economy. Thus a powerful contrast was implied between the post-war settlement, social democracy, consensus, Keynesianism, welfarism and the new neo-liberalism. But what had changed the most was not the capacity of the state to manage the economy or the welfare budget, which grew, but all the things that welfare and Keynesian analysis, or monetarism, did not deign to discuss – the instruments of industrial policy, trade, trade union legislation, taxation and much else.

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It was, to be sure, much more consistently pro-European, more socially liberal, more open to constitutional change, to freedom of access to state information, to the minimum wage, than were the Conservatives as a party, though the contrast with the policies of John Major was far less clear. There was talk of something called ‘Cool Britannia’, which effortlessly generated new industries in the bright new knowledge economy. In the 1990s ‘Cool Britannia’ stood for a celebration of a new swinging London and a revitalized pop and art culture – it was lost on New Labour that it was a term of 1960s irony. Neither the art nor the music was original: it was at best a replay of the 1960s, but without any radical or critical edge.

The Meritocracy Trap: How America's Foundational Myth Feeds Inequality, Dismantles the Middle Class, and Devours the Elite
by Daniel Markovits
Published 14 Sep 2019

See Catherine Rampell, “When Cheap Foreign Labor Gets Less Cheap,” New York Times, December 7, 2012, accessed November 18, 2018, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/07/when-cheap-foreign-labor-gets-less-cheap/?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0. increased by over 15 percent: See Harding, “Technology Shakes Up US Economy.” it was sold to Facebook for $1 billion: On Kodak, see Susan Christopherson and Jennifer Clark, Remaking Regional Economies: Power, Labor, and Firm Strategies in the Knowledge Economy (New York: Routledge, 2007), 57–84. On Instagram, see Scott Timberg, “Jaron Lanier: The Internet Destroyed the Middle Class,” Salon, May 12, 2013, accessed November 18, 2018, www.salon.com/2013/05/12/jaron_lanier_the_internet_destroyed_the_middle_class/. Hereafter cited as Timberg, “Internet Destroyed.”

…

The aristocracy of the ancien régime united economics, politics, and culture around a single organizing ideal: hereditary landedness sustained material production, underwrote political power, and constituted moral and social virtue, all through a single, integrated mechanism. The Industrial Revolution and then the rise of the knowledge economy shattered this unity, producing, for perhaps two centuries, separate, distinct, and competing sources of (and sometimes even freestanding) economic, political, and cultural power. Land remained a significant source of wealth, and breeding remained a significant source of cultural status, well into the twentieth century.

Escape From Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
by Walter Scheidel
Published 14 Oct 2019

“Luther and Suleyman.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123: 1465–94. Jackson, Peter. 2005. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410. Harlow: Pearson. Jacob, Margaret C. 1997. Scientific culture and the making of the industrial West. New York: Oxford University Press. Jacob, Margaret C. 2014. The first knowledge economy: Human capital and the European economy, 1750–1850. New York: Cambridge University Press. Jacoby, David. 2008. “Byzantium, the Italian maritime powers, and the Black Sea before 1204.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 100: 677–99. Jagchid, Sechin and Symons, Van J. 1989. Peace, war, and trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese interaction through two millennia.

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Governance, growth and global leadership: The role of the state in technological progress, 1750–2000. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Mokyr, Joel. 1990. The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic progress. New York: Oxford University Press. Mokyr, Joel. 2002. The gifts of Athena: Historical origins of the knowledge economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, Joel. 2003. “Why was the Industrial Revolution a European phenomenon?” Supreme Court Economic Review 10: 27–63. Mokyr, Joel. 2005. “The intellectual origins of modern economic growth.” Journal of Economic History 65: 285–351. Mokyr, Joel. 2006.

Digital Dead End: Fighting for Social Justice in the Information Age
by Virginia Eubanks
Published 1 Feb 2011

Though I recognize now that my sense of isolation was naive—there is, of course, a large and widely available literature on popular education, citizenship schools, settlement houses, and other people’s education projects in the United States and Canada—the validation I experienced was so strong that I stood in the dusty redwood building and wept. Can ordinary people be smart about something as complicated as the global knowledge economy? Neoliberalism? Government devolution? I think we can. But uncovering that knowledge and systematizing it takes a reorganization of many of the principles of academic disciplines. Participatory research approaches are nonprogrammatic and highly context dependent. Participatory techniques require enormous practical and theoretical sophistication.

Globish: How the English Language Became the World's Language
by Robert McCrum
Published 24 May 2010

Friedman’s ‘Eureka moment’, he writes, came in Bangalore when Nandan Nilekani, the CEO of Infosys, used the phrase ‘the playing field is being levelled’ to describe the new opportunities available to the India-based computer company. London, Boston, San Francisco, Kuala Lumpur, Bangalore: in the new knowledge economy, all these cities could be linked simultaneously, offering a new challenge as much for a modernising India as for a globalising America. ‘My God,’ exclaimed Friedman, ‘he’s telling me the world is flat.’ Armed with this insight, Friedman mobilised himself to explore the many economic aspects of globalisation, from Wal-Mart to Yahoo!

The End of Secrecy: The Rise and Fall of WikiLeaks
by The "Guardian" , David Leigh and Luke Harding
Published 1 Feb 2011

Since independence, Tunisia deserves credit for its economic and social progress. Without the natural resources of its neighbors, Tunisia focused on people and diversified its economy. In a success all too rare, the GOT is effective in delivering services (education, health care, infrastructure and security) to its people. The GOT has sought to build a “knowledge economy” to attract FDI that will create high value-added jobs. As a result, the country has enjoyed five percent real GDP growth for the past decade. On women’s rights, Tunisia is a model. And, Tunisia has a long history of religious tolerance, as demonstrated by its treatment of its Jewish community.

Future Files: A Brief History of the Next 50 Years
by Richard Watson
Published 1 Jan 2008

In other words, can China move from a manufacturing-based economy that essentially copies what is designed and developed in the West to one in which innovation is at the very core? Moreover, is the shift to an innovative, entrepreneurially led culture possible without full political freedom and can you build a knowledge economy without having a free flow of knowledge? We shall see. 82 FUTURE FILES Edukation ain’t wurkin Along with crime, transport and jobs, education is a classic swing factor in politics. In the future this list of voter concerns will increasingly be joined by health, immigration and the environment, but education will remain a top priority — not least because it will have to change fundamentally if countries are to remain competitive in the new globally connected economy.

The Revenge of Analog: Real Things and Why They Matter
by David Sax
Published 8 Nov 2016

Digital work spreads across pretty much every industry, from computer software and hardware companies to divisions within traditionally analog firms that focus on digital tasks, such as e-commerce and information databases. Other terms have been used as synonyms for the digital economy, including the knowledge economy, information economy, Internet economy, and the utopian-sounding new economy. The core idea is that digital technology is a transformative force that can deliver vastly more efficient products and services to consumers at a lower cost, and with greater ease, across time and space, in ways that traditional analog industries cannot compete with.

Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi
by Steve Inskeep
Published 12 Oct 2011

He called this behemoth “Megalopolis,” and said it prospered even though it had few natural advantages over other parts of America—gold mines and oil wells were elsewhere. It just had migration. Immigrants offered up their labor and ideas in cities that had to “rely on their wits to thrive.” The region was a center of transportation, technology, finance, government, education, entertainment, and media—the knowledge economy as it existed in 1961. Once cities like this began to grow, they often continued growing. A separate study from the era argued that “migration and employment growth perpetuate one another.” A growing urban population created the demand for more goods and services, “thereby drawing more migrants to fill new jobs.”

Utopias: A Brief History From Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities
by Howard P. Segal
Published 20 May 2012

With the Tofflers, more than with anyone else, one finds growing doubts in their later writings about future glories, but always subject to more hopeful outcomes if readers still follow their jargon-laden analyses and prescriptions. What I wrote in 1994 about their outlook still applies: The ongoing, generally positive powershift throughout the world toward knowledge economies, decentralized governments, and participatory democracies is [in their view] increasingly threatened Utopia Reconsidered 167 by the possible rise of one or more racist, tribal (read nationalist), eco-fascist, or fundamentalist states all too ready to suppress human rights, freedom of religion, and, not least, private property.74 One cannot deny the accuracy of some of this in the years since, though many others have said much the same.

Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
by Michael Jacobs and Mariana Mazzucato
Published 31 Jul 2016

Making producers responsible for the entire lifespan of their products would encourage the circular economy and manufacturing durability, as well as stimulating the growth of a rental and maintenance economy. Redesign the metrics with which to measure wealth production. As numerous studies have shown in recent years, GDP has very limited meaning and is even distorting in the knowledge economy. New metrics need to be designed to account for the use of energy and materials and to measure the various ways in which value is now created and well-being enhanced. Facilitate the sharing and collaborative economies. The proliferation of free internet-based services has inspired many to innovate in networks of sharing access to possessions, exchanging time and collaborating in creative projects.

SUPERHUBS: How the Financial Elite and Their Networks Rule Our World
by Sandra Navidi
Published 24 Jan 2017

We all begin our professional lives with our own personal human capital, but at a certain level executives are expected to cultivate wide and deep professional networks. Relational capital is an intangible asset that reflects the value inherent in a person’s relationships. The more high-level the relationships and the greater their strength, the more valuable the “relational capital”. It is a prized asset, because in a knowledge economy where almost everything can be replicated, a person’s relationships are unique. “Relational capital” creates “network capital,” which increases the “return on relationships.” An executive’s relational capital is considered most valuable, because it expands the institution’s own network and, thus, its profitability.

Masters of Scale: Surprising Truths From the World's Most Successful Entrepreneurs
by Reid Hoffman , June Cohen and Deron Triff
Published 14 Oct 2021

For former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, the winning combination is persistence and curiosity. “Persistence is the single biggest predictor of future success,” Schmidt says. “And so at Google, we would look for persistence. And the second thing was curiosity—as in, what do you care about? The combination of persistence and curiosity is a very good predictor of employee success in a knowledge economy.” It’s not surprising that kindness heads the list of attributes sought out by Shake Shack’s Danny Meyer, as he strives to build cultures of “enlightened hospitality.” But the list doesn’t end there. Danny also looks for people who are curious; have a strong work ethic; display empathy; are self-aware; and finally, have integrity.

The Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decisions
by David Robson
Published 7 Mar 2019

In their resulting studies, the pair of researchers examined dozens of other examples of organisational stupidity, from the armed forces to IT analysts, newspaper publishers and their own respective universities, to examine whether many institutions really do make the most of their staff’s brains. Their conclusions were deeply depressing. As Alvesson and Spicer wrote in their book, The Stupidity Paradox: ‘Our governments spend billions on trying to create knowledge economies, our firms brag about their superior intelligence, and individuals spend decades of their lives building up fine CVs. Yet all this collective intellect does not seem to be reflected in the many organisations we studied . . . Far from being “knowledge-intensive”, many of our most well-known chief organisations have become engines of stupidity.’6 In parallel with the kinds of biases and errors behind the intelligence trap, Spicer and Alvesson define ‘stupidity’ as a form of narrow thinking lacking three important qualities: reflection about basic underlying assumptions, curiosity about the purpose of your actions, and a consideration of the wider, long-term consequences of your behaviours.7 For many varied reasons, employees simply aren’t being encouraged to think.

The Sum of Small Things: A Theory of the Aspirational Class
by Elizabeth Currid-Halkett
Published 14 May 2017

While the rebirth of cities due to financial activities and what Sassen calls “high level producer services” occurred initially in the aforementioned centers, other cities were also experiencing the exodus of manufacturing and the influx of knowledge and innovation-driven industries, which also included technology (Boston, San Francisco) and creative industries (Los Angeles, New York).7 By the 2000s, cities were back in vogue. Part of what explains this phenomenon is that cities have become the nexus of the new global economic structure that prizes intangible skills, education, innovation, and creativity—Sassen’s high level producer services are the underpinnings of what others have called the “knowledge economy,” “symbolic analysts,” or the “creative class.”8 The restructuring of the global economy from widgets and factories to people and ideas most clearly impacted cities.9 The need for proximity to exchange ideas and the desire for instant access to the immaterial resources of density put a premium on the dense urban geography.

Revolution Française: Emmanuel Macron and the Quest to Reinvent a Nation
by Sophie Pedder
Published 20 Jun 2018

Christophe Piochon, head of the French plant, compares the exquisite craftsmanship that goes into the construction of a Bugatti car to haute couture. ‘Functional parts,’ he told me when I visited, ‘should also be works of art.’ Although France has a reputation for making life difficult for business, and struggles to hold on to low-end industries and jobs, it is in some ways well placed to carve out a competitive niche in the knowledge economy – if it can get its policy mix right. Bugatti may be a commercial indulgence for its parent company: a badge of engineering and design prowess rather than the basis for a profit line. But its manufacture in France hints at some of the country’s fundamental strengths, notably its traditions in luxury and creative industries, as well as in engineering.

Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations
by Nandan Nilekani
Published 4 Feb 2016

Going completely paperless with e-KYC 1. 26 February 2014. ‘Axis Bank introduces e-KYC, MicroATM facility’. The Hindu Business Line. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/axis-bank-introduces-ekyc-microatm-facility/article5729216.ece 2. 20 August 2014. ‘Digital India—A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy’. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=108926 3. Rai, Suyash, Sharma, Smriti, and Sapatnekar, Sanhita. 14 September 2014. ‘A dramatic cost reduction for KYC using the e-KYC API of UIDAI’. Prof. Ajay Shah’s blog. (Professor, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy).

Corbyn
by Richard Seymour

It was not simply that they hadn’t seen Corbyn coming, either in the leadership election or the general election. They hadn’t foreseen Brexit or Trump’s victory either. One could be charitable to the media, the pundits, and the experts, and argue that very few did ‘spot it’. And why should they? Any knowledge economy is governed by scarcity; there are never enough facts around. The shortfall always has to be made up with a combination of theory, guesswork, ideology, and experience. Psephologists, communications specialists, and political strategists have to make working assumptions about how electoral systems operate, and their assumptions – however ideological, however much they are doctrine mistaken for fact – are usually grounded in some degree of experience.

Owning the Sun
by Alexander Zaitchik
Published 7 Jan 2022

John Toye takes stock of the legacies of UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order in “Assessing the G77: 50 Years After UNCTAD and 40 Years After the NIEO” (2014). Nasir Tyabji examines Jawaharlal Nehru’s ideas about industrialization and self-sufficiency in “Gaining Technical Know-How in an Unequal World: Penicillin Manufacture in Nehru’s India” (2004). Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite’s Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (2002) remains the best study of the Uruguay Round of GATT leading to the founding of the World Trade Organization. For wide-ranging critical examinations of the TRIPS regime from global south perspectives, see Political Journeys in Health: Essays by and for Amit Sengupta (2020) and Carlos Correa, Trends in Drug Patenting: Case Studies (2001) and “Bilateralism in Intellectual Property: Defeating the WTO System for Access to Medicines” (2004).

Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
by Steven Pinker
Published 13 Feb 2018

The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. New York: Oxford University Press. Chang, L. T. 2009. Factory girls: From village to city in a changing China. New York: Spiegel & Grau. Chen, D. H. C., & Dahlman, C. J. 2006. The knowledge economy, the KAM methodology and World Bank operations. Washington: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/695211468153873436/The-knowledge-economy-the-KAM-methodology-and-World-Bank-operations. Chenoweth, E. 2016. Why is nonviolent resistance on the rise? Diplomatic Courier. http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2016/06/28/nonviolent-resistance-rise/. Chenoweth, E., & Stephan, M.

Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities
by Vaclav Smil
Published 23 Sep 2019

Agglomeration economies show strong links between population density and high wages, per capita gross economic product and labor productivity (Ciccone and Hall 1996). Links to high housing prices, pronounced in some cities, have not been seen to the same general extent. Urban agglomerations have always had an outsize role in the incubation and transmission of ideas, the process that eventually resulted in the rise of the knowledge economy (Mokyr 2002). As Marshall (1890, 271) noted on the importance of these information spillovers in his classic treatment, in cities “the mysteries of the trade become no mysteries; but are as it were in the air” as firms learns from their collaborators and competitors by introducing better practices and sharing their knowledge.

…

A hard-science approach to Kondratieff’s economic cycle. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 122:63–70. Mohler, C. L., et al. 1978. Structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. Journal of Ecology 66:599–614. Mokyr, J. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, J. 2009. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mokyr, J. 2014. The next age of invention: Technology’s future is brighter than pessimists allow. City Journal 24:12–21. https://www.city-journal.org/html/next-age-invention-13618.html.

Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture
by Ellen Ruppel Shell
Published 2 Jul 2009

And when its “clear-lacquered ash veneer” muddies with coffee spills, we don’t despair that we cannot sand it smooth again. A coffee table, like a lamp, has no feelings and demands no feelings from us. It is simply time to buy a new one. Whether craftsmanship even matters in our postindustrial world depends on who you ask. The knowledge economy demands smarts, drive, ambition, and speed. Craftsmanship demands skill, training, exactitude, and patience. That these two sets of qualities are not entirely compatible might imply that we should abandon one for the other—or it could mean that we need both. Many of us pride ourselves in being connoisseurs of something, be it beer or golf clubs or coffee.

The Wisdom of Crowds
by James Surowiecki
Published 1 Jan 2004

Barry Bozeman and Sooho Lee, “The Impact of Research Collaboration on Scientific Productivity,” paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (February 2003): 24–25. Robert K. Merton, “The Matthew Effect,” Science 159 (1968): 56–63. There is an excellent discussion of Henry Oldenburg and the creation of the Royal Society in Lisa Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits (New York: Doubleday, 1999). See also Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002): 36, 54. Mokyr’s book is a wondrous history of the rise in the West of what he calls “open science,” which required a historically unprecedented free access to knowledge. Robert K. Merton, “The Matthew Effect II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property,” Isis 79 (1988): 606–23.

The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy
by Bruce Katz and Jennifer Bradley
Published 10 Jun 2013

Farrell, “Cambridge Innovation Center Branches Out: KendallBased Operation Looks beyond Massachusetts,” Boston.com, February 17, 2013 (www.boston.com/business/innovation/2013/02/18/cambridge-innovation-centerbranches-out/cZS4M9PWbSSJUSGsz8AgsO/story.html). 63. Pete Engardio, “Research Parks for the Knowledge Economy,” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 1, 2009. 64. The information on 22@Barcelona draws from the 2011 internal memorandum prepared by Julie Wagner. See also Katz and Bradley, “Michigan’s Urban and Metropolitan Strategy.” 65. Urban Land Institute, “Value Capture Finance: Making Urban Development Pay Its Way” (2009). 66.

Drugs Without the Hot Air
by David Nutt
Published 30 May 2012

The “high performance” scenario In the “high performance” scenario, decisions are evidence-based, and the main focus for the use of drugs is the enhancement of performance. On this basis, it’s expected that Britain has strong economic growth, in part because of its attractiveness to “knowledge nomads” (an elite class of highly mobile workers who migrate around the world moving between jobs in the knowledge economy). One of the things they like about Britain (in this hypothetical scenario) is our highly regulated, non-punitive approach to psychoactive substances, particularly cognition enhancers. Many recreational drugs are legal and available in high-quality forms to be consumed in special on-licence premises, although these are costly and there’s a large black market in cheap generics from abroad.

Trees on Mars: Our Obsession With the Future
by Hal Niedzviecki
Published 15 Mar 2015

More and more educational institutions are remodeling century-old programs of study to give students the future cred they need. Cornell Tech is reinventing how academic institutions approach science and technology, but they’re hardly alone in doing so. The places where we send our young people are now increasingly concerned with being seen as institutions able to churn out the new creatives of the knowledge economy. “Our CEO mastered social networking 2,000 years before Mark Zuckerberg was born,” proclaims a billboard marketing the Jesuit-founded University of San Francisco.5 “Chapman University,” goes a banner ad, “where innovation and discovery come into focus.”6 The colleges all want to graduate people who will be desired by the gold standard companies like Google and Amazon, not to mention the thousands of other companies and institutions seeking to inject the orthodoxy of change into their corporate DNA.

Broke: How to Survive the Middle Class Crisis
by David Boyle
Published 15 Jan 2014

He became, rather reluctantly, part of the intellectual underpinnings of a new kind of deregulated ideal, the one that fell to pieces in the banking crash of 2008. These days, he finds himself in rather different company, and has recently begun a defence of the embattled American middle classes.[23] What he described as ‘happy talk about the wonders of the knowledge economy’, hailing a new economy based exclusively on service and finance, was actually a ‘gauzy veil placed over the hard facts of deindustrialization’. The rewards of technological and financial innovation go overwhelmingly to a very narrow group of people, he warned, explaining that: Americans may today benefit from cheap cell phones, inexpensive clothing, and Facebook, but they increasingly cannot afford their own homes, or health insurance, or comfortable pensions when they retire.

Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World
by General Stanley McChrystal , Tantum Collins , David Silverman and Chris Fussell
Published 11 May 2015

Lizette Alvarez, “Sharks Absent, Swimmer, 64, Strokes from Cuba to Florida,” New York Times, September 2, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/03/sports/nyad-completes-cuba-to-florida-swim.html?_r=1& (accessed July 8, 2014). Diving activities include . . . Interview with Coleman Ruiz, former Navy SEAL. “Great teams consist of” . . . Amy C. Edmondson, Teaming: How Organizations Learn, Innovate, and Compete in the Knowledge Economy (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012), 11. “that limb is nonviable” . . . Interview with Dr. Matthew Carty and Dr. E. J. Caterson. 70 percent increase . . . “Energy Expenditure of Amputees,” The War Amps, http://www.waramps.ca/nac/health/energy.html (accessed July 8, 2014). news reports played up the drama . . .

The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot
by Yolande Strengers and Jenny Kennedy
Published 14 Apr 2020

Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1991); Ben Panko, “The First Self-Cleaning Home Was Essentially a ‘Floor-to-Ceiling Dishwasher,’” Smithsonian, July 20, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/first-self-cleaning-home-was-essentially-floor-ceiling-dishwasher-180964115/. 41. Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology, 102. 42. Melissa Gregg, Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018). 43. Justin McCurry, “South Korean Woman’s Hair ‘Eaten’ by Robot Vacuum Cleaner as She Slept,” Guardian, February 9, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/09/south-korean-womans-hair-eaten-by-robot-vacuum-cleaner-as-she-slept. 44. Angel Chang, “This 1955 ‘Good House Wife’s Guide’ Explains How Wives Should Treat Their Husbands,” LittleThings, October 7, 2019, https://www.littlethings.com/1950s-good-housewife-guide. 45.

Making It in America: The Almost Impossible Quest to Manufacture in the U.S.A. (And How It Got That Way)
by Rachel Slade
Published 9 Jan 2024

Outside of union jobs, pensions went the way of pay phones. They were replaced by 401(k)s, which bound more workers to the market. Americans’ financial security was now directly tied to stock values which fluctuated wildly. America entered a new era of bloat. So many hands were now grabbing a cut in service of the knowledge economy, adding astounding complexity to health care, insurance, and financial services. Workers’ entire life savings were at the mercy of mutual fund managers who charged high fees regardless of performance. Executive pay skyrocketed and C-suite managers earned fantastic bonuses whether or not the companies they oversaw got stronger under their leadership.

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 27 Sep 2011

Industrious by nature, entrepreneurial in spirit, and pragmatic to a fault, this small province, tucked into the hinterland of the Netherlands, is a no-nonsense place where business rules the day. The province is one of the fastest-growing regions in the European Union. Unemployment is low, the standard of living is relatively high, and the region boasts a world-class university, which makes it a critical hub in the European knowledge economy. Unlike some of the other jurisdictions we worked with, Utrecht doesn’t suffer from a lack of planning. They have plans up the wazoo—ten-year plans, twenty-year plans, which are worked out in the kind of detail one rarely sees at a provincial governing level. I suspect that people who have had to keep ahead of the flood waters for centuries have the planning instinct indelibly imprinted into their collective DNA.

Startup CEO: A Field Guide to Scaling Up Your Business, + Website
by Matt Blumberg
Published 13 Aug 2013

Finally, I’m not sure I’d be nearly as successful of a CEO or grounded a person as I have been without Mariquita, the love of my life and my best and most reliable sounding board throughout the life of the business. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Matt Blumberg founded Return Path in 1999 because he believed the world needed email to work better and because he wanted to build a model workplace for the knowledge economy. Matt is passionate about enhancing the online relationship between email subscribers and marketers so that both sides of the equation benefit. It is with great pride that he has watched this initial creation grow to a company of more than 400 employees with the market-leading brand, innovative products and the email industry’s most renowned experts.

The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality
by Angus Deaton
Published 15 Mar 2013

Alfredo Morabia, 2007, “Epidemiologic interactions, complexity, and the lonesome death of Max von Pettenkofer,” American Journal of Epidemiology 166(11): 1233–38. 32. Simon Szreter, 1988, “The importance of social intervention in Britain’s mortality decline c. 1850–1914: A reinterpretation of the role of public health,” Social History of Medicine 1(1): 1–36. 33. Tomes, The gospel of germs, and Joel Mokyr, The gifts of Athena: Historical origins of the knowledge economy, Princeton University Press. 34. Samuel J. Preston and Michael Haines, 1991, Fatal years: Child mortality in late nineteenth century America, Princeton University Press. 35. Howard Markel, 2005, When germs travel: Six major epidemics that have invaded America and the fears they have unleashed, Vintage. 36.

The Blockchain Alternative: Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy and Economic Theory
by Kariappa Bheemaiah
Published 26 Feb 2017

It is only with an understanding of technology’s effect on inequality, the situation of labor markets, the polarization effect of technology on tasks, and the changing demands for skills, that we will be able to begin the redefinition of markets, regulations, and policies for tomorrow’s cashless and entrepreneurship-driven knowledge economy. Note While the SBTC assumes that wages are determined through the forces of supply and demand in the labor market, some ongoing research is challenging this paradigm by stating that the primary determinant of wages on a sustainable basis are the employment practices of major business enterprises.

The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge
by Matt Ridley

And indeed this is the story of technology, from the Stone Age to the present day, on all continents: wherever you look, technology proceeds in a stately way from each tool to the next, rarely leapfrogging or sidestepping. As Kelly remarks, the sequence is always uniform, and is significantly correlated on different continents: ‘Knifepoints always follow fire, human burials always follow knifepoints, and the arch precedes welding.’ To this day, it is very hard for a country to become a knowledge economy without being an agricultural success and then a manufacturing success first. That’s the path Japan, South Korea, China, India, Mauritius and Brazil have followed in recent years, and it’s the path that Britain and America followed at a more leisurely pace in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Mbs: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman
by Ben Hubbard
Published 10 Mar 2020

So I went, did a few stories, and waited another few months for my next visa. During one period, the only way I could get in was to apply for conferences, which were sponsored by powerful organizations working to build their profiles. Most of the events were hugely boring, packed with dull panels about increasing competitiveness and building a knowledge economy, but once I was in, I could work as I pleased. At one point, I received a visa—one month, single entry, nonrenewable—to attend a two-day conference, but its organization was so poor that I didn’t receive the visa until the day the conference began. I flew to Saudi Arabia that evening, attended the conference’s second day, and had 29 days left, during which officials I called refused to speak to me because I was not there to do interviews.

21 Lessons for the 21st Century
by Yuval Noah Harari
Published 29 Aug 2018

America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 255–7; David H. Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’

The Class Ceiling: Why It Pays to Be Privileged
by Sam Friedman and Daniel Laurison
Published 28 Jan 2019

Britton, J., Shephard, N., Vignoles, A. and Dearden, L. (2016) How English domiciled graduate earnings vary with gender, institution attended, subject and socio-economic background, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies (www.ifs.org.uk/publications/8233). Brown, P. and Hesketh, A. (2004) The mismanagement of talent: Employability and jobs in the knowledge economy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Brown, S., Kelan, E. and Humbert, A.L. (2015) ‘Women’s and men’s routes to the boardroom’, (https://www. womenonboards.net/womenonboards-AU/media/UK-PDFsResearch-Reports/2015_opening_the_black_box_of_board_ appointments.pdf ). Brynin, M. and Güveli, A. (2012) ‘Understanding the ethnic pay gap in Britain’, Work, Employment & Society, 26(4), 574-87 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017012445095).

Loonshots: How to Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries
by Safi Bahcall
Published 19 Mar 2019

Stanford, 2007. Hindo, Brian. “At 3M, A Struggle between Efficiency and Creativity.” Bloomberg.com, June 11, 2007. Hoddeson, Lillian. “The Emergence of Basic Research in the Bell Telephone System, 1875–1915.” Tech. Cult. 22 (1981): 512. Jarboe, Kenan, and Robert Atkinson. “The Case for Technology in the Knowledge Economy.” Prog. Pol. Inst., 1998. Jewett, F. B. “The 1943 Medalist.” Elec. Eng. 63 (1944): 81. Jones, Reginald V. “Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, 1874–1965.” Biog. Mem. Fell. Roy. Soc. 12 (1966): 35. ________. Most Secret War. Penguin, 2009. Kaempffert, Waldemar. “Dr. Bush Outlines a Plan.” NY Times, July 22, 1945.

Decoding Organization: Bletchley Park, Codebreaking and Organization Studies
by Christopher Grey
Published 22 Mar 2012

There have been studies identifying a diverse range of very old organizations as having such characteristics, for example mediaeval monasteries (McGrath, 2005), stone-age jewellery making and the production of Renaissance Encylopaedias (Wright, 2007) and libraries (Battles, 2004). This feeds a wider critique of the inadequacy of identifying the current time as being in some unique or epochal sense an ‘information age’ or a ‘knowledge economy’ (Hobart and Schiffman, 2000; Lilley, Lightfoot and Amaral, 2004; Black, Muddiman and Plant, 2007): ‘far from being a recent development k n o w l e d g e w o r k 221 linked to the appearance of what some see as a post-industrial, information society, [information management] commands a long tradition rooted in the pre-computer, industrial age’ (Black and Brunt, 1999: 371).

Brexit and Ireland: The Dangers, the Opportunities, and the Inside Story of the Irish Response
by Tony Connelly
Published 4 Oct 2017

Irish universities already collaborate with the major UK funding agencies, such as the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust. ‘The positioning of Ireland in the past few years,’ says a senior official in the European Commission’s research directorate-general, which administers Horizon 2020, ‘in the way Ireland understands how the knowledge economy works and then builds the structures and processes around it, has been more successful than people realize. They see the Intel labs. But they don’t see the leadership in other areas. Not just in pharmaceutical and biotech, but even in the advanced-food business, where there’s a whole new value chain.

Value of Everything: An Antidote to Chaos The
by Mariana Mazzucato
Published 25 Apr 2018

And fourth, through the network dynamics characteristic of modern technologies, where first-mover advantages in a network allow large economies to reap monopolistic advantages through economies of scale and the fact that customers using the network get locked in (finding it too cumbersome or disadvantageous to switch service). The chapter will argue that the most modern form of rent-seeking in the twenty-first-century knowledge economy is through the way in which risks in the innovation economy are socialized, while the rewards are privatized. WHERE DOES INNOVATION COME FROM? Before looking at these four areas of value extraction, I want to consider three key characteristics of innovation processes. Innovation rarely occurs in isolation.

Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet
by Roger Scruton
Published 30 Apr 2014

See also the same authors’ standard work on the subject: Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources, Cambridge, 1979. 168 John V. Krutilla, ‘Conservation Reconsidered’, American Economics Review, 57, September 1967, pp. 787–96. The point has been taken up in the context of the so-called ‘knowledge economy’ by Peter Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, New York, 1993. 169 [1868] UKHL 1. 170 See the argument of Lord Hoffmann in Transco plc v. Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council, [2003] UKHL 61, qualifying the rule in Rylands v. Fletcher. 171 See George L. Priest, ‘The Invention of Enterprise Liability: A Critical History of the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Tort Law’, Journal of Legal Studies, 14.3, December 1985, pp. 461–528. 172 DeMuth and Ginsburg, op. cit., p. 25. 173 See especially Ronald Coase, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, October 1960. 174 A.

Raising Lazarus: Hope, Justice, and the Future of America’s Overdose Crisis
by Beth Macy
Published 15 Aug 2022

He exploited a system that had already handed disproportionate power to rural Whites by way of gerrymandering and electoral-vote machinations. By pushing racist and anti-government rhetoric, Trump amplified the rage of those displaced by globalization and technology—while doing very little to help them join the knowledge economy. Billionaires got tax cuts at the same time that Trump tried to plunder Pell Grants, the government’s bedrock program to help poor people go to college—of which I will forever be grateful to have been a full grantee. If I hadn’t gone to college, I could very well have ended up being a subject in a book like this.

Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer-And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class
by Paul Pierson and Jacob S. Hacker
Published 14 Sep 2010

This transformation has made formal education and advanced skills much more valuable, fueling a growing divide between the highly educated and the rest of American workers. In some versions of the argument, skill-biased technological change is driven by computers and the Internet. In others, the main culprit is the failure of the educational advancement of most workers to keep pace with the growing skill demands of a global knowledge economy.35 The account of the crime, however, is the same: SBTC did it. There are just two problems: SBTC isn’t even charged with the right crime. And the suspect has an alibi. Why Educational Gaps Can’t Explain American Top-Heavy Inequality If there is an Exhibit A in the case that SBTC did it, it is the rising “college wage premium”—the extra amount that college graduates earn relative to their less educated peers.

The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 13 Nov 2007

For a more sceptical view of China’s position in 1700, see inter alia Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001). 5 Calculated from the estimates for per capita gross domestic product in Maddison, World Economy, table B-21. 6 Pomeranz, Great Divergence. 7 Among the most important recent works on the subject are Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge, 1981); David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998); Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, 2002); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, 2007). 8 William N. Goetzmann, ‘Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution’, NBER Working Paper 10352 (March 2004). 9 William N. Goetzmann, Andrey D. Ukhov and Ning Zhu, ‘China and the World Financial Markets, 1870-1930: Modern Lessons from Historical Globalization’, Economic History Review (forthcoming). 10 Nicholas Crafts, ‘Globalisation and Growth in the Twentieth Century’, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 00/44 (March 2000).

Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right
by Arlie Russell Hochschild
Published 5 Sep 2016

Paradoxically, politicians on the right appeal to this sense of victimhood, even when policies such as those of former governor Jindal exacerbate the problem. In the meantime, left and right need one another, just as the blue coastal and inland cities need red state energy and rich community. The rural Midwest and South need the cosmopolitan outreach to a diverse wider world. As sociologist Richard Florida notes, “Blue state knowledge economies run on red state energy. Red state energy economies, in their turn, depend on dense coastal cities and metro areas, not just as markets and sources of migrants, but for the technology and talent they supply.” In my travels, I was humbled by the complexity and height of the empathy wall. But with their teasing, good-hearted acceptance of a stranger from Berkeley, the people I met in Louisiana showed me that, in human terms, the wall can easily come down.

The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives
by Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen
Published 22 Apr 2013

As connectivity spreads, the gap between diaspora and home communities will shrink, as communication technologies and social media strengthen the bonds of culture, language and perspective that connect these distant groups. And those who leave their country as part of a brain drain will be leaving countries far more connected than today, even if those places are poor, autocratic or short on opportunities. Members of the diaspora, then, will be able to create a knowledge economy in exile that leverages the strong educational institutions, networks and resources of developed countries and channels them back constructively into their home countries. Opportunism and Exploitation In the aftermath of every major conflict or natural disaster, new actors flood the space: aid workers, journalists, U.N. officials, consultants, businessmen, speculators and tourists.

Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia
by Dariusz Jemielniak
Published 13 May 2014

Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(3), 408–437. Barley, S. R., & Kunda, G. (2001). Bringing work back in. Organization Science, 12(1), 76–95. Barley, S. R., & Kunda, G. (2004). Gurus, hired guns, and warm bodies: Itinerant experts in a knowledge economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Barnard, A. (1983). Contemporary hunter-gatherers: Current theoretical issues in ecology and social organization. Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, 193–214. Barnett, E. (2010, May 11). Wikipedia porn row sees founder give up his editing privileges.

Multicultural Cities: Toronto, New York, and Los Angeles
by Mohammed Abdul Qadeer
Published 10 Mar 2016

Ethnicity and the Urban Economy Photo 5.1 Chinese shopping arcade inside Pacific Mall, Markham (Toronto) (courtesy Susan Qadeer) 99 100 Multicultural Cities The Latinization of Los Angeles is the storyline of its transformation under the influence of immigration. Miles Davis observes that “Latinos have become predominant in low-tech manufacturing, home construction and tourist-leisure services,” establishing ethnic economic niches and enclaves.24 Chinese and Indians are filling the ranks of professionals in the new knowledge economy, whereas Chinese as well as Koreans and Japanese have helped forge cross-Pacific trade through their transnational links. The three cities have many common elements, namely, (1) large and diverse populations, (2) being biggest cities of their countries, (3) economic bases in financial, educational, health, and producer services; and (4) global connections and a role as pre-eminent information, entertainment, and art nodes.

The Innovation Illusion: How So Little Is Created by So Many Working So Hard
by Fredrik Erixon and Bjorn Weigel
Published 3 Oct 2016

At http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k47zw5kdnmp-en. Iwamoto, Masaaki, “Abandoned Homes Haunt Japanese Neighborhoods.” Bloomberg.com, July 10, 2015. At http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-09/abandoned-homes-haunt-japanese-neighborhoods. Jaffe, Adam B., and Manuel Trajtenberg, Patents, Citations and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. MIT Press, 2002. Jaruzelski, Barry, Volker Staack, and Brad Goehle, “Proven Paths to Innovation Success: Ten Years of Research Reveal the Best R&D Strategies for the Decade Ahead.” Global Innovation 1000, strategy+business, 77 (2014): 1–18. Jenkins, Holman W., “Jenkins: Only Bill Gates Can Change Microsoft.”

The Levelling: What’s Next After Globalization
by Michael O’sullivan
Published 28 May 2019

He splits British society into two value blocks: “Anywheres” and “Somewheres” (his thesis arguably also applies to the gaps between the communities in, say, New York or Boston or Los Angeles and middle America). The Anywheres, who make up about a quarter of the population, according to Goodhart, are involved in running the country, or they work in the knowledge economy. They are well educated and value mobility and autonomy, they can adjust to social change, and their view of the world is not rooted in any particular place (“Anywhere”). In contrast, Somewheres are less well educated; are rooted in specific geographies (i.e., they still live near where they were brought up); value groups, tradition, families, and communities; and are more troubled by immigration and ethnic change.

User Friendly: How the Hidden Rules of Design Are Changing the Way We Live, Work & Play
by Cliff Kuang and Robert Fabricant
Published 7 Nov 2019

The desktop metaphor cannot be anything other than one of the most influential and pervasive ideas of the twentieth century. It’s what transformed the minicomputer into the personal computer: from command lines glowing coldly on black screens to operating systems that sit on almost every office desk in the world. It’s what made computing the glue of the modern knowledge economy. The story goes that Steve Jobs went for a demo at Xerox PARC, saw the future there, and more or less stole it. But it’s a story riddled with holes, starting with the obvious: How would Steve Jobs have even thought there was anything to steal in the first place? Bill Atkinson came to Apple in 1978, after Jobs had convinced him to quit his Ph.D. program in neuroscience at UC San Diego.

The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power
by Jacob Helberg
Published 11 Oct 2021

Over many years, Chinese intelligence agencies have painstakingly—and successfully—cultivated assets inside the U.S. government and corporate America.III83 How many more strategic insights will they gain when doing so merely takes a couple of keystrokes? The very idea of proprietary data and intellectual property would become a farce. If American companies can’t protect their knowledge in a knowledge economy, what would happen to the future of the American economy and the middle class? This is about much more than the fate of multinational corporations; it’s about the livelihoods of our families and neighbors. The more China’s leaders target American businesses, the more precarious our own lives become.

Posh Boys: How English Public Schools Ruin Britain
by Robert Verkaik
Published 14 Apr 2018

The correlation between bigger salaries and private education is perfectly illustrated by a 2018 study which showed that eight out of ten starting salaries of £100,000 are awarded to privately educated candidates.40 This financial advantage is described by Francis Green, professor of Work and Education Economics at the UCL Institute of Education, as an important part of the ‘public school premium’.41 But Professor Green goes further, saying that even the choice of marriage partner is unconsciously guided by educational background. Professor Green and Dr Golo Henseke, from the Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies (LLAKES), analysed survey data on 75,000 adults in the UK gathered from 1991 to 2013. They found that privately educated women are four times more likely than their state-educated counterparts to marry a man who was privately educated. The researchers suggested that one reason why ‘like married like’ was that men and women from private schools were more likely to have friends in common, work in similar careers and hold shared values.

What Technology Wants
by Kevin Kelly
Published 14 Jul 2010

It is not as if life and mind were simply embedded in the nature of matter and energy; but rather, life and mind emerged out of the constraints to transcend them. Physicist Paul Davies summarizes it well: “The secret of life does not lie in its chemical basis. . . . Life succeeds precisely because it evades chemical imperatives.” Our present economic migration from a material-based industry to a knowledge economy of intangible goods (such as software, design, and media products) is just the latest in a steady move toward the immaterial. (Not that material processing has let up, just that intangible processing is now more economically valuable.) Richard Fisher, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, says, “Data from nearly all parts of the world show us that consumers tend to spend relatively less on goods and more on services as their incomes rise. . . .

Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business
by Rana Foroohar
Published 16 May 2016

The Irish system can be further exploited if a US firm sets up a second overseas subsidiary in Ireland to manage non-US sales on patents. American firms do a lot of this, redirecting to the most tax-advantageous country the intellectual property that may have been the work of many people in many countries. Basically, this strategy funnels the profits from the knowledge economy, where the innovation actually occurred, to a different economy that offers the cheapest cash haven. Firms can go further and add a “Dutch sandwich” onto this maneuver. Because there are European Union tax agreements in place that allow money to move freely between EU countries, American firms can set up Dutch subsidiaries and transfer more money from more countries into Irish subsidiaries.

The End of Work
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 28 Dec 1994

While he enjoys his current job, he worries constantly about whether he will have a job to report to tomorrow morning. "It's worse than being out of work," says Sultan. "You can't even make plans for the future."43 Even scientists, who, by virtue of their expertise, are widely thought to be immune to job insecurity in the high-tech knowledge economy are being reduced to temp work. On Assignment Inc, a temporary agency specializing in leasing scientists to companies ranging from Johnson & Johnson to Miller Brewing Company, has more than 1,100 chemists, microbiologists, and lab technicians ready to lease around the country. Recently Frito Lay requested a college-trained technician to test the crunchiness of its newest tortilla chip and was sent one of On Assignment's professional technicians within fortyeight hours-saving the company the cost of hiring a full-time permanent employee for the job. 44 The federal government has begun to follow the lead of the private sector, replacing more and more full-time civil servants with temps to save on overhead and operating costs.

Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs
by Lauren A. Rivera
Published 3 May 2015

“The Social Sources of Educational Credentialism: Status Cultures, Labor Markets, and Organizations.” Sociology of Education 74:19–34. Brown, Jonathon. 1986. “Evaluations of Self and Others: Self-Enhancement Biases in Social Judgments.” Social Cognition 4:353–76. Brown, Phillip, and Anthony Hesketh. 2004. The Mismanagement of Talent: Employability and Jobs in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Buchmann, Claudia, Dennis Condron, and Vincent Roscigno. 2010. “Shadow Education, American Style: Test Preparation, the SAT, and College Enrollment.” Social Forces 89:435–62. Byrne, Donn Erwin. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press. Cable, Daniel, and Timothy Judge. 1997.

The Way of the Gun: A Bloody Journey Into the World of Firearms
by Iain Overton
Published 15 Apr 2015

After all, as female emancipation and sexual equality has edged its way forward, it seems that guns still remain as unreconstructed an instrument of male violence as they were 100 years ago. This is possibly because in many countries modern market economics have caused the manly virtues of muscle and brawn to be challenged by the more ‘feminine’ charms of intellect, creativity and guile. Putting it simply, in developed knowledge economies, IT computer programmers and public-relations executives earn far more than construction workers and security guards.8 This shift in desired skills has happened alongside a major manufacturing output decline, particularly in the US. There, nearly 30 per cent of all jobs in 1960 were blue-collar.

The Book: A Cover-To-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time
by Keith Houston
Published 21 Aug 2016

Burke, “Fust (or Faust), John,” The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church (New York: Appleton, 1909), http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06326b.htm; “Helmasperger’s Notarial Instrument,” Gutenberg Digital (SUB Göttingen), accessed March 5, 2014, http://www.gutenbergdigital.de/gudi/eframes/helma/frmnot/frmnota.htm. 19. “Helmasperger’s Notarial Instrument”; Man, The Gutenberg Revolution, 147–49; Kapr, Johann Gutenberg, 153–59. 20. “Helmasperger’s Notarial Instrument”; Man, The Gutenberg Revolution, 147–49. 21. Jan Luiten Van Zanden, “Common Workmen, Philosophers and the Birth of the European Knowledge Economy: About the Price and the Production of Useful Knowledge in Europe 1350–1800,” in GEHN Conference on Useful Knowledge, Leiden (London: LSE, 2004), 11. 22. Man, The Gutenberg Revolution, 145–47; H. R. Mead, “Fifteenth-Century Schoolbooks,” Huntington Library Quarterly 3, no. 1 (1939): 37–42. 23.

The Ones We've Been Waiting For: How a New Generation of Leaders Will Transform America
by Charlotte Alter
Published 18 Feb 2020

CHAPTER 2 Harry Potter and the Spawn of the Boomers The baby boomers are the most spoiled, most self-centered, most narcissistic generation the country’s ever produced. —STEVE BANNON Once upon a time in America, a generation of middle-class young people graduated from publicly funded high schools and went to highly subsidized, rapidly diversifying, and increasingly competitive colleges. They outworked their aristocratic classmates and entered a new “knowledge economy” of lawyers, bankers, and lobbyists, where they made hundreds of thousands of dollars a year helping other rich people stay rich. They deserved to keep that money, they told each other. They had made it themselves, after all, through meritocracy—ever heard of it? They had worked hard for their wealth, and if keeping it meant changing a few rules and cutting a few taxes and kneecapping a few regulations, then so be it.

Overwhelmed: Work, Love, and Play When No One Has the Time
by Brigid Schulte
Published 11 Mar 2014

“Rather than seeing leisure as a frivolous, privileged notion, they saw it as a very human and laudable concept. That we all deserve time for roses.” In the 1950s, work hours did finally begin to fall. Leisure time was on the rise. “So my question,” Ben Hunnicutt told me, “is what the hell happened?” Some argue that today’s knowledge economy professions—art, technology, engineering, communications, politics, think tanks, academics, and the like—are more like leisure pursuits of the mind that the Greeks envisioned, and that to be fully engaged in life through work is a good thing.38 But economists like Schor argue that a voracious advertising industry creates shiny new wants and that insatiable consumer spending now powers 70 percent of the U.S. economy.

God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 31 Mar 2009

The total GDP of the Arab League, which contains twenty-two countries and three hundred million people, is about the same size as that of Spain. Islam was once the center of the civilized world: Muslim scholars collected and translated all the great books from the East as well as the West, dominating every sphere of learning, from philosophy to mathematics. (“Algebra” comes from the Arabic word aljabr .) Nowadays, in terms of the knowledge economy, Islam is an also-ran, partly because of its treatment of women. One in every two Arab women cannot read or write. Some ten million children do not go to school at all. Investment in research and development is less than a seventh of the world average. The annual ranking of the world’s top universities, compiled by Shanghai’s Jiao Tong University, includes not a single Arab institition, compared with six in tiny Israel.

Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire
by Danny Dorling and Sally Tomlinson
Published 15 Jan 2019

(eds) (2013) PISA, Power and Policy, Didcot: Symposium Books. 63 Callender, C. and Thompson, J. (2018) ‘The Lost Part-timers: the decline of parttime undergraduate higher education in England’, London: Sutton Trust, pp. 3, 59, https://www.suttontrust.com/research-paper/lost-part-timers-mature-students/ 64 Coughlan, S. (2018) ‘Poor white schools “destroyed” by rankings’, BBC News, 25 May, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-44196645 65 Stotesbury, N. and Dorling, D. (2015) ‘Understanding Income Inequality and its Implications: Why Better Statistics are Needed’, Statistics Views, 21 October, http://www.statisticsviews.com/details/feature/8493411/Understanding-IncomeInequality-and-its-Implications-Why-Better-Statistics-Are-N.html 66 Common Ground blog (2017) ‘A response from Common Ground’, 15 December, https://commonground-oxford.com/response-to-nigel-biggars-article-dont-feel-guilty-about-our-colonial-history/ 67 The African Society (2017) ‘Against Biggar and “Recolonization”’, press release, 19 December, http://www.oxforduniversityafricasociety.com/statement-19-12-17/ 68 Drawn by Benjamin Hennig, with data kindly provided by the Oxford University admissions service. 69 Dorling, D., Smith, G., Noble, M., Wright, G., Burrows, R., Bradshaw, J., Joshi, H., Pattie, C., Mitchell, R., Green, A. E., McCulloch, A. (2001) ‘How much does place matter?’ Environment & Planning A, Vol. 33, No. 8., pp. 1335–69. 70 Tomlinson, S. (2013) Ignorant Yobs?: Low attainers in a Global Knowledge Economy, London: Routledge. 71 Schools Inquiry Commission (1886) The Taunton Report, Vol. 1, p. 93. 72 Beatty, C., Fothergill, S. and Gore, T. (2017) ‘The Real Level of Unemployment 2017’, Sheffield: Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, tp://www4.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sites/shu.ac.uk/files/real-level-unemployment-2017.pdf 73 Peachey, K. (2017) ‘Council tax debt: Concern over use of bailiffs’, BBC News, 14 November, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-41974406 74 Allen, G. (2011) ‘Early intervention: smart investment, massive savings’, London: Cabinet Office, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-intervention-smart-investment-massive-savings 75 Perry, B.

The Lonely Century: How Isolation Imperils Our Future
by Noreena Hertz
Published 13 May 2020

No one will be spared Many of the people we’ve already met in this book will be first in the line of fire when it comes to these building waves of automation: delivery warehouse workers like Reynalda; the millions of cashiers who will no longer be needed when more and more of us shop in staff-free Amazon Go-style stores (in the US nearly 3.5 million people work as cashiers); or bakers like Eric, the right-wing populist voting Frenchman, who will soon face competition from robots like BreadBot, the recently launched robot baker which can mix, form, prove and bake 235 loaves of bread a day.89 These are people who already feel disproportionately alienated and disenfranchised, many of whom are also of course the ‘essential’ workers we all so relied upon during lockdown.90 But whilst those of us in ‘knowledge economy’ jobs tend to think we’ll be spared, telling ourselves there’s no way a robot could possibly do what we do, it’s important to realise that the story is more nuanced. For although it is the case that lower-skilled, lower-paid jobs are significantly more likely to be automated, the ‘professions’ are susceptible too.91 Take journalism.

Open: The Story of Human Progress
by Johan Norberg
Published 14 Sep 2020

, The Atlantic, 4 May 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/make-the-sixties-great-again/481167/(accessed 9 March 2020). 15 Coontz, 2016, p. xiv. 16 D. Adams, The Salmon of Doubt. New York, Del Rey, 2005, p. 95. 17 J. Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2005, p. 218. 18 Ibid, p. 266. 19 L. Denault and J. Landis, ‘Motion and means: Mapping opposition to railways in Victorian Britain’, Mount Holyoke College: History 256, December 1999, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/rail/workingcopiesmmla/railfinals/motionandmeans.html (accessed 9 March 2020).

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making
by David Rothkopf
Published 18 Mar 2008

Bill Gates may still by many measures be atop the information technology world, but today the buzz says Google is “hotter” than Microsoft on the innovation front, and the field is so volatile that a new technological breakthrough could dethrone the Seattle software mogul at any time. In other words, while it is possible to name the princes of the knowledge economy, crowning a single king is much more difficult. But there is only one commander in chief of what is by far the world’s most powerful military, and he also happens to be the chief executive of the world’s richest nation—one with a GDP three times higher than the runner-up, Japan. The president of the United States has extraordinary power to conduct the business of the United States as he or she sees fit, despite the carefully constructed checks and balances provided by the Constitution via the carefully crafted roles it prescribes for America’s bicameral legislature and its Supreme Court.

The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation
by Jon Gertner
Published 15 Mar 2012

A more typical example: During John Pierce’s first week of work at the Labs he was directed to visit Philo Farnsworth’s television shop in Manhattan to see if there was anything useful to license for the telephone company. Nothing that day caught Pierce’s interest. 13 For a thorough examination of Terman’s work on the New Jersey innovation hub, see Stephen B. Adams, “Stanford University and Frederick Terman’s Blueprint for Innovation in the Knowledge Economy,” in Sally H. Clarke, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, and Steven W. Usselman, eds., The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business (Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2009). 14 “An Interview of Dr. J. R. Pierce by Mr. Lincoln Barnett for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company,” February 13, 1963.

Wealth and Poverty: A New Edition for the Twenty-First Century
by George Gilder
Published 30 Apr 1981

Yet every socialist plan normally begins with just such a draconian reduction, just such a holocaust of human learning and skills, leaving only a pile of statistical ashes, a dry and sterile residue of numbers, from which to reconstruct the edifice of economic activity. Because of this problem, no so-called planned economy actually observes or fulfills its plan. To avoid sure disaster the computers must continually defer to human learning and experience. But the problem of planning cannot be overcome by mere admixtures of common sense and practical knowledge. Economies run not only on light but also on heat and energy, not merely on information but also on courage and skill. Entrepreneurial learning is of a deeper kind than is taught in schools, or acquired in the controlled experiments of social or physical science, or gained in the experience of socialist economies.

Model Thinker: What You Need to Know to Make Data Work for You
by Scott E. Page
Published 27 Nov 2018

An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mitchell, Melanie. 2009. Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mlodinow, Leonard. 2009. The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives. New York: Penguin. Mokyr, Joel. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Morgan, John, and Tanjim Hossain. 2006. “… Plus Shipping and Handling: Revenue (Non)Equivalence in Field Experiments on eBay.” Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy 6, no. 2: 3. Moss-Racusin, Corinne, John F. Dovidio, Victoria L. Brescoll, Mark J.

Your Computer Is on Fire
by Thomas S. Mullaney , Benjamin Peters , Mar Hicks and Kavita Philip
Published 9 Mar 2021

Over the next four years, this project underwent a series of transformations, all reflecting the complex tensions among (a) Facebook’s goal of attracting users and capturing their data, (b) the technical constraints of developing-world devices and mobile providers, and (c) users’ and governments’ interest in access to the full, open World Wide Web. In 2013, Zuckerberg declared internet connectivity a “human right” and set a goal of making “basic internet services affordable so that everyone with a phone can join the knowledge economy.” To make this possible, he argued, “we need to make the internet 100 times more affordable.”43 The company launched the deceptively named internet.org, a shaky alliance with six other firms (Samsung, Ericsson, MediaTek, Opera, Nokia, and Qualcomm) seeking to create free internet access for the entire developing world.

Grand Transitions: How the Modern World Was Made
by Vaclav Smil
Published 2 Mar 2021

Japanese tofu industry. http://www.midwestshippers.com/conferencePresentations/JapaneseTofuMarket.pdf Mokyr, J. 2001. The rise and fall of the factory system: Technology, firms, and households since the Industrial Revolution. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55:1–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2231(01)00050-1 Mokyr, J. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, J. 2009. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mokyr, J. 2014. The next age of invention. City Journal Winter 2014. https://www.city-journal.org/html/next-age-invention-13618.html Mokyr, J. 2017.

The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism
by Joyce Appleby
Published 22 Dec 2009

Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London, 1944). 22. James M. Bryant, “The West and the Rest Revisited: Debating Capitalist Origins, European Colonialism, and the Advent of Modernity,” Canadian Journal of Sociology, 31 (2006): 434; Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, 2002), 123. 23. David Levine, Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism (New York, 1977), 77–78, 146–47. 24. E. A. Wrigley, “A Simple Model of London’s Importance in Changing English Society and Economy 1650–1750,” Past and Present, 37 (1967): 48. 25. E. A. Wrigley, Continuity, Chance, and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England (Cambridge, 1988), 26–29, 32, 56. 26.

The 4-Hour Body: An Uncommon Guide to Rapid Fat-Loss, Incredible Sex, and Becoming Superhuman
by Timothy Ferriss
Published 1 Dec 2010

And I assure you: if you run 50K or 100 miles, when you finish, you won’t be the same person who started.” I thought for a minute, and that’s when I bit. I’d seen a strange ripple effect dozens of times in the world of strength, but for some reason, I’d never connected the dots with endurance. Perhaps just as you haven’t connected the dots with some subjects in this book. After all, in a knowledge economy, what’s the value of deadlifting more or losing 2% bodyfat? Of hitting a home run? In a word: transfer. My father lost 70+ pounds of fat in 10 months and tripled his strength. During his annual checkup, his doctor declared that he might live forever. The physical changes were incredible, but the curious side effects of the program were the strongest incentives to continue.

The Rise and Fall of Nations: Forces of Change in the Post-Crisis World
by Ruchir Sharma
Published 5 Jun 2016

Gupta, Shekhar. “Modi and the Art of the Sell.” Indian Express, December 18, 2012. Haberman, Clyde. “The Unrealized Horrors of Population Explosion.” New York Times, May 31, 2015. Harari, Yuval Noah, and Daniel Kahneman. “Death Is Optional.” Edge, November 25, 2015. Hausmann, Ricardo. “The Tacit-Knowledge Economy.” Project Syndicate, October 30, 2013. Hessler, Peter. “Learning to Speak Lingerie.” New Yorker, August 10, 2015. Hokenson, Richard F. “Retiring the Current Model of Retirement.” Hokenson Research, March 2004. ——. “Rethinking Old Age Economic Security.” Evercore ISI Research, July 30, 2015. ——.

The Aristocracy of Talent: How Meritocracy Made the Modern World
by Adrian Wooldridge
Published 2 Jun 2021

So I’ve decided to tell the story through three snapshots: the success of (mainly working-class) grammar-school boys in post-war Britain; the rise of research universities in America; and the new cult of intelligence in business. The first shows how meritocracy opened up elite positions to a new class of people – and what this meant in human as well as social terms. The second shows how the revolution placed the elite research university at the heart of the knowledge economy. The third shows how business was transformed by the new meritocratic spirit. The three taken together are designed to demonstrate just how wide-ranging the revolution was: there was almost no aspect of post-war society that wasn’t transformed by the new revolutionary spirit. THE USES OF SCHOLARSHIPS Alan Bennett’s The History Boys is one of the best fictional portraits of the promise and pain of high-stakes examinations.

Smart Grid Standards
by Takuro Sato
Published 17 Nov 2015

In order to ensure smooth implementation of smart grid, the South Korean Government developed several supporting policies. For instance, it supports research, development, and industrialization, propagates successful modes, builds infrastructures, and establishes related policies and regulations. More details are shown in Table 1.1. In January 2010, the South Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) issued the Korea Smart Grid Development Directions 2030, which predicted a 27.5 trillion Smart Grid Standards 28 Table 1.1 Policy directions and implementation plans Policy direction Implementation plans Support research, development, and industrialization Support activities in technology development, standardization, and commercialization, and reward companies and individuals for voluntary participation in the construction of the Smart Grid Explore successful development modes and share the experience of the Jeju Smart Grid test bed Make incentive plans for infrastructure constructions Refine and revise the Smart Grid-related laws and regulations Promote successful modes Build infrastructure Establish related policies and regulations won investment in Smart Grid, from which 24.8 trillion won would be invested for private sectors [56].

The Joys of Compounding: The Passionate Pursuit of Lifelong Learning, Revised and Updated
by Gautam Baid
Published 1 Jun 2020

These are incredibly powerful words in the context of focus. Buffett’s genius is that he prioritizes learning so that he can have higher quality insights. Many people would see this as totally unproductive, but many of my best business solutions and money problem answers have come from periods of just sitting and thinking. —Warren Buffett In a knowledge economy, learning and thinking are the best long-term investments you can make in your career. Learning and thinking determine our decisions, and those decisions, in turn, determine our results. Buffett spends the major part of his daily time reading and very little time actually taking action. He says, “In allocating capital, activity does not correlate with achievement.

Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America's Future
by Jean M. Twenge
Published 25 Apr 2023

Millions of well-paying jobs in manufacturing disappeared in the 1980s and 1990s, exemplified by the thousands of laid-off steelworkers and the autoworkers who lost their jobs as auto assembly plants moved overseas. Although many factors contributed to this shift, technology was one of the root causes: As technology advanced, more manual labor jobs became automated or offshored, and jobs in the “knowledge economy” that required more education became more plentiful. Figure 3.39: Median household income in 2020 dollars, U.S., by education level and difference in income, 1967–2001 Source: Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, U.S. Census Bureau Notes: The difference was calculated by subtracting the median income of those with a high school degree from the median income of those with a four-year college degree.

Thank You for Being Late: An Optimist's Guide to Thriving in the Age of Accelerations
by Thomas L. Friedman
Published 22 Nov 2016

Kaplan, Fred KARE (TV station) Karp, Alexander Karsner, Andy Kauffman Foundation kayaking Kelly, John E., III Kennedy, David Kennedy, John F. Kernza Khan, Salman “Sal” Khan Academy Khomeini, Ayatollah Kiev Kilby, Jack Kindle King, Jeremy Kissinger, Henry Knight Capital knowledge, stocks vs. flows of knowledge economy Koch, Hannes Kreisky, Bruno Krishna, Arvind Krzanich, Brian Kshirsagar, Alok Kunene River Kurdistan Kurniawan, M. Arie Kurzweil, Ray labor market, see workforce, innovation in Labour Party, British Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, Mohamed Lancet Lanchester, John Land, Edwin Land Institute laser science latency Latin America; emigration from Latinos LaunchCode.org Lavie, Peretz leadership; definition of; ethics and learned behavior Learning by Doing (Bessen) LearnUp.com Lebanese American University Lebanese PTT Lebanon; U.S. educational aid to LED lighting Lee Kuan Yew Leuthardt, Eric C.

Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder
by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Published 27 Nov 2012

ISI Books. Mokyr, Joel, 1990, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mokyr, Joel, ed., 1999, The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective. Westview Press. Mokyr, Joel, 2002, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, Joel, 2005, “Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology.” In Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, eds., Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1B. Elsevier. Mokyr, Joel, 2009, The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850.

Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality
by Vito Tanzi
Published 28 Dec 2017

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US), 2011, “US County Level Life Expectancy,” data put out by Alex Tanzi at Bloomberg (June 15). Irwin, Timothy C., 2012, “Accounting Devices and Fiscal Illusions”. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/12/02 (Washington DC, 28 March). Istituto Bruno Leoni, 2008, Indice delle liberalizzazioni 2008, (Turin: Italy). Jacob, Margaret C., 2014, The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy (Cambrdige, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press). Jencks, Christopher, 2015, “The War on Poverty: Was It Lost?” The New York Review of Books LXII (6) (April 2), pp. 82–85. Jensen, Michael and William Meckling, 1976, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial. 

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

The Lever of Riches, Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York: Oxford University Press. Mokyr, Joel. 1993. “Introduction.” In The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, edited by Mokyr, 1‒131. Boulder, CO: Westview. Mokyr, Joel. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, Joel. 2010. Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700‒1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mokyr, Joel. 2016. A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mokyr, Joel, Chris Vickers, and Nicolas L.

The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don't
by Nate Silver
Published 31 Aug 2012

Memo 1140, C.B.I.P. Paper 31, July 1989. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA212359. 9. Amanda Ripley, The Unthinkable (New York: Random House, Kindle edition), location 337–360. 10. Ibid., Kindle location 3688–98. 11. Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, Kindle Edition), location 160–162. 12. Jay Rosen, “The View from Nowhere: Questions and Answers,” Jay Rosen’s Press Think, November 10, 2010. http://pressthink.org/2010/11/the-view-from-nowhere-questions-and-answers/. 13. This is just a personal reflection—not an empirical observation—but I am being somewhat literal about this point.

The Power Law: Venture Capital and the Making of the New Future
by Sebastian Mallaby
Published 1 Feb 2022

The global embrace of venture capital confirms what has been argued here: the attractions of the industry far outweigh its alleged shortcomings. As individuals, VCs do exhibit skill. As a group, they finance the most dynamic companies, generate disproportionate wealth and R&D, and knit together the fertile networks that drive the knowledge economy. In the future, as intangible assets increasingly eclipse tangible ones, venture capitalists’ hands-on style will contribute even more to our prosperity. Of course, there are myriad social problems that the venture industry won’t fix, and some it may exacerbate—inequality, for example.[45] But the right response to inequality is not to doubt venture capital’s importance or throw sand in its gears.

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities
by Eric Kaufmann
Published 24 Oct 2018

That is, they choose, or can only afford, areas where their social group lives – and these groups have distinctive voting profiles. As the authors note, degree-holders were relatively evenly distributed around the country in 1970. But, as the tertiary sector grew over the next few decades, they began to cluster in Silicon Valley, New York and other centres of the knowledge economy. This enhanced the Democratic character of large metro areas. People generally don’t move to neighbourhoods for explicitly political reasons, but the partisan character of an area can shape the vote choices of people – especially those without strong prior ideological leanings. In the UK, a study using BHPS data tracking people over an eighteen-year period found that those in Conservative-dominated constituencies trended more Conservative in their voting over time, though the same was not true of Labour areas.43 Amenities also matter, and account for why partisans wind up moving to where they are already dominant.

The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America
by Margaret O'Mara
Published 8 Jul 2019

Seattle was 800 miles up the road from the Valley, but it was compatible in history, in spirit, in the personal and professional connections flowing between north and south. It too was a former gold rush town turned Cold War region, transformed by the defense boom and advantaged by the postwar migratory rush westward. It too was home to a major research university and lots of knowledge-economy jobs, its tech scene a strange mix of straight-arrow aerospace types and Vietnam-era lefties, a place of early adopters and ambitious technophiles. Yet Seattle wasn’t an isolated Galapagos. During those formative postwar decades it was Boeing’s company town, busy and connected. Even after its early-’70s bust, it didn’t develop the Valley’s teeming petri dish of VCs and lawyers and PR flacks.

Energy and Civilization: A History
by Vaclav Smil
Published 11 May 2017

Global mobile statistics 2014. https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/global-mobile-statistics-2014-part-a-mobile-subscribers-handset-market-share-mobile-operators. Mokyr, J. 1976. Industrialization in the Low Countries, 1795–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mokyr, J. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Prss. Mokyr, J. 2009. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Molenaar, A. 1956. Water Lifting Devices for Irrigation. Rome: FAO. Moore, G. 1965. Cramming more components onto integrated circuits.

The World's First Railway System: Enterprise, Competition, and Regulation on the Railway Network in Victorian Britain
by Mark Casson
Published 14 Jul 2009

. —— (2005) Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications and Transport, 1830–1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mitchell, Brian R. (1984) Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mitchener, Kris J. and Marc Weidenmeier (2008) Trade and Empire, Economic Journal, 118, 1805–34. Mokyr, Joel (2004) The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Munby, D.L. (1978) Inland Transport Statistics: Great Britain, 1900–1970, Vol. 1 (ed. A.H. Watson) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Nash, Christopher, Mark Wardman, Kenneth Buton, and Peter Nijkamp (eds.) (2002) Railways, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Nef, John U. (1932) The Rise of the British Coal Industry, 2 vols., London: Routledge.

The Story of Work: A New History of Humankind
by Jan Lucassen
Published 26 Jul 2021

‘Civilizations and its Discontents’, Natural History, 101(3) (1992), pp. 36–43. Mitch, David, John Brown & Marco H.D. van Leeuwen (eds). Origins of the Modern Career (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Mithen, Steven. After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003). Mokyr, Joel. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2002). Mokyr, Joel. ‘Peer Vries’s Great Divergence’, TSEG, 12 (2015), pp. 93–104. Molfenter, Christine. ‘Forced Labour and Institutional Change in Contemporary India’, in Marcel van der Linden & Magaly Rodríguez García (eds), On Coerced Labor: Work and Compulsion after Chattel Slavery (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016), pp. 50–70.

Basic Economics
by Thomas Sowell
Published 1 Jan 2000

Given the decisive advantages of knowledge and insight in a market economy, even when this knowledge and insight are in the minds of people born and raised in poverty, such as J.C. Penney or F.W. Woolworth, we can see why market economies have so often outperformed other economies that depend on ideas originating solely within a narrow elite of birth or ideology. While market economies are often thought of as money economies, they are still more so knowledge economies, for money can always be found to back new insights, technologies and organizational methods that work, even when these innovations were created by people initially lacking in money, whether Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, David Packard, or others. Capital is always available under capitalism, but knowledge and insights are rare and precious under any economic system.

Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends
by Uma Anand Segal , Doreen Elliott and Nazneen S. Mayadas
Published 19 Jan 2010

Retrieved February 8, 2005, from EconLit database. Reitz, J. G., (Ed.) (2003). Host societies and the reception of immigrants. San Diego: University of California, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Reitz, J. G. (2005). Tapping immigrants’ skills: New directions for Canadian immigration policy in the knowledge economy. IRPP Choices, 11(1), 1–18. Retrieved February 4, 2005, from http://www. irpp.org/choices/archive/vol11no1.pdf. 111 Roy, A. S. (1997). Job displacement effects of Canadian immigrants by country of origin and occupation. International Migration Review, 31(1), 150–161. Retrieved February 11, 2005, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

The Irrational Bundle
by Dan Ariely
Published 3 Apr 2013

In today’s economy, as we move to jobs that require imagination, creativity, thinking, and round-the-clock engagement, Marx’s emphasis on alienation adds an important ingredient to the labor mix. I also suspect that Adam Smith’s emphasis on the efficiency in the division of labor was more relevant during his time, when the labor in question was based mostly on simple production, and is less relevant in today’s knowledge economy. From this perspective, division of labor, in my mind, is one of the dangers of work-based technology. Modern IT infrastructure allows us to break projects into very small, discrete parts and assign each person to do only one of the many parts. In so doing, companies run the risk of taking away employees’ sense of the big picture, purpose, and sense of completion.

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future
by Ian Morris
Published 11 Oct 2010

New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. ———. “Editor’s Introduction: The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution.” In Joel Mokyr, ed., The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, pp. 1–127. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. ———. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. ———. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. Momssen, Theodor, and Karl Morrison. Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
by Shoshana Zuboff
Published 15 Jan 2019

That would be better.8 Google originated in the prospect of optimally organizing the world’s information, but Page wants the corporation to optimize the organization of society itself: “In my very long-term worldview,” he said in 2013, “our software understands deeply what you’re knowledgeable about, what you’re not, and how to organize the world so that the world can solve important problems.”9 Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg shares these totalistic ambitions, and he is increasingly frank about “society,” not just the individuals within it, as subordinate to Facebook’s embrace. His “three big company goals” include “connecting everyone; understanding the world; and building the knowledge economy, so that every user will have ‘more tools’ to share ‘different kinds of content.’”10 Zuckerberg’s keen appreciation of second-modernity instabilities—and the yearning for support and connection that is among its most-vivid features—drives his confidence, just as it did for Google economist Hal Varian.

Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World
by Deirdre N. McCloskey
Published 15 Nov 2011

Martin’s. Jacob, Margaret C., and Catherine Secretan, eds. 2008. The Self-Perception of Early Modern Capitalists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Jacob, Margaret S. 1976. Newtonians and the English Revolution 1689–1720. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Jacob, Margaret S. 2014. The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs, Jane. 1992. Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics. New York: Random House. James, Clive. 2007. Cultural Amnesia: Notes in the Margin of My Time. London: Picador.

Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, From the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First
by Frank Trentmann
Published 1 Dec 2015

I write ‘favoured’ because consumer demand in the empire was not by itself a sufficient cause for the Industrial Revolution. At the same time, the many feedbacks between overseas and domestic developments make it unhelpful to draw an overly sharp distinction between exogenous and endogenous factors. For Europe’s advance in science and technology, see Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2002). 44. Jan De Vries, European Urbanization, 1500–1800 (Cambridge, MA, 1984); Paul Bairoch, De Jéricho à Mexico: Villes et économie dans l’histoire (Paris, 1985); Peter Clark, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History (Oxford, 2013). Li Bozhong’s recent research suggests that as many as 20% of the population in the Jiangnan region might have been urban during the Qing era.