The Great Race: The Global Quest for the Car of the Future
by Levi Tillemann · 20 Jan 2015 · 431pp · 107,868 words
enthusiasm. They knew China’s auto industry was built on the technology of Western manufacturers, but they also seemed to believe that the technology-lagging Chinese manufacturers could leapfrog past more developed countries—though this had never happened before in the history of the global auto sector. Every country that had gained
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growth. “We thought it was normal,” said Huang. Surely, thought many, if Wan Gang and China’s band of economic wizards wanted to leapfrog the West in automotive technology, they could.1 But even sophisticated observers failed to appreciate the sheer complexity of building a new transportation system based on the electric
The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa
by Calestous Juma · 27 May 2017
and innovation studies CONTENTS FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1 The Growing Economy IX XI XVII 1 2 Advances in Science, Technology, and Engineering 39 3 Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 61 4 Agricultural Innovation Systems 83 5 Enabling Infrastructure 117 6 Human Capacity 146 7 Entrepreneurship 183 8 Governing Innovation
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latecomer countries can catch up. The real benefit of catch-up and leapfrogging lies in path creation, and no sector better embodies the promise of technological leapfrogging than agriculture. As a sector, agriculture is inherently entrepreneurial. In fact, over the centuries farmers have proven that they are entrepreneurs who are often forced
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effect, it requires that policymakers as well as practitioners think of economies as innovation systems that evolve over time and adapt to change. 3 LEAPFROGGING IN GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES The role of agricultural biotechnology—more specifically, transgenic crops—is one of the most controversial themes in African agriculture. This controversy exists despite the
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. Crop breeding through biotechnology is much broader than genetic modification. Gene editing techniques are especially promising because they eschew the most controversial aspects of Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 63 genetic modification by “tweaking” or editing existing plant DNA to change the amount of natural ingredient already present in a particular crop, instead
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, 64 THE NEW HARVEST that can help countries reach their full agricultural production potential. Indeed, agriculture is a promising sector in which countries can leapfrog into sustainable technologies. Countries that adopted less expensive second-generation biotechnology, for example, have experienced advantages that eluded early adopters. As the rest of this chapter will
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around the world, of whom over 90% (16.9 million) were smallholder farmers from developing countries. Notably, for the third year in a row, Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 65 developing countries collectively planted more hectares of transgenic crops (96.2 ha) than industrial countries (85.3 ha). Most of the benefits to
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, and loopers. They also protect against cotton leaf perforators and saltmarsh caterpillars. Akin to the case of mobile phones, African farmers can take advantage of technological leapfrogging to reap high returns from transgenic crops while reducing the use of chemicals. In 2013, 10 countries conducted confined field trials of various transgenic crops
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used to produce entire transgenic plants) for 25 crops. Transgenic crops are accepted for import in 60 countries (including Japan, the United States, Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 67 Canada, South Korea, Mexico, Australia, the Philippines, the European Union, New Zealand, and China). The majority of the events approved are in maize
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that codes for a toxin lethal to bollworms resulted in pest-resistant cotton, increasing profit and yield while reducing pesticide and management costs.16 Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 69 Countries such as China took an early lead in adopting the technology and have continued to benefit from the reduced use of pesticides
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15 million people rely on bananas for their income or consumption, making it one of the most important crops in Uganda. For example, when Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 71 the Black Sigatoka fungus arrived in East Africa in the 1970s, banana productivity decreased as much as 40%. Tissue culture experimentation allowed for
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a popular local crop to help solve a regional health issue. Addressing vitamin deficiencies would lead to lower healthcare costs and higher economic performance. Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 73 In the United Kingdom, researchers at the John Innes Centre created a bio-fortified “purple tomato” by expressing genes from the snapdragon in
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by 2017. In March 2008, a public-private partnership called Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) was formed between Monsanto, which developed the drought-resistant technology; Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 75 the African Agricultural Technology Foundation, which directs the partnership; the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT); and five national agricultural
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acknowledging the need for further research, the review confirmed the general understanding that transgenic foods on the market today do not carry unique risks. Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 77 Building Research Capacity Developing countries also face a separate set of risks from those of industrialized countries. For example, new medicines could have
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case for adoption, despite comprising such a large percentage of the population. This is not always the case, however. South Africa, for example, has Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 79 produced transgenic crops for the past 18 years and has a particularly effective biosafety regulatory framework and R&D investment. South Africa also
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reflecting unique national and regional attributes.45 This is partly because regulatory practices and trends in biotechnology development tend to co-evolve as countries Leapfrogging in Genetic Technologies 81 seek a balance between the need to protect the environment and human safety and foster technological advancement.46 At the same time, new
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also give African science a new purpose and help to integrate the region into the global knowledge ecology. This opportunity offers Africa another opportunity for technological leapfrogging. The central challenge, therefore, is building capacity in biotechnology research, which includes biosafety. 4 AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS The use of emerging technology and indigenous knowledge
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–90, 92–93, 102–4, 110–13, 219, 224–25, 227, 229, 232, 234–37, 239–40, 243, 252; investment in, 44–45, 85; leapfrogging into advanced technologies and, 64; low levels of existing investment in, xviii, 19; regional economic communities and, 109, 232; sustainability and, 83; technology and, 50, 55, 57
The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World From Scratch
by Lewis Dartnell · 15 Apr 2014 · 398pp · 100,679 words
straight over intermediate stages from our history to more advanced, yet still achievable, systems. There are a number of encouraging cases of this kind of technological leapfrogging in the developing nations in Africa and Asia today. For example, many remote communities unconnected to power grids are receiving solar-power infrastructure, hopping over
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on top and the molten steel being poured as if from a kettle. Running an arc furnace from renewable electricity would be an important technology to try to leapfrog to in order to relieve demands on fuels for thermal energy in the post-apocalyptic world. But retaining access to metals as a
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Earliest Grunts to Twitter and Beyond. To accompany the BBC series. London: Michael Joseph / Penguin. Davison, Robert, Doug Vogel, Roger Harris, and Noel Jones. 2000. “Technology Leapfrogging in Developing Countries: An Inevitable Luxury?” The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 1 (5): 1–10. De Decker, Kris. 2009. “Wind Powered
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at adopting new technologies than at putting them into widespread use.” February 7. http://www.economist.com/node/10640716. ———. 2008b. “The Limits of Leapfrogging: The spread of new technologies often depends on the availability of older ones.” February 7. http://www.economist.com/node/10650775. ———. 2012. “Doomsdays: Predicting the End of the
Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All
by Michael Shellenberger · 28 Jun 2020
Free Europe/Radio Liberty, November 27, 2014, https://www.rferl.org/a/what-can-norway-teach-other-oil-rich-countries/26713453.html. 26. José Goldemberg, “Leapfrog Energy Technologies,” Energy Policy 26, no. 10 (1998): 729–41, https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/sed/docs/k4dev/goldemberg_energypolicy1998.pdf. 27. Mark Malloch Brown, Nitin
Innovation and Its Enemies
by Calestous Juma · 20 Mar 2017
the more advanced countries had in their early stages of industrialization. The pace at which latecomer economies such as China have been able to leapfrog in certain technologies underscores the possibilities.6 There are growing concerns over the implications of these developments for employment. Self-driving cars will restructure transportation through new
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Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves (New York: Free Press, 2009), 21. 6. Dezhi Chen and Richard Li-Hua, “Modes of Technological Leapfrogging: Five Case Studies from China,” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 28, nos. 1–2 (2011): 93–108. 7. See, for example, Eric J. Topol
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Allure of the Multi-level Perspective and Its Challenges,” Research Policy 39, no. 4 (2010): 435–448; and Xiaolan Fu and Jing Zhang, “Technology Transfer, Indigenous Innovation and Leapfrogging in Green Technology: The Solar-PV Industry in China and India,” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 4 (2011): 329
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–158 Developing world access to scientific and technical knowledge, 13 biosafety regulations, 241 complex decisions by, 286–287 fish, demand for, 259 healthcare leapfrogging, 285 protein consumption, 34 technologies, views on, 291–292 “Devil’s Instrument,” telephone as, 309 al-Dhabani, Muhamad, 47–48 Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980), 282 Dietary fat, 100
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Leadership. See also Policymakers for future technological changes, characteristics needed for, 285–291 impact on technological adoption, 16, 93 importance to innovation, 7, 282–285 Leapfrogging, technological, 13, 285, 295 Lebon, André, 192 L’Écluse, Charles de, 55 LEDs (light emitting diodes), 145 Legal conflicts in intellectual property, 221–222 Legislation. See
AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order
by Kai-Fu Lee · 14 Sep 2018 · 307pp · 88,180 words
to serving local entrepreneurs and innovators. All the pieces were now in place for the flourishing of China’s alternate internet universe. It had the leapfrog technology, the funding, the facilities, the talent, and the environment. The table was set to create internet companies that were new, valuable, and uniquely Chinese. HERE
Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization
by Parag Khanna · 18 Apr 2016 · 497pp · 144,283 words
acquiring the trappings of interstate divisions. Which force will win the cyber tug-of-war? What we call “tech” companies are very much technology infrastructure companies. Telecommunications has leapfrogged all other forms of connectivity. Whether through copper phone lines, signal relay towers, undersea Internet cables, or low-orbit satellites, handheld mobile hardware
Oil Panic and the Global Crisis: Predictions and Myths
by Steven M. Gorelick · 9 Dec 2009 · 257pp · 94,168 words
reserved for mercury. This substitution resulted in lower and lower demand, coupled with a collapse in both the price and production.39 Importantly, technological advances can create a leapfrog effect, where some commodities become obsolete before they are adopted, and thus some consumers skip their use altogether. For example, cellular phone technology
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Two characteristics of the historical production of other Earth resources might be supposed to enter into the oil-substitution landscape: meeting end-use needs and technology leapfrogging. Does the world need oil? Although the modern world seems to run on oil, for the most part, what is needed is transportation, not fuel
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, 168 synfuel, 175–7 syngas, 174 Syria, 23, 63 Taiwan, vehicle ownership, 205 Tata Motors, 205 taxes, on gasoline, 45 technically recoverable oil, definition, 18 technology leapfrogging, 108–9, 213–15 telephones, 107, 108–9 tertiary recovery, 162 Tesla Motors, 214 Texas, 40, 63, 96 thermometers, 108 Tierney, John, 103, 104 Tillerson
The Industries of the Future
by Alec Ross · 2 Feb 2016 · 364pp · 99,897 words
of the 191 other countries around the world. They will produce the Ciscos and Junipers of robotics. Interestingly, less developed countries might be able to leapfrog technologies as they enter the robot landscape. Countries in Africa and Central Asia have been able to go straight to cell phones without building landline telephones
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sub-Saharan Africa’s population) in fact have more female than male entrepreneurs. * * * Perhaps the most striking example I saw of a nation using technology to leapfrog economically was Rwanda. Two decades after the brutal genocide of 1994, which saw more than 800,000 people murdered, Rwanda has reimagined and rebuilt itself
The Future Is Asian
by Parag Khanna · 5 Feb 2019 · 496pp · 131,938 words
. Ever more of Asia is joining in the largest-scale case of what economists call the advantage of late development, or “second-mover advantage”: leapfrogging over traditional technologies and behaviors to the newest standards. Mobile phones come before landlines, digital banking before ATMs, cloud computing before desktops, electronic road payments before toll
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