The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race
by Walter Isaacson · 9 Mar 2021 · 700pp · 160,604 words
one of its components.15 Rodolphe Barrangou Philippe Horvath CHAPTER 12 The Yogurt Makers Basic research and the linear model of innovation Historians of science and technology, including myself, often write about what is called the “linear model of innovation.” It was propagated by Vannevar Bush, an MIT engineering dean who cofounded Raytheon and during World War II
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CRISPR-associated enzymes in vitro vs. in vivo studies of, 80, 94–95, 183, 191, 202 Koonin’s study of, 76–77, 80, 92 and linear model of innovation, 90 Mojica’s study of, 71–76, 80, 91, 92, 220, 223, 224, 470, 479 naming of, 73 RNA in, 79, 108, 133 Cas13 targeting
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CRISPR technology, 208, 211 life, origin of, xvii, 45–49 Lifton, Richard, 47 light-sensitive proteins, 167 Lin, Shuailiang, 184, 192 Lincoln, Abraham, 64–65 linear model of innovation, 89–90 Lin Shiao, Enrique, 412, 415–18 Linux, 163, 256 lipid nanoparticles, 441 lipitoids, 456–57 Litton Industries, 114 Locke, John, 357 Lord of
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effects of prizes and patents on, 219, 234, 375 government-business-university partnerships and, 117–18, 232–33 institutions and, 405 invention and, 90 and linear model of innovation, 89–90 military spending and, 259 revolutions in, xvii, 28 teamwork in, 103 women in, xix, 8, 22, 31, 227, 459–61, 470, 471 Lander
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-like effector nucleases), 155, 167, 177–79, 187, 190 Tay-Sachs disease, 41, 329, 337 technology, xvii biotechnology, see biotechnology digital, xvii, 28, 114 and linear model of innovation, 89–90 Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 151 Templeton Foundation, 303 Terman, Frederick, 114 terrorists, 259–63 test-tube baby, 274, 313, 328 Texas Instruments, 240 Theory
The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words
applications of knowledge must be drawn.”8 Bush’s description of how basic research provides the seed corn for practical inventions became known as the “linear model of innovation.” Although subsequent waves of science historians sought to debunk the linear model for ignoring the complex interplay between theoretical research and practical applications, it had
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, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17 background of, ref1 computers augmenting human intelligence foreseen by, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 linear model of innovation and, ref1 personal computer envisioned by, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 technology promoted by, ref1, ref2 Bushnell, Nolan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 venture capital
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by, ref1, ref2 Licklider, Tracy, ref1 Lilienfeld, Julius, ref1 LINC, ref1 Lincoln Laboratory, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 linear equations, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 linear model of innovation, ref1 Linux, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Lipkin, Efrem, ref1, ref2, ref3 Lisa, ref1 LISP, ref1 Lockheed, ref1 Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, ref1 logarithms, ref1
America in the World: A History of U.S. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
by Robert B. Zoellick · 3 Aug 2020
without considering immediate utilitarian purposes. Neither the military nor industry had the patience—or vision—to back pure scientific research. Bush’s plans reflected a linear model of innovation that began with scientific knowledge, translated into engineering practice, and led to practical products and processes. He could probably see that in reality the stages
The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths
by Mariana Mazzucato · 1 Jan 2011 · 382pp · 92,138 words
between R&D and innovation, and between innovation and economic growth. While the systems of innovation literature referred to above has argued strongly against the linear model of innovation, much innovation policy still targets R&D spending at the firm, industry and national levels. Yet there are very few studies which prove that innovation