by John Y. Campbell and Tarun Ramadorai · 25 Jul 2025
Other Businesses When consumers are unable to make sense of disclosures, an alternative approach is to require financial businesses to disclose information in a standardized machine-readable format that other businesses—or the government—can process. Richard Thaler and Will Tucker have argued for such “smart disclosure” as a way to promote
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,” Harvard Business Review 91, no. 1 (2013): 44–54. Thaler and Tucker propose that financial institutions should be required to report these experiences in a machine-readable format so that third parties can aggregate the information and make it easier for consumers to compare lenders. Even in the absence of such aggregation
by Eldad Eilam · 15 Feb 2005 · 619pp · 210,746 words
-independent format called bytecode (see the following section on bytecodes). Compilers of traditional (non-bytecode-based) programming languages such as C and C++ directly generate machine-readable object code from the textual source code. What this means is that the resulting object code, when translated to assembly language by a disassembler, is
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software, and rarely by people. The bottom line is usually that compilers transform programs from their high-level, human-readable form into a lower-level, machine-readable form. During the translation process, compilers usually go through numerous improvement or optimization steps that take advantage of the compiler’s “understanding” of the program
by Mark Lutz · 5 Jan 2011
asked to be saved in the prior session; it’s simply the raw text of saved emails, with separator lines. This is both human and machine-readable—in principle, another script could load saved mail from this file into a Python list by calling the string object’s split method on the
by Jacqueline Kazil · 4 Feb 2016
we will cover files made for human consumption. File formats that store data in a way easily understood by machines are commonly referred to as machine readable. Common machinereadable formats include the following: • Comma-Separated Values (CSV) • JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) • Extensible Markup Language (XML) In spoken and written language, these data
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. This way, we don’t have to worry about locating the files and can focus instead on importing data with Python. CSV Data The first machine-readable file type we will learn about is CSV. CSV files, or CSVs for short, are files that separate data columns with commas. The files themselves
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is quite easy. In the next section, we will explore more customized file handling. XML Data XML is often formatted to be both human and machine readable. However, the CSV and JSON examples were a lot easier to preview and understand than the XML file for this dataset. Luckily for us, the
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extract data from the XML tree structure. These are valuable lessons in your quest to become a better data wrangler. Summary Being able to handle machine-readable data formats with Python is one of the musthave skills for a data wrangler. In this chapter, we covered the CSV, JSON, and XML file
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in this and the following chapter will easily import into Python without a little work. This is because some data formats were made to be machine readable, while others, such as the ones we’ll look at next, were meant to be interacted with through desktop tools. In this chapter and the
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in most cases, the person who generated the file with the data inside simply did not identify the importance of also releasing it in a machine-readable format. Installing Python Packages Before we can continue, we need to learn how to install external Python packages (or libraries). Up until this point, we
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a step further and parse the same data from a PDF. Summary The Excel format is an odd in-between category that is kind of machine readable. Excel files were not meant to be read by programs, but they are parsable. To handle this nonstandard format, we had to install external libraries
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you’ve located your data, you need a place to store it! Sometimes, you’ll have received data in a clean, easy-to-access, and machine-readable format. Other times, you might want to find a different way to store it. We’ll review some data storage tools to use when you
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readable format. Especially if you need to create reports with the data or downloadable files, you’ll want to make sure it goes from being machine readable to human readable. And if your data needs to be used alongside APIs, you might need specially formatted data types. Python gives us a ton
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turning it into a Python object, you can harness the power of Python’s date capabilities and easily turn it back into a human- or machine-readable string later. Let’s take a look at our data holding interview start and end times from our zipped_data list. To refresh our memories
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, 49 csv library, 46 cursor (class name), 365 D data CSV, 44-52 Excel, 73-90 formatting, 162-167 importing, 216-222 JSON, 52-55 machine-readable, 43-71 manual cleanup exercise, 121 from PDFs, 91-126 publishing, 264-272 saving, 192-195 XML, 55-70 data acquisition, 127-140 and fact
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2.7 installation, 443 telling system where to find Homebrew, 440-443 virtual environment testing, 447 virtualenv installation, 444 virtualenvwrapper installation, 446 Mac prompt ($), 12 machine-readable data, 43-71 CSV data, 44-52 file formats for, 43 JSON data, 52-55 XML data, 55-70 magic commands, 150 magic functions, 466
by Bryan O'Sullivan, John Goerzen, Donald Stewart and Donald Bruce Stewart · 2 Dec 2008 · 1,065pp · 229,099 words
files: SimpleJSON.hi and SimpleJSON.o. The former is an interface file, in which ghc stores information about the names exported from our module in machine-readable form. The latter is an object file, which contains the generated machine code. Generating a Haskell Program and Importing Modules Now that we’ve successfully
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for storage is called serialization. It turns out that read and show make excellent tools for serialization. show produces output that is both human- and machine-readable. Most show output is also syntactically valid Haskell, though it is up to people that write Show instances to make it so. Parsing large strings
by Leslie Sikos · 10 Jul 2015
Web includes the “Web of Data” [6], which connects “things”2 (representing real-world humans and objects) rather than documents meaningless to computers. The machine-readable datasets of the Semantic Web are used in a variety of web services [7], such as search engines, data integration, resource discovery and classification, cataloging
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conventional Web [17]. The real benefit of semantic annotations is that humans can browse the conventional web documents, while Semantic Web crawlers can process the machine-readable annotations to classify data entities, discover logical links between entities, build indices, and create navigation and search pages. Semantic Web Components Structured data processing
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a knowledge domain (field of interest, discipline). Knowledge Representation and Reasoning is the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) used to represent information in a machine-readable form that computer systems can utilize to solve complex tasks. Taxonomies or controlled vocabularies are structured collections of terms that can be used as metadata
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data model for describing a piece of our world, such as an organization, a research project, a historical event, our colleagues, friends, etc., in a machine-readable manner, by formally defining a set of classes (concepts), properties (attributes), relationship types, and entities (individuals, instances). The most advanced ontology languages (such as
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on data access, so “open data” is a fundamental feature of the Semantic Web. There are already hundreds of government organizations, enterprises, and individuals publishing machine-readable, structured data as open data (https://data.cityofchicago.org, http://data.alberta.ca, http://data.gov.uk, etc.), although not all of them provide
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from open APIs, open protocols, open data formats, and open source software tools to reuse, remix, and republish data. On the Semantic Web, the machine-readable data of persons, products, services, and objects of the world are open and accessible, without registering and paying membership or subscription fees, and software agents
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improve the automated processability of web sites, formal knowledge representation standards are required that can be used not only to annotate markup elements for simple machine-readable data but also to express complex statements and relationships in a machine-processable manner. After understanding the structure of these statements and their serialization
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and processed by search engines are RDFa (RDF in attributes), HTML5 Microdata, and JSON-LD, of which HTML5 Microdata is the recommended format. The machine-readable annotations extend the core (X)HTML markup with additional elements and attributes through external vocabularies that contain the terminology and properties of a knowledge representation
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domain, as well as the relationship between the properties in a machine-readable form. Ontologies can be used for searching, querying, indexing, and managing agent or service metadata and improving application and database interoperability. Ontologies are especially
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field of interest, the relationships between them, and related individuals are collected by semantic knowledge bases. These schemas are the de facto standards used by machine-readable annotations serialized in RDFa, HTML5 Microdata, or JSON-LD, as well as in RDF files of Linked Open Data datasets. Vocabularies and Ontologies Controlled
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the most frequently used collections of structured data markup schemas. Schema.org was launched by Google, Yahoo!, and Bing in 2011. Schema.org contains the machine-readable definitions of the most commonly used concepts, making it possible to annotate actions, creative works, events, services, medical concepts, organizations, persons, places, and products.
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commonly used for describing partner syndication, content aggregation, content repurposing, resource discovery, multiple channel distribution, content archiving, capture rights usage information, RSS, XMP, and machine-readable annotations of web sites. The PRISM namespaces are http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.1/ for PRISM 2.1 Basic (typical prefix: prism) and http
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://www.lesliesikos.com">lesliesikos.com</a> These syntaxes will be described in the next sections. Microformats The results of the very first approach to add machine-readable annotations to the (X)HTML markup are called microformats (mF). Some microformats apply and reuse features of existing technologies, such as the rel attribute
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transformer Optimus, or the Microformats Bookmarklet for Safari, Firefox, and IE). 24 Chapter 2 ■ Knowledge Representation However, due to limitations and open issues, other machine-readable annotation formats gradually overtook microformats. Applying various microformats as multiple values on the same a element, such as rel="nofollow" and rel="friend", cannot be
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). Listing 2-50. Using a Typed Literal ex:age rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:age rdfs:range xsd:integer . Web Ontology Language (OWL) While simple machine-readable ontologies can be created using RDFS, complex knowledge domains require more capabilities, such as • Relations between classes (union, intersection, disjointness, equivalence) • Property cardinality constraints
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and can leverage powerful description logic reasoning tools to facilitate machine-processability of semantic web sites. Reasoning derives facts that are not expressed explicitly in machine-readable ontologies or knowledge bases. Description logic reasoners implement the analytic tableau method (truth tree) for semantic reasoning, which is the most popular proof procedure
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in which the term Open Data refers to the free license. 61 Chapter 3 ■ Linked Open Data is querying Linked Data that do not use machine-readable definitions from a vocabulary, which is difficult and almost impossible to interpret with software agents. Furthermore, the quality of the definitions retrieved from vocabularies and
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. DBpedia The hundreds of concept definitions on schema.org are suitable to annotate common knowledge domains, such as persons, events, books, and movies, but complex machine-readable statements require far more. DBpedia, hosted at http://dbpedia.org, extracts structured factual data from Wikipedia articles, such as titles, infoboxes, categories, and links.
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FILTER (?birth < "1901-01-01"^^xsd:date) . } ORDER BY ?name Wikidata Wikidata is one of the largest LOD databases that features both human-readable and machine-readable contents, at http://www.wikidata.org. Wikidata contains structured data from Wikimedia projects, such as Wikimedia Commons, Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, as well as from
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The most generic objects of datasets are collected in rdf:description containers. Those objects that are representations of real-world objects already defined in a machine-readable vocabulary are usually collected under the corresponding object class (persons in schema:person, books in schema:book, and so on). Because a basic requirement
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resource, usually containing additional RDF links that point to other, related URIs, which, in turn, can also be dereferenced, and so on. Consider the machine-readable description of the book Web Standards: Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML, at http://www.masteringhtml5css3.com/metadata/webstandardsbook.rdf#book, which declares the title of
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about the industries that link thousands of LOD datasets to one another. You understand now how semantic agents can make new discoveries, based on the machine-readable definition of objects and subjects, and the typed links between them. You learned the structure, licensing, and interlinking of LOD datasets. The next chapter
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are common tasks that can be made easier and more efficient using software tools. Web designers and search engine optimization (SEO) experts often generate machine-readable annotations or convert existing structured data to a different serialization. While web site markup can be edited in any text editor, some advanced features are
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through additional plug-ins, such as the MIME tools for Base64 encoding and decoding. Semantic Annotators and Converters While there are templates available for all machine-readable metadata annotations and one might also write them manually from scratch, you can use software tools that can evaluate your code, provide a preview
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disambiguation algorithms used. Google Structured Data Testing Tool The Google Structured Data Testing Tool at http://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/richsnippets is suitable for machine-readable metadata testing, including Microformats, RDFa, and HTML5 Microdata annotations online or through direct input. The code length of the direct input is limited to
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The Google Structured Data Testing Tool also indicates properties that are not parts of the vocabulary used for the object. ■■Note Google does not use machine-readable metadata annotations on Search Engine Result Pages if certain properties are missing for a particular object type. For example, an hCard description will be used
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least two of the following three properties: organization, location, or role, while code validity can be achieved even if you omit them. The tool provides machine-readable metadata examples for applications, authors, events, music, people, products, product offers, recipes, and reviews; however, you must log in to your Google account to
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■■Note For usability reasons, Sindice Web Data Inspector displays a maximum of 1,000 triples only. The “Sigma” option is a really good demonstration of machine-readable metadata. Software tools can extract structured data from properly written semantic documents and display them arbitrarily. This is the true essence of the Semantic Web
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is a Linked Data server, SPARQL server, and Linked Data development environment [28]. Marmotta provides a Linked Data Platform (LDP) for human-readable and machine-readable read-write data access via HTTP content negotiation. Marmotta features modules and libraries for LD application development. The modular server architecture makes it possible to
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about the LOD cloud. Semantic Web Browsers Semantic Web browsers are browsing tools for exploring and visualizing RDF datasets enhanced with Linked Data such as machine-readable definitions from DBpedia or geospatial information from GeoData. Semantic Web browsers provide exploration, navigation, and interactivity features different from conventional web browsers. They display
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not only human-readable but also machine-readable annotations and extracted RDF triples. While conventional browsers use hyperlinks for navigating between documents, Semantic Web browsers provide mechanisms for forward and backward navigation with
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to the RDF implementation, graph databases support automatic inferencing for knowledge discovery. The data stored in these databases can unify vocabularies, dictionaries, and taxonomies through machine-readable ontologies. Graph databases are commonly used in semantic data integration, social network analysis, and Linked Open Data applications. Quadstores It is not always possible
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/overview/index.html. Accessed 10 April 2015. 11. SYSTAP LLC (2015) Blazegraph. www.blazegraph.com/bigdata. Accessed 10 April 2015. Chapter 7 Querying While machine-readable datasets are published primarily for software agents, automatic data extraction is not always an option. Semantic Information Retrieval often involves users searching for the answer
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access data from LOD datasets, you can perform a semantic search, browse dataset catalogs, or run queries directly from a dedicated query interface. For searching machine-readable data, you can use semantic search engines such as Sindice (http://sindice.com) or FactForge (http://factforge.net). Third-party data marketplaces such as
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the Library of Congress are available individually via content negotiation as XHTML+RDFa, RDF/XML, N-Triples, and JSON [21]. To address the limitations of MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), a standard initiated by the Library of Congress, MARC records have been mapped to BIBFRAME vocabulary terms [22] to leverage Linked Data
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JSON-LD), 37 Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 99 K Knowledge representation standards GRDDL, 39 HTML5 microdata attributes, 35 microdata DOM API, 37 JSON-LD, 37 machine-readable annotation formats, 23 microformats drafts and future, 32 hCalendar, 25 hCard, 26 h-event, 26 rel=“license”, 28 rel=“nofollow”, 29 rel=“tag”, 30 URI
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, 86 Object Properties and Data Properties tabs, 88 OntoGraf tab, 88 OWLViz, 88 SPARQL Query tab, 89 URIs, 88 PublishMyData, 195 Q M Quadstores, 149 MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), 213 MicroWSMO, 137 R N Named graph, 149 Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, 86 Neo4j, 161 Cypher commands, 163 graph style sheet,
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A Project Management Vocabulary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Licensing Vocabularies������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Media Ontologies���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Vocabularies for Online Communities��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Knowledge Management Standards������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18 Resource Description Framework (RDF) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Machine-Readable Annotations������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 23 GRDDL: XML Documents to RDF����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 R2RML: Relational Databases to RDF��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 RDFS����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 Web Ontology Language (OWL)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 45 Simple Knowledge Organization System
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technical terms and explain complex issues in plain English. Dr. Sikos creates fully standard-compliant, mobile-friendly web sites with responsive web design—complemented by machine-readable annotations—and develops multimedia applications leveraging Semantic Web technologies. He works on the standardization of Linked Data implementations for the precise identification, description, and
by Federico Biancuzzi and Shane Warden · 21 Mar 2009 · 496pp · 174,084 words
’t know the name of that does something, I mean you’re sure somewhere in this mess is a function that formats numbers in a machine-readable way and puts commas in or something like that, right? But how do you remember the name? How do you find the names of these
by Toby Segaran and Jeff Hammerbacher · 1 Jul 2009
the level of detail he or she requires. The raw data will often be difficult or impossible to present in a form that is naturally machine-readable and processable, so the filtering and refinement process also involves making choices about categorization and simplification to provide clear and clean datafiles that can be
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name and a SMILES code. As with the choice of GoogleDocs as the primary representation of the data, the use of both human-readable and machine-readable representations is crucial to gaining the most benefit from the data set. The only piece of information that does not require two representations is the
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standard in syntax as well as in descriptors. The Resource Description Framework, or RDF, provides a route toward exposing the data set in a recognized, machine-readable format. With this format, any information is transformed into statements made up of a “subject,” a “predicate,” and a “value.” For example, the fragment shown
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for experiments, as well as develop novel applications, by mashing together data and applications. These mashups demonstrate the power of using wellrecognized and easily convertible, machine-readable identifiers. The SMILES code in this case is the key identifier that can be used to obtain further data from other web services, data sources
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-driven sciences such as chemistry, due to both technical and social difficulties in translating from records in the form that experimentalists understand to properly structured machine-readable forms as understood by computers and the people who code on them. Here we have shown the ability to convert data in the form of
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we figured out that we didn’t have to extract the data by parsing web pages, but that the data is already available in a machine-readable format. Each human-readable (HTML web page) weekly summary is built from a text file that looks like this: rowid: 1 county: Alameda County city
by Eric S. Raymond · 22 Sep 2003 · 612pp · 187,431 words
to be run by human editors each time the registry is modified. One Unix solution would be a separate auditing program that analyzes either a machine-readable specification of the ruleset format or the source of the server code to determine the set of properties it uses, parses the Freeciv registry to
by Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood Ph. D. · 23 Dec 2018 · 960pp · 125,049 words
return stop sub_0: assembly { /* "Example.sol":26:132 contract example {... */ mstore(0x40, 0x60) 0x0 dup1 revert auxdata: 0xa165627a7a7230582056b99dcb1edd3eece01f27c9649c5abcc14a435efe3b... } The --bin-runtime option produces the machine-readable hexadecimal bytecode: 60606040523415600e57600080fd5b336000806101000a81548173 ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 021916908373 ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 160217905550603580605b6000396000f3006060604052600080fd00a165627a7a7230582056b... You can investigate what’s going on here in detail using the opcode list given in “The EVM
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