The Myth of Meritocracy: Why Working-Class Kids Still Get Working-Class Jobs (Provocations Series)
by James Bloodworth · 18 May 2016 · 82pp · 21,414 words
of it capable of conceiving the job and pioneering in the drive towards its divine goal’.1 — GEORGE BERNARD SHAW 1 The Rise of the Meritocracy, Michael Young, Pelican Books (1958). Contents Title Page Epigraph Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VII Part VIII Part IX
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a meritocracy is a modern political obsession. Seldom do today’s politicians talk about reducing economic inequality; instead they prefer to ruminate on ‘aspiration’, viewing it as their job to ensure that the most talented people rise to the top – and reap the financial rewards in the process. When the late Michael Young
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on your allotted rung of the ladder. Young’s oracular warning of half a century ago has been recast as a blueprint. 2 ‘Down with Meritocracy’, Michael Young, The Guardian, 29 June 2001. 3 Equality, R. H. Tawney, Unwin Books, 3rd edition (1975). 4 The Rise and Rise of
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’t go to university are just as likely to enter the elite as working-class Oxford graduates who attended comprehensives.82 As discussed already, Michael Young’s polemic against meritocracy was originally aimed at the grammar school system, which was seen to epitomise the ruthless separation of ‘gifted’ pupils from the rest at
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that packet is shaken. There is another, often-overlooked point. Michael Young’s dystopia is unbearable because large inequalities are justified on the basis of a set of supposedly infallible criteria. Whereas economic supremacy was hitherto attributed to good fortune, in the meritocracy such fortuities have been eliminated. The new society still rises
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account for the impact of class, this will simply give rise to another injustice; or, more accurately, it will compound an existing one. As in Michael Young’s meritocratic dystopia, Britain’s individual winners and losers will continue to occupy vastly different worlds and will remain firmly pitted against each other in
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of a child’s parenting even if it wanted to. Equality of opportunity is thus a utopian fantasy. Michael Young’s work offers us another reason to fear a sleek and well-oiled meritocracy. Britain today resembles Young’s dystopia only in the sense that disproportionate rewards are showered on the elite and
The Aristocracy of Talent: How Meritocracy Made the Modern World
by Adrian Wooldridge · 2 Jun 2021 · 693pp · 169,849 words
enthusiasm: that an individual’s position in society should depend on his or her combination of ability and effort. Meritocracy, a word invented as recently as 1958 by the British sociologist Michael Young, is the closest thing we have today to a universal ideology. The definition of the word gives us a
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politicians can always earn applause by denouncing unearned privilege. Meritocracy’s success in crossing boundaries – ideological and cultural, geographical and political – is striking. The one thing that the most successful politicians in recent decades have in common is their faith in Michael Young’s neologism. Margaret Thatcher regarded herself as a revolutionary
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. In The Tyranny of Merit (2020) he presents an equally uncompromising message. For him, meritocracy is nothing short of ‘toxic’. This toxicity is inherent in the meritocratic idea for reasons that Michael Young laid out sixty years ago: because it says to those at the bottom of the pile that they deserve
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the other building blocks – democracy, freedom, capitalism – many of them excellent. There are still remarkably few studies of meritocracy, and the best of the lot, Michael Young’s The Rise of the Meritocracy, is as exotic as it is brilliant, a strange combination of history and science fiction. Anybody who wants to understand
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general thrust, then raising difficult questions about what they actually meant, and in the process foreshadowing worries that were to dominate the discussion of meritocracy from then on, including those advanced by Michael Young in his classic book in 1958 and extending to today’s broadsides about the evils of hyper
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the representative of capitalist meritocracy as against trade-union-dominated collectivism. The success of the grammar schools even produced a weird debate about whether Britain suffered from too much social mobility. Sociologists based at the Institute of Community Studies, an urban studies think tank founded by Michael Young in 1954, examined the
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, it also echoed many of the themes of post-war Britain. Institutional prejudices against women were so entrenched that, in The Rise of the Meritocracy, Michael Young envisioned women staying at home to devote themselves to rearing male meritocrats. Yet Thatcher’s generation of females found restrictions collapsing all around them: the
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of very different intellectual traditions – sociology, investigative journalism and philosophy – but which collectively mounted a powerful case against meritocracy. AGAINST THE MERITOCRATIC IDEA In 1958, Michael Young (1915–2002) published the book that gave ‘meritocracy’ its name.19 Many readers took the book to be a celebration of the meritocratic idea: after all,
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wealth and power were repugnant – even if wealth and power were distributed as fairly and as efficiently as possible.27 The New Fabians also anticipated Michael Young’s argument that selective education was working all too well. Roy Jenkins warned that bright working-class children who, had they been born in
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name of efficiency and wrenched working-class scholarship winners from the bosoms of their families. The Institute of Community Studies, a think tank that Michael Young and Peter Willmott founded in Bethnal Green in 1954,43 produced several bestselling books that emphasized the tension between organic communities and the atomizing state
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in England. And Wales. And Northern Ireland’54 – and an increasingly warm supporter of progressive education. He was heavily influenced by prominent sociologists such as Michael Young, Jean Floud and, particularly, A. H. Halsey, who accepted a job as his adviser at the Department of Education despite disapproving of Crosland’s
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a bigger revolt: the revolt of the masses against the meritocrats, of workers by hand against workers by brain, of meritocracy’s losers against meritocracy’s winners. Michael Young’s revolt against the meritocracy had come a decade earlier than he predicted. The groups that are driving the rise of populism have disparate and
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presents ‘the North’ as a repository of wisdom. Once again, the revolt of the masses is following the script laid down by Michael Young in The Rise of the Meritocracy. Young predicted that a small section of the meritocratic elite would break with the establishment and side with the angry populists. He
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, and being more interested in the subjects that they were studying.37 Asians seem to exceed Westerners in their belief in one half of Michael Young’s formula for meritocracy – effort. In her comparative study of Eastern and Western learning styles, Cultural Foundations of Learning: East and West (2012), Jin Li notes
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work. Asia is continuing to focus intently on the two components of Michael Young’s formula for merit – IQ plus effort – at a time when a growing number of people are sceptical about both. If this book is right, and meritocracy was a key component of the making of modernity, then this
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suits. Equality of esteem is not the pie-in-the-sky that it sounds. In 1956, two years before he published The Rise of the Meritocracy, Michael Young, together with Peter Willmott, wrote an article that is worth bearing in mind today. They pointed out that manual workers advanced a radically different
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Talents, Intelligence, and Inequality in the French and American Republics, 1750–1940 (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 261–2 19 Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033: An Essay on Education and Equality (1958; London, Thames and Hudson, 1961) 20 This was not the first science fiction to
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New York, Random House, 1972), pp. 41, 44 31 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 15 32 Michael Young, ‘Down with Meritocracy’, Guardian, 29 June 2001 33 Marc Tracy, ‘Steve Bannon’s Book Club’, The New York Times, 4 February 2017 34 Michael Anthony Lawrence, ‘Justice
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R. H. Tawney, ‘British Socialism Today’, Socialist Commentary, June 1952. Reprinted in R. H. Tawney, The Radical Tradition (Harmondsworth, Pelican, 1966), p. 176 43 Michael Young and Peter Willmott, ‘Institute of Community Studies, Bethnal Green’, Sociological Review 9 (2) (1961), pp. 203–13; and Peter Willmott, ‘The Institute of Community Studies
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’, in Martin Bulmer (ed.), Essays on the History of British Sociological Research (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 137–50 44 Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957) 45 David Kynaston, Modernity Britain: A Shake of the Dice
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Quintin Hogg (London, Nisbet, 1932) 45 Department for Education, Independent Panel Report to the Review of Post-18 Education and Funding (London, HMSO, 2019) 46 Michael Young and Peter Willmott, ‘Social Grading by Manual Workers’, British Journal of Sociology 7 (4) (1956), pp. 337–45 47 Ibid., p. 342 48 John
The Meritocracy Myth
by Stephen J. McNamee · 17 Jul 2013 · 440pp · 108,137 words
is a characteristic of individuals, “meritocracy” is a characteristic of societies as a whole. Meritocracy refers to a social system as a whole in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards in direct proportion to their individual efforts and abilities. The term meritocracy, coined by British sociologist Michael Young in his satirical novel The Rise
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Recovering the American Dream through the Moral Dimensions of Work, Business, and Money. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Young, Michael. 1961. The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033: An Essay on Education and Equality. Baltimore: Penguin. Chapter 2 On Being Made of the Right Stuff The Case for Merit The rich
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well acknowledged by both the Left and the Right is that they may be neither entirely just nor desirable. British sociologist Michael Young, in his fictional satire The Rise of the Meritocracy (1961), envisions a society based truly on merit. In this futuristic society, individuals are assigned their place in society exclusively
Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy
by Chris Hayes · 11 Jun 2012 · 285pp · 86,174 words
and weekends practicing on it in advance of the competition. THE CONCEPT of meritocracy is so essential to our ideas about American exceptionalism that it’s surprising to learn the word itself is an import. It was coined by Michael Young, Labour member of parliament and social critic, in his 1958 book, The
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describing and effusively praising is a kind of neoliberal globalized version of meritocracy where Indian and Chinese software engineers play the role that hard-studying Jews from Brooklyn once did when they crashed the gates of Harvard. Michael Young paints the meritocracy as an idea that originated on the left but came to devour
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the most compelling theoretical argument for meritocracy, it is also just that—an argument in theory. The reality is that meritocracy in practice is something different. The most fundamental problem with meritocracy is how difficult it is to maintain in its pure and noble form. In this, Michael Young’s prophecy got it wrong. The
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idealized and celebrated but rather the ancient practice of “elites mastering the art of perpetuating themselves.” A pure functioning meritocracy, like that conjured by Michael Young, would produce a society with growing inequality, but that inequality would come along with a correlated increase in social mobility. As the educational system and
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commonweal and social solidarity, that equal opportunity and earned mobility can flourish. Such was the setting of England after World War II, when Michael Young first coined the term “meritocracy.” In recalling his education in England during that era, the late historian Tony Judt noted that his cohort got to experience a kind
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Educational Data Systems Report http://hces.hunter.cuny.edu/BasicEdDataSysReport_2009.pdf. 17 “we frankly recognize that democracy can be no more than aspiration”: Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (1958 repr, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. 11. 18 “The book was a satire meant to be a warning
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”: Michael Young, “Down with Meritocracy,” Guardian, June 28, 2001. 19 “The Americans never use the word peasant”: See Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, and
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2009. Wilson, James Q. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books, 1989. Young, Michael. The Rise of the Meritocracy. 1958. Reprint, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. About the Author CHRISTOPHER HAYES is editor at large of The Nation and host of Up
Snakes and Ladders: The Great British Social Mobility Myth
by Selina Todd · 11 Feb 2021 · 598pp · 150,801 words
in Education 1: Wynyard College’: https://www.craxford-family.co.uk/themeblue/ness16irene1.php) 4. Winchester College pupils, 1952 (© Popperfoto / Contributor) 5. Social scientists including Michael Young, Phyllis Willmott, Peter Willmott and Richard Titmuss, 1958 (Churchill Archives Centre, WLMT 1/13 © Estate of Phyllis Willmott) 6. Female clerical workers, 1948 (© picturethepast.org
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any meaning in men’s minds, it must mean the abolition of class distinction’.72 Others were less sure, but few were entirely committed to meritocracy. Michael Young, the head of Labour’s research department, and largely responsible for the Party’s 1945 manifesto, Let Us Face the Future, was not a champion
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education tutors shared Raymond Williams’ desire to assist in ‘the creation of an educated and participating democracy’.22 Like Labour’s Michael Young, many of them did not believe in meritocracy as much as in fostering greater social equality, and finding new ways to allow everyone to be an active and valued citizen
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-wing periodical] helped to arouse and disseminate.’6 In the late 1950s Marsden and Jackson found work at the Institute of Community Studies led by Michael Young and Peter Willmott. In 1962 they jointly authored Education and the Working Class, a study of socially mobile grammar-school children. ‘In this report we
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frustration and discontent.’12 Other prominent Labour politicians and supporters were less sure that the ladder could work at all. In 1958 Michael Young published his satire The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033. Posing as a social researcher writing in the mid-twenty-first century, he argued that the replacement of hereditary
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College in 1952 – continued to enjoy easier access to elite universities and the most lucrative and powerful jobs 5. Social scientists together in 1958 including Michael Young (middle row, second from left); Phyllis Willmott (sitting below Young); Richard Titmuss (on Willmott’s other side) and Peter Willmott (far right corner) 6. Clerical
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by local education authorities and in young people’s colleges, House of Commons Debates, 28 March 1944, Hansard, vol. 398, cc. 1298. 74 Pat Thane, ‘Michael Young and Welfare’, Contemporary British History, vol. 19, no. 3, 2005, p. 297. 75 Conservative Party manifesto 1945, http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1945/1945-conservative-manifesto
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. 2. 39 Ben Jackson, ‘Citizen and Subject: Clement Attlee’s Socialism’, History Workshop Journal, vol. 86, no. 1, 2018, pp. 291–8, and Pat Thane, ‘Michael Young and Welfare’, Contemporary British History, vol. 19, no. 3, 2005, pp. 293–8. 40 Abrams, p. 13. 41 Pat Thane, ‘Family Life and “Normality” in
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Thompson, ed., Out of Apathy, Stevens, 1960, p. 4. 12 Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism, Jonathan Cape, 1956, pp. 73–4. 13 Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy 1870–2033, Penguin, 1958, pp. 116, 121–2, 135–6, 189–90. 14 Edward Palmer Thompson, ‘The New Left’, New Reasoner, no. 9
Dream Hoarders: How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do About It
by Richard V. Reeves · 22 May 2017 · 198pp · 52,089 words
there are fair chances to acquire the kind of merit that is being rewarded. Right now we have meritocracy without mobility. We can’t say we weren’t warned. The Rise of the Meritocracy, Michael Young’s 1959 book that coined the term, describes a dystopia in which “those who are judged to have
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grads. To the extent that cognitive ability is reflected in educational attainment and passed on genetically, assortative mating is likely to further concentrate advantage. As Michael Young put it, “Love is biochemistry’s chief assistant.”26 Online dating has simply added some helpful algorithms. If you don’t want to look online
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merit. Meritocracy is not synonymous with fairness. It is essential to grasp this point if we are to stand any chance of moving toward more equal opportunity. It was, in fact, the point that the man who coined the term meritocracy was trying, and failing, to make right from the start. MICHAEL YOUNG’S
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UNHEEDED WARNINGS Michael Young was a British sociologist and author of the 1958 dystopian novel The Rise of the
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Transmission of Advantage in the US,” in Education, Occupation, and Social Origin, edited by Fabrizio Bernardi and Gabriele Ballarino (Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing, 2016). 16. Michael Young, “Down with Meritocracy,” The Guardian, June 28, 2001. 17. Brink Lindsey and Steven Teles, The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Become Richer, Slow Down Growth, and Increase
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Current Population Survey data. 25. Isabel Sawhill, Generation Unbound: Drifting into Sex and Parenthood without Marriage (Brookings Institution Press, 2014), p. 76. 26. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (1958; repr., New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. 20. 27. Susan Patton, “Letter to the Editor: Advice for the Young Women of Princeton
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of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States,” Quantitative Economics 2, no. 3 (November 2011): pp. 335–79. 5. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (1958; repr., New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. 166. 6. See Table 1.10 of the National Center for Education Statistics report, Erich
The Meritocracy Trap: How America's Foundational Myth Feeds Inequality, Dismantles the Middle Class, and Devours the Elite
by Daniel Markovits · 14 Sep 2019 · 976pp · 235,576 words
barely older than the practices that it describes. It was coined by the British sociologist Michael Young in his 1958 satire The Rise of the Meritocracy. Young opposed meritocracy in scathing terms. The Rise of the Meritocracy is a cry of warning rather than a song of praise. A current of foreboding and even
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means: Fraser, Every Man a Speculator, 488. “dressed in a suit”: See Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 18. Hereafter cited as Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy. “nourished themselves”: Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 18. reflected long-standing conventional wisdom: American Bar Association Committee on Economics
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1995). Chapter Nine: The Myth of Merit The word meritocracy: Oxford Etymology Dictionary, s.v., “Meritocracy,” accessed October 2, 2018, www.etymonline.com/word/meritocracy#etymonline_v_31201. The Rise of the Meritocracy: Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy. even into the new millennium: Michael Young, “Comment: Down with Meritocracy,” Guardian, June 29, 2001, accessed September 28, 2018
Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy
by Robert H. Frank · 31 Mar 2016 · 190pp · 53,409 words
whatever vestiges of cronyism and class privilege might persist. Rather, it was because I believe the rhetoric of meritocracy has caused enormous harm. The term itself was coined in 1958 by the British sociologist (and later lord) Michael Young in a scathing satire of the British educational system. In The Rise of the
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occur, the progressive consumption tax will be high on the list of options under consideration. NOTES PREFACE 1. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, London: Transaction, 1994 (originally published in 1958). 2. Michael Young, “Down with Meritocracy, Guardian,” June 28, 2001, http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jun/29/comment. 3. Michael Lewis, “Don’t
What About Me?: The Struggle for Identity in a Market-Based Society
by Paul Verhaeghe · 26 Mar 2014 · 208pp · 67,582 words
in the race of life with equal opportunities is illusory. Second, after a while, a meritocracy gives rise to a new elite, who carefully shut the door on those coming up behind them. In 1958, British author Michael Young foresaw this process with visionary clarity in his satirical novel The Rise of the
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in perfectly with phallic competition. It’s no coincidence that the bloody social revolution at the end of Michael Young’s book The Rise of the Meritocracy is organised by highly educated women. The underclass, of course, isn’t blind to what is going on; it accuses the top layer of arrogance,
A Time to Build: From Family and Community to Congress and the Campus, How Recommitting to Our Institutions Can Revive the American Dream
by Yuval Levin · 21 Jan 2020 · 224pp · 71,060 words
, race, religion, ethnicity, or other such characteristics. All that would matter would be a measure of merit. And thus was born the meritocracy. THE TERM “MERITOCRACY” IS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO MICHAEL Young, a British intellectual (and Labour Party member of Parliament) who coined it in the title of his 1958 book The Rise of
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the appeal of Jordan Peterson, who has built a massive following by effectively telling young men to take their responsibilities more seriously. 3. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (New York: Transaction Publishers, 2011), 11. 4. William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful
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