mittelstand

Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power

by Patrick Major  · 5 Nov 2009  · 669pp  · 150,886 words

.41 per cent, a pattern repeated with minor changes ten years later in 1980. BAB, DA-5/5999. 20 Behind the Berlin Wall intelligentsia, the Mittelstand , and women of all classes, than it was for other groups.¹⁰⁴ Furthermore, the special status of travel petitions is revealed by the fact that from

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Information labelled this the ‘it-could-turn-out-different’ attitude, a form of domestic Hallstein doctrine ascribed to wide sections of the rural population, the Mittelstand and intelligentsia. Pre-emptively, therefore, the party would follow each diplomatic initiative with a barrage of media coverage, and its agitators engaged the population in

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the West would react. On past form, it was expected to demur. In Cottbus, for example, growing scepticism was reported, especially among the intelligentsia, the Mittelstand and farmers—in other ⁷⁰ Hope Harrison, ‘The Berlin Crisis and the Khrushchev–Ulbricht Summits in Moscow, 9 and 18 June 1959’, Cold War International History

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’t be any different.’ There were also widespread reports of a wait-and-see attitude among farmers baulking at collectivization. The intelligentsia and the urban Mittelstand were the other key ‘wavering’ or pessimistic groups.⁷⁵ Again, when talks resumed in July observers noted that: ‘Besides the generally optimistic mood, some of the

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ten times that of the previous September. Yet significant numbers of smallholding ‘new farmers’, beneficiaries of the 1945 land reform, were also heading west.⁴⁴ The Mittelstand felt next in line. Artisans, businessmen, and factory owners left in massive numbers in 1953, following the introduction of Manual Production Collectives. Significantly, neither farmers

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natural candidates for flight. Farmers were tied to the land, and the commercial sector to its businesses.⁴⁵ Members of the ‘old’ Mittelstand of artisans and shopkeepers knew there was little call for them in the West, so it was all the more remarkable when these groups departed.

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die Entwicklung der Republikflucht im Jahre 1958’, 20 Mar. 1959, BStU-ZA, ZAIG 186, fos. 1–21. Crossing the Line 73 Intelligentsia 100% White-collar Mittelstand Farmers 80% Workers 60% Unemployed Pensioners 40% Housewives Students 20% Children (GDR 0% home average) 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961

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bastions such as Halle the SED claimed that proportionally more older citizens supported the action, but youngsters tended towards neutralism or hostility.¹⁴ The intelligentsia and Mittelstand were apparently also more inscrutable. However, this silence, which marks 13 August off from the explosion ⁷ Karin Schöpau in Anke Gebert (ed.), Im Schatten der

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-ZAIG, ‘Bericht’, 22 Aug. 1961, BStU-ZA, ZAIG 526, fo. 35. 126 Behind the Berlin Wall riven.⁵⁸ Nor was national consciousness the preserve of the Mittelstand, as the Party Information liked to believe. ‘We are all Germans. Be good Germans and see reunification not from a class point-of-view’, workers

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the further conclusion that over a quarter of respondents thought both German governments should make concessions, with this figure reaching over two-fifths in the Mittelstand .⁵⁶ Neutralism and a third way were definitely not party policy, but were widely held views at the grass roots. Nor could the party convince its

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mines 149–50, 152, 203, 231 intelligence 108 Ministry of State Security (MfS) see Stasi intelligentsia 20, 68–71, 75–6, 77–8, 83, 85 Mittelstand 20, 37 Intershop 190 Mödlareuth 153, 270 Iron Curtain 198 Modrow, Hans 232, 248, 255 opening in Hungary 239, 242 monuments 268–9, 276–7

The Euro and the Battle of Ideas

by Markus K. Brunnermeier, Harold James and Jean-Pierre Landau  · 3 Aug 2016  · 586pp  · 160,321 words

and Ultimately to Berlin 27 After the Power Shift 33 3 Historical Roots of German-French Differences 40 Cultural Differences 41 Federalism versus Centralism 43 Mittelstand versus National Champions 48 Collaborative versus Confrontational Labor Unions 51 Historical Inflation Experiences 54 4 German-French Differences in Economic Philosophies 56 Fluid Traditions: Switch

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of Europe’s monetary and financial framework? •What role did the difference between German federalism and a French centralized state structure play? •Did the German Mittelstand economic structure that contrasted with the French national champions approach make formulating a common economic policy more problematic? •How do the wage-bargaining processes in

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models—largely the German and perhaps also the US one—that offered the most promising blueprint for how to construct a new European Central Bank. Mittelstand versus National Champions National Champions The question of federalism has had an impact not just on the structure of the state but also on the

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seat of the German government. But Germany also has a substantial sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that are generally referred to as the Mittelstand. The small and medium-sized businesses have generally been the incubators in which middle-class dynamism developed and galvanized society as a whole. This is

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net creators of jobs in 2000–2005 (with a million new jobs) and large enterprises as losers (a loss of 800,000 jobs). German Mittelstand The German Mittelstand is geographically concentrated, above all in the south of the country, in the states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg (as well as to some

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banking services to ordinary customers, but they are also the major source of credit for the small and medium-sized—often family-owned—business sector (Mittelstand) that constitutes one of the key features of the German model for industrial success. The Process of Money Creation Banks lend to borrowers and create

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the LB Rheinland-Pfalz needed to be rescued with public money and were then consolidated with the more solid LB Baden-Württemberg (where the traditional Mittelstand orientation was much greater). Another Landesbank, West LB, required €8 billion of assistance. IKB bank, a German institution that had its roots in the public

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sector encouragement of Mittelstand finance, was bailed out in 2007 and then sold to a private equity firm. One of the few bankers worldwide to be jailed as a

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, 239–41 Michel, Charles, 277 migration: into Germany, 383; of Syrian refugees, 285–86; into UK, 276–77 Milosevic, Slobodan, 47 Miranda, Lin-Manuel, 252 Mittelstand (small and medium enterprises), 49–51 Mitterrand, François, 8, 81, 382 Modigliani, Franco, 11, 238 Moellendorff, Wichard von, 60 Moghadem, Reza, 303 Mohl, Robert von

Other People's Money: Masters of the Universe or Servants of the People?

by John Kay  · 2 Sep 2015  · 478pp  · 126,416 words

in 1970 was significantly less equal than Britain, France or the USA. The main explanation is the success of that country’s largely family-owned Mittelstand, or medium-size business sector, which I will discuss further in Chapter 5. The egalitarian trends did not continue. In France and Germany they simply

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-thirds of the ‘hidden champions’ come from Germany and the German-speaking areas of Switzerland and Austria. These ‘hidden champions’ are the stars of the Mittelstand, the small and medium-size companies that are the basis of Germany’s extraordinary strength in manufacturing exports. German exports per head are four times

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those of the USA and more than ten times those of China. The businesses of the Mittelstand are predominantly family-owned. ‘Hidden champions’ have little need of external capital – like quoted companies, they typically generate more than sufficient cash for their investment

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control of Commerzbank, the second-largest German bank. Yet the co-operative and savings bank sector, which provides around two-thirds of lending to the Mittelstand and is willing to provide long-term debt finance of a kind and on terms virtually unavailable to small business in Britain and the USA

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SME activity in the USA and Germany: ‘there are pioneering entrepreneurs and execution entrepreneurs, and maybe we belong more to the execution entrepreneurs’.15 The Mittelstand has shown little interest in being brought to public markets. The normal pattern has been one of continued family ownership, with founders and their families

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by billions of euros. As noted in Chapter 1, a consequence of this concentrated ownership and governance structure, and of the success of family-controlled Mittelstand companies, is that Germany has a less egalitarian income and wealth distribution than other continental European countries. Banks commonly hold equity stakes in German companies

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Tel Aviv demonstrate that there is no single formula for success in nurturing SMEs and providing the necessary finance. Each of these industrial groups – the Mittelstand, ‘the Valley’, the Israeli electronics cluster – has proved effective in global competition, but each is the product of particularities of history, culture and environment which

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rated by a computer. The growth of financial conglomerates has been at the expense of the locally focused institutions that remain critical to Germany’s Mittelstand and which have played an equally crucial role in the evolution of Silicon Valley. Perhaps the most useful initial role for government is to promote

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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 193 Gensler, Gary 288 Germany corporatism 303, 304 ‘economic miracle’ 36 housing 149, 174 indebtedness to 183–4 Landesbanken 169 Mittelstand 52, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 role of Bundesbank 243 social market economy 219 state pensions 253 Gesellschaft 17, 61, 255 Gingrich, Newt 230 Glass

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crowds’ 86–7 Midland Bank 24 Milken, Michael 46, 292 ‘millennium bug’ 40 Miller, Bill 108, 109 Minuit, Peter 59, 63 Mises, Ludwig von 225 Mittelstand (medium-size business sector) 52, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 mobile banking apps 181 mobile phone payment transfers 186–7 Modigliani-Miller theorem 318n9 monetarism

Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism Through a Turbulent Century

by Torben Iversen and David Soskice  · 5 Feb 2019  · 550pp  · 124,073 words

, preeminently the engineers. This argument is reinforced by the fact that other social groups—for example, the Catholics, as well as the Protestant farmers, the Mittelstand, and so on—were already organized in their own parties; in general, representative parties can best expand support intensively within the broad social groups they

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always Rome) they were also, in the words of Manow and Van Kersbergen (2009), “negotiating communities” for the many different economic groups—handwork and the Mittelstand, smallholding peasants, larger peasants, Catholic unions, as well as landlords and sometimes business (see also Kalyvas 1996 and Blackbourn 1980). This reflected the fact that

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of these economic interests. The rural-urban, peasant-artisan-small employer-merchant cospecific asset network acted, if our hypothesis is correct, to create a peasant-Mittelstand constituency that had an incentive to remain within the Catholic party. Another way of putting this is to use Manow and van Kersbergen’s (2009

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and heavily invested in cospecific asset relationships within autonomous rural cooperative frameworks. There was thus not the same logic in Scandinavia to support a peasant-Mittelstand party. Instead, the logic of cospecificity led to agrarian parties from which the occasional large landowner was excluded. In these agrarian parties, in contrast to

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apprenticeship system is still an important route to skilled employment for many young people, and almost all large firms as well as most of the Mittelstand participate in the system. At the same time many small and medium-sized firms have opted out, just as they have opted out of the

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) in an area where an established market already exists for the products of the company in question. This may be the case for many German Mittelstand companies, where tenure of employees is high and skill sets can be reconfigured within the company. But it is not easy for a higher-risk

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, 219, 221, 230, 232, 233, 236, 242, 245; Kohl government and, 178; Kulturkampf and, 94–95; Landesbanken and, 176–77; median income and, 23, 25; Mittelstand and, 68, 92, 95, 179, 191; Nazism and, 75, 77, 99, 219, 279n2; October Revolution and, 75–76; populism and, 181, 219, 221, 230, 232

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; voters and, 2–3, 20–22, 44, 90, 96–100, 125, 140, 158, 168, 273 military, 8, 28, 33, 73, 75, 86–87, 279n2, 281n18 Mittelstand, 68, 92, 95, 179, 191 Mitterrand, François, 182 mobility: capital, 8, 16, 30, 35, 50, 145, 280n11; democracy and, 59, 258, 275–76; economic geography

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, 193–94, 206, 215–17, 223, 226–27, 234, 237, 249, 275, 283n13; journeymen and, 61, 65; knowledge economies and, 201, 225, 231, 239, 251; Mittelstand and, 68, 92, 95, 179, 191; outsourcing and, 118, 193–94, 222; plantations and, 38, 84; populism and, 225, 231, 239, 251; protocorporatist countries and

The Rare Metals War

by Guillaume Pitron  · 15 Feb 2020  · 249pp  · 66,492 words

rare earths. As early as the 1990s, a wave of concern rippled through the fabric of German small-to-medium-sized enterprises (known as the Mittelstand) specialising in the manufacture of machine tools. (Machine tools are used for factory work automation, from basic milling machines to ultra-connected machining centres.) The

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Mittelstand acted pre-emptively by gradually replacing humans with robots, allowing it to remain competitive to the extent that German industry still represents 30 per cent

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have crushed any German lead in the cutting-tools industry, and would then have made off with the machine-tools segment — a pillar of the Mittelstand. It would have been the hold-up of the century! But the Germans saw the Chinese coming, and aligned instead with other tungsten producers (Russia

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French Geological Survey’s public report: ‘Panorama du marché du tungstène’ [‘View of the Tungsten Market’], BRGM, July 2012. Interview with Chris Ecclestone, 2016. The Mittelstand may have won the battle, but they did not win the war. China has a keen interest in some of Germany’s star industrial robots

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, such as KUKA. See ‘Allemagne: le “Mittelstand” face à l’offensive chinoise’ [‘Germany: the Mittelstand faces the Chinese offensive’], Le Monde, 4 June 2016. Graphene’s applications are astounding: bendy mobile phones, see-through laptops, ultra

All Day Long: A Portrait of Britain at Work

by Joanna Biggs  · 8 Apr 2015  · 255pp  · 92,719 words

, cars and drugs are still made here by high-tech robots in co-operation with precision engineers. Our MPs have jealously looked to Germany’s Mittelstand, the substantial but unsexy ‘middle group’ of businesses that accounted for 52 per cent of the country’s output in 2011

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. Mittelstand businesses have fewer than 500 employees and a turnover below €50 million; they make unrivalled glass eyes or movie cameras or fish feed and then

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export them to the world. Freed of London, a family-founded business that makes specialised shoes needed in great quantities, is what a British Mittelstand firm would look like. There have been advances in pointe-shoemaking since 1929: US-based Gaynor Minden produces shoes with an ‘elastomeric’ toe of urethane

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magazine classes the UK as the eleventh biggest manufacturer in the world using figures from the World Bank and Wikipedia, and my definition of the Mittelstand is borrowed from the Financial Times lexicon. Details about Gaynor Minden and Grishko’s shoes can be found on their websites. The myth of Pygmalion

Vassal State

by Angus Hanton  · 25 Mar 2024  · 277pp  · 81,718 words

and integrated into the community. Some 60 per cent of the German economy is represented by the Mittelstand companies.11 The rough equivalent in Britain are the SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), but the Mittelstand is a much bigger group and accounts for two-thirds of German exports. Usually these enterprises

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emotional attachment to these companies, and the owners’ sense of social responsibility and local loyalty would usually stop them from even entertaining takeover discussions. Often Mittelstand companies have grown by doing one thing really well, with a focus on innovation and excellence. Their managers plan for long-term profitability, even at

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the cost of lower short-term profits. To varying extents, a similar Mittelstand of companies exists in France, Italy and Spain, where family ownership and community integration protect them from predators. Despite this, a few have succumbed, especially

Green Tyranny: Exposing the Totalitarian Roots of the Climate Industrial Complex

by Rupert Darwall  · 2 Oct 2017  · 451pp  · 115,720 words

economy. The EEG exemption was structured to benefit large energy consumers. This put the vast majority of small- and medium-sized businesses—the famed German Mittelstand, contributing to over half the nation’s total economic output and generating two trillion euros of annual revenues—on the hook for the rising costs

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-papers/REP_09_156.pdf, p. 15. 38Ibid., p. 14. 39Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, “German Mittelstand: Engine of the German Economy,” (undated), https://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/factbook-german-mittelstand,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf, p. 3. 40BDEW Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft e

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet

by Klaus Schwab and Peter Vanham  · 27 Jan 2021  · 460pp  · 107,454 words

in Friedrichshafen, ZF, a subsidiary of the Zeppelin Foundation, re-emerged as a manufacturer of car parts. Companies like these, often from Germany's famous Mittelstand, i.e., the small and mid-sized businesses that form the backbone of the German economy, played a critical part in the post-war economic

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evolved to become the more all-encompassing European Economic Community (EEC). It allowed for a freer trade of goods and services across the continent. Many Mittelstand companies used that opening to set up subsidiaries and start sales in neighboring EEC countries. It was thanks in part to this increase in intra

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, Branko, 45, 46, 84, 137, 138, 173 Milanovic's First Technological Revolutions, 45fig–46 Minimum rights rules (European Parliament) [2019], 243 Les Misérables (Hugo), 131 Mittelstand (Germany), 7, 12 Modern Company Management in Mechanical Engineering (Schwab, Kroos, Maschinenbau-Anstalten), 174, 175fig Modi, Prime Minister (India), 68 Modrow, Hans, 78 Mohammed, 99

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet

by Klaus Schwab  · 7 Jan 2021  · 460pp  · 107,454 words

in Friedrichshafen, ZF, a subsidiary of the Zeppelin Foundation, re-emerged as a manufacturer of car parts. Companies like these, often from Germany's famous Mittelstand, i.e., the small and mid-sized businesses that form the backbone of the German economy, played a critical part in the post-war economic

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evolved to become the more all-encompassing European Economic Community (EEC). It allowed for a freer trade of goods and services across the continent. Many Mittelstand companies used that opening to set up subsidiaries and start sales in neighboring EEC countries. It was thanks in part to this increase in intra

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, Branko, 45, 46, 84, 137, 138, 173 Milanovic's First Technological Revolutions, 45fig–46 Minimum rights rules (European Parliament) [2019], 243 Les Misérables (Hugo), 131 Mittelstand (Germany), 7, 12 Modern Company Management in Mechanical Engineering (Schwab, Kroos, Maschinenbau-Anstalten), 174, 175fig Modi, Prime Minister (India), 68 Modrow, Hans, 78 Mohammed, 99

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