description: type of decentralized and distributed network architecture
160 results
by Liz Pelly · 7 Jan 2025 · 293pp · 104,461 words
internet as a public good: starting in the nineties, the government provided high-quality public broadband for much of its population, allowing file-sharing and peer-to-peer technology to quickly take hold. And while Sweden had passed legislation discouraging piracy in 2005, it also had privacy laws preventing companies from easily attaching an
…
the idea that would become Spotify. The concept was not yet music-specific, but he wanted to build something that would combine advertising, streaming, and peer-to-peer technology (which also underpinned file-sharing).1 Ek and Lorentzon had some things in common: they both knew a lot about search engine optimization, metadata, and
by Chris Clark · 16 Jun 2013 · 52pp · 13,257 words
source would only have to provide one hash, and the rest of the hashes could be downloaded from untrusted sources, such as peers in a peer-to-peer network. This can be accomplished using a top hash generated by hashing all of the hashes of the chunks. The resulting structure is called a hash
…
, it becomes more and more difficult to redo all the proofs of work. Chapter 6 Technical Overview 6.1 Architecture Bitcoin is run by a peer-to-peer network of computers called nodes. Nodes are responsible for processing transactions and maintaining all records of ownership. Anyone can download the free open-source Bitcoin software
…
works). Chapter 7 Transactions 7.1 Structure When a Bitcoin user initiates a payment, the client creates a transaction message and submits it to the peer-to-peer network. A transaction contains the following information, with CTxIn and CTxOut shown below:11 class CTransaction int nVersion; std::vector<CTxIn> vin; std::vector<CTxOut> vout
…
and will be ignored (except coinbase transactions that will be explained later). The nVersion variable is a version number for the transaction so that the peer-to-peer network can still function even when different nodes have different versions of the Bitcoin code running. The nLockTime variable can be used to prevent the transaction
…
contracts that prevent a transaction from completing until certain conditions are met. 7.2 Verification After a Bitcoin client submits a new transaction to the peer-to-peer network, other nodes in the network will start trying to process it into the block chain (this procedure will be explained in Chapter 9, "Mining"). The
…
stage of the validation. Chapter 8 The Block Chain 8.1 The Byzantine Generals’ Problem After verification, transactions are relayed to other nodes in the peer-to-peer network. The other nodes will repeat the verification and relay the transaction to more nodes. Within seconds, the transaction should reach most of the nodes on
…
. The block chain is not just a simple list of transaction receipts though. It is specially designed to solve the double-spending problem for a peer-to-peer network of untrusted nodes. As discussed in the Double-Spending section, the goal is to determine the chronological ordering of transactions so that the first payment
…
can be accepted and the second payment can be rejected. So the peer-to-peer network has to have a method to agree on an ordering of transactions even though some peers might be trying to sabotage the system. This problem
…
power as a voting system. First, nodes group transactions into blocks that are linked to form the block chain. Nodes broadcast blocks to the entire peer-to-peer network upon creation. Each block contains a hash of the previous block in the chain. Therefore, at the time a block was created, the previous block
…
nodes that do mining are called miners. Mining consists of the following steps, performed in a continuous loop: Collecting transactions that were broadcast on the peer-to-peer network into a block. Each miner can arbitrarily decide which transactions to include in their block. Transactions typically have a fee that the miner will receive
…
. If a solution is found to the proof of work problem, the new block is added to the local block chain and broadcasted to the peer-to-peer network. If another node solves the proof of work problem first (most likely), the proof of work and the transactions in their block are checked for
by Parmy Olson · 5 Jun 2012 · 478pp · 149,810 words
anonymously donate to their anonymous account if he converted money into the Bitcoin currency and made a transfer. Bitcoin was a digital currency that used peer-to-peer networking to make anonymous payments. It became increasingly popular around the same time LulzSec started hacking. By May, the currency’s value was up by a
by Vincenzo Latronico · 18 Mar 2025 · 88pp · 29,578 words
obsession—had crystallized into an industry destined to subsume all others. They had gotten into music just as online piracy was prompting the rise of peer-to-peer networks. At the end of the school day, their long afternoons would be spent jumping between History and Math homework and Photoshop and Flash, feeling their
by Robert Spoo · 1 Aug 2013 · 552pp · 143,074 words
force in excess of its denotative capacity. Applied, as it often is today, to unauthorized file sharing by countless anonymous or pseudonymous users in decentralized peer-to-peer networks,17 the phrase conjures up conspiratorial intent to break the law—a gigantic, orchestrated music heist—when in fact the very nature of decentralized file
by Conrad Barski · 13 Nov 2014 · 273pp · 72,024 words
to operate the application. Early applications that used this approach include BitTorrent (for movie downloading) and Gnutella (for music discovery/downloading). Bitcoin also uses a peer-to-peer network in its design. Peer-to-peer systems have many advantages over traditional client-server systems, including improved durability and performance. Because of these advantages, it
by Jenny Odell · 8 Apr 2019 · 243pp · 76,686 words
Dissatisfaction with this standard-issue water cooler has fueled the movement toward a decentralized web, which instead of private companies and servers makes use of peer-to-peer networks and open-source software. The goal is not only for users to own their own data, but to shift that data and software closer to
by Cody Wilson · 10 Oct 2016 · 246pp · 70,404 words
years. You can’t pull them all down. The threat is credible because everyone has a computer. Every computer is always already on the Internet.” “Peer-to-peer technology gives you leverage, sure. So, what are you saying?” “What I’m saying is you can leak more than emails and cables. There are new
by Eileen Ormsby · 1 Nov 2014 · 269pp · 79,285 words
. The report was an extensive critique of and response to Silk Road, well researched and referenced. It described anonymity and encryption, darknets, PGP, Tor and peer-to-peer technologies. It explained what hidden services were and listed those that could be found on the Hidden Wiki at the time. It discussed the security features
by Jeff Lawson · 12 Jan 2021 · 282pp · 85,658 words
head. One was for a new way of doing computer backups. Another idea would help people stream video from far parts of the globe via peer-to-peer networking. I had to decide what idea to pursue next, and talking to prospective customers was the way I made the decision. When you pitch a
by Timothy Ferriss · 1 Jan 2007 · 426pp · 105,423 words
by Nik Halik and Garrett B. Gunderson · 5 Mar 2018 · 290pp · 72,046 words
by Charles Stross · 14 Jun 2006 · 443pp · 123,526 words
by Calum Chace · 28 Jul 2015 · 144pp · 43,356 words
by Thomas Rid
by David Thorne · 24 Mar 2010 · 314pp · 69,741 words
by Michiko Kakutani · 20 Feb 2024 · 262pp · 69,328 words
by Becky Hogge, Damien Morris and Christopher Scally · 26 Jul 2011 · 171pp · 54,334 words
by Ian Demartino · 2 Feb 2016 · 296pp · 86,610 words
by Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz · 4 Nov 2016 · 374pp · 97,288 words
by David Bellos and Alexandre Montagu · 23 Jan 2024 · 305pp · 101,093 words
by Walter Isaacson · 11 Sep 2023 · 562pp · 201,502 words
by Eduardo Porter · 4 Jan 2011 · 353pp · 98,267 words
by Adrian Hon · 5 Oct 2020 · 340pp · 101,675 words
by Shane Harris · 14 Sep 2014 · 340pp · 96,149 words
by Yasha Levine · 6 Feb 2018 · 474pp · 130,575 words
by Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray and George Kurtz · 15 Feb 2001 · 260pp · 40,943 words
by Benjamin R. Barber · 5 Nov 2013 · 501pp · 145,943 words
by Adam Fisher · 9 Jul 2018 · 611pp · 188,732 words
by Evgeny Morozov · 16 Nov 2010 · 538pp · 141,822 words
by Saifedean Ammous · 23 Mar 2018 · 571pp · 106,255 words
by Brad Stone · 30 Jan 2017 · 373pp · 112,822 words
by Manuel Castells · 31 Aug 1996 · 843pp · 223,858 words
by Peter Morville · 14 May 2014 · 165pp · 50,798 words
by John Seabrook · 4 Oct 2015 · 388pp · 106,138 words
by Steven Johnson · 15 Nov 2016 · 322pp · 88,197 words
by Nathaniel Popper · 18 May 2015 · 387pp · 112,868 words
by Tarleton Gillespie · 25 Jun 2018 · 390pp · 109,519 words
by Robert Wachter · 7 Apr 2015 · 309pp · 114,984 words
by Robert Bruce Shaw, James Foster and Brilliance Audio · 14 Oct 2017 · 280pp · 82,355 words
by Glyn Moody · 26 Sep 2022 · 295pp · 66,912 words
by Daniel Drescher · 16 Mar 2017 · 430pp · 68,225 words
by Mark Bauerlein · 7 Sep 2011 · 407pp · 103,501 words
by Nicco Mele · 14 Apr 2013 · 270pp · 79,992 words
by Alexandrea J. Ravenelle · 12 Mar 2019 · 349pp · 98,309 words
by Matt Mason
by Martin Kleppmann · 16 Mar 2017 · 1,237pp · 227,370 words
by Mike Isaac · 2 Sep 2019 · 444pp · 127,259 words
by Jeffrey Tucker · 7 Jan 2015
by Eric Ries · 15 Mar 2017 · 406pp · 105,602 words
by John Brockman · 18 Jan 2011 · 379pp · 109,612 words
by David Gerard · 23 Jul 2017 · 309pp · 54,839 words
by Stephen Witt · 15 Jun 2015 · 315pp · 93,522 words
by Martin Kleppmann · 17 Apr 2017
by Matt Ridley · 395pp · 116,675 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 22 Jan 2019 · 196pp · 54,339 words
by David Moon, Patrick Ruffini, David Segal, Aaron Swartz, Lawrence Lessig, Cory Doctorow, Zoe Lofgren, Jamie Laurie, Ron Paul, Mike Masnick, Kim Dotcom, Tiffiniy Cheng, Alexis Ohanian, Nicole Powers and Josh Levy · 30 Apr 2013 · 452pp · 134,502 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 1 Nov 2010 · 103pp · 32,131 words
by Tim Draper · 18 Dec 2017 · 302pp · 95,965 words
by Timothy Ferriss · 6 Dec 2016 · 669pp · 210,153 words
by Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig · 5 Jan 2016 · 377pp · 110,427 words
by Ben Mezrich · 20 May 2019 · 304pp · 91,566 words
by Cory Doctorow · 15 Sep 2008 · 189pp · 57,632 words
by Ori Brafman and Rod A. Beckstrom · 4 Oct 2006 · 218pp · 44,364 words
by Geoff Cox and Alex McLean · 9 Nov 2012
by Julian Guthrie · 15 Nov 2019
by Lisa Gitelman · 25 Jan 2013
by Bhu Srinivasan · 25 Sep 2017 · 801pp · 209,348 words
by James Bridle · 6 Apr 2022 · 502pp · 132,062 words
by Nicole Aschoff
by Brett Scott · 4 Jul 2022 · 308pp · 85,850 words
by Kyle Chayka · 15 Jan 2024 · 321pp · 105,480 words
by Jonathan Rauch · 21 Jun 2021 · 446pp · 109,157 words
by Peter Lunenfeld · 31 Mar 2011 · 239pp · 56,531 words
by Dariusz Jemielniak and Aleksandra Przegalinska · 18 Feb 2020 · 187pp · 50,083 words
by Astra Taylor · 4 Mar 2014 · 283pp · 85,824 words
by Byrne Hobart and Tobias Huber · 29 Oct 2024 · 292pp · 106,826 words
by E. Gabriella Coleman · 25 Nov 2012 · 398pp · 107,788 words
by John Hagel Iii and John Seely Brown · 12 Apr 2010 · 319pp · 89,477 words
by Mehmed Kantardzić · 2 Jan 2003 · 721pp · 197,134 words
by Lorne Lantz and Daniel Cawrey · 8 Dec 2020 · 434pp · 77,974 words
by Camila Russo · 13 Jul 2020 · 349pp · 102,827 words
by Andrew Keen · 1 Mar 2018 · 308pp · 85,880 words
by Ed Finn · 10 Mar 2017 · 285pp · 86,853 words
by Daniel Suarez · 1 Dec 2006 · 562pp · 146,544 words
by Coingecko, Darren Lau, Sze Jin Teh, Kristian Kho, Erina Azmi, Tm Lee and Bobby Ong · 22 Mar 2020 · 135pp · 26,407 words
by Chris Burniske and Jack Tatar · 19 Oct 2017 · 416pp · 106,532 words
by Kate Raworth · 22 Mar 2017 · 403pp · 111,119 words
by Alasdair Gilchrist · 27 Jun 2016
by William Mougayar · 25 Apr 2016 · 161pp · 44,488 words
by Lawrence Lessig · 14 Jul 2001 · 494pp · 142,285 words
by Sandra Navidi · 24 Jan 2017 · 831pp · 98,409 words
by John Logie · 29 Dec 2006 · 173pp · 14,313 words
by Kevin Kelly · 6 Jun 2016 · 371pp · 108,317 words
by Tom Slee · 18 Nov 2015 · 265pp · 69,310 words
by Shelly Palmer · 14 Apr 2006 · 406pp · 88,820 words
by Andy Oram and John Viega · 15 Dec 2009 · 302pp · 82,233 words
by Lawrence Lessig · 2 Jan 2009
by Yu-Kai Chou · 13 Apr 2015 · 420pp · 130,503 words
by Andrew Keen · 5 Jan 2015 · 361pp · 81,068 words
by Evgeny Morozov · 15 Nov 2013 · 606pp · 157,120 words
by Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen · 22 Apr 2013 · 525pp · 116,295 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 1 Jun 2009 · 422pp · 131,666 words
by Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine · 6 Jul 2008 · 607pp · 133,452 words
by Marc Goodman · 24 Feb 2015 · 677pp · 206,548 words
by Brett King · 26 Dec 2012 · 382pp · 120,064 words
by Karl Fogel · 13 Oct 2005
by Alec Ross · 2 Feb 2016 · 364pp · 99,897 words
by Jeremy Rifkin · 31 Dec 2009 · 879pp · 233,093 words
by Nigel Dodd · 14 May 2014 · 700pp · 201,953 words
by Joi Ito and Jeff Howe · 6 Dec 2016 · 254pp · 76,064 words
by Matthew Ball · 18 Jul 2022 · 412pp · 116,685 words
by Alexander Betts and Paul Collier · 29 Mar 2017
by Brett King · 5 May 2016 · 385pp · 111,113 words
by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff · 15 Oct 2018 · 568pp · 164,014 words
by Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood Ph. D. · 23 Dec 2018 · 960pp · 125,049 words
by Benjamin Wallace · 18 Mar 2025 · 431pp · 116,274 words
by Jeff Nickoloff and Stephen Kuenzli · 10 Dec 2019 · 629pp · 109,663 words
by Eric Voskuil, James Chiang and Amir Taaki · 28 Feb 2020 · 365pp · 56,751 words
by Fred Turner · 31 Aug 2006 · 339pp · 57,031 words
by Julie Steele · 20 Apr 2010
by Howard Rheingold · 24 Dec 2011
by Jonathan Zittrain · 27 May 2009 · 629pp · 142,393 words
by Eswar S. Prasad · 27 Sep 2021 · 661pp · 185,701 words
by Robin Chase · 14 May 2015 · 330pp · 91,805 words
by Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott · 9 May 2016 · 515pp · 126,820 words
by George Gilder · 16 Jul 2018 · 332pp · 93,672 words
by James E. Gaskin · 15 Mar 2005 · 731pp · 134,263 words
by Yochai Benkler · 8 Aug 2011 · 187pp · 62,861 words
by Chris Sanders · 15 Mar 2007
by Benjamin H. Bratton · 19 Feb 2016 · 903pp · 235,753 words
by Steven Johnson · 14 Jul 2012 · 184pp · 53,625 words
by Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers · 2 Jan 2010 · 411pp · 80,925 words
by Arun Sundararajan · 12 May 2016 · 375pp · 88,306 words
by Steve Sammartino · 25 Jun 2014 · 247pp · 81,135 words
by Amy Brown and Greg Wilson · 24 May 2011 · 834pp · 180,700 words
by Salim Ismail and Yuri van Geest · 17 Oct 2014 · 292pp · 85,151 words
by Diomidis Spinellis and Georgios Gousios · 30 Dec 2008 · 680pp · 157,865 words
by Melanie Mitchell · 31 Mar 2009 · 524pp · 120,182 words
by Peter Gutmann
by Yochai Benkler · 14 May 2006 · 678pp · 216,204 words
by Tim O'Reilly · 9 Oct 2017 · 561pp · 157,589 words
by Melanie Swan · 22 Jan 2014 · 271pp · 52,814 words
by Jeremy Rifkin · 31 Mar 2014 · 565pp · 151,129 words
by Paul Vigna and Michael J. Casey · 27 Jan 2015 · 457pp · 128,838 words
by Eric S. Raymond · 22 Sep 2003 · 612pp · 187,431 words
by Campbell R. Harvey, Ashwin Ramachandran, Joey Santoro, Vitalik Buterin and Fred Ehrsam · 23 Aug 2021 · 179pp · 42,081 words
by Imran Bashir · 28 Mar 2018
by Alan Weisman · 21 Apr 2025 · 599pp · 149,014 words
by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;
by Olivier Cure and Guillaume Blin · 10 Dec 2014
by Parmy Olson · 284pp · 96,087 words
by Andy Oram · 26 Feb 2001 · 673pp · 164,804 words
by Duncan J. Watts · 1 Feb 2003 · 379pp · 113,656 words
by Chris Fehily · 1 Feb 2011 · 106pp · 22,332 words
by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider · 14 Aug 2017 · 237pp · 67,154 words
by Matthew Hindman · 24 Sep 2018
by Michael S Collins · 23 Feb 2014 · 446pp · 102,421 words
by Jon Loeliger and Matthew McCullough · 14 Aug 2012
by Allen B. Downey · 23 Feb 2012 · 247pp · 43,430 words