post-work

The Problem With Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries

by Kathi Weeks  · 8 Sep 2011  · 350pp  · 110,764 words

important means, but often the only avenues for imagining a politics of work, we are left with few possibilities for marshaling antiwork activism and inventing postwork alternatives. What amounts in all these instances to a depoliticization of work is precisely what I want to think through and challenge in this contribution

…

. There are, nonetheless, a number of exceptional cases or even whole subtraditions within each of these fields that have much to offer antiwork critiques and post-work imaginaries. But rather than organize this introductory discussion around a rehearsal of the project’s more specific theoretical debts, I want to structure it instead

…

level of abstraction—between the category of antiwork used to signal the deconstructive moment of this critique of the work society, and the concept of postwork offered as a place holder for something yet to come. WORK AND CLASS Whereas the distinction between work and labor will be suspended for the

…

is, the collectivities that might coalesce around its issues and the divisions that might develop in the interstices of antiwork struggles and in relation to postwork imaginaries—remains an open question. To the extent that the concerns it raises carry the potential to cut across traditional class divisions, a politics against

…

currently imposed on us and to their ethical defense, and a struggle for a different relationship to work born from the collective autonomy that a postwork ethics and more nonwork time could help us to secure. As a simultaneous way to insist on work’s significance and to contest its valuation

…

on the basis of subordinated knowledges, resistant subjectivities, and emergent models of organization. At least some of this literature focuses on both antiwork politics and postwork imaginaries. This model of utopian politics that can “make the creation of prefigurative forms an explicit part of our movement against capitalism” and challenge the

…

by way of the sometimes rather different commitments and imaginaries referenced by the categories of work, freedom, social reproduction, life, the refusal of work, and postwork. I will thus use work as a point of entry into the territory of class politics; freedom to supplement and redirect an anticapitalist political theory

…

confront work’s overvaluation; the field of social reproduction as part of a struggle to wrest more of life from the encroachments of work; and postwork utopianism to replace socialism as the horizon of revolutionary possibility and speculation. CHAPTER OVERVIEWS The questions raised and points of focus elaborated above are meant

…

the autonomists might describe it, a practice of separation and process of self-valorization—an analysis that is committed at once to antiwork critique and postwork invention. In keeping with this dual focus of the refusal of work, chapter 3 marks a shift in the project from the critical charge I

…

just described to the task of constructing possible alternatives, from the development of an antiwork critique to the incitement of a postwork political imaginary. More specifically, the argument shifts at this point from a focus on the refusal of work and its ethics to the demands for

…

(a category I explore in more detail in Chapter 5) is one of the ways I want to conceive the relationship between antiwork analysis and postwork desire, imagination, and will as they figure in the practice of political claims making. Utopian demands, including demands for basic income and shorter hours,

…

topics that they neglected. I begin with two points of clarification. First, my preference for politics over ethics as the terrain of antiwork struggle and postwork speculation raises a question about the relationship between politics and ethics that the analysis presumes. Also meriting discussion is a second relationship, between the project

…

a life.” The rubric of life against work is, I propose, both capacious and pointed enough to frame a potent antiwork politics and fuel a postwork imagination. In the epigraph above, C. Wright Mills laments the fact that we measure the satisfaction of jobs only against the standard of other jobs

…

history, the analysis that follows attempts to do something else: to identify and explore some theoretical resources that might illuminate and enrich antiwork politics and postwork imaginaries. MARXISM AND PRODUCTIVISM These theoretical tools are drawn from the Marxist tradition, admittedly both an obvious and a curious resource for a critical, let

…

substantial social change, is essential. THE ABOLITION OF WORK (AS WE KNOW IT) The vision of an alternative that marks the transition from antiwork to postwork in autonomist thought is offered as a contrast to socialism, which is defined as a system that would redeem work through public ownership. In this

…

the abolition of work serves not as blueprint, not even precisely as content; instead it is a marker of the disjunction between antiwork critique and postwork possibility. The same logic of imagination that conceives the relation between the refusal of work and its abolition in terms of difference and rupture grounds

…

it also in tendency and potential. Tendencies that point to the possibility of a postwork future include the perennial conflict generated by a system that expands the needs and desires of its subjects while simultaneously striving to minimize their wages

…

of a social form in which work does not serve as the primary force of social mediation (1996, 49), an antiwork critique grounded in a postwork potential. The refusal of work as both a practical demand and a theoretical perspective presupposes an appreciation of the potentially immense productive power of the

…

of human activities which have escaped from labor’s domination” (Berardi 2009, 60). Theirs is not only a postindividualist vision of the possibility of a postwork organization of production, it is also a postscarcity vision. The productive force of the accumulated powers of social labor has always had the potential to

…

of the refusal of work encompasses both as sites and objects of refusal. This broader project of refusal poses challenges both for antiwork critique and postwork imagination. Feminist antiwork critique would need to accomplish several things at once: to recognize unwaged domestic work as socially necessary labor, contest its inequitable distribution

…

distributing it more equitably is not enough—the organization of unwaged reproductive labor and its relationship with waged work must be entirely rethought. For feminist postwork imagination, it raises the following question: if we refuse both the institution of waged work and the model of the privatized family as the central

…

AND THE NEW JERUSALEM We have arrived at a crossroads of sorts. At this point, the focus of the analysis shifts from antiwork critique to postwork politics, moving away from the earlier concentration on the refusal of work and its ethics toward an exploration of demands that might point in the

…

the timing of its distribution. As I will explain, to be both a worthy alternative to wages for housework and a substantive contribution to a postwork political project, the income demanded should be sufficient, unconditional, and continuous. The level of income considered “basic” is the first and perhaps most significant

…

that lies “beyond the sphere of material production proper” (1981, 959). The demand can serve thus as a provocation to imagine the possibilities of a postwork alternative in which the structures, relations, values, experiences, and meaning of work might be substantially refigured. But perhaps the most provocative aspect of the demand

…

-based benefits are harder to come by, a guaranteed basic level of revenue offers a more rational way to allocate income. The authors of “The Post-Work Manifesto” argue that “what has been called utopian in the past must now be recognized as “a practical necessity” (Aronowitz et al. 1998, 69). By

…

focus of the last chapter; here I want to address more directly the demand for shorter working hours as a locus of antiwork politics and postwork imaginaries. Toward this end, a second aspect of the legacy of wages for housework will be important as well: the recognition of the links

…

. An inspired example of this approach can be found in “The Post-Work Manifesto” by Stanley Aronowitz et al. (1998). Their call for a thirty-hour week of six-hour days without a reduction in pay is part of a broader postwork vision and agenda that the authors propose as a response to

…

glorified” (40). Arguing that we must think critically about the work ethic and imaginatively about possibilities for the future, the authors attempt to outline a post-work political agenda animated by a vision of “shorter working hours, higher wages, and best of all, our ability to control much more of our own

…

is very different from that of the family-centered approach. In contrast to the vision of nonwork time devoted to family, the authors of “The Post-Work Manifesto” present a far more expansive set of possibilities, including time for family, community, and polity (70). I will discuss the specific advantages of this

…

people’s lives, but to use state power to enable citizens to have the resources that they need to make real choices” (13). Both “The Post-Work Manifesto” and Queer Family Values suggest how the demand for shorter hours could be made not in the name of the family but in the

…

the present ideals and conditions of work and family life. This conception of the value of shorter hours is also an important element in “The Post-Work Manifesto.” Its authors refer to the prospects of a “self-managed life” and time away from “the impositions of external authority,” envisioning what it would

…

the project of “smashing the family” and seeking alternatives was largely abandoned in favor of achieving a more inclusive version of the still privatized model; postwork militancy was eclipsed by the defense of the equal right to work balanced with family; and anticapitalist agendas were overshadowed by the urgency of rear

…

less extensive and systematic. The demands for basic income and shorter hours offer neither full-blown critiques of the work society or maps of a postwork alternative; they prescribe neither a vision of a revolutionary alternative nor a call for revolution, serving rather to enlist participants in the practice of inventing

…

might be called to the project remains an open question. Just as demands are more directional—to recall Trott’s term—than prefigurative of a postwork society, the antiwork political subject that might coalesce around the demand or set of demands is less likely to be a vanguard than a coalition

…

a broader political project. But before we get there, two aspects of the analysis call for further explication: first, the prescription of a politics (a postwork politics) to counter the power of an ethic (the work ethic); and second, the defense of limited demands as tools for radical change. The one

…

CHANGE I will begin here: why counter the power of the work ethic with a post-work politics and not with a postwork ethic? One could, after all, imagine the contours of a postwork ethic as something distinct from a postwork morality—a matter, to cite Virno’s formulation, of “common practices, usages and customs

…

on the question of how we might live together, both operating in private and public spheres and suffusing at once structures and subjectivities. Indeed, postwork politics and postwork ethics are mutually constitutive, each part of what produces and sustains the other. Nonetheless, because ethics remains more closely tethered than politics to the

…

I want to explore the political project of “life against work” as a general rubric within which to frame the kinds of antiwork critiques and postwork imaginaries represented here by the demands for basic income and shorter hours. As a way to publicize and politicize the relationship between social reproduction and

…

work can also be posed in familiar colloquial terms—in this case, as the mandate to “get a life.”2 As the authors of “The Post-Work Manifesto” declare, “it is time to get a life” (Aronowitz et al. 1998, 40), and in the brief discussion that follows, I want to speculate

…

of the provocation to get a life lies in its capacity to pose a political project that it does not stipulate and to open a postwork speculative horizon that it cannot fix in advance. My claim is that these commitments to difference, futurity, and excess might render the political project

…

(Mathers 1999; Gray 2004), and mobilizations around EuroMayDay (http://www.euromayday.org/). 2. See also Maria Milagros López’s rich and interesting discussion of emerging postwork subjectivities in postindustrial Puerto Rico, decried by some as a kind of “entitlement attitude” on the part of recipients of state support, but which López

…

link as well. 8. I draw here in part on Drucilla Cornell’s (1998) discussion of freedom. 9. Indeed, many of the negative responses to postwork demands, like the demand for shorter hours, are themselves interesting. Lynn Chancer, for example, argues that the incredulity that the demand for a basic income

…

Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Aronowitz, Stanley, Dawn Esposito, William DiFazio, and Margaret Yard. 1998. “The Post-Work Manifesto.” In Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation, edited by Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, 31–80. New York: Routledge. Bakker, Isabella, and Stephen Gill, eds. 2003. Power

…

Caws, xix–xxxi. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Chancer, Lynn. 1998. “Benefiting from Pragmatic Vision, Part I: The Case for Guaranteed Income in Principle.” In Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation, edited by Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, 81–127. New York: Routledge. Christopherson, Susan. 1991. “Trading Time for Consumption: The Failure

…

: The (Im)possibility of Satisfying the Boss’s Desire.” Organization 17 (2): 131–49. Cutler, Jonathan, and Stanley Aronowitz. 1998. “Quitting Time: An Introduction.” In Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation, edited by Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, 1–30. New York: Routledge. Dalla Costa, Mariarosa. 1975. “A General Strike.” In All

…

Work, edited by Sharon Harly and the Black Women and Work Collective, 146–63. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. López, Maria Milagros. 1994. “Post-Work Selves and Entitlement ‘Attitudes’ in Peripheral Postindustrial Puerto Rico.” Social Text 38:111–33. Los Angeles Wages for Housework Committee. 1975. “Sisters Why March?” In

…

of women’s studies at Duke University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weeks, Kathi The problem with work : feminism, Marxism, antiwork politics, and postwork imaginaries / Kathi Weeks. p. cm. “A John Hope Franklin Center Book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8223-5096-5 (cloth : alk.

Four Futures: Life After Capitalism

by Peter Frase  · 10 Mar 2015  · 121pp  · 36,908 words

to keep working more in order to accumulate more and more stuff, probably many others would not. Even if we can never reach the pure post-work utopia, we can certainly move closer to it. Decreasing the work week from forty hours to thirty would move us in that direction. So would

…

specific purpose of this book. Politics in Command Why, the reader might ask, is it even necessary to write another book about automation and the postwork future? The topic has become an entire subgenre in recent years; Brynjolfsson and McAfee are just one example. Others include Ford’s Rise of the

…

to inject into this debate, is politics, and specifically class struggle. As Mike Konczal of the Roosevelt Institute has pointed out, these projections of a postwork future tend toward a hazy technocratic utopianism, a “forward projection of the Keynesian-Fordism of the past,” in which “prosperity leads to redistribution leads to

…

of Whuffie or any other currency makes all the difference in the world. The book’s story mostly takes place in Disneyland, which in the postwork society is now run by volunteers. But there still needs to be some hierarchy and organization, which is determined according to Whuffie. The drama of

…

2015; Farhad Manjoo, “Will Robots Steal Your Job?,” Slate.com, September 26, 2011; Drum, “Welcome Robot Overlords.” 21Mike Konczal, “The Hard Work of Taking Apart Post-Work Fantasy,” NextNewDeal.net, 2015. 22Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. 23Thom Andersen, Los Angeles

Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work

by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams  · 1 Oct 2015  · 357pp  · 95,986 words

condition. In the following chapters, we argue that the contemporary left should reclaim modernity, build a populist and hegemonic force, and mobilise towards a post-work future. Folk-political attempts at prefiguration, direct action and relentless horizontalism are unlikely to achieve this, partly because they misrecognise the nature of their opponent

…

on waged labour and capitalist accumulation will need to be transcended first. A left modernity will, in other words, require building a postcapitalist and post-work platform upon which multiple ways of living could emerge and flourish. The next two chapters will set out both the necessity and desirability of this

…

recovered and consolidated itself in a renewed and sharpened form. The left must instead prepare for the next opportunity.3 This chapter explains why a post-work world is an increasingly pressing option. The first section outlines the emerging crisis of work – the breakdown of stable jobs in developed countries, the

…

by the state. Today, the crisis of work threatens to overrun these traditional tools of control, laying the social conditions for the shift to a post-work world. VIRTUAL PAUPERS While work is common to every society, under capitalism it takes on historically unique qualities. In pre-capitalist societies, work was

…

economic and social forces. From the social democratic consensus to the neoliberal consensus, our argument is that the left should mobilise around a post-work consensus. With a post-work society, we would have even more potential to launch forward to greater goals. But this is a project that must be carried out

…

therefore attend to these longer-term strategic goals, and rebuild the collective agencies that might eventually bring them about. By directing the left towards a post-work future, not only will significant gains be aimed for – such as the reduction of drudgery and poverty – but political power will be built in

…

of labours. A first approach would agree that such labour has moral value and should be carried out by humans rather than machines. In a post-work society, however, care labour could be given greater value, turning society away from the privileged status bestowed upon profitable labour. The free time that

…

societies organise domestic, reproductive and care labour.49 All of this, it must be stressed, would still require a political movement to achieve; a post-work world may facilitate change, but it cannot guarantee it. A more radical approach, however, argues that automating much of this labour should be a

…

a newfound equality between the sexes. We will not adjudicate on these paths here, but simply set them out as options opened up by a post-work world. Whatever approach is taken, though, the point is that labour will not be immediately or entirely eliminated, but instead progressively reduced. Full automation

…

spending on the military, cutting industry and agriculture subsidies, and cracking down on tax evasion.122 The most difficult hurdles for UBI – and for a post-work society – are not economic, but political and cultural: political, because the forces that will mobilise against it are immense; and cultural, because work is

…

competitive subjects. Orbiting around this subject is a constellation of images related to self-reliance and independence that necessarily conflict with the programme of a post-work society. Our lives have become increasingly structured around competitive self-realisation, and work has become the primary avenue for achieving this.126 Work, no

…

transformation of the system. Actions to make precarity and joblessness an increasingly visible political problem would go some way to generating the support for a post-work society. (In the same way that Occupy raised awareness of inequality, and UK Uncut highlighted tax evasion.)132 Perhaps most importantly, there is already

…

increase as companies turned towards machinery in order to expand.137 These goals resonate with each other, magnifying their combined power. And a new post-work hegemony would be resistant to reversion, having created a mass constituency benefiting from its continuation.138 The ambition here is to take back the future

…

a battle cry demanding full unemployment. But let us be clear: there is no technocratic solution, and there is no necessary progression into a post-work world. The struggles for full automation, a shorter working week, the end of the work ethic and a universal basic income are primarily political

…

struggles. The post-work imaginary generates a hyperstitional image of progress – one that aims to make the future an active historical force in the present. The struggles that such

…

discussions of basic income and automation today often seem to assume the benevolence of elites, the political neutrality of technology and the inevitability of a post-work society. Yet an array of powerful forces is invested in the continuation of the status quo, and the left has been devastated over the

…

income were achieved tomorrow, it would almost certainly be set below poverty levels and simply act as a handout to companies. To achieve a meaningful post-work society therefore requires changing the present political conditions. In turn, this requires the left to face squarely up to the dismal situation before it:

…

of the world.3 However, it is worth reiterating that the problems of automation and surplus populations are global in nature, and the grounds for post-work are flourishing around the world – as demonstrated by recent experiments with basic incomes in India and Namibia, the surge in industrial automation across the

…

folk politics. It requires mobilisation across different social groups,13 which means linking together a diversity of individual interests into a common desire for a post-work society. The neoliberal hegemony in the United States, for instance, came about by linking together the interests of economic liberals with those of social

…

transformation of society, have been reduced down to minor tinkering at the edges of society. We believe that an ambitious left is essential to a post-work programme, and that to achieve this, the future must be remembered and rebuilt.36 Utopias are the embodiment of the hyperstitions of progress. They

…

image of a better future, but also ties it to a radical critique of existing structures of oppression and a remembrance of past struggles. The post-work imaginary also contains numerous historical precedents in utopian writing, pointing to a constant striving to move beyond the constraints of wage labour. Cultural movements

…

Meanwhile, chastened by the failures of previous attempts at social transformation, many have mobilised behind marginal and defensive folk-political actions.2 Yet building a post-work world will involve large-scale social transformation and require building capacity for the use of power. This chapter argues that, in order to install a

…

POPULIST LEFT Perhaps the most important question for building power is the question of who will be the active agent of a post-work project. What social positions will find a post-work society in their interest? The most obvious answer is one we have already seen: the expanding surplus population. Indeed, as

…

16 However, these recent experiences demonstrate that a unity built solely upon opposition tends to break down when the opponent falls. The problem for a post-work project is that, despite the underlying commonality of proletarian existence, this provides only a minimal cohesion, which can support a vast range of divergent

…

green coalition, insofar as it overcomes the tensions between an economic programme of jobs and growth and an environmental programme of decreased carbon emissions. The post-work project is also an inherently feminist one, recognising the invisible labour carried out predominantly by women, as well as the feminisation of the labour

…

black and other minority populations are disproportionately affected by high unemployment and the mass incarceration and police brutality associated with jobless communities. Finally, the post-work project builds upon postcolonial and indigenous struggles with the aim of providing a means of subsistence for the massive informal labour force, as well as

…

between spontaneous uprisings and organisational longevity, short-term desires and long-term strategy, have split what should be a broadly consistent project for building a post-work world. Organisational diversity should be combined with broad populist unity. A quick overview of how such an ecology might operate will offer some sense

…

classic demands in the face of automation, rising precarity and expanding unemployment. We believe many unions will be better served by refocusing towards a post-work society and the liberating aspects of a reduced working week, job sharing and a basic income.55 The West Coast longshoremen in the United States

…

union going far beyond collective bargaining, and instead mobilising a broad social movement around the state of education in general. Moreover, shifting in a post-work direction overcomes some of the key impasses between ecological movements and organised labour. The deployment of productivity increases for more free time, rather than increased

…

ecology of organisations – particularly if the traditional social democratic parties continue to collapse and enable a new generation of parties to emerge. Ensuring a post-work society for all will require more than just individual workplaces; it demands success at the level of the state as well.57 While parties are

…

its social networks. In either approach, though, on-the-ground knowledge must be linked up with more abstract knowledge of changing economic conditions. A post-work world will not emerge out of the benevolence of capitalists, the inevitable tendencies of the economy or the necessity of crisis. As this and the

…

previous chapter have argued, the power of the left – broadly construed – needs to be rebuilt before a post-work society can become a meaningful strategic option. This will involve a broad counter-hegemonic project that seeks to overturn neoliberal common sense and to rearticulate

…

only be achieved by imagining better worlds – and in moving beyond defensive struggles. We have outlined one possible project, in the form of a post-work politics that frees us to create our own lives and communities. Triumph in the political battles to achieve it will require organising a broadly populist

…

satisfy its conceptual and political demands. Equally, synthetic freedom compels us to reject contentment with the existing horizon of possibilities. To be satisfied with post-work would risk leaving intact the racial, gendered, colonial and ecological divisions that continue to structure our world.2 While such asymmetries of power would hopefully

…

be unsettled by a post-work world, the efforts to eliminate them would undoubtedly need to continue. Further, we would still be seeking a systemic replacement for markets and facing

…

be faced with the immense tasks of undoing other political, economic, social, physical and biological constraints. A project towards a post-work world is necessary but insufficient. Yet a post-work platform does provide us with a new equilibrium to aim at, completing the shift from social democracy to neoliberalism to a new

…

to close it.3 When it is designed correctly, it succeeds precisely by allowing people to build further developments on top of it. With a post-work platform, people may begin to participate more in political processes, or perhaps they will retreat into individualised worlds formed by media spectacles. But there

…

are reasons for hope, given the shift in work ethic required for a post-work society. Such a project demands a subjective transformation in the process – it potentiates the conditions for a broader transformation from the selfish individuals formed

…

risk of unintended consequences and imperfect solutions. We may always be trapped, but at least we can escape into better traps.6 AFTER CAPITALISM The post-work project and, more broadly, the project of postcapitalism are progressive determinations of the commitment to universal emancipation. In practice, these projects involve ‘a controlled

…

There is no ‘true’ essence to humanity that could be discovered beyond our enmeshments in technological, natural and social webs.18 The idea that a post-work society would simply inculcate further mindless consumption neglects humanity’s capacity for novelty and creativity, and invokes a pessimism based upon current capitalist subjectivity.19

…

with it, from Aristotle to Robespierre to nineteenth-century labour activists. While we will not rely on it here to support the argument for a post-work society, it nevertheless has important contributions to make over and above liberal conceptions of freedom. See Raventós, Basic Income, Chapter 3; Gourevitch, ‘Labor Republicanism

…

’, Issues in Science and Technology, 27 November 2013, at issues.org; Stanley Aronowitz, Dawn Esposito, William DiFazio and Margaret Yard, ‘The Post-Work Manifesto’, in Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, eds, Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation (New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 48; Stefan Collini, What Are Universities For? (London: Penguin, 2012); Andrew

…

Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories, 2003), Chapter 6. 6. POST-WORK IMAGINARIES 1.Both explicitly and implicitly, this chapter owes much to Kathi Weeks’s work. See Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011). 2.‘Communiqué from an Absent

…

, and Industrial Capitalism’, Past & Present 38: 1 (1967), p. 85; Stanley Aronowitz, Dawn Esposito, William DiFazio and Margaret Yard, ‘The Post-Work Manifesto’, in Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, eds, Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation (New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 59–60; David Graeber, ‘Revolution at the Level of Common Sense’, in

…

.repec.org, p. 29. 94.Lynn Chancer, ‘Benefitting from Pragmatic Vision, Part I: The Case for Guaranteed Income in Principle’, in Aronowitz and Cutler, Post-Work, p. 86. 95.Evelyn Forget, The Town with No Poverty: Using Health Administration Data to Revisit Outcomes of a Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment

…

Compromise’, American Journal of Sociology 105: 4 (2000), p. 962. 73.Jonathan Cutler and Stanley Aronowitz, ‘Quitting Time’, in Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, eds, Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation (New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 9–11. 74.Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change (London: Pluto, 1991). 75

The Driver: My Dangerous Pursuit of Speed and Truth in the Outlaw Racing World

by Alexander Roy  · 13 Oct 2008  · 446pp  · 108,844 words

German, Russian, and Polish. All agreed he was a gifted painter, photographer, and pianist. My brother and I knew better than to interrupt his weekday postwork relaxation time, during which he plucked at the precious custom-made flamenco guitar he’d bought in Seville. He loved work, and intended to work

…

most prominent table for dinner with five of the world’s most infamous road-going outlaws. The 9:30 crowd still contained the more conservative post-work drink holdovers, but somehow I knew Rawlings and his entourage wouldn’t need cars to scatter these pigeons. “Wilkommen!” I called out. “Wilkommen im der

Boston Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 166pp  · 33,248 words

. Drop by for a pay-day treat with your workmates: the large windows and open kitchen make it a good shout for a round of post-work people-watching. » Don’t leave without bookmarking the Mangia Monday deal. This menu-for-two includes five decadent pasta entrées. g Special Occasion g Contents

…

over a glass of beer or wine. » Don’t leave without trying the café’s award-winning Scarlet Espresso Martini – it’s perfect as a postwork pick-me-up. g DRINK g Contents An evening exploring Boston’s Irish pubs Everyone knows that Bostonians love talking about their Irish heritage – this

Care: The Highest Stage of Capitalism

by Premilla Nadasen  · 10 Oct 2023  · 288pp  · 82,972 words

to personal freedom and individual autonomy so they can develop their capacities and be their best selves. Feminist philosopher Kathi Weeks, for example, advocates a post-work radical future, where people are able to pursue creative interests, to follow their hearts, and to find joy. She argues, in her book The Problem

…

underpin any radical future. Thus, how we define work matters.56 Work is a broad category. Not all work is the same. Weeks and other post-work theorists are referring to paid work in the capitalist marketplace. In a radical future, exploitative paid work, as well as coerced paid and unpaid labor

…

Politics of Water,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 7, no. 1 (2018): 1–18. 55. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011). 56. For a distinction between work and labor, see Isabella Bakker and Stephen Gill, “Ontology, Method, and Hypotheses” in

France (Lonely Planet, 8th Edition)

by Nicola Williams  · 14 Oct 2010

-5am Thu-Sat) The perfect place to have cocktails and tapas (€3.70 to €7.10) before carrying on to the clubs of Montparnasse. A post-work crowd sinks into the comfy leather armchairs beneath oil paintings of everyday life in Cuba. Le Rosebud (Map; 01 43 35 38 54; 11bis rue

…

Ville; 7am-1.30am) Trendy with an older set, this Saône-side space spans the whole spectrum of drinking: daytime café, late-afternoon lounge bar, postwork aperitif and heaving music venue. Andy Walha (Map; 04 78 30 54 48; 29 rue de l’Arbre Sec, 1er; Hôtel de Ville; 11am-3am

Vancouver Like a Local

by Jacqueline Salomé  · 165pp  · 33,113 words

organic or biodynamic grapes) and the space transforms into this combination bar and bottle shop. The whole place buzzes with loud, happy conversation, as the post-work crowd kick back with a glass of the city’s finest. Ask at the Juice Bar for anything by Sunday in August. The B.C

…

of the Parq Vancouver hotel, this indoor-outdoor cocktail bar is a see-and-be-seen kind of place, with swanky decor and a fashionable post-work crowd sipping drinks like the Billionaire Martini (made with truffle vermouth, no less). It’s the location that steals the show, though – the patio feels

Portland Like a Local

by DK  · 162pp  · 32,864 words

grab the best finds. Shops tend to open around 10am, with many not closing until 7 or 8pm (so 9-to-5ers can make it post-work). A heads up: while paper bags only cost 5 cents (single-use plastic bags are banned), make like a local and carry a tote. ARTS

…

massive corrugated roof (warmed by hot-as-hell heat lamps during winter) and kick back with a cheap drink. It’s a frequent hangout for post-work 9-to-5-ers and off-duty bartenders, who come here to play pool and blow off steam. » Don’t leave without checking out the

Chicago Like a Local

by DK  · 167pp  · 33,334 words

to see the sights; the building’s central location and swanky on-site cocktail bar make it a popular spot for locals eager for a post-work, sky-high martini. » Don’t leave without heading to the women’s restroom (sorry fellas), where a sneaky floor-to-ceiling window reveals breathtaking panoramas

Tokyo Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 171pp  · 34,535 words

Copenhagen Like a Local

by DK  · 168pp  · 32,806 words

Korea--Culture Smart!

by Culture Smart!  · 15 Jun 201  · 124pp  · 37,476 words

Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019)

by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig  · 15 Mar 2020

Edinburgh Like a Local: By the People Who Call It Home

by Dk Eyewitness  · 28 Sep 2021  · 827pp  · 75,043 words

The Clash of the Cultures

by John C. Bogle  · 30 Jun 2012  · 339pp  · 109,331 words

Growth Hacker Marketing: A Primer on the Future of PR, Marketing, and Advertising

by Ryan Holiday  · 2 Sep 2013  · 52pp  · 14,333 words

Insight Guides Pocket Helsinki

by Insight Guides  · 12 Dec 2017

The Mini Rough Guide to Helsinki

by Rough Guides  · 9 Nov 2023

Into the Fire: My Life as a London Firefighter

by Edric Kennedy-Macfoy  · 14 Jul 2018  · 201pp  · 70,698 words

Into the Fire: My Life as a London Firefighter

by Edric Kennedy-Macfoy  · 14 Aug 2018

The Glorious Heresies

by Lisa McInerney  · 8 Apr 2015  · 419pp  · 115,170 words

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: 50th Anniversary Edition

by Ken Kesey  · 19 Jan 2012  · 349pp  · 113,575 words

Berlin Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 170pp  · 32,491 words

Paris Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 170pp  · 35,516 words

Dublin Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 167pp  · 34,693 words

Lonely Planet Singapore

by Lonely Planet  · 14 May 2024  · 232pp  · 61,272 words

Work Optional: Retire Early the Non-Penny-Pinching Way

by Tanja Hester  · 12 Feb 2019  · 231pp  · 76,283 words

Possiplex

by Ted Nelson  · 2 Jan 2010

Notes From an Apocalypse: A Personal Journey to the End of the World and Back

by Mark O'Connell  · 13 Apr 2020  · 213pp  · 70,742 words

Affluenza: When Too Much Is Never Enough

by Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss  · 31 May 2005

Generation A

by Douglas Coupland  · 2 Jan 2009  · 312pp  · 78,053 words

Money Mavericks: Confessions of a Hedge Fund Manager

by Lars Kroijer  · 26 Jul 2010  · 244pp  · 79,044 words

Austin Like a Local

by DK  · 171pp  · 34,369 words

The Left Case Against the EU

by Costas Lapavitsas  · 17 Dec 2018  · 221pp  · 46,396 words

Affluence Without Abundance: The Disappearing World of the Bushmen

by James Suzman  · 10 Jul 2017

The War on Normal People: The Truth About America's Disappearing Jobs and Why Universal Basic Income Is Our Future

by Andrew Yang  · 2 Apr 2018  · 300pp  · 76,638 words

Fuller Memorandum

by Stross, Charles  · 14 Jan 2010  · 366pp  · 107,145 words

The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work

by David Frayne  · 15 Nov 2015  · 336pp  · 83,903 words

Drunk: How We Sipped, Danced, and Stumbled Our Way to Civilization

by Edward Slingerland  · 31 May 2021

Triumph of the Yuppies: America, the Eighties, and the Creation of an Unequal Nation

by Tom McGrath  · 3 Jun 2024  · 326pp  · 103,034 words

After the New Economy: The Binge . . . And the Hangover That Won't Go Away

by Doug Henwood  · 9 May 2005  · 306pp  · 78,893 words

Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth

by Noa Tishby  · 5 Apr 2021  · 338pp  · 101,967 words

JQuery Pocket Reference

by David Flanagan  · 15 Dec 2010  · 211pp  · 37,094 words

Hired: Six Months Undercover in Low-Wage Britain

by James Bloodworth  · 1 Mar 2018  · 256pp  · 79,075 words

Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet

by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider  · 14 Aug 2017  · 237pp  · 67,154 words

The Confidence Game: The Psychology of the Con and Why We Fall for It Every Time

by Maria Konnikova  · 28 Jan 2016  · 384pp  · 118,572 words

The End of Traffic and the Future of Transport: Second Edition

by David Levinson and Kevin Krizek  · 17 Aug 2015  · 257pp  · 64,285 words

Moon Prague, Vienna & Budapest: Palaces & Castles, Art & Music, Coffeehouses & Beer Gardens

by Jennifer D Walker, Auburn Scallon and Moon Travel Guides  · 15 Oct 2024  · 806pp  · 221,571 words

Lonely Planet Iceland (Travel Guide)

by Lonely Planet, Carolyn Bain and Alexis Averbuck  · 31 Mar 2015

The Next Shift: The Fall of Industry and the Rise of Health Care in Rust Belt America

by Gabriel Winant  · 23 Mar 2021  · 563pp  · 136,190 words

Third World America: How Our Politicians Are Abandoning the Middle Class and Betraying the American Dream

by Arianna Huffington  · 7 Sep 2010  · 300pp  · 78,475 words

Lonely Planet Florence & Tuscany

by Lonely Planet, Virginia Maxwell and Nicola Williams  · 1 Dec 2013  · 874pp  · 154,810 words

Florence & Tuscany

by Lonely Planet  · 928pp  · 159,837 words

The Economic Singularity: Artificial Intelligence and the Death of Capitalism

by Calum Chace  · 17 Jul 2016  · 477pp  · 75,408 words

Getting Real

by Jason Fried, David Heinemeier Hansson, Matthew Linderman and 37 Signals  · 1 Jan 2006  · 132pp  · 31,976 words

Give People Money

by Annie Lowrey  · 10 Jul 2018  · 242pp  · 73,728 words

Big Dead Place: Inside the Strange and Menacing World of Antarctica

by Nicholas Johnson  · 31 May 2005  · 363pp  · 109,417 words

Zero to Sold: How to Start, Run, and Sell a Bootstrapped Business

by Arvid Kahl  · 24 Jun 2020  · 461pp  · 106,027 words

Work: A History of How We Spend Our Time

by James Suzman  · 2 Sep 2020  · 909pp  · 130,170 words

The End of Men: And the Rise of Women

by Hanna Rosin  · 31 Aug 2012  · 320pp  · 96,006 words

Lonely Planet Barcelona

by Isabella Noble and Regis St Louis  · 15 Nov 2022  · 541pp  · 135,952 words

SEDATED: How Modern Capitalism Created Our Mental Health Crisis

by James. Davies  · 15 Nov 2021  · 307pp  · 88,085 words

Abundance

by Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson  · 18 Mar 2025  · 227pp  · 84,566 words

Against the Machine: On the Unmaking of Humanity

by Paul Kingsnorth  · 23 Sep 2025  · 388pp  · 110,920 words

Lonely Planet Amsterdam

by Lonely Planet

Sweden

by Becky Ohlsen  · 19 Jun 2009

Pound Foolish: Exposing the Dark Side of the Personal Finance Industry

by Helaine Olen  · 27 Dec 2012  · 375pp  · 105,067 words

The End of Secrecy: The Rise and Fall of WikiLeaks

by The "Guardian", David Leigh and Luke Harding  · 1 Feb 2011  · 322pp  · 99,066 words

Brave New World of Work

by Ulrich Beck  · 15 Jan 2000  · 236pp  · 67,953 words

Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire

by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri  · 1 Jan 2004  · 475pp  · 149,310 words

The Clockwork Rocket

by Greg Egan  · 30 Jun 2011  · 439pp  · 124,548 words

21 Lessons for the 21st Century

by Yuval Noah Harari  · 29 Aug 2018  · 389pp  · 119,487 words

Radical Technologies: The Design of Everyday Life

by Adam Greenfield  · 29 May 2017  · 410pp  · 119,823 words

The Gang That Wouldn't Write Straight: Wolfe, Thompson, Didion, Capote, and the New Journalism Revolution

by Marc Weingarten  · 12 Dec 2006  · 363pp  · 123,076 words

Frommer's San Francisco 2012

by Matthew Poole, Erika Lenkert and Kristin Luna  · 4 Oct 2011

From Beirut to Jerusalem

by Thomas L. Friedman  · 1 Jan 1989  · 639pp  · 212,079 words

The Rough Guide to Jamaica

by Thomas, Polly,Henzell, Laura.,Coates, Rob.,Vaitilingam, Adam.

The Wealth of Humans: Work, Power, and Status in the Twenty-First Century

by Ryan Avent  · 20 Sep 2016  · 323pp  · 90,868 words

The View From Flyover Country: Dispatches From the Forgotten America

by Sarah Kendzior  · 24 Apr 2015  · 172pp  · 48,747 words

On the Road: Adventures From Nixon to Trump

by James Naughtie  · 1 Apr 2020

Bureaucracy

by David Graeber  · 3 Feb 2015  · 252pp  · 80,636 words

This Is Going to Hurt: Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor - the Sunday Times Bestseller

by Adam Kay  · 6 Sep 2017  · 208pp  · 65,733 words

Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis

by Jared Diamond  · 6 May 2019  · 459pp  · 144,009 words

Lonely Planet Southern Italy

by Lonely Planet

The Rough Guide to New York City

by Rough Guides  · 21 May 2018

The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age

by Astra Taylor  · 4 Mar 2014  · 283pp  · 85,824 words

Bookkeeping the Easy Way

by Wallace W. Kravitz  · 30 Apr 1990

The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class

by Joel Kotkin  · 11 May 2020  · 393pp  · 91,257 words

The Rough Guide to New York City

by Martin Dunford  · 2 Jan 2009

Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe

by Roger McNamee  · 1 Jan 2019  · 382pp  · 105,819 words

Frommer's California 2009

by Matthew Poole, Harry Basch, Mark Hiss and Erika Lenkert  · 2 Jan 2009

Curation Nation

by Rosenbaum, Steven  · 27 Jan 2011  · 286pp  · 82,065 words

Mythology of Work: How Capitalism Persists Despite Itself

by Peter Fleming  · 14 Jun 2015  · 320pp  · 86,372 words

Gigged: The End of the Job and the Future of Work

by Sarah Kessler  · 11 Jun 2018  · 246pp  · 68,392 words

Tools of Titans: The Tactics, Routines, and Habits of Billionaires, Icons, and World-Class Performers

by Timothy Ferriss  · 6 Dec 2016  · 669pp  · 210,153 words

Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley

by Emily Chang  · 6 Feb 2018  · 334pp  · 104,382 words

Tailspin: The People and Forces Behind America's Fifty-Year Fall--And Those Fighting to Reverse It

by Steven Brill  · 28 May 2018  · 519pp  · 155,332 words

Fully Automated Luxury Communism

by Aaron Bastani  · 10 Jun 2019  · 280pp  · 74,559 words

The Content Trap: A Strategist's Guide to Digital Change

by Bharat Anand  · 17 Oct 2016  · 554pp  · 149,489 words

Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass

by Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri  · 6 May 2019  · 346pp  · 97,330 words

An Impeccable Spy: Richard Sorge, Stalin’s Master Agent

by Owen Matthews  · 21 Mar 2019  · 589pp  · 162,849 words

Automation and the Future of Work

by Aaron Benanav  · 3 Nov 2020  · 175pp  · 45,815 words

Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World

by Nick Bostrom  · 26 Mar 2024  · 547pp  · 173,909 words

The Globotics Upheaval: Globalisation, Robotics and the Future of Work

by Richard Baldwin  · 10 Jan 2019  · 301pp  · 89,076 words

Lonely Planet Brazil

by Lonely Planet  · 1,410pp  · 363,093 words

Who Owns This Sentence?: A History of Copyrights and Wrongs

by David Bellos and Alexandre Montagu  · 23 Jan 2024  · 305pp  · 101,093 words

The Rough Guide to Australia (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 14 Oct 2023  · 1,955pp  · 521,661 words

Traffic: Genius, Rivalry, and Delusion in the Billion-Dollar Race to Go Viral

by Ben Smith  · 2 May 2023

My Boring-Ass Life: The Uncomfortably Candid Diary of Kevin Smith

by Kevin Smith  · 24 Sep 2007  · 728pp  · 233,687 words

Germany Travel Guide

by Lonely Planet

The Year Without Pants: Wordpress.com and the Future of Work

by Scott Berkun  · 9 Sep 2013  · 361pp  · 76,849 words

Facebook: The Inside Story

by Steven Levy  · 25 Feb 2020  · 706pp  · 202,591 words

Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy

by Nathan Schneider  · 10 Sep 2018  · 326pp  · 91,559 words

Live Work Work Work Die: A Journey Into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley

by Corey Pein  · 23 Apr 2018  · 282pp  · 81,873 words

Working the Phones: Control and Resistance in Call Centres

by Jamie Woodcock  · 20 Nov 2016

Everyday Utopia: What 2,000 Years of Wild Experiments Can Teach Us About the Good Life

by Kristen R. Ghodsee  · 16 May 2023  · 302pp  · 112,390 words

Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves From the American Dream

by Alissa Quart  · 14 Mar 2023  · 304pp  · 86,028 words

Work Won't Love You Back: How Devotion to Our Jobs Keeps Us Exploited, Exhausted, and Alone

by Sarah Jaffe  · 26 Jan 2021  · 490pp  · 153,455 words

Lonely Planet London

by Lonely Planet  · 22 Apr 2012

Discardia: More Life, Less Stuff

by Dinah Sanders  · 7 Oct 2011  · 267pp  · 78,857 words

Beer Money: A Memoir of Privilege and Loss

by Frances Stroh  · 2 May 2016  · 200pp  · 60,314 words

The New Prophets of Capital

by Nicole Aschoff  · 10 Mar 2015  · 128pp  · 38,187 words

Germany

by Andrea Schulte-Peevers  · 17 Oct 2010

The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies

by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee  · 20 Jan 2014  · 339pp  · 88,732 words

After Europe

by Ivan Krastev  · 7 May 2017  · 100pp  · 31,338 words

No More Work: Why Full Employment Is a Bad Idea

by James Livingston  · 15 Feb 2016  · 90pp  · 27,452 words

What They Do With Your Money: How the Financial System Fails Us, and How to Fix It

by Stephen Davis, Jon Lukomnik and David Pitt-Watson  · 30 Apr 2016  · 304pp  · 80,965 words

Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America

by Barbara Ehrenreich  · 2 Jan 2003  · 200pp  · 72,182 words

Men Without Work

by Nicholas Eberstadt  · 4 Sep 2016  · 126pp  · 37,081 words

Frommer's New Mexico

by Lesley S. King  · 2 Jan 1999  · 420pp  · 219,075 words

Who's Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life

by Richard Florida  · 28 Jun 2009  · 325pp  · 73,035 words

How Cycling Can Save the World

by Peter Walker  · 3 Apr 2017  · 231pp  · 69,673 words

In the City of Bikes: The Story of the Amsterdam Cyclist

by Pete Jordan  · 20 Aug 2012  · 407pp  · 117,763 words

Squeezed: Why Our Families Can't Afford America

by Alissa Quart  · 25 Jun 2018  · 320pp  · 90,526 words

Bullshit Jobs: A Theory

by David Graeber  · 14 May 2018  · 385pp  · 123,168 words

Dirty Genes: A Breakthrough Program to Treat the Root Cause of Illness and Optimize Your Health

by Ben Lynch Nd.  · 30 Jan 2018  · 438pp  · 103,983 words

Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol

by Iain Gately  · 30 Jun 2008  · 686pp  · 201,972 words

The Story of Work: A New History of Humankind

by Jan Lucassen  · 26 Jul 2021  · 869pp  · 239,167 words

Curbing Traffic: The Human Case for Fewer Cars in Our Lives

by Chris Bruntlett and Melissa Bruntlett  · 28 Jun 2021  · 225pp  · 70,590 words

Death Glitch: How Techno-Solutionism Fails Us in This Life and Beyond

by Tamara Kneese  · 14 Aug 2023  · 284pp  · 75,744 words

Nothing Personal: My Secret Life in the Dating App Inferno

by Nancy Jo Sales  · 17 May 2021  · 445pp  · 135,648 words

Make Your Own Job: How the Entrepreneurial Work Ethic Exhausted America

by Erik Baker  · 13 Jan 2025  · 362pp  · 132,186 words

Essential: How the Pandemic Transformed the Long Fight for Worker Justice

by Jamie K. McCallum  · 15 Nov 2022  · 349pp  · 99,230 words

Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism: And Other Arguments for Economic Independence

by Kristen R. Ghodsee  · 20 Nov 2018  · 211pp  · 57,759 words