Beyond Weird
by Philip Ball · 22 Mar 2018 · 277pp · 87,082 words
, spins and photon polarizations are undefined until a measurement is made on them. Until that point they don’t have any particular value. Yet still quantum entanglement imposes the correlation between the values for the two particles in the EPR experiment. So now if Alice measures one photon (say) and finds it
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exploring, and not just speculating about, the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. By the 1970s, lasers offered a means to carry out Bell’s test of quantum entanglement. The experiments were extremely challenging. The first to attempt them were two physicists, John Clauser and Stuart Freedman, at the University of California at Berkeley
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while concocting a logical argument to deny it. Even if relativity emerges (by the skin of its teeth) unscathed, there’s still something uncanny about quantum entanglement – because it undermines our preconceptions about the here and now, the here and there. It messes with time and space. It took many years to
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across the intervening space. It seems so self-evident that it hardly appears to be an assumption at all. But this locality is just what quantum entanglement undermines – which is why ‘spooky action at a distance’ is precisely the wrong way to look at it. We can’t regard particle A and
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is real’. Now you know better. It has been proposed, albeit in a highly speculative theoretical scenario, that the interdependence across space that manifests as quantum entanglement is what stitches together the very fabric of space and time, creating the web that allows us to speak of one part of spacetime in
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somehow connected to what we have regarded as spacetime, yet richer. Some researchers now suspect that spacetime is actually made from the interconnections created by quantum entanglement. Others think there is more to it than that. Regardless of how such ideas will fare, there’s a developing suspicion among physicists that a
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generosity and energy are still sorely missed in the Bristol physics department. Mei Lan and Amber showed me that children are open to anything, even quantum entanglement, and that they are our hope. And I thank them for loaning me their Sylvanian animals to assist me in my public talks on quantum
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theorem’, Physics Today, February, 76–7. Zeilinger, A. 1999. ‘A foundational principle for quantum mechanics’, Foundations of Physics 29, 631–43. Zeilinger, A. 2006. ‘Essential quantum entanglement’, in G. Fraser (ed.), The New Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Zeilinger, A. 2010. Dance of the Photons. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York. Zukowski, M
Einstein's Unfinished Revolution: The Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum
by Lee Smolin · 31 Mar 2019 · 385pp · 98,015 words
that others later utilized. After transforming the practice of general relativity, Penrose turned his attention to fundamental physics. He was struck by a sympathy between quantum entanglement and Mach’s principle—the idea, which had inspired Einstein’s invention of general relativity, that what is real in general relativity is relationships. Both
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a global harmony which ties the world together. Penrose was the first to ask whether the relations which define space and time could emerge from quantum entanglement. Seeking insight into this question, he was inspired to invent a simple game based on drawing diagrams, the rules of which represented simultaneously
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quantum entanglement and aspects of physical geometry. This game, his first vision of a finite and discrete quantum geometry, Penrose called spin networks. Most theoretical physicists work
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and matrices are thus both ways to express the hypothesis that the fundamental beables underlying physics are a network of relations. These relations may express quantum entanglement and nonlocality. There is no purer model of a system of relations than a graph or network. Interestingly enough, networks are ubiquitous in those approaches
Ten Billion Tomorrows: How Science Fiction Technology Became Reality and Shapes the Future
by Brian Clegg · 8 Dec 2015 · 315pp · 92,151 words
make an exact copy of a quantum particle—so the trick in The Prestige would (thankfully) never be possible. The feature making teleportation possible is quantum entanglement, arguably the weirdest aspect of physics. There are ways to produce pairs of quantum particles that are linked to each other in a remarkable way
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come back to this in chapter 14, which is dedicated to the way science fiction has handled long-range communication. Even without such an application, quantum entanglement can be used to create unbreakable encryption, and to support the building of quantum computers, devices where each bit is a quantum particle, and which
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of tunneling and that bears a much closer resemblance to the hypothetical mechanism of the Dirac transmitter. This is quantum entanglement. Just like Blish’s imagined connection between a positron and an electron, quantum entanglement means that two particles can influence each other at any distance—and all the evidence is that this effect
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idea when they find out about entanglement), but 2014 brought a new piece of work that again had some observers wondering if, at last, a quantum entanglement experiment had been performed that would make it possible to send a message instantly without entanglement’s penchant for randomness getting in the way. Researchers
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infrared images, as low-intensity infrared cameras don’t exist, but a camera can handle the low-energy red light from the entangled photons. Although quantum entanglement expert Anton Zeilinger’s response to an interview question was “never say never,” as yet all the evidence is that we won’t ever see
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years. There are already scientific developments just waiting for writers to pick up on. Not enough, for instance, has been made of the possibilities of quantum entanglement (see here) or to think through the implications of room-temperature superconductors, which could revolutionize electrical technology if ever made possible. Ten Billion Tomorrows happens
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superluminal tunneling from the Nimtz viewpoint, see Horst Aichmann and Günter Nimtz, “The Superluminal Tunneling Story,” at arXiv:1304.3155 [physics.gen-ph]. Information on quantum entanglement from Brian Clegg, The God Effect (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2009. The details of Nick Herbert’s instantaneous
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quantum entanglement communicator are in David Kaiser, How the Hippies Saved Physics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), pp. 209–14. Information on the entangled cat photograph
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, specialized. See exoskeletons Clynes, Manfred E. Cold War The Coming Race (Bulwer-Lytton) communication, instantaneous. See also cyber-telepathy in deep space light theory and quantum entanglement and quantum tunneling and on Star Trek computer games beginning of holodeck inspired by interactive ability of multiplayer virtual reality and computer speech systems evolution
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Two Chief World Systems (Galileo) Digi-Comp I dinosaurs DNA of feathers on SF portrayal of skeletons of Dirac transmitter consequences on first appearance of quantum entanglement and science behind time with The Dispossessed (Le Guin) DNA cloning and dinosaur mammoth oldest sequence of preserved insect survival of Dobelle, William Doctor Who
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The Prestige Prey (Crichton) Priest, Christopher probes Project Daedalus Project Orion Project Ozma projectile weapons Prokhorov, Alexander prosthetics psychohistory pulsars pure energy beings quantum computers quantum entanglement communication with Dirac transmitter and encryption with quantum particles quantum teleportation quantum tunneling The Quincunx of Time (Blish) radio signals alien contact and first intergalactic
When Einstein Walked With Gödel: Excursions to the Edge of Thought
by Jim Holt · 14 May 2018 · 436pp · 127,642 words
sand (discrete). Einstein’s relativity theory either challenges our notion of time or—if Gödel’s ingenious reasoning is to be credited—abolishes it altogether. Quantum entanglement calls the reality of space into question, raising the possibility that we live in a “holistic” universe. Turing’s theory of computability forces us to
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’s conclusion in the EPR thought experiment was the same as in Einstein’s Boxes: such a link would be “spooky action at a distance.” Quantum entanglement can’t be real. The tightly choreographed behavior of the widely separated particles must be preprogrammed from the start (as with identical twins), not a
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from A to B. Many physicists tend to brush off this apparent conflict between relativity theory and quantum mechanics. They point out that even though quantum entanglement does seem to entail “superluminal” (faster than light) influences, those influences can’t be used for communication—to send messages, say, or music. There is
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, a would-be human signaler can’t control their random behavior and encode a message in it. Since it can’t be used for communication, quantum entanglement doesn’t give rise to the sorts of causal anomalies Einstein warned about—like being able to send a message backward in time. So quantum
The Fabric of the Cosmos
by Brian Greene · 1 Jan 2003 · 695pp · 219,110 words
Origins Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Future of the Universe Space, Time, and Speculation 15 - Teleporters and Time Machines Teleportation in a Quantum World Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Teleportation Realistic Teleportation The Puzzles of Time Travel Rethinking the Puzzles Free Will, Many Worlds, and Time Travel Is Time Travel to the
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photons is evidence, Einstein claimed, that the photons were endowed with identical properties when emitted, not that they are subject to some bizarre long-distance quantum entanglement. For close to five decades, the issue of who was right—Einstein or the supporters of quantum mechanics—was left unresolved because, as we shall
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would persist no matter how far apart the detectors are placed. This sounds totally bizarre. But there is now overwhelming evidence for this so-called quantum entanglement. If two photons are entangled, the successful measurement of either photon’s spin about one axis “forces” the other, distant photon to have the same
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the photons and everything else they may have bumped into. And as all these particles go their ways, bumping and jostling yet other particles, the quantum entanglement would become so spread out through these interactions with the environment that it would become virtually impossible to detect. For all intents and purposes, the
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of the universe have arranged themselves to have nearly identical temperatures? If you think back to Chapter 4, one possibility is that just as nonlocal quantum entanglement can correlate the spins of two widely separated particles, maybe it can also correlate the temperatures of two widely separated regions of space. While this
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living being, scientists have now established that, through the wonders of quantum mechanics, individual particles can be—and have been—teleported. Let’s see how. Quantum Entanglement and Quantum Teleportation In 1997, a group of physicists led by Anton Zeilinger, then at the University of Innsbruck, and another group led by A
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Brassard, Claude Crepeau, and Richard Josza of the University of Montreal; the Israeli physicist Asher Peres; and William Wootters of Williams College—that rely on quantum entanglement (Chapter 4). Remember, two entangled particles, say two photons, have a strange and intimate relationship. While each has only a certain probability of spinning one
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so bizarre that they’ve got to be useful for something extraordinary. In 1993, Bennett and his collaborators discovered one such possibility. They showed that quantum entanglement could be used for quantum teleportation. You might not be able to send a message at a speed greater than that of light, but if
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cause to Photon B in New York will also be reflected in the state of Photon C in London. That is the wondrous nature of quantum entanglement, as elaborated in Chapter 4. In fact, Bennett and his collaborators showed mathematically that through its entanglement with Photon B, the disruption caused by my
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order to teleport it. We need to know only an aspect of its quantum state—what we learn from the joint measurement with Photon B. Quantum entanglement with distant Photon C fills in the rest. Implementing this strategy for quantum teleportation was no small feat. By the early 1990s, creating an entangled
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relativity of simultaneity, alternative slicings of spacetime, gravity as the warping and curving of space and time, the probabilistic nature of reality, and long-range quantum entanglement were not on the list of things that even the best of the world’s nineteenth-century physicists would have expected to find just around
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influence on particles located in other, distant locations. 10. For an exceptionally clear treatment of the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber approach and its relevance to understanding quantum entanglement, see J. S. Bell, “Are There Quantum Jumps?” in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 11. Some physicists consider
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against rash conclusions about what quantum mechanics unavoidably implies. For the mathematically inclined reader, a very nice treatment of Bohm’s theory and issues of quantum entanglement can be found in Tim Maudlin, Quantum Nonlocalityand Relativity (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2002). 14. For an in-depth, though technical, discussion of time’s arrow
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entanglement of two macroscopic objects,” Nature 413 (Sept. 2001), 400–403. 7. One of the most exciting and active areas of research making use of quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation is the field of quantum computing. For recent general-level presentations of quantum computing, see Tom Siegfried, The Bit and the Pendulum
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of the disorder of a physical system; the number of rearrangements of a system’s fundamental constituents that leave its gross, overall appearance unchanged. entanglement, quantum entanglement: Quantum phenomenon in which spatially distant particles have correlated properties. event horizon: Imaginary sphere surrounding a black hole delineating the points of no return; anything
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
by Ray Kurzweil · 14 Jul 2005 · 761pp · 231,902 words
at a distance that appears to occur at speeds far greater than the speed of light is quantum disentanglement. Two particles created together may be "quantum entangled," meaning that while a given property (such as the phase of its spin) is not determined in either particle, the resolution of this ambiguity of
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message and by the other to decipher it. It would not be possible for anyone else to eavesdrop on the encryption code without destroying the quantum entanglement and thereby being detected. There are already commercial encryption products incorporating this principle. This is a fortuitous application of quantum mechanics because of the possibility
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very favorable environment for exploiting quantum coherence. The kinds of superpositions and assembly/disassembly of microtubules for which they search do not seem to exhibit quantum entanglement....The brain clearly isn't a classical, digital computer by any means. But my guess is that it performs most of its tasks in a
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its discoverer, Stephen Hawking. The current thinking is that this radiation does reflect (in a coded fashion, and as a result of a form of quantum entanglement with the particles inside) what is happening inside the black hole. Hawking initially resisted this explanation but now appears to agree. So, we find our
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to find some other way to "unhide" the hidden variables. Wolfram's network conception of the universe provides a potential perspective on the phenomenon of quantum entanglement and the collapse of the wave function. The collapse of the wave function, which renders apparently ambiguous properties of a particle (for example, its location
Erwin Schrodinger and the Quantum Revolution
by John Gribbin · 1 Mar 2012 · 287pp · 87,204 words
physics since 1960—arguably the most significant development in science in the twentieth century—was the resolution of the EPR “Paradox” and experimental confirmation that quantum entanglement (a term coined by Schrödinger) is real. Apart from its implications for our understanding of the Universe we live in, this has led to practical
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signalling, it was the “no cloning theorem,” also discovered independently by the Dutch physicist Dennis Dieks, that opened the way to the practical use of quantum entanglement to create uncrackable codes—quantum cryptography. There are several approaches to the problem of quantum cryptography, but they all depend on code systems that use
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Prussian Academy quanta: Bohr’s work; Einstein’s work; light, see photons; Millikan’s experiments; Planck’s energy elements quantum chemistry quantum computers quantum cryptography quantum entanglement, see entanglement quantum jumps quantum mechanics: Aspect’s experiments; Bell’s work; Bohm’s work; Born and Jordan’s work; Copenhagen Interpretation; Cramer’s work
The Simulation Hypothesis
by Rizwan Virk · 31 Mar 2019 · 315pp · 89,861 words
The Skeptics: The Resource Argument Evidence of Conditional Rendering Experiments for Evidence of Pixels Evidence of Computation: Error-Correcting Codes Quantum Computers, Error Codes, and Quantum Entanglement Quantum Entanglement and Simulation Fractals and Evidence of Computation in Nature Simple Programs and A New Kind of Science Conclusion—the Search for Evidence of Computation The
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(and perhaps travel) might be possible—by not going through the virtual space, or virtual pixels, in the simulation. These three areas are: Teleportation Wormholes Quantum Entanglement Traversing Space-Time No. 1: Teleportation A great example of teleportation is the virtual world called Second Life. In it, your character can walk from
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allow for going from point A to point B directly without traversing the space in between.40 There are a few scientists who believe that quantum entanglement could be the key to finding and figuring out how wormholes work. Juan Maldacena at the Institute for Advanced Study and Leonard Susskind at Stanford
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have theorized that wormholes are like quantum entanglement at a macro level, linking two points in space together just as two quantum particles can be linked together.41 If wormholes are real, and
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even more evidence of the simulation hypothesis and would be analogous to the teleporting in video games like Second Life. Traversing Space-Time No. 3: Quantum Entanglement We are used to having to traverse physical space (or the pixels that make up physical space), but since most of our travel has been
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seem to take less time, but we wouldn’t be able to get back to the same point. This brings us to the idea of quantum entanglement. This is when two particles become “entangled,” meaning it is theoretically possible from the state of one particle to guess the state of the corresponding
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instantaneously, even if it is far away. Einstein called this “spooky action at a distance” but it has been shown to be a real phenomenon. Quantum entanglement seems to have the capacity for instantaneous communication across light years—which means that information would go from one part of our world to another
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faster than the speed of light. While physicists admit that quantum entanglement exists and is being used in applications like quantum cryptography, there is still plenty of debate about whether two entangled particles actually constitutes sending information
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from place A to B faster than the speed of light. No one knows exactly how or why quantum entanglement works. We’ll explore this idea and quantum computing in more detail in Chapter 11, Skeptics and Believers: Evidence of Computation, but once again the
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questions raised here, the idea of a wormhole is itself intriguing and suggests, along with quantum entanglement, that there are ways to get around the physical limitations of the speed of light in our physical reality. Quantum entanglement is completely unexplainable given our current models of physical reality. If any of these methods can
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approach, of finding evidence of computation may be a very fruitful path for looking for evidence of the simulation hypothesis. Quantum Computers, Error Codes, and Quantum Entanglement Thus far, we have focused primarily on standard computing techniques, which use digital bits to represent information, namely computer models and pixels within scenes. One
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that quantum computers now exist gives us a clue that the physical universe is most likely a super-sophisticated quantum computer. Quantum Error Correction and Quantum Entanglement One of the mysteries of physics over the last century has been how to square Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which gives an explanation
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turns out that the simplest way to do error correction on sets of qubits is to rely on another mysterious, unexplainable property of quantum physics—quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement—which we mentioned in Chapter 8—describes how two or more particles correspond to one another no matter where they are located in the physical
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define the fabric of space-time itself. They were using a scaled-down model of the universe, called de Sitter space, and found that using quantum entanglement across particles allowed them to reconstruct the location of various particles in this scaled down version of space-time without needing all the information.76
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finding error-correcting codes could be the smoking gun, if you will, of evidence for the universe being simulated on some type of computer. Quantum Entanglement and Simulation Quantum entanglement itself is a mysterious property of quantum physics that physicists are unable to explain. As mentioned earlier, even though it was the result of
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that Einstein coauthored with Rosen and Podolsky, Einstein himself derided the idea as “spooky action at a distance.” Since then, there has been confirmation that quantum entanglement exists, and it has even been used in the new field of quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography relies on the strange property that if the quantum
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ways for particles to become entangled. These include experiments where a quantum particle is entangled using qubits. In 2017, Norbert Kalb et al. demonstrated that quantum entanglement can be enhanced between an actual particle and a qubit, and confirmed the entanglement at a distance of 2 meters.77 This has implications for
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using a different spot in memory, we might say that they are no longer shared—or, in the terminology of qubits, no longer entangled. In quantum entanglement, it is possible for particles to de-cohere as well, by interacting with the environment, or by simply measuring the quantum state. This can easily
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gets its own value in memory, so that its state can be saved independently from pixel A. This is a rather simplistic explanation of how quantum entanglement could work, using an almost trivial technique from computer graphics and computer science. However, it is another example of how adopting a model of computation
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and that that may be the underlying mechanism for coherence of space-time itself is a promising area of investigation. Finally, it’s clear that quantum entanglement, as mysterious as it is, is somehow fundamental to how particles work and provides even further evidence that the universe may be a self-optimizing
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that may be the most accurate (and optimized) way for space-time to construct itself out of a series of bits (or quantum particles) using quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement itself is unexplained and may only make sense if looked at computationally. Finally, moving from the micro to the macro level, we see evidence of
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one part of the world to another. Einstein-Rosen bridges, or wormholes, show a way to accomplish this in our simulated space-time reality. Moreover, quantum entanglement and non-locality show that there may be ways to transfer information between different parts of the system at faster than the speed of light
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constraints. This all suggests that there is something outside of normal space-time, which means that space-time is a construct, not unlike a simulation. Quantum entanglement seems to show proof that information can be at least shared instantly, and this is more explainable via the simulation hypothesis than by our current
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, 167–69 quantized space and time, 173–76, 288 quantized time, 171–74 quantum computers, 257–260, 267, 273–74 quantum cryptography, 261 quantum entanglement, 179–182, 259–260 quantum entanglement and simulation, 261–63 quantum error correction, 259–260, 263 quantum foam, 168 quantum indeterminacy (QI), 11, 124, 134–35, 139–140, 253
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), 91, 91f souls, 285–86 Space Invaders, 34, 35f, 36, 82, 87, 208, 273 space time, 181–82 space time, instant travel, simulation overview, 176 quantum entanglement, 176, 180–81 teleportation, 176–78 wormholes, 176, 178–180 SpaceWar! 32 special effects, films, 64–66 speed of light, 123, 126, 168–69 speed
Quantum Computing for Everyone
by Chris Bernhardt · 19 Mar 2019 · 211pp · 57,618 words
wrong. Einstein’s model seems to us to be the natural and correct model—at least it does to me. When I first heard of quantum entanglement, my natural assumption was to assume a model similar to Einstein’s. You too might be thinking about entanglement incorrectly. These arguments are important to
Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology
by Johnjoe McFadden and Jim Al-Khalili · 14 Oct 2014 · 476pp · 120,892 words
of any external magnetic field. Schulten then went on to propose that the enigmatic avian compass might be using this kind of quantum entanglement mechanism. We haven’t mentioned quantum entanglement yet because it is probably the strangest feature of quantum mechanics. It allows particles that were once together to remain in instant
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action at a distance.” And it is indeed this spooky action at a distance that so often intrigues “quantum mystics” who make extravagant claims for quantum entanglement, for example that it accounts for paranormal “phenomena” such as telepathy. Einstein was skeptical because entanglement appeared to violate his theory of relativity, which stated
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this, Einstein was wrong: we now know empirically that quantum particles really can have instantaneous long-range links. But, just in case you are wondering, quantum entanglement can’t be invoked to validate telepathy. The idea that the weird quantum property of entanglement was involved in ordinary chemical reactions was considered outlandish
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up with the Wiltschkos to perform a study of European robins that provided the first experimental evidence in support of this theory that birds use quantum entanglement to navigate around the globe. Schulten, it seemed, had been right all along. Their 2004 paper, published in the prestigious UK-based journal Nature, sparked
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responsible for bird navigation it would have to have a lasting effect on an entire robin. So the claim that the avian magnetic compass was quantum entangled was a wholly different level of proposition from the claim that entanglement was involved in an exotic chemical reaction involving just a couple of particles
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. This is the process of observation or measurement of quantum objects that we first met in chapter 1 when considering Alain Aspect’s demonstration of quantum entanglement in separated photons. You will remember that Aspect’s team measured their photons by passing them through a polarized lens that destroyed their entangled state
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Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. There he became interested in the possibility that electrons generated in the fast triplet reaction by exposure to light could be quantum entangled. His calculations suggested that if entanglement was indeed involved in chemical reactions then the speed of these reactions should be affected by an external magnetic
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papers (Schulten’s appeared just a little before Michel-Beyerle’s) describing the discovery that the weird property of quantum entanglement can indeed influence chemical reactions. Schulten’s 1976 paper15 proposed that quantum entanglement was responsible for the speed of the exotic fast triplet reactions studied in the Max Planck laboratory; but his groundbreaking
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by Schrödinger who, along with Einstein, was not a fan of what Einstein referred to as “spooky action at a distance.” But, despite their skepticism, quantum entanglement has been proved in many experiments and is one of the most fundamental ideas in quantum mechanics, with many applications and examples in physics and
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chemistry—and, as we shall see, possibly in biology too. To understand how quantum entanglement gets tangled up with biology we have to combine two ideas. The first is this instantaneous connection between two particles across space: entanglement. The second
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changed is your knowledge. The remote box had always contained the left-handed glove, irrespective of whether or not you chose to open your box. Quantum entanglement is different. Before the measurement, neither electron has a definite spin direction. It is only the act of measurement (of either entangled particle) that forces
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of modern science. And although we may not have an intuitive or commonsense grasp of what is going on in the two-slit experiment or quantum entanglement, the mathematics that underpins quantum mechanics is precise, logical and incredibly powerful. But consciousness is different. Nobody knows where or how it fits in with
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these strings following rotations that instantiates quantum calculations. Whereas the state of one classical bit has no influence on its neighbors, qubits may also be quantum entangled. You may remember from chapter 6 that entanglement is a quantum step up from coherence whereby quantum particles lose their individuality, so that what happens
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. Lastly, we could even endow our protocell with a navigational system, perhaps a molecular nose to enable it to locate its food by utilizing the quantum entanglement olfactory receptor principle that we explored in chapter 5 and a molecular motor to propel itself through its primordial sea. We could even equip it
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and P. Thagard, “Is the brain a quantum computer?,” Cognitive Science, vol. 30: 3 (2006), pp. 593–603. 13 G. Bernroider and J. Summhammer, “Can quantum entanglement between ion transition states effect action potential initiation?,” Cognitive Computation, vol. 4 (2012), pp. 29–37. 14 McFadden, Quantum Evolution; J. McFadden, “Synchronous firing and
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.1, epl.1 genetic coding, 5.1, 5.2 human, 5.1, 5.2 identification of smells, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 odotope theory quantum entanglement relationship with odor molecules, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 shape theory, 5.1, 5.2 structure Turin’s work, 5.1, 8.1 vibration
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quantum computer(s): building, 4.1, 8.1, 10.1 human mind as plants as, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1 quantum-designed light traps quantum entanglement, see entanglement quantum heat engine quantum laws, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2 quantum mechanics: animal migration artificial life central mystery
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, 7.2 measurement effect, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 7.1 molecular biology MRI scanners origin of life, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 quantum entanglement quantum protocell, 10.1, 10.2 quantum spin quantum tunneling, 1.1, 3.1 role in consciousness, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
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.1 quantum effects role of light in magnetoreception, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 sensitivity to oscillating magnetic fields use of quantum entanglement, 1.1, 1.2 Wiltschkos’ experiments, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 rocks: dating Isua, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1 Rosing, Minik RuBisCO Ruska
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.2 chemical compass, 6.1, 6.2 DNA proton tunneling Penrose-Hameroff theory, 8.1, 8.2 phenomenon proto-enzyme proto-self-replicator quantum coherence quantum entanglement, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 quantum heat engine quantum spin, 6.1, 6.2 qubits, 8.1, 8.2 radical pair compass, 6.1
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