description: experimental method designed to reduce bias, typically accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, with one being a control group
305 results
by Jeanne Lenzer · 12 Dec 2017 · 328pp · 98,127 words
treatment of epilepsy. We only have drugs that do that. We are going to hold you to a drug standard, which [requires] huge double-blind randomized controlled trials.121 Cummins was incensed. The FDA’s standards for approval of medical devices are generally far lower than they are for drugs.123 For
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FDA approval. As with safety requirements, however, the bar was not set very high. The first truly scientific test of a proposed new drug, a randomized controlled trial of streptomycin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, was conducted in 1946. Randomization means that researchers assign volunteers to either an experimental treatment group
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control group, and nearly a third of those that did were retrospective—a form of review that is generally not as scientifically sound as a randomized controlled trial.15 A study published in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, found that from 2008 through 2012, the FDA cleared for market
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and bone marrow transplants in the belief that they were saving lives. But that belief was based on case reports and observational data. When five randomized controlled trials were finally completed in 1999, it was clear that the brutal treatment was no more effective than conventional chemotherapy and caused far more devastating
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, says Deyo, and new surgical devices have proliferated. Despite the increase in surgery, there is little evidence of benefit for many patients: three of four randomized controlled trials in Europe found “very little advantage over rigorous rehabilitation for back pain due to worn-out disks,” said Deyo. The long history of industry
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. Yet industry-sponsored research reported virtually no serious complications. Carragee was suspicious. He said, “Their results were simply too good. Medtronic said thirteen published RCTs [randomized controlled trials] involving eight-hundred-plus patients showed there were no ‘BMP-2 related’ complications despite using the potent growth factor at approximately one million times
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and other procedures that his invention helped bring about. He strongly suspected that many of these procedures were unnecessary. In the 1970s, Lown proposed a randomized controlled trial to test treatment options for patients suffering from blockages in their coronary arteries. In the test, half the patients would undergo surgery and half
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–1609. 130. Stergiopoulos K, Brown DL. Initial coronary stent implantation with medical therapy vs medical therapy alone for stable coronary artery disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):312–319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371919. 131. Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Teo KK
by Carissa Véliz · 21 Apr 2026 · 503pp · 129,255 words
effects. Thanks to bureaucrats pushing for numbers, we got agencies like the Food and Drug Administration making sure that medicines are safe enough through imposing randomized controlled trials on researchers and pharmaceuticals (neither of whom were happy about it). I wouldn’t want to live in a world without either drugs or
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. I’m not a futurist.” That’s an honest, expert answer. No one is. In science, the gold standard to bridge correlation and causation is randomized controlled trials, in which participants are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group; randomization helps ensure that the two groups are similar, thereby reducing
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the likelihood that observed differences in outcomes are due to factors other than the intervention. By controlling for confounding variables and allowing for replication, randomized controlled trials go beyond correlation and point at causation. The more we deal with industry AIs that perform statistical analyses for profit, the further away we
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, 241, 305n38 Quigley, Joan, 21 R racism, 45, 72, 234, 316n14 self-fulfilling prophecies and, 131–32, 137 Raffray, André-François, 154–56 rainforests, 188 randomized controlled trials, 62, 105 randomness, 32, 108 See also chance rape, 37–38, 132, 305n22 Rasputin, 74, 75, 85–86 rationalism, 28, 29, 32 empiricism versus
by Dean Spears and Michael Geruso · 7 Jul 2025 · 264pp · 96,174 words
New England Journal of Medicine published a huge experiment from Ghana, India, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania. The study confirmed, with the scientific rigor of a randomized control trial, that this process technology works. It showed that babies around the size of Preeti’s were 25 percent less likely to die in their
by Stuart Ritchie · 20 Jul 2020
Fraud’, STAT News, 23 June 2017; https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/23/china-death-penalty-research-fraud/ 100. Wang et al., ‘Positive Results in Randomized Controlled Trials on Acupuncture Published in Chinese Journals: A Systematic Literature Review’, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20, no. 5 (May 2014): A129–A129
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–82; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02240.x. And Candice Estellat, ‘Lack of Head-to-Head Trials and Fair Control Arms: Randomized Controlled Trials of Biologic Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis’, Archives of Internal Medicine 172, no. 3 (13 Feb. 2012): pp. 237–44; https://doi.org/10.1001
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Randomised Trial’, BMC Medicine 17, no. 1 (Dec. 2019): 91; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1324-7 27. Isabelle Boutron et al., ‘Three Randomized Controlled Trials Evaluating the Impact of “Spin” in Health News Stories Reporting Studies of Pharmacologic Treatments on Patients’/Caregivers’ Interpretation of Treatment Benefit’, BMC Medicine 17
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/page/authors/purpose-scope 60. New England Journal of Medicine: https://www.nejm.org/about-nejm/about-nejm 61. Isabelle Boutron, ‘Reporting and Interpretation of Randomized Controlled Trials with Statistically Nonsignificant Results for Primary Outcomes’, JAMA 303, no. 20 (26 May 2010): pp. 2058–64; https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010
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relegation to just an endnote here. Isabelle Boutron et al., ‘Impact of Spin in the Abstracts of Articles Reporting Results of Randomized Controlled Trials in the Field of Cancer: The SPIIN Randomized Controlled Trial’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 36 (20 Dec. 2014): pp. 4120–26; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014
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; https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/13592638 75. Wenjia Hui et al., ‘Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent C. Difficile Infection: An Updated Randomized Controlled Trial Meta-Analysis’, PLOS ONE 14, no. 1 (2019): e0210016; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210016; Theodore Rokkas et al., ‘A Network Meta
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-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Exploring the Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection’, United European Gastroenterology Journal 7, no. 8 (Oct. 2019): pp. 1051–63
by Trisha Greenhalgh · 18 Nov 2010 · 321pp · 97,661 words
-analysis in context. Chichester: Wiley.com, 2008. 16 Fergusson D, Glass KC, Hutton B, et al. Randomized controlled trials of aprotinin in cardiac surgery: could clinical equipoise have stopped the bleeding? Clinical Trials 2005;2(3):218–32
by Ben Goldacre · 1 Jan 2012 · 402pp · 129,876 words
. 41 Emerson GB, Warme WJ, Wolf FM, Heckman JD, Brand RA, Leopold SS. Testing for the Presence of Positive-Outcome Bias in Peer Review: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 22;170(21):1934–9. 42 Weber EJ, Callaham ML, Wears RL, Barton C, Young G. Unpublished research from
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Sep 11;364(9438):911–2. 60 Mathieu S, Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Ravaud P. Comparison of Registered and Published Primary Outcomes in Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 2009 Sep 2;302(9):977–84. 61 Wieseler B, McGauran N, Kaiser T. Still waiting for functional EU Clinical Trials Register. BMJ
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reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2002 Sep;190(9):583–92. 20 Gilbody S, Wahlbeck K, Adams C. Randomized controlled trials in schizophrenia: a critical perspective on the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105:243–251. 21 Montori VM, Jaeschke R, Schünemann HJ, Bhandari M
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: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/nov/10/drugs-medical-research 41 Boutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and Interpretation of Randomized Controlled Trials With Statistically Nonsignificant Results for Primary Outcomes. JAMA. 2010 May 26;303(20):2058–64. 42 Alasbali, T. et al., 2009. Discrepancy between results
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Kravitz RL, Epstein RM, Feldman MD, Franz CE, Azari R, Wilkes MS, et al. Influence of patients’ requests for direct-to-consumer advertised antidepressants: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Apr 27;293(16):1995–2002. 6 Iizuka T. What Explains the Use of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs? The
by Peter Gutmann
and Charlotte Ringsted, Medical Education, Vol.43, No.1 (January 2009), p.5. [614] “Repeated testing improves long-term retention relative to repeated study: a randomised controlled trial”, Douglas Larsen, Andrew Butler and Henry Roediger III, Medical Education, Vol.43, No.12 (December 2009), p.1174. [615] “Why Testing Improves Memory: Mediator
by Ben Goldacre · 22 Oct 2014 · 467pp · 116,094 words
the Lancet paper to which they refer. Antiretroviral medications have repeatedly been shown to save lives in systematic reviews of large numbers of well-conducted randomised controlled trials. The Lancet paper they reference simply surveys the first decade of patients who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) – modern combinations of multiple antiretroviral
by Andrew Leigh · 14 Sep 2018 · 340pp · 94,464 words
Political scientists have created the Experiments in Governance and Politics Network (which lists around 700 studies). Economists have created the American Economic Association’s Randomized Controlled Trials registry (which lists around 1500 studies). Unlike in medicine, most social science journals do not yet refuse to publish unregistered trials, nor
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the Department of Health and Human Services to ‘ensure that States use the funds to support models that have been shown in well-designed randomized controlled trials, to produce sizeable, sustained effects on important child outcomes such as abuse and neglect’. Charitable foundations have a vital role to play
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juvenile delinquency’ (Updated C2 Review), Campbell Collaboration Reviews of Intervention and Policy Evaluations (C2-RIPE), 2002. See also Robert Boruch & Ning Rui, ‘From randomized controlled trials to evidence grading schemes: Current state of evidence-based practice in social sciences’, Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, 2008,
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Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, ‘Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials’, NBER Working Paper 22595, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. 36Gordon C.S. Smith & Jill P. Pell, 2003, ‘Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials’, British Medical Journal, vol. 327
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F.R. Huang, Michelle M. Dowsey, Eric Ee, et al., ‘Coronal alignment correlates with outcome after total knee arthroplasty: Five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial’, The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 27, no. 9, 2012, pp. 1737–41. 2Sina Babazadeh, Michelle M. Dowsey, James D. Stoney & Peter
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F.M. Choong, ‘Gap balancing sacrifices joint-line maintenance to improve gap symmetry: A randomized controlled trial comparing gap balancing and measured resection’, The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 29, no. 5, 2014, pp. 950–4; Michael J. Barrington, David J
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of serum treatment of diphtheria’, British Medical Journal, vol. 317, no. 7167, 1998, pp. 1243. 28Marcia L. Meldrum, ‘A brief history of the randomized controlled trial: From oranges and lemons to the gold standard’, HematologyOoncology Clinics of North America, vol. 14, no. 4, 2000, pp. 745–60. 29Arun Bhatt,
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fruit and vegetables. 53H.C. Bucher, P. Hengstler, C. Schindler & G.Meier, ‘N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials’, American Journal of Medicine, vol. 112, no. 4, 2002, pp. 298–304. 54E.C. Rizos, E.E. Ntzani, E. Bika, et al
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, 5 August 2015. 56Stuart A. Armstrong, Eloise S. Till, Stephen R. Maloney & Gregory A. Harris, ‘Compression socks and functional recovery following marathon running: A randomized controlled trial’, The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, vol. 29, no. 2, 2015, pp. 528–33. 57Jenna B. Gillen, Brian J. Martin, Martin J.
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–3. 59T. Bakuradze, R. Lang, T. Hofmann, et al., ‘Consumption of a dark roast coffee decreases the level of spontaneous DNA strand breaks: a randomized controlled trial’, European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 54, no. 1, 2015, pp. 149–56. 60Ateev Mehrotra & Allan Prochazka, ‘Improving value in health care—Against
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Robert H. Brook, Caren J. Kamberg, et al., ‘Use of medical care in the RAND Health Insurance Experiment: Diagnosis-and service-specific analyses in a randomized controlled trial’, Medical Care, vol. 24, no. 9, 1986, S1–S87. 16Joseph P. Newhouse, ‘Consumer-directed health plans and the RAND Health Insurance Experiment
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Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues, Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria, 2015. 40Kevin G. Volpp, Andrea B. Troxel, Mark V. Pauly, et al., ‘A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 360, no. 7, 2009, pp. 699–709. 41Center for Disease Control and
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randomized controlled trial in disadvantaged community-based settings’, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, vol. 80, no. 1, 2012, p. 116. A randomised evaluation of the UK parenting program SureStart also showed positive results: Judy et al., ‘Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: Pragmatic randomised controlled
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–56. 19Megan H. Bair-Merritt, Jacky M. Jennings, Rusan Chen, et al., ‘Reducing maternal intimate partner violence after the birth of a child: A randomized controlled trial of the Hawaii Healthy Start Home Visitation Program’, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol. 164, no. 1, 2010, pp. 16–23; Jamila
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van Leerdam, et al., ‘Effect of nurse home visits vs. usual care on reducing intimate partner violence in young high-risk pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial,’ PloS one, vol. 8, no. 10, 2013, e78185. I am grateful to Cathryn Stephens for bringing this research to my attention. 20See
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(9 per cent) produced positive effects, while seventy (91 per cent) produced weak or no positive effects. See Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy, ‘Randomized controlled trials commissioned by the Institute of Education Sciences since 2002: How many found positive versus weak or no effects’, July 2013. 43Robert E. Slavin,
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experiment’, Justice Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 4, 1995, pp. 755–81. 29Anthony A. Braga, ‘Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials’, Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 1, no. 3, 2005, pp. 317–42. 30David L. Weisburd & Lorraine Green, ‘Policing drug hot spots: The
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to over 200 crimes per year. Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Travis Taniguchi, Elizabeth R. Groff & Jennifer D. Wood, ‘The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots’, Criminology, vol. 49, no. 3, 2011, pp. 795–831. Thanks to Jerry Ratcliffe for confirming
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of Economic Literature, vol. 55, no. 3, 2017, pp. 866–915. 51Dana Burde & Leigh L. Linden, ‘Bringing education to Afghan girls: A randomized controlled trial of village-based schools’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 5, no. 3, 2013, pp. 27–40. 52The student gains were approximately half a
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also amended to $100,000–$300,000. See Laura and John Arnold Foundation, ‘Laura and John Arnold Foundation announces expanded funding for low-cost randomized controlled trials to drive effective social spending’, press release, 7 December 2015. 9David Halpern, Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a
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Trials Project, 2016, www.COMPare-trials.org; Christopher W. Jones, Lukas G. Keil, Wesley C. Holland, et al., ‘Comparison of registered and published outcomes in randomized controlled trials: A systematic review’, BMC Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1–12; Padhraig S. Fleming, Despina Koletsi, Kerry Dwan & Nikolaos Pandis
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, p. 14. 34Education Endowment Foundation, ‘Classification of the security of findings from EEF evaluations’, 21 May 2014. 35‘David Olds speaks on value of randomized controlled trials’, Children’s Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 26 May 2014. 36Dean Karlan & Daniel H. Wood, ‘The effect
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major reason why nine tenths of randomised trials commissioned by the US Department of Education reported no positive impact: Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy, ‘Randomized controlled trials commissioned by the Institute of Education Sciences since 2002: How many found positive versus weak or no effects?’, Washington, DC: Coalition for
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7 Alhassan, Lariat 102–3 see also YouWiN! Alm, Steven 97–8 Amazon 7, 131–2, 137, 144, 167 American Economic Association’s Randomized Controlled Trials registry 199 American Psychological Association, and Joseph Jastrow 51 Ames, Phil 184–5 ‘anchoring’ effect 133 Andrade, Leandro 101 Annie Hall 208–9
by Ben Goldacre · 1 Jan 2008 · 322pp · 107,576 words
you ever be lucky enough to read them, play this classic drug-company card very assertively. They will claim, for example, that a ‘placebo-controlled randomised control trial’ has shown benefits from a particular vitamin, when what they mean is, it showed changes in a ‘surrogate outcome’. For example, the trial may
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