rewilding

Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life

by George Monbiot  · 13 May 2013  · 424pp  · 122,350 words

in which man’s power to dominate is consciously withheld. It is a vision fed by his growing disenchantment with the landscape that surrounds him. . . . Rewilding along the lines Monbiot advocates becomes an attractive proposal, a hopeful metaphor for something over nothing.” —The Guardian “Part personal journal, part rigorous (and riveting

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grazing by sheep, cattle and horses. It is as if conservationists in the Amazon had decided to protect the cattle ranches, rather than the rainforest. Rewilding recognizes that nature consists not just of a collection of species but also of their ever-shifting relationships with each other and with the physical

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shedding civilization. We can, I believe, enjoy the benefits of advanced technology while also enjoying, if we choose, a life richer in adventure and surprise. Rewilding is not about abandoning civilization but about enhancing it. It is to ‘love not man the less, but Nature more’.8 The consequences of abandoning

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always proceed in the same direction. Environmentalism in the twentieth century foresaw a silent spring, in which the further degradation of the biosphere seemed inevitable. Rewilding offers the hope of a raucous summer, in which, in some parts of the world at least, destructive processes are thrown into reverse. Nevertheless, like

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, to buy some of the surrounding land and plant trees. The Cambrian Mountains must be among the most unpromising places in northern Europe for a rewilding experiment. Grazed and cleared for thousands of years, infertile, naturally acid and further acidified by pollution from power stations, scourged by wild Atlantic storms and

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grazers in this habitat, in other words, are keystone species, flipping the entire ecosystem from one state to another. This suggests, incidentally, that large-scale rewilding of the tundra, which Zimov and others promote, while a fascinating prospect, could have a damaging consequence. Moss is such a good insulator that it

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diversity of the region, it could accelerate the melting which threatens to release large quantities of a powerful greenhouse gas. This is a reminder that rewilding, like any change we contemplate, has costs. In some cases the costs may outweigh the benefits. Hunting by humans might also have transformed the environment

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beings are an endangered species. It is one of the least-habited places in Europe, and people are unlikely ever to return in large numbers. Rewilding here, by contrast to some other promising places, conflicts with few people’s aspirations. As the new millennium began, Alan applied for grants, badgered

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, through brutal winters and cruel, deceptive springs, clothed with kale and neeps and tatties, before the Clearances snatched its makers from the land. Would the rewilding of a large tract of the Highlands inflict similar damage upon the lives of its few remaining inhabitants, depriving them of their remaining means of

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main ferry terminal.28 A study commissioned by the Scottish government calculates that wildlife tourism in Scotland is already worth £276 million a year.29 Rewilding and the reintroduction of other missing species could greatly enhance this figure, generating many more jobs than deer-stalking does today. Gamekeeping is one of

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story it’s telling us? My question was: “What’s Nature seeking to do here?” That is crucially different from the ethos of human domination. Rewilding is about humility, about stepping back.’ This land, he hoped, would within fifty years be used by capercaillie, ospreys, golden eagles, red squirrels, boar,

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conservation, to protect the lynx, the Spanish imperial eagles, the vultures, Iberian ibex and other rare wildlife that lives there. In each of these places, Rewilding Europe is seeking to demonstrate that restoring ecological processes makes more money for local people than was generated by the industries that formerly used the

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The conservation group WWF is helping to protect around a million hectares in the Carpathian Mountains and the Danube catchment, connecting existing national parks and rewilded lands in Serbia and Romania.38 A coalition of wildlife groups called Wild Europe hopes to allow wildlife to move between protected areas all over

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artefact of overgrazing: as soon as the trees were given some protection, the researchers at Dundreggan discovered that they grew more vigorously on level ground. Rewilding experiments are likely to present stiff challenges to current scientific knowledge. Many of the places ecologists have studied have been radically altered by human intervention

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to fear the insatiable ape, the diminutive monster which could look back upon its deeds and forward to their embellishment. People who call themselves Pleistocene rewilders seek to recapitulate the prehuman fauna of the Americas.54 They point out that the extinctions terminated trophic cascades and other processes that must have

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an adaptation to the presence of the American cheetah, now inhabit an ecological vacuum, in which they are constrained by neither predation nor competition. These rewilders call for the introduction of proxy species to the Americas: exotic members of the groups that became extinct, or animals which fulfil a similar ecological

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species. The Pleistocene Park being established in north-eastern Siberia by Sergey Zimov and other visionary ecologists is, most of the time, less contentious. The rewilders began, in 1988, by releasing Yakutian horses–believed to be closely related to the wild horses that lived in the region towards the end of

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never have their grants stopped. But one thing he is not allowed to do is what these rules call ‘land abandonment’, and what I call rewilding. The European Commission, without producing any evidence, insists that ‘land abandonment in less advantageous areas would have negative environmental consequences’.33 To abandon is to

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growing or even stable share of national employment. The remaining farmers, like Dafydd, survive by making much of their income from activities other than farming. Rewilding, on the other hand, has great potential to attract walkers and nature-lovers. Though the Cambrian Mountains are close to the conurbations of the West

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Midlands, they are scarcely visited today. In the early years, rewilding requires plenty of labour: planting trees, reintroducing lost plants and animals, removing fences and controlling exotic invasive species, such as rhododendron and Sitka spruce, and

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stray sheep. As the ecosystem recovered, the rewilding workforce would decline, but the potential for generating money from tourism would rise. Banishing the sheep and banishing the people are not the same thing

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and the army is a different matter. I would oppose any proposal to wrest land out of the hands of farmers for the purpose of rewilding. If rewilding is to happen, it must do so with the consent and involvement of those who currently work there. But none of this is to

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to resolve conflicting ideas or values. I was unable to deny either position, yet each was exclusive of the other: I could not simultaneously support rewilding and the restoration of the ecosystem and support efforts to sustain the sheep farming that kept Dafydd, Delyth and their culture alive. I saw destruction

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and community associated with raising sheep are highly valued, farming will continue. Where they are not, it will stop. Large areas of land would be rewilded, and the farmers who owned it could receive, as well as their main payments, genuinely green subsidies for the planting, reintroductions and other tasks required

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from other parts of the world, Europe, the first continent to lose its megafauna and much of its mesofauna (the middle-sized animals), could, through rewilding, become one of the most biologically wealthy regions on earth. The story we have missed, while rightly lamenting the shocking collapse of biodiversity in so

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heart. The forest seemed to bristle with possibility. Here, to mangle Auden, nature’s jungle growths were unabated, her exorbitant monsters unabashed.3 This great rewilding, Tomaž explained, was the accidental result of a series of hideous human tragedies. Some 150 years ago, just 30 per cent of the Kočevje region

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would ‘decay and finally disappear in the face of modern industry’.) Without goats, which browsed back the scrub, the pastures became unsuitable for sheep. The rewilding of the western side of Slovenia, the rapid regrowth of forests there and the recovery of its populations of bears, wolves, lynx, wild boar, ibex

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was also responsible for helping to formulate some of the unscientific tenets of Nazi ideology. He advocated a programme of eugenics whose purpose was to rewild human nature, by stripping people of what he considered to be the genetic legacy of civilization. Lorenz sought scientific justifications for Friedrich Nietzsche’s attempt

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Heck released some of these ersatz aurochs into the Białowieża Forest Göring had seized. The descendants of these animals are now being used in a rewilding project in the Netherlands, on a large polder at Oostvaardersplassen, which has none of those political connotations. There they range freely within a reserve

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us against making ‘an obscene syllogism: to imply in any way that modern environmentalism has any kind of historical kinship with totalitarianism’. Nevertheless, the forced rewildings which have taken place elsewhere offer a pungent warning of how this project could go badly wrong if we are not mindful of its hazards

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-scale restoration of living systems and natural processes can take place without harming anyone’s interests. This will, I believe, enhance our civilization, enrich and rewild our own lives, introduce us to wonders which, in these bleak lands, now seem scarcely imaginable. 12 The Conservation Prison What would the world be

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the continued existence of reserves in which endangered species which could not otherwise survive are maintained through intensive management.*13 Nor do I believe that rewilding should replace attempts to change the way farms are managed, to allow more wildlife to live among crops and livestock: I would like to

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come from governments and their agencies; it is up to campaigners to mobilize public opinion to make it happen. In a few places, something resembling rewilding is beginning, slowly and uncertainly, to happen. At Ennerdale in the Lake District, the National Trust, the Forestry Commission and a water company are

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to saltmarsh, partly to protect the coast from erosion and storm surges. The transformation happens at great speed: after just a few years of inundation, rewilded barley fields support samphire, mullet and flounder, crabs, clams and flocks of wading birds. In the lowlands of eastern England, government bodies and a wildlife

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hope that birds such as spoonbills and cranes will return. There are several dozen similar projects in Britain, many of them hybrids between conservation and rewilding, allowing nature more freedom than before, but in most cases unable to kick the addiction to livestock and management. Even by European standards–let alone

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/news/wolf-belgium.html 46. Erwin van Maanen, 2011, ‘Wolves marching further west!’, http://www.rewildingfoundation.org/2011/09/23/wolves-marching-further-west/ 47. Rewilding Europe, Making Europe a Wilder Place. 48. Ibid. 49. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bison bonasus. http

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and dog depredation on livestock in central Italy’, Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 26, pp. 504–14. 56. Laetitia M. Navarro and Henrique M. Pereira, 2012, ‘Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe’, Ecosystems, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 900–912. 57. Charles J. Wilson, 2004, ‘Could we live with reintroduced large carnivores in

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wolves via text message’, www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19147403 59. Guillaume Chapron, 13 July 2010, ‘Restoring and managing wolves in Sweden’, presentation at Rewilding Europe and the Return of Predators. Symposium convened by the Zoological Society of London. 60. Oliver Rackham, 1986, The History of the Countryside, JM Dent

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we live with reintroduced large carnivores in the UK?’. 74. David Hetherington, 13 July 2010, ‘The potential for restoring Eurasian lynx to Scotland’, presentation at Rewilding Europe and the Return of Predators. Symposium convened by the Zoological Society of London. 75. U. Breitenmoser et al, 2000, The Action Plan for the

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, http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/_extinct/teratorn/teratorn.htm 51. For example, Paul S. Martin, 2005, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America, University of California Press, Berkeley; F. L. Koch and A. D. Barnosky, 2006, ‘Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate’, Annual Review of

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Oostvaardersplassen’, British Wildlife, vol. 20, no. 5 (special supplement), pp. 28–36. 37. Lorimer and Driessen, ‘Bovine biopolitics and the promise of monsters in the rewilding of Heck cattle’. 12. THE CONSERVATION PRISON *1 Among those which have, in my view, been kept by conservation groups in a similar state of

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expect to see a good deal more fossil evidence, before they returned in domesticated form, later in the Neolithic. *13 Hambler and Canney argue that rewilding protects a greater number of threatened species than any other approach.38 1. Noticeboard at the entrance of the reserve. 2. Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust, 2009

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, 2009, As Nature Intended: Best Practice Examples of Wilderness Management in the Natura 2000 Network, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/?uNewsID=192724 13. REWILDING THE SEA 1. Sam Davis, 2008, Spider Crabs–the Wildebeest of our Waters, http://helfordmarineconservation.co.uk/publications/newsletters/spider-crabs-the-wildebeest-of-our

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142–6, 178 —keystone species see keystone species —marine 232–4, 235–43 —monocultures 95, 153–4, 168, 242 —palaeocology 93, 136 —revival through rewilding see rewilding —and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome 69, 92, 142, 243, 244 —Siberian 141–2 —as spectral relics 93 —trophic cascades see trophic cascades —see also environmental

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–8, 239–49, 250, 253–4 environmentalism 11–12 —conservation movement see conservation movement —reforestation see reforestation —reintroduction of species see reintroduction of species —rewilding see rewilding epiphytes 67 Eremotherium 137 Estonia 109, 161 eugenics 203, 205 European Commission 162, 165 European Journal of Forest Research 117 European Union 18–19, 165

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79–80, 107, 113, 118, 131, 152 —and ‘lionization’ 61 —and Nazi ideology 199–200, 202–4, 206, 207–8 —in the Netherlands 208 —Pleistocene rewilders 139–42 —post-Romantic view of 177 —reforestation see reforestation —reintroduction of species see reintroduction of species —and restoration of trophic diversity 84, 117 —scientific

Wilding: The Return of Nature to a British Farm

by Isabella Tree  · 2 May 2018  · 473pp  · 124,861 words

‘letter of intent to establish a biodiverse wilderness area in the Low Weald of Sussex’. 2003 First visit by scientists from English Nature to consider rewilding at Knepp. June – Introduction of twenty Old English longhorns to the Repton park. June – CAP reform, based on decoupled aid, allows farmers to take

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August – Neighbouring farmers and landowners invited to ‘A Wild Wood Day’ at Knepp, in an attempt to encourage them to support and/or join the rewilding project. November – Introduction of six Exmoor ponies to the Repton park. 2004 Countryside Stewardship funds extension of the park restoration to the ‘Middle’ and

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outstanding example of ‘landscape-scale restoration in recovering nature’. 2018 Summer – Twenty male turtle doves recorded. September – Soil research by Cranfield University finds that, under rewilding at Knepp, soil carbon, organic matter and microbial biomass have more than doubled, and fungal biomarkers (mycorrhizae) have more than tripled.Land managers owning, in

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total, a million acres visit Knepp to investigate the possibilities of rewilding. 2019 May – UN report warns that one million species are at risk of extinction in the next few years, with serious consequences for human beings

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the plan, is a challenge to conventional thinking. It particularly unsettles scientists who like to test hypotheses, run computer models, tick boxes and fix goals. Rewilding – giving nature the space and opportunity to express itself – is largely a leap of faith. It involves surrendering all preconceptions, and simply sitting back

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and observing what happens. Rewilding Knepp is full of surprises, and the unexpected outcomes are changing what we thought we knew about some of our native species’ behaviour and habitats

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, the British response was excessively cautious. The Dutch, with a higher population density and far less land to play with, were willing to give rewilding a try. But our considerably smaller project at Knepp had fallen into a bog of feasibility studies, esoteric definitions and health and safety fears. Simply

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become defined by our insularity, by a narrowing of the field of vision. While as private landowners there was nothing stopping us going ahead with rewilding the land without external support, we needed funding from government, or elsewhere – principally to cover the cost of erecting deer fences around our boundaries.

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neighbouring farmers and landowners, fifty in all, to an afternoon of presentations followed by supper in the bothy in the park. Avoiding the contentious word ‘rewilding’ we called it ‘A Wild Wood Day’. Hans Kampf, an environmental policy adviser to the Dutch government, drove over from Holland to present the

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project. In January 2005 Keith Kirby wrote: ‘We have had informal discussions with various people in the Rural Development Service and the Countryside Agency about “rewilding” ideas; some people enthusiastic, some less so.’ Anticipating the ‘new, integrated rural delivery agency’ in 2007 he went on, ‘as part of the run

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feel “feed the world” should be our guideline’; ‘It is taking reasonable agricultural land out of production thereby increasing the need for imported products’; ‘Rewilding a section of South East England which has been prime agricultural land, made up of ancient field patterns and homesteads dating back to the Anglo

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in 1951. Knepp is a casualty of a global process of extraordinary rises in agricultural productivity and the resulting abandonment of marginal land. By 2030 Rewilding Europe estimates there will be 30 million hectares of abandoned farmland in Europe. Already, much of northern Scandinavia lies fallow. What happens to all

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, reclusive, forest-dwelling animal preying almost exclusively on roe deer) can be anything from 8 to 174 square miles. Nevertheless, the strong association of ‘rewilding’ with predator reintroductions was already fuelling speculation that Knepp was about to become some kind of Jurassic Park. Charlie and I had been pussy-footing

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thinking that such opportunities are limited in densely populated, heavily industrialized, historically fragmented Europe. But suddenly, in the last few decades, possibilities for American-style rewilding on this side of the pond have blown wide open. The same effects that have influenced us at Knepp – increased competition through globalization and a

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white at the tips, feels slightly greasy to the touch – raincoat protection for their long distance travels across the countryside at night. By 2009, our rewilded 3,500 acres of former arable farmland could claim fifteen ‘UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority’ species – four bats and eleven birds – and sixty invertebrate

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energy, taming the monster. The devastating floods hurtling off hillsides in the Lake District in 2009 threw up obvious comparisons with the singular response of rewilded Ennerdale. On 18 and 19 November, cataclysmic rain descended in the high fells (Thirlmere, five miles from Ennerdale, received the record – 405 millimetres over

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twenty months old), we felt we had reached the maximum stocking density for the project and needed to start culling. Suddenly a by-product of rewilding began to present itself as a potentially significant income stream. We were, in effect, producing premium organic longhorn beef with no feed or infrastructure

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destroys itself. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, Letter to all State Governors on a Uniform Soil Conservation Law, 1937 When we began rewilding, our attention, like most people who visit Knepp for the first time, gravitated towards the large mammals, their physical presence, lumbering through the landscape

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, zinc and iron, making them available in a form that plants can absorb. But mycorrhizae also contribute a final compelling argument to the value of rewilding the soil – that of carbon sequestration. One of the secrets, as Graham Harvey explains in his book Carbon Fields (2008), is an extraordinary substance

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increase to 1.5/2 °C, while at the same time increasing global food security by improving soil fertility and stability. The potential for rewilding projects like Knepp to provide carbon sequestration is of increasing interest to our own government, under pressure to meet its ambitious target of reducing carbon

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assessment is in carbon storage – an estimated 51 per cent rise resulting from the ‘increased carbon storage capacity of neutral grassland and broadleaved woodland under rewilding’. Over a period of fifty years, the report estimated, Knepp Wildland will have stored an additional £14 million worth of carbon. The great concerns

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the Earth; that we breathe her air and receive life from her waters. Encyclical from Pope Francis, 2015 Gradually, ten years after we started rewilding, local criticism of Knepp Wildland began to simmer down as people grew more familiar with it and the vegetation became more complex and established. Aesthetic

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‘land sparing’ in the jargon – is farming’s greatest ally. By halting and reversing land degradation, securing water resources and providing insects for crop pollination, rewilding provides services vital to the long-term sustainability of agriculture and food production. The complex mosaic of habitats stimulated by free-roaming grazing animals as

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idea of ‘wildness’; the desire to preserve what is considered as traditional, rural countryside with an aesthetically pleasing, tightly ordered landscape; the notion of rewilding as land ‘abandonment’. And there are fears about loss of control, particularly in regard to public access, sporting rights and the ability to control populations

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we hope, will secure the viability of the project, irrespective of what becomes of subsidies. Tourism is undoubtedly one of the big potential winners of rewilding. With increasing urbanization more and more people are seeking out nature in their spare time. Rural tourism is believed to be worth around £14 billion

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the mineral content of fruits and vegetables’. British Food Journal , vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 207–11 (July 1997) Midgley, Olivia. ‘Increasing yields and rewilding spared land could slash greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent’. Farmers Guardian Insight News , 4 January 2016 https://www.fginsight.com/news/increasing-yields

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-and-rewilding-spared-land-could-slash-ghg-emissions-by-80-per-cent-8913 Monbiot, George. ‘The Hunger Games’. Guardian , 13 August 2012 Priestley, Sara. ‘Food Waste’.

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Storm Deinet, S., Ieronymidou, C., McRae, L., et al. ‘Wildlife comeback in Europe – the recovery of selected mammal and bird species’. Final report to Rewilding Europe by ZSL, BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council. Zoological Society of London (2013) https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/media/2014

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-sheet on the European turtle dove, Birdlife International. http://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/attachments/factsheet_-_european_turtle-dove_ci_1_1.pdf 13. Rewilding the River Harribin, Roger. ‘Back to nature flood schemes need “government leadership” ’. BBC News (16 January 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk

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(August 2013) Law, A., Gaywood, Martin J., Jones, Kevin C., Ramsay, P., and Willby, Nigel, J. ‘Using ecosystem engineers as tools in habitat restoration and rewilding: beaver and wetlands’. Science of the Total Environment , vol. 605–6, pp. 1021–30 (2017) McLeish, Todd. ‘Knocking down nitrogen’. Northern Woodlands (Spring 2016)

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(27 March 2014) ‘What’s your beef?’ National Trust report. https://animalwelfareapproved.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/067bWhats-your-beef-full-report.pdf 16. Rewilding the Soil Anderston, Bart. ‘Soil food web – opening the lid of the black box’. Energy Bulletin (7 December 2006) http://www2.energybulletin.net/node/

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J. W., Lubbers I. M., et al. ‘Earthworms increase plant production: a meta-analysis’. Scientific Reports , vol. 4, article no. 6365 (2014) Woods-Segura, James. ‘Rewilding – an investigation of its effects on earthworm abundance, diversity and their provision of soil ecosystem services’. MSc thesis, Centre for Environmental Policy, Faculty of Natural

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, 2009). Marris, Emma. Rambunctious Garden – saving nature in a post-wild world (Bloomsbury, 2011) Monbiot, George. Feral – searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding (Allen Lane, 2013) Montgomery, David R. and Anne Biklé. The Hidden Half of Nature – the microbial roots of life and health (W. W. Norton, 2016

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2016) Yalden, Derek. The History of British Mammals (Poyser Natural History, 1999) Young, Rosamund. The Secret Life of Cows (Faber & Faber, 2017) Acknowledgements The Knepp rewilding project owes an enormous debt to two people who have been behind it from the very start. The first is Charlie’s cousin, Julian Smith

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ref1 Devon Wildlife Trust ref1 , ref2 earliest presence of ref1 , ref2 future plans ref1 Knapdale trial ref1 , ref2 population increases ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 Rewilding Britain ref1 role of ref1 , ref2 , ref3 and tourism ref1 Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii ) ref1 , ref2 Bee Quest (Goulson) ref1 beech (Fagus sylvatica )

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Countryside Stewardship Scheme ecosystem services ref1 , ref2 Environmental Stewardship Scheme see Environmental Stewardship Scheme Higher Level Stewardship Scheme ref1 ‘grass-fed’ livestock ref1 and Knepp rewilding ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 , ref6 , ref7 , ref8 Making Space for Nature ref1 naturalistic flood management ref1 , ref2 Nature Improvement Areas ref1 , ref2 Pickering,

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ecological corridors ref1 , ref2 Economic and Social Research Council ref1 Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity initiative ref1 Economics of Land Degradation Initiative ref1 economics of rewilding ref1 ecosystem services ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 eco-tourism ref1 , ref2 edge effect, and isolated habitats ref1 edible dormouse (Glis glis ) ref1 Edinburgh

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Union (EU) Eurasian elk (Alces alces ) ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 , ref6 , ref7 , ref8 , ref9 , ref10 , ref11 Europe beaver reintroduction programmes ref1 horsemeat consumption ref1 rewilding projects ref1 tree fodder for livestock ref1 see also individual countries European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria ) ref1 European beaver (Castor fiber ) ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5

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(Microtus agrestis ) ref1 , ref2 , ref3 fieldfare (Turdus pilaris ) ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 , ref6 figure of eight moth see under moths, species of financial costs, rewilding ref1 , ref2 fingered cowlwort (Colura calyptrifolia ) ref1 Finland ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 fire, as natural process ref1 fish ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 see also

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Organization of the United Nations ref1 food production as fuel ref1 grain consumption ref1 nutrition see nutrition pasture-fed meat see pasture-fed meat and rewilding ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 Second World War ref1 , ref2 , ref3 see also arable farming food waste ref1 foot and mouth disease ref1 , ref2 Foreman,

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land drainage ref1 , ref2 , ref3 oak trees ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 restoration area ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 Second World War ref1 wildflower meadows ref1 rewilding attitudes to ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 , ref5 , ref6 , ref7 , ref8 , ref9 , ref10 costs ref1 , ref2 definitions ref1 , ref2 , ref3 and ecosystems services ref1 , ref2 ,

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the US ref1 , ref2 tourism ref1 , ref2 UK government response to ref1 , ref2 , ref3 , ref4 as programme of soil restoration ref1 , ref2 Rewilding Britain (charity) ref1 Rewilding Europe ref1 Rewilding Institute (US) ref1 Rhode Island, University of ref1 rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum ) ref1 , ref2 , ref3 Richard II ref1 ridge-cheeked furrow bee see under

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scrub up during the agricultural depression between the wars. But in the Second World War even the most unproductive land was cleared for ploughing. Under rewilding, thorny shrubs are now returning to these areas, providing a haven for wildlife. (Knepp archives) BEFORE: Our old water-meadows, or ‘laggs’, had never

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lovely aquatic plant with spikes of delicate lilac blossoms, provides shelter for dragonfly nymphs, water beetles and tadpoles. It began appearing in ponds in the rewilding project as water quality improved. (Charlie Burrell) ‘A poignant, practical and moving story of how to fix our broken land, this should be conservation

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have lost and what we could regain if we change our relationship with the countryside.’ Patrick Barkham ‘Wilding describes the inspirational story of a pioneering rewilding experiment that is changing the way we look at Nature, the countryside and conservation. Beautifully written, it marks the moment when the task at

How Did We Get Into This Mess?: Politics, Equality, Nature

by George Monbiot  · 14 Apr 2016  · 334pp  · 82,041 words

.Work-Force 4.Addicted to Comfort 5.Dead Zone 6.Help Addicts, but Lock Up the Casual Users of Cocaine Part 2: Lost Youth 7.Rewild the Child 8.The Child Inside 9.Amputating Life Close to Its Base 10.‘Bug Splats’ 11.Kin Hell 12.The Sacrificial Caste 13.A

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opinions on this issue are worth as much as mine or anyone else’s: nothing at all. 30 June 2009 Part 2 Lost Youth 7 Rewild the Child What is the best way to knacker a child’s education? Force him or her to spend too long in the classroom. An

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which were once forested, then cleared, have become forested again,6 as farming and logging have retreated, especially from the eastern half of the country. Rewilding, the mass restoration of ecosystems, which involves pulling down the redundant fences, blocking the drainage ditches, planting trees where necessary, re-establishing missing wildlife and

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those buried emotions that otherwise remain unexercised. Why should we not have such places on our doorsteps, to escape into when we feel the need? Rewilding offers something else, even rarer than lynx and wolves and dolphins and whales. Hope. It offers the possibility that our silent spring could be followed

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The third is that, while we may possess no influence over decisions made elsewhere, there is plenty that can be done within our own borders. Rewilding – the mass restoration of ecosystems – offers the best hope we have of creating refuges for the natural world, which is why I’ve decided to

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urban bridges, and take much of the energy and speed out of the river. Rivers, as I was told by the people who had just rewilded one in the Lake District – greatly reducing the likelihood that it would cause floods downstream – ‘need something to chew on’.19 There are one or

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two other such projects in the UK: Paterson’s department is funding four rewilding schemes, to which it has allocated a grand total of, er, £1 million.20 Otherwise, the Secretary of State is doing everything he can to

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Report 2009. 13Transform Drug Policy Foundation, April 2009, ‘A Comparison of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Prohibition and Regulation of Drugs’, tdpf.org.uk. 7. Rewild the Child 1Kings College London, April 2011, Understanding the Diverse Benefits of Learning in Natural Environments, webarchive,nationalarchives.gov.uk. 2Stuart Nundy, 2001, Raising Achievement

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of California, Los Angeles, eci.ox.ac.uk. 4W. H. Auden, 1967, Collected Poems, Random House, New York, p. 723. 5rewildingeurope.com/assets/uploads/Downloads/Rewilding-Europe-Brochure-2012.pdf. 6Elizabeth Taylor, 16 November 2012, ‘Heeding the Coyote’s Call: Jim Sterba on the Fight with Wildlife over Space in the

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hope before long to write up the extraordinary story I was told by a representative of United Utilities about the sharply differing responses of the rewilded River Liza in Ennerdale and the still-canalised St John’s Beck in Thirlmere to the famous 2009 downpour. 20Natural England, Environment Agency, Defra, Welsh

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energy, 158, 165, 166 Republicans, in US, 186, 210, 219, 220 Research Councils UK, 196 Resolution Foundation, 185 reward, inverse relationship of utility with, 184 rewilding, 97, 98, 102, 135 Ricardo, David, 181, 182 rich. See also billionaires; millionaires; super-rich; super-wealthy; ultra-rich; undeserving rich benefits from apparatus of

A New History of the Future in 100 Objects: A Fiction

by Adrian Hon  · 5 Oct 2020  · 340pp  · 101,675 words

88.  ENHANCE 89.  NARADA’S BOX 90.  A LETTER FROM MARS 91.  MORAL AGENTS 92.  THE MELT EVENT 93.  HOW TO GET POSTHUMAN FRIENDS 94.  REWILDING SAÏ ISLAND 95.  CEPHEID VARIABLE 96.  NEUROETHICIST IDENTITY EXAM 97.  COOLING VENUS 98.  BIOMES 99.  OUR UNIMPROVED SIMULATION 100.  TRIP OF A LIFETIME AUTHOR’S

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air, land, spectrum, and drones, the organizations were expected to undertake worthwhile projects for the benefit of the city. These were frequently very lively projects—rewilding, environmental remediation, carbon capture, transportation upgrades, massive art installations, testbeds for experimental technologies and algorithms, and the like. For the most part, I think rechartered

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PH, at least for a while. They might even wonder whether the transition centers were wrong and bless you with a free pass upwards. 94    REWILDING SAÏ ISLAND Saï Island, Sudan, 2063 If you stand atop a burial mound on Saï Island in Sudan today and look out at the boundless

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outside of human control, but much can be laid at our feet. For decades, turning Saï Island’s ecological clock back to its original condition—“rewilding” it—seemed impossible. But in the 2050s, with our powers and resources recovering from The Melt, a question arose in Sudan: now that we finally

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have the capability to restore and rewild Saï Island, should we do it? Many other places had already been rewilded by then; the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in Costa Rica and a substantial part of the North American Great

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the onager, the grey wolf, and the African lion (standing in as the American lion). Environmental sociologist Professor Marcy MacGregor explains the motivation behind the rewilding projects: Take your pick! For some, it was an inherited guilt about ruining the environment. For others, it was sheer curiosity. Of course, some argued

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that the value or authenticity of rewilding merely lay in the eye of the beholder, but overall there was strong and broad public support for rewilding on the back of the related idea of a half-empty world, and this support was

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. Life expectancy in Sudan had reached almost eighty-five years, which meant that people felt they were more likely to benefit from the results of rewilding, especially if you bear in mind that there had already been rapid, destructive climate change over the prior decades. And when people began thinking about

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and grandchildren, then even projects that might take a couple of centuries to come to fruition didn’t seem entirely ridiculous. More than a dozen rewilding projects were started in Sudan in the ’50s and ’60s, including an extension of the Dinder National Park and the reintroduction of Lacaon Pictus (the

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Painted Hunting Dog) in Mirgissa and Dabenarti Island. One site that was not rewilded, however, was Saï Island. Despite a relentless campaign by Al Hizb Al-Ittihadi Al-Dimuqrati (the Democratic Unionist Party) to use advanced

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rewilding technology on Saï Island, voters decided that island’s ancient Kushite and Egyptian settlements had sufficient archaeology value to warrant protection, at least for the

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time being. Teams from the University of Khartoum and the British Museum were given another half century to properly document the settlements, and rewilding proponents resigned themselves to waiting. At least it meant that Saï Island could learn from the lessons of other

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rewilding projects elsewhere, they reasoned. And that’s why, as I begin the drive back to the boat, Saï Island looks very much the same as

The Microbiome Solution

by Robynne Chutkan M.D.  · 5 Aug 2015  · 298pp  · 76,727 words

the Antibiotic Paradox Chapter 5. Dysbiosis—Do You Have It? Chapter 6. Are Our Bacteria Making Us Fat? Chapter 7. Modern Microbial Disruptors part 3 • Rewilding Ourselves Chapter 8. Introducing the Live Dirty, Eat Clean Plan Chapter 9. The Live Dirty, Eat Clean Diet Chapter 10. The Live Dirty Lifestyle Chapter

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11. A Rewilding Approach to Illness Chapter 12. Bugs over Drugs: Probiotics and Other Supplements Chapter 13. Everything You Wanted to Know About Stool Transplants but Were Afraid

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that call our digestive tract home—is at the root of many of our current health problems. Figuring out how to undo that damage and “rewild” ourselves has become a focus of my medical practice and a personal journey in our household. Living a little dirtier and eating a little cleaner

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’ll find them all in the Live Dirty, Eat Clean Plan at the end of this book. When Dirty Children Grow into Clean Adults—My Rewilding Journey I spent my early childhood in the tropics, eating food from my grandfather’s farm grown in rich soil fertilized by a herd of

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people with IBD: an overall decrease in diversity of gut bacteria, higher levels of pathogenic species, and lower levels of protective ones. Novel Ways to Rewild Yourself In patients with illnesses like Crohn’s, attempts to dampen the immune system without the risk of infection that characterizes most immune-suppressing drugs

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therapy is still in the experimental stages, but under the right circumstances it may ultimately prove to be a step in the right direction toward rewilding ourselves and reclaiming our health. Clean Food as Medicine The most surprising thing about chronic inflammatory digestive disorders such as Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

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been recently revised or revisited. If you’ve been told to take an antibiotic prior to a procedure, be sure to read Chapter 11, “A Rewilding Approach to Illness,” before agreeing, and ask whether a reasonable option instead could be careful observation and rapid intervention if you were to get an

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. I’ll take you step-by-step through what to do for your own urinary tract symptoms and other common infections in Chapter 11, “A Rewilding Approach to Illness.” Not everyone is as receptive to discontinuing antibiotics or willing to embrace the dietary changes as wholeheartedly as Melody was, but most

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strategy for keeping your microbiome healthy. I’ll discuss other common prescription and over-the-counter medications that threaten microbial health in Chapter 11, “A Rewilding Approach to Illness.” Pharmageddon Pharmageddon is psychiatrist David Healy, MD’s searing indictment of the overuse of prescription medication. It’s a forceful argument against

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traits are part of our innate Darwinian survival code to help build and maintain a healthy microbiome. I’ll share some advice on how to rewild your child—and yourself—in the Live Dirty, Eat Clean Plan. Chlorinated Drinking Water Routine chlorination of public drinking water began in the early 1900s

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have to ask ourselves whether how we’re living helps or hinders our microbes, because that’s what ultimately informs our own health. part 3 REWILDING OURSELVES CHAPTER 8 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Introducing the Live Dirty, Eat Clean Plan IN THE LAST century alone, we’ve destroyed more than 80 percent of the earth

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of control when their natural predators are diminished, and huge ecological gaps develop when unsound environmental practices become a way of life. In conservation biology, “rewilding” means the reintroduction of species into areas where they’ve become extinct, with the goal of returning to a more natural and balanced existence. It

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balanced microbial habitat in our bodies might be the single most important step in improving our individual and collective health. But how exactly do we rewild ourselves? What do we need to do to restore and maintain a densely populated, healthy microbiome, with the right mix of species all working together

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with appropriate nutrients, supplements, and medicinal foods. The good news is you don’t have to go all the way back to the cave to rewild yourself, although my Live Dirty, Eat Clean Plan will show you how to bring some important elements of cave life back home. If you suffer

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your energy levels, and improve your overall health, all while enjoying easy-to-assemble, delicious meals. Chapter 10, “The Live Dirty Lifestyle,” gives you practical rewilding advice for everyday life, from simple things like throwing out the hand sanitizer and opening a window, to specific details like which ingredients to avoid

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kitchen. I’ll share the Live Dirty dos and don’ts that I follow in my own life that can help rewild you, your family, and your home. Chapter 11, “A Rewilding Approach to Illness,” provides you with strategies for tackling health challenges without destroying precious microbes in the process. It includes

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percent of their time indoors—in buildings or in vehicles with closed windows and doors that limit contact with nature and afford little opportunity for rewilding. Studies show that as the amount of concrete and glass in a neighborhood increases, the diversity of microbial species on people’s skin decreases, and

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based on peaceful coexistence and synergy rather than toxic extermination. So go ahead, get a little dirty. Your microbiome will thank you. CHAPTER 11 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| A Rewilding Approach to Illness AS A PHYSICIAN, I realize I have inside knowledge that makes it easier for me to decide whether an antibiotic or a

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out by our own stool to contemplating consuming other people’s. As a gastroenterologist who believes wholeheartedly in the hygiene hypothesis and the importance of rewilding, FMT represents a fascinating and logical way to tackle severe microbial discord by increasing rather than decreasing our bacterial load. There’s still a lot

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probiotic, represent a paradigm shift in medicine—from too clean to not dirty enough. They’re a great example of the importance and benefits of rewilding and of approaching illness from the perspective of how we can increase rather than decrease our microbial load. FMT may well be the poster child

Who Owns England?: How We Lost Our Green and Pleasant Land, and How to Take It Back

by Guy Shrubsole  · 1 May 2019  · 505pp  · 133,661 words

set their sights higher, they should follow the lead of the increasing numbers of landowners who are seeking to rejuvenate nature on their estates, and rewild the English uplands instead. The aristocracy have preserved their landed estates through a mixture of guile and influence. Faced with an assault on their wealth

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. Rather than devote an area of England the size of Greater London to shooting grouse, the aristocracy ought to be giving over that acreage to rewilding our desiccated landscapes. Instead of setting up safari parks, with all their colonial-era baggage, large estates could be bringing back beavers and lynx, restoring

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of rural Arcadia, where we all live by toiling in the fields. A modern movement for English land reform is about solving the housing crisis, rewilding our landscapes and reconnecting ourselves to the food we eat. It’s about both rural and urban land, and about sharing the wealth that comes

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grown for 80 years’. Far better, Monbiot and others argue, to halt the intensive management and overgrazing and let nature take its course. Proponents of ‘rewilding’ point out that landscapes like the Lake District are simply preserving in aspic a degraded environment that’s almost entirely artificial. Not only is this

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rainfall simply flashes off denuded hillsides, drowning nearby towns and villages, as happened in the Lakes during the winter of 2015. But reduce sheep numbers, rewilding advocates suggest, and self-willed nature will quickly spring back – bringing with it not only much greater diversity of wildlife, but a far greater resilience

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to worsening floods and our changing climate. Of course, allowing the Lakes to rewild would change the character of a landscape that many have grown used to and cherish. Plenty of self-proclaimed conservationists want to conserve the Lake

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District for its aesthetic beauty, farming traditions and cultural landscape, rather than for the species it supports. ‘People ask me why I’m against rewilding,’ contends Rory Stewart, the MP for a large part of the Lakes, ‘and the answer is because of the human in the landscape … these are

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historic role in preserving the Lakes in its degraded ecological state, the National Trust has been quietly shifting towards a greater acceptance of rewilding in recent years. Its rewilding pilot at Ennerdale has seen a boom in populations of marsh fritillary butterflies, Arctic charr and the native juniper trees that gave the

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in Viking times. Professor Alasdair Driver, a veteran ecologist and adviser to the charity Rewilding Britain, calls Ennerdale ‘one of England’s best rewilding project areas’. But the Trust is also wary of voicing full-throated support for rewilding following the furore it provoked by trying to reforest parts of Thorneythwaite, a 300

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-acre Lakeland farm it bought in 2016. The charity’s supposedly ‘secret plan’ to rewild the area was subjected to a hatchet-job in the Daily Mail, who accused it of a ‘betrayal of Beatrix Potter’s Lake District legacy

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pioneering landowners doing incredible work to safeguard nature voluntarily. The Knepp Estate, owned by Sir Charles Burrell and Isabella Tree, is a 3,500-acre rewilding project deep in the heart of Sussex, whose achievements at restoring lost wildlife have had visiting ecologists waxing lyrical. Free-roaming cattle mimic the extensive

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meantime, enlightened aristocrats could do nature and the public a favour by voluntarily ending grouse shoots on their estates and taking up the challenge of rewilding England’s degraded uplands. Fashions, after all, change with the times. Rather than persist with Victorian bloodsports – or that staple of 1950s aristocratic nostalgia for

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Empire, stately homes with safari parks – there is much more to be gained nowadays by rewilding your landed estate and opening it up for eco-tourism, as the Knepp Estate in Sussex has done so successfully. Aristocratic patronage in the eighteenth

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-owned smallholding, would be able to do so. The parlous state of England’s wildlife and habitats would have turned a corner, its vast uplands rewilding in the wake of the abolition of grouse shooting; communities living downstream would suffer fewer floods. The last, archaic vestiges of feudalism that still exist

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need to encourage more nature-friendly forms of farming through a reformed farm payments system; set aside more land for nature with new reserves and rewilded parts of our National Parks; and ban outright the most wasteful and damaging ways in which land is currently used, such as for grouse shooting

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­/system­/uploads/attac­hment_data/f­ile/680473/2016­_Final_Emissions­_statistic­s.pdf, p. 27. The Knepp Estate See https://www.rewildingbritain­.org.uk/rewilding­/rewilding­-projects­/knepp­-estate extension of the planning system Shoard, This Land Is Our Land, pp. 432–7; Sheail, Nature Conservation in Britain, p. 235. local

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, 1918) 222 Republic campaign group 57 Restormel, Cornwall 59 Return of Owners of Land (1873) 26, 29–30, 31, 34, 41, 46, 65, 79, 84 Rewilding Britain 247 Ricardo, David 25 Rich, Colonel Nathaniel 220 Richard II 56 Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, 11th Duke 249 Ridley, Matthew, 5th Viscount 90, 91

The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions

by Greta Thunberg  · 14 Feb 2023  · 651pp  · 162,060 words

the policy think tank Urban Ocean Lab, co-editor of All We Can Save, and co-creator of How to Save a Planet. 5.7 Rewilding George Monbiot / Writer, film-maker and environmental activist; author of a weekly column for the Guardian as well as various books and videos. Rebecca Wrigley

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/ Founder and Chief Executive of Rewilding Britain and has worked in conservation and community development for thirty years. 5.8 ‘We now have to do the seemingly impossible’ / Greta Thunberg 5

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, really does matter. / We need to reframe the narrative, and learn to turn to the ocean as a key source of climate solutions. 5.7 Rewilding George Monbiot and Rebecca Wrigley How do we sustain ourselves in a broken world? How do we prevent ourselves from succumbing to despair, when so

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environmentalism which offers the hope of recovery, of re-enchantment with a world that often seems crushingly bleak. It is ‘rewilding’: the mass restoration of the planet’s ecosystems. In essence, rewilding means allowing natural processes to resume. It involves, where people agree, reintroducing missing species, removing fences, blocking drainage ditches and

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protect the carbon in salt marshes, as they prevent herbivorous crabs and snails from wiping out the plants that hold the marshes together. Protecting and rewilding the world’s living systems is not just a delightful thing to do. It is an essential survival strategy. It’s important to remember that

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rewilding is not a replacement for the conservation of existing, rich habitats but a supplement to it. There’s no substitute for old-growth forests, long-

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is one of the forces driving the global shift from large, slow-growing creatures to the small, short-lived species able to survive our onslaughts. Rewilding seeks to allow our complex natural architectures to recover. It attempts to build a new and deeper respect for the entanglements of nature. It seeks

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of communities. We believe that a new and thriving ecosystem of employment can be built around the healing and rewilding of nature. For example, recent analysis by Rewilding Britain reveals that, across England, rewilding projects have resulted in a 54 per cent increase in full-time-equivalent jobs. Not only has the number

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of jobs increased, so has their diversity. Rewilding can enrich lives and help us to reconnect with wild nature while providing

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a sustainable future for local communities. Rewilding enables us to begin to heal some of the great damage we have inflicted on the living world and, with it, the wounds we have

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aviation and biogenic emissions, and they must not depend on future negative emissions technologies that do not already exist at scale – and perhaps never will. / Rewild nature This is one of the most effective tools we have at hand. And all we have to do is to step back and leave

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in the foreseeable future we will be able to compensate for present or even future emissions is very misleading. None of the above – afforestation or rewilding and restoring nature – should be mistaken for carbon offsetting, which leads people to believe that we can compensate for emissions yet to be made. We

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, 383; Homo sapiens evolution and, 9, 11; locust swarms, 378; per capita carbon dioxide emissions 408; plastic pollution, 296; rainfall, 171–2; refugees, climate, 167; rewilding projects in, 350; Sahel region, 167, 171–2; slavery and, 162; sub-Saharan, 88–9, 145, 162, 167, 171–2, 245, 273, 291, 292, 293

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transition in, 249; food systems, 253, 254; heat-related deaths in, 137; monsoon, 83; per capita carbon dioxide emissions (2019) 408; plastic pollution, 296, 297; rewilding in, 350; transport greenhouse gas emissions, 266, 266, 267, 273, 275, 276–7; undernutrition in, 246; waste generation, 291, 292, 293, 425; water supply, 73

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, 112; marine life, 344–5; mass extinctions linked to disruptions of global carbon cycle, 7–8; megafaunal, evolution of Homo Sapiens and, 9–15; rewilding and see rewilding; Sixth Extinction, 15 extreme event attribution, 67–8 ExxonMobil, 20, 29, 30, 221, 281, 298 F Facebook, 286, 388 failure, admitting, 429 fairness, 207

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’ strategies, 412; drought and, 399; environmental philosophy, 420; front-line communities, 392; geoengineering and, 234; as land defenders, 49; land management of, 107; Lumad, 401; rewilding and, 351; Sámi see Sámi individual action, 5, 278, 283, 284, 324–43, 426, 433–4; activism see activism; apathy, overcoming climate, 337–9; boycotts

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, 287 reparations, climate, 207, 289, 392, 410–14, 429 reported greenhouse gas emissions, gap between nations’ actual and, 212–15 Reserve, Louisiana ‘Cancer Town’ 163 rewilding, 348–51, 430 rhinos, 9, 19, 349, 350 rice, 149, 150, 166, 247, 250, 252, 254, 397 Rio Grande, 166 Rio Lempe, 165 rivers 82

The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century

by Ronald Bailey  · 20 Jul 2015  · 417pp  · 109,367 words

can see the real nature that is all around us. Baselines are properly transformed into aesthetic choices rather than “scientific” mandates. Consider the ambitious Pleistocene Rewilding proposal in which proxy wild species from Africa might be used to replace those North American species killed off by early peoples. African cheetahs might

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chase after pronghorns, and elephants graze where mastodons once roamed. A small version of rewilding is the fascinating Oostvaardersplassen experiment in the Netherlands, where researchers are designing an ecosystem that aims to mimic what Northern Europe might have looked like

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conservationists”: Martin Jenkins, “Prospects for Biodiversity,” Science 302.5648 (November 14, 2003): 1175–1177. www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/Thoc/Readings/Jenkins_Science2003.pdf. Pleistocene Rewilding proposal: Josh Donlan et al., “Re-Wilding North America.” Nature, August 18, 2005, 913–914. izt.ciens.ucv.ve/ecologia/Archivos/ECO_POB%202010/ECOPO4

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. Acemoğlu, Daron additive manufacturing ADHD. See attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Adler, Jonathan Africa biotech crops for fertility rates in oil production in population projections in rewilding from water privatization in aging. See life expectancy agriculture. See biotech crops; food production; pesticides air pollution. See also emissions Akins, James algae Allen, Robert

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Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Erten, Bilge estrogen, synthetic Europe biotech crops viewed by carbon trading in industrialization in meat industry in rewilding EWG. See Energy Watch Group extinction current rates of deforestation and endangerment or history nature restoration and new species and ocean animal predictions protection from

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recovery rewilding ExxonMobil famine predictions fertility rate and Green Revolution solution to Malthus’s FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization Farrell, Paul FDA. See Food and Drug

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cons of superpests and petroleum. See oil pharmaceuticals Philippines Phillips, Ronald phosphorous Pielke, Roger, Jr. pigs, biotech Pimentel, David Pimm, Stuart Pinstrup-Andersen, Per Pleistocene Rewilding proposal Plewis, Ian plutonium politicization pollution. See also chemicals; emissions cancer and climate sensitivity and income correlation to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) population. See also fertility

Built to Move: The Ten Essential Habits to Help You Move Freely and Live Fully

by Kelly Starrett and Juliet Starrett  · 3 Apr 2023  · 341pp  · 99,495 words

as simple as an abscessed tooth. Yet we could all use some of what, borrowing a term from conservation biology, we like to call rewilding of the body. Rewilding, in general terms, is defined as “restoring and protecting natural processes.” Like any ecosystem, our bodies have an inherent design for optimal functioning

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. Everything in this book is geared toward reinstating that natural state of affairs. Rewilding. It’s clear that we need it. As is well documented, we are now a society that drives to the gym, has our groceries delivered

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sit in ground-based positions, so when you spend some time on your nice parquet floor or plush rug each day, you’re helping to “rewild” your hip joints. Sitting on the floor restores their range of motion, which will not only make it easier to get up and down, but

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your body’s preferred posture. The great thing about the human body is that it adapts, then it adapts again. You can, in other words, rewild your hip, but it takes a conscious effort. When we look at people in high-level sports environments who are having problems like knee or

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, but walking does it one better by adding weight and muscle contractions, both of which keep the feet flexible and supple. By walking, you’re rewilding your feet, retraining them to do what they’re designed for: to get you where you need to go without discomfort or pain. BETTER CIRCULATION

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, 86 rectus femoris muscle, 37, 38, 91 Reece, Gabrielle, 60, 61 relaxation, 69–70 REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 249, 257, 262 resistance training, 171 rewilding body, 11, 35 RICE, 191–92 Ridley, Daisy, 63 Roker, Al, 126 Rolf, Ida, 188 Romanov, Nicholas, 216 rotator cuff, 129, 133–35, 134 Rotator

The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Age of Humans

by Mark Lynas  · 3 Oct 2011  · 369pp  · 98,776 words

herds of wild horses and cattle stirring up dust clouds across the savannah. Indeed, African ecosystems have been used as a model for proponents of “rewilding” parts of North America; if cheetahs, elephants, and camels can be imported into places like Montana, perhaps they could assume the ecological niches vacated by

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biosphere. I suggest each country adds half a percent to Value Added Tax (VAT) with the proceeds raised specifically safeguarded for ecosystem and habitat restoration (“rewilding”) and preservation. This would be fair because a tax on consumption would mean that people pay in proportion to the environmental impact of their lifestyle

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, northwest Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, Honduras, and the montane deserts and Andean tundra ecosystems of Bolivia, Argentina, and Peru.68 Even in rich countries, proposals for “rewilding”—which I strongly support—only stand a chance of success in areas where rural populations have collapsed and formerly subsidized unproductive farms can be shut

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pollution; microbial denitrification; wastewater, removing nitrates from; organic farming and fertilizer use; designing crops that are more efficient in nitrogen uptake North America: extinction in; “rewilding”; climate change in; GE in; land use in; wind power in Northern permafrost zone carbon store Norway no-till agriculture nuclear power; pollution/dangers of

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) “RE<C” REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), 2007 Reagan, Ronald RealClimate blog “rebel organisms” Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) renewables “rewilding” Ricardo, David Ridley, Matt Rio Grande rivers: dams and reservoirs on; drying of; eutrophication; nitrogen in; ecological zones; agricultural use of water from; “gender benders

Politics on the Edge: The Instant #1 Sunday Times Bestseller From the Host of Hit Podcast the Rest Is Politics

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The Wood Age: How One Material Shaped the Whole of Human History

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