How Africa Works: Success and Failure on the World’s Last Developmental Frontier
by Joe Studwell · 6 Dec 2025 · 393pp · 148,223 words
in Africa in the 1960s were almost twice those in Asia. The gap increased in the 1970s before Africa entered the era of recession and Structural Adjustment Programmes in the 1980s. Even in that deflationary environment, African manufacturing wages remained, on average, 20 per cent above Asian ones. Karshenas writes: ‘In the case
…
short-lived boom in some soft commodity prices in 1976–8, including for coffee, tea and cocoa. 18 J. Barry Riddell, ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30: 1 (March 1992), pp. 53–68. 19 T. S. Jayne and Stephen Jones, ‘Food
…
168 guarantees 123 infrastructure spending, debt-funded 101 interest rates 58, 242 parastatals and 239 public 58, 65, 176, 180, 181, 201, 202, 206, 223 Structural Adjustment Programmes and 242 Decathlon 289 Deininger, Klaus 319, 390n, 400n democracy 77, 117, 136, 187 agriculture and 237, 268, 325 decolonisation of Africa and 71, 72
…
rural day labourers 269, 276 state revenues as share of GDP 144 states demonstrate greater capacity for developmental change than those in North Africa 13 Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and 58, 242 unused cultivable land sales 263 urbanisation 41, 244 women as farming labour 259 subsidies agriculture/farm 6, 9, 49, 50, 64
Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends
by Uma Anand Segal, Doreen Elliott and Nazneen S. Mayadas · 19 Jan 2010 · 492pp · 70,082 words
from the full glare of the government. Even a few of the expelled made a roundabout turn when suitable occasions made it possible. Furthermore, the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) that was introduced by June 1986 was based on the premise of a dwindling economy. It failed, however, to achieve the expected turnaround condition
The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa
by Calestous Juma · 27 May 2017
their female populations. African countries have shown considerable vitality in enrollment in higher education since the mid-1990s, following the lean years of the destructive structural adjustment programs. Nevertheless, African countries still have the lowest higher education enrollment in the world. Although there are a few exceptions in southern Africa (Lesotho is a
Global Governance and Financial Crises
by Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said · 12 Nov 2003
the IMF. He views Introduction 3 the IMF as a lender of first resort charged with maintaining the exchange rate pegs with US support, conducting structural adjustment programmes and coordinating rescue packages. The problem with IMF intervention in crises is that it uses economic models that do not allow for cycles or crises
…
a crisis of private bank lending with international liabilities, the IMF was still applying closed economy macro models and orthodox monetarist remedies. In all its structural adjustment programmes, the IMF has relied on a Chicago version of the macro model in which cycles do not occur. If an economy is in trouble this
Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World
by Adam Tooze · 31 Jul 2018 · 1,066pp · 273,703 words
, began the joint press conference by announcing how pleased she was to hear that the troika had just submitted its first report on Portugal’s structural adjustment program and had declared itself satisfied with the progress being made. She was delighted also to hear that Coelho saw no obstacle to incorporating a German
Planet of Slums
by Mike Davis · 1 Mar 2006 · 232pp
, the 1980s and 1990s were a generation of unprecedented upheaval in the global countryside: One by one national governments, gripped in debt, became subject to structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality. Subsidized, improved agricultural input packages and rural infrastructural building were drastically reduced. As the peasant "modernization" effort in
…
of national governments in housing supply has been reinforced by current neo-liberal economic orthodoxy as defined by the IMF and the World Bank. The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) imposed upon debtor nations in the late 1970s and 1980s required a shrinkage of government programs and, often, the 36 Richard Kirkby, "China," in
…
crisis, galloping inflation, and IMF shock therapy of the late 1970s and 1980s destroyed most incentives for productive investment in home industries and public employment. Structural adjustment programs, in turn, channeled domestic savings from manufacture and welfare into land speculation. "The high rate of inflation and the massive scale of devaluation," writes political
…
), p. 380. 101 David Satterthwaite, "Environmental Transformations in Cities as They Get Larger, Wealthier and Better Managed," The Geographicaljournal 163:2 (July 1997), p. 217. structural adjustment programs (SAPs) — the protocols by which indebted countries surrender their economic independence to the IMF and World Bank — "usually require public spending, including health spending (but
…
and continued membership in the world economy. The Plan also pushed the World Bank to the fore as the longterm manager of the scores of structural adjustment programs that were shaping the brave new world of the so-called "Washington Consensus." This is, of course, a wTorld in which the claims of foreign
…
, 162-3 renting 43 Abdo, Geneive 110 sanitation 139 Abdoul, Mohamadou 46 semi-proletarianization 174 Abidjan 53, 115, 156 slum clearances 101 Abrahamsen, Rita 76 structural adjustment programs Abu-Lughod, Janet 85 Accra desakota 9n27 informal sector 178 land ownership 35 155-6 UN Millennium Development Goals 200 urbanization 5-6, 8, 9
…
, 202 China 60 crony 92 161, 171, 172, 200 witchcraft 192, 196-8 Chile 109, 156, 157 China informal sector 179,181 agricultural land 135 structural adjustment programs automobiles 132, 133 153 Caracas 54-5, 59, 93 economic development 168-70 evictions 103 housing 176 illegal land speculation 88 riots 162 industrial growth
…
, 4 6 - 7 child labor 181, 186-8 China 168-9 India 171, 172-3 informal sector 157, 159, 160^-1, 167, 175-94, 198 structural adjustment programs 157, 163-4 surplus labor 182, 199 women 158-9 see also unemployment empowerment 75 Engels, Friedrich 20, 23, 137, 138 England 137-8 entrepreneurs
…
14, 15, 18, 70, 84, 200 human organ trade 190 Congo 192, 193, 194 informal sector 177,178 protests against 161—3 interethnic solidarity 185 structural adjustment programs land ownership 84 62, 148, 152-3, 155, 193 taxation 68,155 Soweto 44-5, 142 involution 182-3,201 Jones, Gareth A. 72 Iran
…
Kusha 47 deindustrialization 13 informal sector 177 geology 122 refugees 48 Khartoum (Cont'd.) tenure 80 slum-dwellers 32 Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo 84—5, 96 structural adjustment programs Korff, Riidiger 65, 83, 183 155-6 Korogocho 44 Khulna City 128 Krasheninnokov, Alexey 166 Kibaki, Mwai 101 Krishnakumar, Asha 140-1 Kibera 92, 94
…
road networks 119 housing 66 sewage 138 informal sector 181—2 slum-dwellers 23 inner city poverty 32 street-dwellers 36—7 Kipling on 22 structural adjustment programs NGOs 77 152 overcrowding 92 traffic accidents 132, 133 population 4 urbanization 1, 2, 8 poverty line 25n20 Victoria Island 115 privies 143 land speculation
…
sanitation problems 137, 139, 148 demolitions 111 semi-proletarianization 174 disease 143 slow urban growth 54—5 poverty 31 squatting 38, 39, 83 segregation 96 structural adjustment programs shantytowns 37 155, 156 urbanization 5, 8, 10, 59-60 sites-and-services scheme 74 urban migration 51 women 158—9 Layachi, Azzedine 125-6
…
Manila squatters 89 beautification campaigns 104 urbanization 1, 16 class conflicts 98-9 Manila (Cont'd.) fires 127, 128 flooding 123-4 gated communities 116 structural adjustment programs 148, 152-3 urbanization 16 Mexico City hazardous slum locations 121 disease 143-4 land ownership 84 environmental disasters 126, 129, land prices 9 2
…
54, 59 beautification campaign 104 peripherality 37-8, 93 child mortality 148 Peru housing 66-7 housing policy 62 slum population 24 informal sector 177 structural adjustment programs 152, 156 recession 157 rural migrants 27 Nkrumah, Kwame 200 slum population 24 Nlundu, Thierry Mayamba 198 squatting 38 Nock, Magdalena 11 Pezzoli, Keith 91
…
1 Pol Pot 54, 107 politics 100, 109-11 pollution 129-30, 133-4, 136-7, 143, 145-6 polycentric urban systems 9 , 1 0 structural adjustment programs 152, 153 toilets 141-2 transport 132 population density 92-3, 95-6, 99 water 146 population growth 2, 3, 7, 18 World Bank policies
…
prices 86 Roy, Ananya 102 slum dwellers 23 Roy, Arundhati 79, 140 water contamination 136 RSPER see Rio/Sao Paulo Extended Metropolitan Range SAPs see structural adjustment programs Ruggeri, Laura 115,119-20 Schenk, Hans 46, 128 rural areas 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 6 0 Schenk-Sandbergen, Loes 141 China 9, 53
…
Naples 175-6 South Asia inequality 165 sanitation 139-40 slums 17-18, 26, 27 repression of 112-13 women 159 see also informal sector structural adjustment programs South Korea 24 (SAPs) 15, 62-3, 152-62, 163, 174 Southeast Asia Congo 192-3 land ownership 84 environmental consequences 125 sanitation 139 impact
…
disease 147 East Asia 12-13 China 169 India 8, 55-6, 135 Congo 192-3 insurgency 203-4 Naples 175 Latin America 59-60 structural adjustment programs Middle East 58 159 natural hazards 124 UNICEF see United Nations pirate 37-42, 60, 90 Children's Fund region-based 10 United Nations (UN
…
78, 95 NGOs 75-6 Vietnam 24, 54, 66 self-help paradigm 71, 81 Vijayawada 121 slum upgrading projects 71-5, 78, violence 185 79 structural adjustment programs Walton, John 161-2 Warah, Rasna 94, 143 62, 148, 152-3, 154 taxation 68, 155 Ward, Peter 10-11, 45, 50, 80-1 urban
Cape Town After Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City
by Tony Roshan Samara · 12 Jun 2011 · 252pp · 13,581 words
national level in the global South. Although change was already afoot in the nations and cities of the global North as well, it was the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in the 1980s and 1990s, and the intimately related prescriptions of the Washington Consensus, that first
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
by David Harvey · 2 Jan 1995 · 318pp · 85,824 words
Thirdly, the Wall Street–IMF–Treasury complex that came to dominate economic policy in the Clinton years was able to persuade, cajole, and (thanks to structural adjustment programmes administered by the IMF) coerce many developing countries to take the neoliberal road.3 The US also used the carrot of preferential access to its
…
that even minimal protections of forests break down. The over-exploitation of forestry resources after privatization in Chile is a good case in point. But structural adjustment programmes administered by the IMF have had even worse impacts. Imposed austerity means that poorer countries have less money to put into forest management. They are
China into Africa: trade, aid, and influence
by Robert I. Rotberg · 15 Nov 2008 · 651pp · 135,818 words
stagnating, and foreign debts spiraling, many African states were in utter disrepair and hostage to incompetent leadership by the late 1980s. Developmental assistance tied to “structural adjustment programs” was intended to replace the most pernicious of Africa’s governance structures with reformed, neoliberal institutions, but ultimately failed to improve economic conditions on the
Free Market Missionaries: The Corporate Manipulation of Community Values
by Sharon Beder · 30 Sep 2006 · 273pp · 34,920 words
IMF, not only in Latin America, but in all parts of the world from the mid-1980s.7 It was the driving force behind the structural adjustment programmes being imposed on all indebted developing nations. World Bank and IMF loans became conditional upon the adoption of policies such as privatization, outsourcing, downsizing of
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and Its Solutions
by Jason Hickel · 3 May 2017 · 332pp · 106,197 words
Vulture Capitalism: Corporate Crimes, Backdoor Bailouts, and the Death of Freedom
by Grace Blakeley · 11 Mar 2024 · 371pp · 137,268 words
The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality
by Angus Deaton · 15 Mar 2013 · 374pp · 114,660 words
Global Financial Crisis
by Noah Berlatsky · 19 Feb 2010
Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future
by Paul Mason · 29 Jul 2015 · 378pp · 110,518 words
Money and Government: The Past and Future of Economics
by Robert Skidelsky · 13 Nov 2018
The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good
by William Easterly · 1 Mar 2006
After the New Economy: The Binge . . . And the Hangover That Won't Go Away
by Doug Henwood · 9 May 2005 · 306pp · 78,893 words
Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism
by Ha-Joon Chang · 26 Dec 2007 · 334pp · 98,950 words
Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism
by Harsha Walia · 9 Feb 2021
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein · 15 Sep 2014 · 829pp · 229,566 words
Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity
by Ha-Joon Chang · 4 Jul 2007 · 347pp · 99,317 words
The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World
by Michael Marmot · 9 Sep 2015 · 414pp · 119,116 words
The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War
by Benn Steil · 13 Feb 2018 · 913pp · 219,078 words
The Challenge for Africa
by Wangari Maathai · 6 Apr 2009 · 288pp · 90,349 words
23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism
by Ha-Joon Chang · 1 Jan 2010 · 365pp · 88,125 words
The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism
by David Harvey · 1 Jan 2010 · 369pp · 94,588 words
Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle
by Silvia Federici · 4 Oct 2012 · 277pp · 80,703 words
Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
by Jason Hickel · 12 Aug 2020 · 286pp · 87,168 words
The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers Thrive and Work Does Not Pay
by Guy Standing · 13 Jul 2016 · 443pp · 98,113 words
An Extraordinary Time: The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy
by Marc Levinson · 31 Jul 2016 · 409pp · 118,448 words
The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
by Niall Ferguson · 13 Nov 2007 · 471pp · 124,585 words
The Looting Machine: Warlords, Oligarchs, Corporations, Smugglers, and the Theft of Africa's Wealth
by Tom Burgis · 24 Mar 2015 · 413pp · 119,379 words
Culture works: the political economy of culture
by Richard Maxwell · 15 Jan 2001 · 268pp · 112,708 words
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
by Shoshana Zuboff · 15 Jan 2019 · 918pp · 257,605 words
The Making of Global Capitalism
by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin · 8 Oct 2012 · 823pp · 206,070 words
Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives
by Danny Dorling and Kirsten McClure · 18 May 2020 · 459pp · 138,689 words
The Tyranny of Nostalgia: Half a Century of British Economic Decline
by Russell Jones · 15 Jan 2023 · 463pp · 140,499 words
Capitalism and Its Critics: A History: From the Industrial Revolution to AI
by John Cassidy · 12 May 2025 · 774pp · 238,244 words
The Fair Trade Scandal: Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich
by Ndongo Sylla · 21 Jan 2014 · 193pp · 63,618 words
Year 501
by Noam Chomsky · 19 Jan 2016
Hopes and Prospects
by Noam Chomsky · 1 Jan 2009
Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea
by Mark Blyth · 24 Apr 2013 · 576pp · 105,655 words
The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community
by David C. Korten · 1 Jan 2001
Against the Machine: On the Unmaking of Humanity
by Paul Kingsnorth · 23 Sep 2025 · 388pp · 110,920 words
The Next Factory of the World: How Chinese Investment Is Reshaping Africa
by Irene Yuan Sun · 16 Oct 2017 · 239pp · 62,311 words
The Global Minotaur
by Yanis Varoufakis and Paul Mason · 4 Jul 2015 · 394pp · 85,734 words
The Glass Half-Empty: Debunking the Myth of Progress in the Twenty-First Century
by Rodrigo Aguilera · 10 Mar 2020 · 356pp · 106,161 words
The New Prophets of Capital
by Nicole Aschoff · 10 Mar 2015 · 128pp · 38,187 words
Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century
by J. Bradford Delong · 6 Apr 2020 · 593pp · 183,240 words
The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire
by Wikileaks · 24 Aug 2015 · 708pp · 176,708 words
It's Our Turn to Eat
by Michela Wrong · 9 Apr 2009 · 403pp · 125,659 words
"They Take Our Jobs!": And 20 Other Myths About Immigration
by Aviva Chomsky · 23 Apr 2018 · 219pp · 62,816 words
Who Rules the World?
by Noam Chomsky
The Land Grabbers: The New Fight Over Who Owns the Earth
by Fred Pearce · 28 May 2012 · 379pp · 114,807 words
The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program That Shaped Our World
by Vincent Bevins · 18 May 2020 · 393pp · 115,178 words
Propaganda and the Public Mind
by Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian · 31 Mar 2015
Rogue States
by Noam Chomsky · 9 Jul 2015
A Pelican Introduction Economics: A User's Guide
by Ha-Joon Chang · 26 May 2014 · 385pp · 111,807 words
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It
by Paul Collier · 26 Apr 2007 · 222pp · 75,561 words
The Corona Crash: How the Pandemic Will Change Capitalism
by Grace Blakeley · 14 Oct 2020 · 82pp · 24,150 words
A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption
by Steven Hiatt; John Perkins · 1 Jan 2006 · 497pp · 123,718 words
Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System
by Alexander Betts and Paul Collier · 29 Mar 2017
The World's Banker: A Story of Failed States, Financial Crises, and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations
by Sebastian Mallaby · 24 Apr 2006 · 605pp · 169,366 words
Meltdown: How Greed and Corruption Shattered Our Financial System and How We Can Recover
by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and William Greider · 9 Jan 2009 · 278pp · 82,069 words
Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
by Adom Getachew · 5 Feb 2019
The Cigarette: A Political History
by Sarah Milov · 1 Oct 2019
State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century
by Francis Fukuyama · 7 Apr 2004
The Globalization of Inequality
by François Bourguignon · 1 Aug 2012 · 221pp · 55,901 words
The Ministry for the Future: A Novel
by Kim Stanley Robinson · 5 Oct 2020 · 583pp · 182,990 words
In Defense of Global Capitalism
by Johan Norberg · 1 Jan 2001 · 233pp · 75,712 words
Getting Better: Why Global Development Is Succeeding--And How We Can Improve the World Even More
by Charles Kenny · 31 Jan 2011 · 272pp · 71,487 words
Automation and the Future of Work
by Aaron Benanav · 3 Nov 2020 · 175pp · 45,815 words
Understanding Power
by Noam Chomsky · 26 Jul 2010
The Quiet Coup: Neoliberalism and the Looting of America
by Mehrsa Baradaran · 7 May 2024 · 470pp · 158,007 words
Dreaming in Public: Building the Occupy Movement
by Amy Lang and Daniel Lang/levitsky · 11 Jun 2012 · 537pp · 99,778 words
Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places
by Paul Collier · 9 Feb 2010 · 264pp · 74,313 words
Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order
by Noam Chomsky · 6 Sep 2011
Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror
by Meghnad Desai · 25 Apr 2008
Undoing Border Imperialism
by Harsha Walia · 12 Nov 2013 · 258pp · 69,706 words
Making the Future: The Unipolar Imperial Moment
by Noam Chomsky · 15 Mar 2010 · 258pp · 63,367 words
Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security
by Sarah Chayes · 19 Jan 2015 · 352pp · 90,622 words