structural adjustment programs

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Against the Machine: On the Unmaking of Humanity

by Paul Kingsnorth  · 23 Sep 2025  · 388pp  · 110,920 words

consensus’, and the puppet institutions it created—the World Bank, IMF and WTO—were continuing the work of Fillmore and Perry with strings-attached loans, ‘structural adjustment’ programmes designed to rebuild nations for the benefit of global corporations, the creation of Westernised elites and the mass export of American culture. And when none

–91. See also nation-state state-repelling characteristics, 294 Steiner, Rudolf, 256–58 St Herman Brotherhood, 238 Stoicism, 27 stories, 28, 147, 182–83, 205 structural adjustment programmes, 106 Sumatra, 291 supermarkets, 186 supernatural realm, 255 surrogacy, 176 sustainability, 41 Sweden, 170 Sydney (chatbot), 249–50, 252, 305 T taboo, 7–8, 9

Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World

by Adam Tooze  · 31 Jul 2018  · 1,066pp  · 273,703 words

, began the joint press conference by announcing how pleased she was to hear that the troika had just submitted its first report on Portugal’s structural adjustment program and had declared itself satisfied with the progress being made. She was delighted also to hear that Coelho saw no obstacle to incorporating a German

Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends

by Uma Anand Segal, Doreen Elliott and Nazneen S. Mayadas  · 19 Jan 2010  · 492pp  · 70,082 words

from the full glare of the government. Even a few of the expelled made a roundabout turn when suitable occasions made it possible. Furthermore, the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) that was introduced by June 1986 was based on the premise of a dwindling economy. It failed, however, to achieve the expected turnaround condition

Cape Town After Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City

by Tony Roshan Samara  · 12 Jun 2011  · 252pp  · 13,581 words

national level in the global South. Although change was already afoot in the nations and cities of the global North as well, it was the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in the 1980s and 1990s, and the intimately related prescriptions of the Washington Consensus, that first

The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa

by Calestous Juma  · 27 May 2017

their female populations. African countries have shown considerable vitality in enrollment in higher education since the mid-1990s, following the lean years of the destructive structural adjustment programs. Nevertheless, African countries still have the lowest higher education enrollment in the world. Although there are a few exceptions in southern Africa (Lesotho is a

The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good

by William Easterly  · 1 Mar 2006

Reduction and Growth Facility loans Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper research department of resources of riots sparked by and selection effect “standby arrangements,” and state collapse “structural adjustment” programs of successful programs of success stories without aid from Sudan aid from in Western interventions in world poverty World Economic Outlook as world’s most

ten best per capita growth rates specialization by aid agencies ethnic Sri Lanka state collapse statistical analysis Stern, Ernest Stiglitz, Joseph Stockwell, John Strachey, John structural adjustment programs bad government justifying for Bolivia British empire compared with IMF not enforcing conditions of Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility loans and repetition of for Russia

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper progress reports on Africa research department of scholarship program of and selection effect SMEs supported by social action program in Pakistan “structural adjustment” programs of successful programs of Sudan aid from in Western interventions in world poverty World Development Report World Economic Forum World Economic Outlook World Health Organization

Planet of Slums

by Mike Davis  · 1 Mar 2006  · 232pp

, the 1980s and 1990s were a generation of unprecedented upheaval in the global countryside: One by one national governments, gripped in debt, became subject to structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality. Subsidized, improved agricultural input packages and rural infrastructural building were drastically reduced. As the peasant "modernization" effort in

of national governments in housing supply has been reinforced by current neo-liberal economic orthodoxy as defined by the IMF and the World Bank. The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) imposed upon debtor nations in the late 1970s and 1980s required a shrinkage of government programs and, often, the 36 Richard Kirkby, "China," in

crisis, galloping inflation, and IMF shock therapy of the late 1970s and 1980s destroyed most incentives for productive investment in home industries and public employment. Structural adjustment programs, in turn, channeled domestic savings from manufacture and welfare into land speculation. "The high rate of inflation and the massive scale of devaluation," writes political

), p. 380. 101 David Satterthwaite, "Environmental Transformations in Cities as They Get Larger, Wealthier and Better Managed," The Geographicaljournal 163:2 (July 1997), p. 217. structural adjustment programs (SAPs) — the protocols by which indebted countries surrender their economic independence to the IMF and World Bank — "usually require public spending, including health spending (but

and continued membership in the world economy. The Plan also pushed the World Bank to the fore as the longterm manager of the scores of structural adjustment programs that were shaping the brave new world of the so-called "Washington Consensus." This is, of course, a wTorld in which the claims of foreign

, 162-3 renting 43 Abdo, Geneive 110 sanitation 139 Abdoul, Mohamadou 46 semi-proletarianization 174 Abidjan 53, 115, 156 slum clearances 101 Abrahamsen, Rita 76 structural adjustment programs Abu-Lughod, Janet 85 Accra desakota 9n27 informal sector 178 land ownership 35 155-6 UN Millennium Development Goals 200 urbanization 5-6, 8, 9

, 202 China 60 crony 92 161, 171, 172, 200 witchcraft 192, 196-8 Chile 109, 156, 157 China informal sector 179,181 agricultural land 135 structural adjustment programs automobiles 132, 133 153 Caracas 54-5, 59, 93 economic development 168-70 evictions 103 housing 176 illegal land speculation 88 riots 162 industrial growth

, 4 6 - 7 child labor 181, 186-8 China 168-9 India 171, 172-3 informal sector 157, 159, 160^-1, 167, 175-94, 198 structural adjustment programs 157, 163-4 surplus labor 182, 199 women 158-9 see also unemployment empowerment 75 Engels, Friedrich 20, 23, 137, 138 England 137-8 entrepreneurs

14, 15, 18, 70, 84, 200 human organ trade 190 Congo 192, 193, 194 informal sector 177,178 protests against 161—3 interethnic solidarity 185 structural adjustment programs land ownership 84 62, 148, 152-3, 155, 193 taxation 68,155 Soweto 44-5, 142 involution 182-3,201 Jones, Gareth A. 72 Iran

Kusha 47 deindustrialization 13 informal sector 177 geology 122 refugees 48 Khartoum (Cont'd.) tenure 80 slum-dwellers 32 Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo 84—5, 96 structural adjustment programs Korff, Riidiger 65, 83, 183 155-6 Korogocho 44 Khulna City 128 Krasheninnokov, Alexey 166 Kibaki, Mwai 101 Krishnakumar, Asha 140-1 Kibera 92, 94

road networks 119 housing 66 sewage 138 informal sector 181—2 slum-dwellers 23 inner city poverty 32 street-dwellers 36—7 Kipling on 22 structural adjustment programs NGOs 77 152 overcrowding 92 traffic accidents 132, 133 population 4 urbanization 1, 2, 8 poverty line 25n20 Victoria Island 115 privies 143 land speculation

sanitation problems 137, 139, 148 demolitions 111 semi-proletarianization 174 disease 143 slow urban growth 54—5 poverty 31 squatting 38, 39, 83 segregation 96 structural adjustment programs shantytowns 37 155, 156 urbanization 5, 8, 10, 59-60 sites-and-services scheme 74 urban migration 51 women 158—9 Layachi, Azzedine 125-6

Manila squatters 89 beautification campaigns 104 urbanization 1, 16 class conflicts 98-9 Manila (Cont'd.) fires 127, 128 flooding 123-4 gated communities 116 structural adjustment programs 148, 152-3 urbanization 16 Mexico City hazardous slum locations 121 disease 143-4 land ownership 84 environmental disasters 126, 129, land prices 9 2

54, 59 beautification campaign 104 peripherality 37-8, 93 child mortality 148 Peru housing 66-7 housing policy 62 slum population 24 informal sector 177 structural adjustment programs 152, 156 recession 157 rural migrants 27 Nkrumah, Kwame 200 slum population 24 Nlundu, Thierry Mayamba 198 squatting 38 Nock, Magdalena 11 Pezzoli, Keith 91

1 Pol Pot 54, 107 politics 100, 109-11 pollution 129-30, 133-4, 136-7, 143, 145-6 polycentric urban systems 9 , 1 0 structural adjustment programs 152, 153 toilets 141-2 transport 132 population density 92-3, 95-6, 99 water 146 population growth 2, 3, 7, 18 World Bank policies

prices 86 Roy, Ananya 102 slum dwellers 23 Roy, Arundhati 79, 140 water contamination 136 RSPER see Rio/Sao Paulo Extended Metropolitan Range SAPs see structural adjustment programs Ruggeri, Laura 115,119-20 Schenk, Hans 46, 128 rural areas 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 6 0 Schenk-Sandbergen, Loes 141 China 9, 53

Naples 175-6 South Asia inequality 165 sanitation 139-40 slums 17-18, 26, 27 repression of 112-13 women 159 see also informal sector structural adjustment programs South Korea 24 (SAPs) 15, 62-3, 152-62, 163, 174 Southeast Asia Congo 192-3 land ownership 84 environmental consequences 125 sanitation 139 impact

disease 147 East Asia 12-13 China 169 India 8, 55-6, 135 Congo 192-3 insurgency 203-4 Naples 175 Latin America 59-60 structural adjustment programs Middle East 58 159 natural hazards 124 UNICEF see United Nations pirate 37-42, 60, 90 Children's Fund region-based 10 United Nations (UN

78, 95 NGOs 75-6 Vietnam 24, 54, 66 self-help paradigm 71, 81 Vijayawada 121 slum upgrading projects 71-5, 78, violence 185 79 structural adjustment programs Walton, John 161-2 Warah, Rasna 94, 143 62, 148, 152-3, 154 taxation 68, 155 Ward, Peter 10-11, 45, 50, 80-1 urban

Money and Government: The Past and Future of Economics

by Robert Skidelsky  · 13 Nov 2018

automatically at the disposal of profligate debtors. The IMF thus provided no limit on persistent reserve accumulation. Bretton Woods laid the intellectual basis for the ‘structural adjustment’ programmes which the IMF would insist on as the condition of its loans to Latin America and East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s, and which

and Eurozone crisis, 139, 242–3 and fiscal multipliers, 230–31, 233 ‘neo-liberal’ agenda of, 139, 181, 318–19 ‘scarce currency’ clause, 380–81 ‘structural adjustment’ programmes, 139, 181 Ireland potato famine (1840s), 15 sovereign debt crisis, 328, 341, 365 Italy, 33–4, 91, 102, 156, 157, 242, 299, 356 James, Harold

Global Governance and Financial Crises

by Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said  · 12 Nov 2003

the IMF. He views Introduction 3 the IMF as a lender of first resort charged with maintaining the exchange rate pegs with US support, conducting structural adjustment programmes and coordinating rescue packages. The problem with IMF intervention in crises is that it uses economic models that do not allow for cycles or crises

a crisis of private bank lending with international liabilities, the IMF was still applying closed economy macro models and orthodox monetarist remedies. In all its structural adjustment programmes, the IMF has relied on a Chicago version of the macro model in which cycles do not occur. If an economy is in trouble this

The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and Its Solutions

by Jason Hickel  · 3 May 2017  · 332pp  · 106,197 words

dictate economic policy to indebted countries in the South, effectively governing them by remote control, without the need for bloody interventions. Leveraging debt, they imposed ‘structural adjustment programmes’ that reversed all the economic reforms that global South countries had painstakingly enacted. In the process, they went so far as to ban the very

, will reach 1.9 billion by 2015.’ This was alarming news, and projected a troubling future trend. Not only that, it also suggested that the structural adjustment programmes imposed by the World Bank and the IMF on global South countries during the 1980s and 1990s in the name of ‘development’ were actually making

speech was that he acknowledged that per capita incomes had been growing faster up until the mid-1970s, technically admitting that the World Bank’s structural adjustment programmes had slowed progress during the 1980s and 1990s. But at the same time he claimed that poverty had nonetheless been reduced during those decades – and

tragic kind of way. The Bank’s indicators show that, assuming sub-Saharan Africa follows all of the Bank’s advice and adheres closely to structural adjustment programmes, it will achieve a reduction in poverty from 407 million people in 2008 to 335 million by 2030. That is a long way from zero

plan was supposed to work: the IMF would help developing countries finance their debt on the condition that they would agree to a series of ‘structural adjustment programmes’.14 Structural adjustment programmes, or SAPs, included two basic mechanisms for debt repayment. First, developing countries had to redirect all their existing cash flows and assets towards debt

coffers of impoverished global South countries to the richest banks in the West. The second mechanism was slightly less direct. Countries that were subject to structural adjustment programmes were forced to radically deregulate their economies. They had to cut trade tariffs, open their markets to foreign competitors, abolish capital controls, abandon price controls

currency to repay their loans. This meant abandoning the import-substitution programmes they had used to such good effect during the developmentalist era. In addition, structural adjustment programmes required debtors to keep inflation low – a kind of monetary austerity – because the bankers feared they would use inflation to depreciate the value of their

devastating structural adjustment was by zooming in on particular regions, countries and cities.22 Take Africa, for instance, which suffered a total of thirty-one structural adjustment programmes during the 1980s and 1990s. In Dar es Salaam, public expenditure per person was cut by 10 per cent per year during the 1980s. In

for damages. All have failed. But there’s a second reason that the IMF and the World Bank have been able to power through with structural adjustment programmes despite their dismal record, and it has to do with how these two institutions are governed. Voting power in both is apportioned according to each

a trenchant critic of structural adjustment. But perhaps none have captured attention like Davidson Budhoo, the IMF senior economist whose job it was to implement structural adjustment programmes in Latin America and Africa during the 1980s. In 1988, Budhoo, a native of Grenada, resigned with a lengthy letter addressed to his former employer

the things that I did do in your name and in the names of your predecessors, and under your official seal. When the failure of structural adjustment programmes became too apparent to ignore, and as pressure from social movements mounted against them, the IMF and the World Bank ostensibly backed down. At the

end of the 1990s, they made a show of replacing structural adjustment programmes with ‘Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers’. The new PRSPs were supposed to bring in more local ownership of structural adjustment, and require countries to focus on

touch the principal that lies beneath, which threatens to persist for ever. One final point to bear in mind. Despite the imposition of dozens of structural adjustment programmes across the global South – which, remember, were intended to reduce debt – debt stocks have not reduced much at all. In fact, they have increased. External

some kind of productive transition takes place is to provide substantial unemployment benefits and training programmes – something that poor countries can rarely afford. Indeed, under structural adjustment programmes they are often denied the right to spend on this kind of social assistance. As for capital mobility: the theory states that the capital from

world’s countries were plugged into the international arbitration system. Some, including almost all of Latin America, were forced into it against their will under structural adjustment programmes. But despite early suspicions, even they found that the system worked pretty well. After all, it had the effect of slowing down the onslaught of

a result, external debt payments shot up from 6.1 per cent of government revenue in 2013 to 10.8 per cent in 2016.5 Structural adjustment programmes are still widely used by the World Bank and the IMF to secure debt repayment, in the form of the new Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

heart of the problem.4 The debt-as-sin framing has been used to justify ‘forgiving’ debt while requiring harsh austerity measures that replicate the structural adjustment programmes that contributed to the debt crisis in the first place, effectively saying ‘we will forgive your sins, but you will have to pay the price

on Africa, see: H. White, ‘Adjustment in Africa: a review article’, Development and Change 27, 1996, pp. 785–815; B. Riddel, ‘Things fall apart again: structural adjustment programs in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 30(1), 1992, pp. 53–68; Howard Stein and Machiko Nissanke, ‘Structural adjustment and the African

2017. 5  ‘As a result, external debt …’ Katie Allen, ‘World’s poorest countries rocked by commodity slump and strong dollar’, Guardian, 10 April 2016. 6  ‘Structural adjustment programmes are still …’ Fortunately conditionality has been relaxed a bit since the 2009 G20 Summit, which raised this as an issue. But as yet there is

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