by Shoshana Zuboff · 15 Jan 2019 · 918pp · 257,605 words
their content) that are not owned by the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zuboff, Shoshana, 1951- author. Title: The age of surveillance capitalism : the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power / Shoshana Zuboff. Description: First edition. | New York : PublicAffairs, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references
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It is about the darkening of the digital dream and its rapid mutation into a voracious and utterly novel commercial project that I call surveillance capitalism. III. What Is Surveillance Capitalism? Surveillance capitalism unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioral data. Although some of these data are applied to product or
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our societies, our democracies, and our emerging information civilization are examined in detail in the coming chapters. The evidence and reasoning employed here suggest that surveillance capitalism is a rogue force driven by novel economic imperatives that disregard social norms and nullify the elemental rights associated with individual autonomy that are essential
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key battleground upon which the possibility of a human future at the new frontier of power will be contested. IV. The Unprecedented One explanation for surveillance capitalism’s many triumphs floats above them all: it is unprecedented. The unprecedented is necessarily unrecognizable. When we encounter something unprecedented, we automatically interpret it
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society, and imposing a totalizing collectivist vision of life in the hive, with surveillance capitalists and their data priesthood in charge of oversight and control. Surveillance capitalism and its rapidly accumulating instrumentarian power exceed the historical norms of capitalist ambitions, claiming dominion over human, societal, and political territories that range far beyond
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years of experience in high-technology corporations and startups, primarily in Silicon Valley. These interviews were conducted as I developed my “ground truth” understanding of surveillance capitalism and its material infrastructure. Early on I approached a small number of highly respected data scientists, senior software developers, and specialists in the “internet
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predictions that were sometimes right; His lucky guesses were rewarded well. —W. H. AUDEN SONNETS FROM CHINA, VI I. Google: The Pioneer of Surveillance Capitalism Google is to surveillance capitalism what the Ford Motor Company and General Motors were to mass-production–based managerial capitalism. New economic logics and their commercial models are discovered
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“Data extraction and analysis,” Varian writes, “is what everyone is talking about when they talk about big data.” “Data” are the raw material necessary for surveillance capitalism’s novel manufacturing processes. “Extraction” describes the social relations and material infrastructure with which the firm asserts authority over those raw materials to achieve economies
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logic of accumulation that also introduces its own distinctive laws of motion. Here and in following chapters, we will examine these foundational dynamics, including surveillance capitalism’s idiosyncratic economic imperatives defined by extraction and prediction, its unique approach to economies of scale and scope in raw-material supply, its necessary construction
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differences for capitalism in these two moments of originality at Ford and Google. Ford’s inventions revolutionized production. Google’s inventions revolutionized extraction and established surveillance capitalism’s first economic imperative: the extraction imperative. The extraction imperative meant that raw-material supplies must be procured at an ever-expanding scale. Industrial capitalism
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fabric of Facebook’s online culture, where they could “invite” users into a “conversation.”88 VIII. Summarizing the Logic and Operations of Surveillance Capitalism With Google in the lead, surveillance capitalism rapidly became the default model of information capitalism on the web and, as we shall see in coming chapters, gradually drew competitors from
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shareholder governance exercises control over an increasingly universal means of social connection along with the information concealed in its networks. CHAPTER FIVE THE ELABORATION OF SURVEILLANCE CAPITALISM: KIDNAP, CORNER, COMPETE All words like Peace and Love, all sane affirmative speech, had been soiled, profaned, debased to a horrid mechanical screech. —W.
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are threatened as the division of learning drifts into pathology and injustice at the hands of the unprecedented asymmetries of knowledge and power that surveillance capitalism has achieved. Surveillance capitalism’s command of the division of learning in society begins with what I call the problem of the two texts. The specific mechanisms of
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predicting, regulating, or prohibiting the activities of surveillance capitalists will fall short. The primary frameworks through which our societies have sought to assert control over surveillance capitalism’s audacity are those of “privacy rights” and “monopoly.” Neither the pursuit of privacy regulations nor the imposition of constraints on traditional monopoly practices has
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the prediction imperative insists on surplus culled from these new flows and surveillance capitalists fill the front seats of the classroom of digital omniscience. IV. Surveillance Capitalism’s Realpolitik Waning levels of government leadership and funding for “ubiquitous computing” leave the technology companies to lead in basic research and applications, each
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conducive to a democracy. And fundamentally, information warfare is not conducive to democracy.85 This “warfare” and its structure of invasion and conquest represent surveillance capitalism’s standard operating procedures to which billions of innocents are subjected each day, as rendition operations violate all boundaries and modification operations claim dominion over
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are for them and how profitable certain behaviors are for us. Although it is still possible to imagine automated behavioral modification without surveillance capitalism, it is not possible to imagine surveillance capitalism without the marriage of behavior modification and the technological means to automate its application. This marriage is essential to economies of action
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therefore, it was espoused, could design highly effective plans.14 Varian deftly swaps out socialism’s “new man” and installs instead a market defined by surveillance capitalism’s economic imperatives, expressed through a ubiquitous computational architecture, the machine intelligence capabilities to which data are continuously supplied, the analytics that discern patterns,
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that keep us ignorant of its practices, and to insist on the conditions of lawlessness required for these operations. These declarations institutionalized surveillance capitalism as a market form. 3. Historical context: Surveillance capitalism found shelter in the neoliberal zeitgeist that equated government regulation of business with tyranny. This “paranoid style” favored self-management regimes
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the latent needs of second-modernity individuals seeking resources for effective life in an increasingly hostile institutional environment. Once bitten, the apple was irresistible. As surveillance capitalism spread across the internet, the means of social participation become coextensive with the means of behavioral modification. The exploitation of second-modernity needs that enabled
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computer mediation—devices, apps, connection—enters the scene in a relentless deluge of inevitabilist rhetoric, successfully distracting us from the highly intentional and historically contingent surveillance capitalism within. New institutional facts proliferate and stabilize the new practices. We fall into resignation and a sense of helplessness. 14. The ideology of human frailty
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monitors, computes, and modifies human behavior. Big Other combines these functions of knowing and doing to achieve a pervasive and unprecedented means of behavioral modification. Surveillance capitalism’s economic logic is directed through Big Other’s vast capabilities to produce instrumentarian power, replacing the engineering of souls with the engineering of behavior
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a full-blown instrumentarian society based on the pervasive outfitting and measurement of human behavior for the purposes of modification, control, and—in light of surveillance capitalism’s commercial dominance of the networked sphere—profit. Pentland insists that “social phenomena are really just aggregations of billions of small transactions between individuals.…”
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tighten their grasp, and the system flourishes. Industrial capitalism depended upon the exploitation and control of nature, with catastrophic consequences that we only now recognize. Surveillance capitalism, I have suggested, depends instead upon the exploitation and control of human nature. The market reduces us to our behavior, transformed into another fictional
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toward certainty and the promise of guaranteed outcomes. These operations mean that the supply and demand of behavioral futures markets are rendered in infinite detail. Surveillance capitalism thus replaces mystery with certainty as it substitutes rendition, behavioral modification, and prediction for the old “unsurveyable pattern.” This is a fundamental reversal of
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-value movement and globalization went a long way toward destroying this centuries-old social contract between capitalism and its communities, substituting formal indifference for reciprocity. Surveillance capitalism goes further. It not only jettisons Smith, but it also formally rescinds any remaining reciprocities with its societies. First, surveillance capitalists no longer rely
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a few examples—social relations are no longer founded on mutual exchange. In these and many other instances, products and services are merely hosts for surveillance capitalism’s parasitic operations. Second, by historical standards the large surveillance capitalists employ relatively few people compared to their unprecedented computational resources. This pattern, in
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professional journalism on the internet. Both corporations inserted themselves between publishers and their populations, subjecting journalistic “content” to the same categories of equivalence that dominate surveillance capitalism’s other landscapes. In a formal sense, professional journalism is the precise opposite of radical indifference. The journalist’s job is to produce news and
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as those forces learn to exploit the blind eye of radical indifference and escalate the perversion of learning in an open society. IV. What Is Surveillance Capitalism? Surveillance capitalism’s successful claims to freedom and knowledge, its structural independence from people, its collectivist ambitions, and the radical indifference that is necessitated, enabled, and
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a special issue of the Journal of Information Technology devoted to the theme of “big data,” they enthusiastically embraced my first academic paper on surveillance capitalism, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” and helped speed its way to publication. Special thanks to the Senior Scholars of the International Conference
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BusinessWeek.com and Fast Company. strategy+business magazine named Zuboff one of the eleven most original business thinkers in the world. Her 2015 article on surveillance capitalism, “Big Other,” received the Best Paper Award from the International Conference on Information Systems. For more information, see shoshanazuboff.com. @shoshanazuboff Praise for The
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I. Human Natural Resources II. The Cry Freedom Strategy III. Shelter: The Neoliberal Legacy IV. Shelter: Surveillance Exceptionalism V. Fortifications CHAPTER FIVE The Elaboration of Surveillance Capitalism: Kidnap, Corner, Compete I. The Extraction Imperative II. Cornered III. The Dispossession Cycle Stage One: Incursion Stage Two: Habituation Stage Three: Adaptation Stage Four:
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EIGHTEEN A Coup from Above I. Freedom and Knowledge II. After Reciprocity III. The New Collectivism and Its Masters of Radical Indifference IV. What Is Surveillance Capitalism? V. Surveillance Capitalism and Democracy VI. Be the Friction NOTES CHAPTER ONE 1. Martin Hilbert, “Technological Information Inequality as an Incessantly Moving Target: The Redistribution of Information
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modernity; second modernity; third modernity Mohammed, Jahangir, 227 Monarchical Edict of 1513 (Requirimiento), 178 Monitor, 325 monopoly (antitrust): as category that falls short in contesting surveillance capitalism, 14, 23, 194, 344, 486; as means of cornering behavioral surplus supply routes, 132–138 moral life of civilization: shaped by practices of capitalism,
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and industrial capitalism, 94, 345–346, 470, 515 Nazism, 355 neofeudalism, 44 neoliberalism: as shelter for rise of surveillance capitalism, 101, 107–112, 341; surveillance capitalism’s origins in, 504–505 neoliberal market economics, 37–41; helps surveillance capitalism flourish, 54; increase in inequalities under, 42–45; vs individualization, 18, 37. See also Friedman, Milton; Hayek
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with social media, 462, 466–467; mental health consequences of, 463–465, 466–467; operating through privatized digital spaces, 456 social connection: dependent upon surveillance capitalism, 383, 455–456; surveillance capitalism offers, 383 “social credit” system, China’s, 388–394 social Darwinism, 106 social efficiency (Pentland), 429, 438 social graphs: Facebook’s, 92,
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387–388; Microsoft patent for preempting human behavior, 412; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics, 425; use of social media, 173–174, 386, 388, 393 surveillance capital, 94 surveillance capitalism: awareness as threat to, 307–308; dressed up in rhetoric of empowerment, 10; emergence of, 52–55; expansion into offline world, 10, 19–20
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Taínos (indigenous people), 12, 177–178, 193 targeted applications, 217, 250 Tea Act (1773), 503 TechCrunch, 317, 318, 458–459 technological “drift,” 226 technologies, surveillance capitalism confused with (“puppet master vs puppet”), 14–17, 238, 352, 376 technology addiction, hand-and-glove relationship of, 449–453 technology of human behavior, 369
by Liz Pelly · 7 Jan 2025 · 293pp · 104,461 words
you have within the Spotify app is going to be recorded.” As a twenty-first-century social media user, familiar with the basic concepts of surveillance capitalism—what the author Shoshana Zuboff calls “a new economic order that claims human experience as free raw material for hidden commercial practices of extraction, prediction
by Maximilian Kasy · 15 Jan 2025 · 209pp · 63,332 words
has motivated the Harvard Business School social psychologist Shoshana Zuboff to describe the way that the tech industry operates as a new form of capitalism: surveillance capitalism. Data in the public domain—created for public benefit by countless writers, researchers, coders, and artists—are a second source. Public domain data are available
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. Oxford University Press, 1995. Wright, E. O. How to Be an Anti-Capitalist in the Twenty-First Century. Verso, 2019. Zuboff, S. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile, 2019. Part IV: Regulating Algorithms Acemoglu, D., and D. Autor. “Skills, Tasks
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, 26–27 stochastic gradient descent, 49 stock options, 126 stratified sampling, 198 supervised learning, 10, 29–36. See also deep learning; prediction; self-supervised learning surveillance capitalism, 85 survey responses, 136–38 Sweden, 158–60 Swedish Trade Union Confederation, 159 symbolic paradigm, 44 taste-based discrimination, 166–69 TD-Gammon, 61, 63
by W. David Marx · 18 Nov 2025 · 642pp · 142,332 words
. What once sounded paranoid—the idea that every online action could be tracked and weaponized—suddenly became undeniable. By 2018, Shoshana Zuboff coined the term surveillance capitalism to describe these practices, framing targeted advertising as an “assault on human autonomy” and a “coup from above.” In light of these new developments, the
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TEXT “logical end of this”: Morozov, “Two Decades of the Web.” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “assault on human autonomy”: Joanna Kavenna, “Shoshana Zuboff: ‘Surveillance Capitalism Is an Assault on Human Autonomy,’ ” Guardian, October 4, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/04/shoshana-zuboff
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-surveillance-capitalism-assault-human-automomy-digital-privacy. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “catalysed awareness”: “AI and Problems of Scale,” Benedict Evans, April 29, 2024, https://www.
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., 84 Sun Yitian, 252 Super Bowl, 46, 185, 241–42, 271 “Superthug” (song), 28 Supreme, 31, 130, 247, 249–50, 251 Surowiecki, James, 84–85 surveillance capitalism, 163 Survivor (TV series), 74–76, 180 Sweeney, Sydney, 215 Sweetie Pie (film), 44 Swifties, 172–73, 176, 178 Swift, Scott, 217–18 Swift, Taylor
by Tim Wu · 4 Nov 2025 · 246pp · 65,143 words
convincing people to click on ads. The most striking version of this theory comes from the work of Shoshana Zuboff, author of The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. That book, published in 2019, draws on Zuboff’s experience as a graduate student working with B. F. Skinner, the most famous behavioral theorist of
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(2013–2027),” Oberlo, accessed November 22, 2024, https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/google-ad-revenue. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3 Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4 Cecilia Rikap, Capitalism, Power and Innovation: Intellectual Monopoly Capitalism Uncovered (New York: Routledge, 2021). BACK TO
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, 45, 85–87, 169 revenue, 8, 52–53, 85 vs. users, competing interests between, 45, 52–53, 67–68 aerospace industry, 35 The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (Zuboff), 87 AI. See artificial intelligence Akerlof, George, 16 Alcoa, 28 AlexNet, 93 allegiance to brand, 72, 100–102 Altman, Sam, 6, 94, 142–43
by David G. W. Birch and Victoria Richardson · 28 Apr 2024 · 249pp · 74,201 words
now associated with the current web2 environment, and the immersive properties of the Metaverse could raise significant threats to human agency and human rights as ‘surveillance capitalism’ expands and authoritarian governments take advantage of these new technologies. We take both of these starting points very seriously, and in this book we will
by Harsha Walia · 9 Feb 2021
like Amazon, Palantir, Elbit Systems, and European Dynamics. Migrants and refugees are at the forefront of becoming, as Shoshana Zuboff calls it, “the sources of surveillance capitalism’s crucial surplus: the objects of a technologically advanced and increasingly inescapable raw-material-extraction operation.”19 These physical, digital, and symbolic changes to border
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Miller, Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2014), 42. 19.Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 10. 20.Reece Jones, Border Walls: Security and the
by Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias · 19 Aug 2019 · 458pp · 116,832 words
and Capitalism Why is it that so far we have talked simply of capitalism and not digital capitalism, informational capitalism, communicative capitalism, platform capitalism, or surveillance capitalism, to name some rival terms?131 The reason is straightforward. No convincing argument has yet been made that capitalism today is anything other than what
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of information” is growing.132 Surveillance is certainly part of this, again as we have emphasized, but not sufficiently to brand today’s capitalism as surveillance capitalism. For, within the longer history of colonialism and capitalism, surveillance has often been the accompaniment to the direct appropriation of laboring bodies for value (think
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Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Žižek, Slavoj. Living in the End Times. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 2011. Zuboff, Shoshana. “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization.” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart
by Paul Scharre · 18 Jan 2023
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The U.S. government, by contrast, has taken a more laissez-faire approach to regulating technology, allowing the growth of “surveillance capitalism” in which big tech companies collect and store massive amounts of personal data. (Although political winds in Washington are starting to shift with a growing
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in the United States. “The world is essentially being put forward two fairly bad proposals” for tech governance, she said. “One is the U.S. surveillance capitalism model, driven by big companies and essentially is about us all being herded into particular directions to spend money. Then the other is the Chinese
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Emerging Technology, July 2020), https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/messier-than-oil-assessing-data-advantage-in-military-ai/. 21surveillance capitalism: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, January 15, 2019), https://www.amazon.com/Age
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-Surveillance-Capitalism-Future-Frontier/dp/1610395697. 22900 million internet users as of 2020: “Number of Internet Users in China from 2008 to 2020,” Statista, 2021, https://www.
by Yuval Noah Harari · 9 Sep 2024 · 566pp · 169,013 words
they charge “bad drivers” and lower the premiums for “good drivers.”43 The American scholar Shoshana Zuboff has termed this ever-expanding commercial monitoring system “surveillance capitalism.”44 In addition to all these varieties of top-down surveillance, there are peer-to-peer systems in which individuals constantly monitor one another. For
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Use,” Washington Post, April 25, 2023, www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/25/data-centers-drought-water-use/. 47. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018); Mejias and Couldry, Data Grab; Brian Huseman (Amazon vice
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/article/53vm7n/inside-stalkerware-surveillance-market-flexispy-retina-x. 42. Mejias and Couldry, Data Grab, 90–94. 43. Ibid., 156–58. 44. Zuboff, Age of Surveillance Capitalism. 45. Rafael Bravo, Sara Catalán, and José M. Pina, “Gamification in Tourism and Hospitality Review Platforms: How to R.A.M.P. Up Users’ Motivation
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, doi.org/10.2307/1960864. CHAPTER 10: TOTALITARIANISM: ALL POWER TO THE ALGORITHMS? 1. See, for example, the otherwise excellent and insightful Zuboff, Age of Surveillance Capitalism; Fisher, Chaos Machine; Christian, Alignment Problem; D’Ignazio and Klein, Data Feminism; Costanza-Chock. Design Justice. Kai-Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and
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, 2023, www.aspistrategist.org.au/examining-chinese-citizens-views-on-state-surveillance/; Strittmatter, We Have Been Harmonized; Cain, Perfect Police State. 25. Zuboff, Age of Surveillance Capitalism; PHQ Team, “Survey: Americans Divided on Social Credit System,” PrivacyHQ, 2022, privacyhq.com/news/social-credit-how-do-i-stack-up/. 26. Lee, AI Superpowers
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