transatlantic cable

The Cable
by Gillian Cookson
Published 19 Sep 2012

To my friend John Hirst Fenton 1928–1994 Contents Title Page Dedication Acknowledgements 1 The Mystic Voice of Electricity 2 The Great Feat of the Century 3 The Stride of a Full-Grown Giant 4 Lightnings through Deep Waters 5 Languishing by Delay 6 A Thrill along the Iron Nerve Sources & Information Plates Copyright Acknowledgements Thanks especially to Colin Hempstead, and for information, help, advice, support and encouragement variously to Bill Burns of the Atlantic Cable website (http://www.atlantic-cable.com/); Charlotte Dando, collections manager, Porthcurno Telegraph Museum, and Allan Green, research fellow at the museum; Anne Locker, archivist of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (formerly the Institution of Electrical Engineers); Amy Rigg and Abigail Wood of The History Press; and to Neil, Joe and Francis Cookson. 1 The Mystic Voice of Electricity Whose idea was the transatlantic cable? Once the scheme was a success, and even before that, there was no shortage of claimants. John Watkins Brett declared in 1857, as the first Atlantic cable was being manufactured, that he and his brother Jacob had thought of it early in 1845. By then, a network of land telegraphs had spread quickly across England, following Wheatstone and Cooke’s 1837 patent.

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Yet Brett continued to insist that submarine cables were ‘purely an invention of our own’ and that ‘no man’s labours or suggestions were borrowed’. In the United States, Professor Samuel Finley Breeze Morse would have disputed this point. Morse was some years ahead of the Britons. Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, an eminent British telegraph engineer, later had no doubt that the transatlantic cable had originated in America: ‘It is indisputably clear that the idea of connecting the US with England practically originated in New York, that these American originators pushed on the telegraph.’ The word ‘practically’ is key. It was simple to visualise a long submarine line, but few were capable of advancing the idea any further.

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Although an anchor destroyed the line almost as soon as it was operational, he had shown beyond doubt that the feat was possible. Samuel Morse, who had started out as an artist, was professor of Natural Science at Yale and a pioneer of land telegraphs in the United States. His experiments on submarine cables were well recorded, so his claim that he was thinking about a transatlantic cable early in the 1840s is convincing. Morse left an account of how his ideas at that time had developed, in letters written during 1854 to General Horatio Hubbell of Philadelphia. Hubbell’s role in the ocean telegraph is insignificant, except that he too was claiming first inspiration for the idea.

Some Remarks
by Neal Stephenson
Published 6 Aug 2012

Thomson came out on top, with a new title and name—Lord Kelvin. Everything that has occurred in Silicon Valley in the last couple of decades also occurred in the 1850s. Anyone who thinks that wild-ass high-tech venture capitalism is a late-20th-century California phenomenon needs to read about the maniacs who built the first transatlantic cable projects (I recommend Arthur C. Clarke’s book How the World Was One). The only things that have changed since then are that the stakes have gotten smaller, the process more bureaucratized, and the personalities less interesting. Those early cables were eventually made to work, albeit not without founding whole new fields of scientific inquiry and generating many lucrative patents.

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Within the next few years, several huge third-generational optical fiber systems will be coming online: not only FLAG but a FLAG competitor called SEA-ME-WE 3 (Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe #3); TPC–5 (Trans-Pacific Cable #5); APCN (Asia-Pacific Cable Network), which is a web of cables interconnecting Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, and the Philippines; and the latest TAT (Transatlantic) cable. So FLAG is part of a trend that will soon bring about a vast increase in intercontinental bandwidth. What is unusual about FLAG is not its length (although it will be the longest cable ever constructed) or its technology (which is shared by other cables) but how it came into existence. But that’s a business question which will be dealt with later.

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THE (TEMPORARY) CENTER OF THE CABLE-LAYING UNIVERSE. HOISTING FLAGONS WITH THE ÉLITE CABLE-LAYING FRATERNITY AT A WATERFRONT ESTABLISHMENT. CLASSIC REPRISE OF THE ANCIENT HACKER-VERSUS-SUIT DRAMA. HISTORICAL EXPLOITS OF THE FAMOUS WILLIAM THOMSON AND THE INFAMOUS WILDMAN WHITEHOUSE. THEIR RIVALRY, CULMINATING IN THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC CABLE. WHITEHOUSE DISGRACED, THOMSON TRANSMOGRIFIED INTO LORD KELVIN . . . 22˚ 15.745' N, 114˚ 0.557' E Silvermine Bay, Lan Tao Island,?b Hong Kong “Today, Lan Tao Island is the center of the cable-laying universe,” says David M. Handley, a 52-year-old Southerner who, like virtually all cable-laying people, is talkative, endlessly energetic, and gives every indication of knowing exactly what he’s doing.

The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation
by Jon Gertner
Published 15 Mar 2012

At Clarenville, the signals entered the deepwater portion of the newly-completed transatlantic cable. All along the bottom of the ocean, the message flashed through fifty-two repeaters over 2,250 miles, before emerging in Oban, Scotland. At Oban the transmission was directed by cable to London, where Hill was poised to respond to Craig. It all took less than a tenth of a second. Occasionally, fishing trawlers near the shore would cause breaks in phone service via the first transatlantic cable. But for twenty-two years after it was first activated, its technology never failed once. BY THE TIME the transatlantic cable came online, only two of the four men most closely associated with the transistor—Mervin Kelly and Walter Brattain—were still working at the Labs.

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Jewett soon appointed a successor: a tall, thoughtful, experimental physicist named Oliver Buckley who had spent much of his career at the Labs trying to address the special problems that affected “submarine” cable—that is, cable that went under water, connecting islands to the mainland, and was susceptible to a range of stresses that didn’t affect ordinary underground phone cables. Buckley’s dream was to run a transatlantic cable from North America to Great Britain, a project that the Depression and various technological challenges had placed on an indefinite hold. Not long after Buckley moved up, Mervin Kelly did, too. Through his work in the tube shop, as both a researcher and production chief, he had extended the life of the Western Electric telephone repeater tubes from 1,000 hours to 80,000 hours, an impressive and cost-saving feat.

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In the previous year, he noted, 30 million transistors had been manufactured and semiconductors were now a $100 million industry. The transistor would infiltrate the industries created by vacuum tubes and would be the driving force in transforming the world in ways “yet undreamed.”18 One striking proof of this assertion was imminent. The capacity of the two-year-old transatlantic cables would soon be increased thanks to a transistorized technology developed at the Labs known as TASI, or Time Assignment Speech Interpolation. How this worked seemed a marvel. Bell Labs technicians had long known that when someone is talking on a telephone line, they send out signals only about 35 percent of the time.

Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet
by Andrew Blum
Published 28 May 2012

Tata’s route from Singapore to Japan is more direct than its competitors’, which also gives it the fastest travel times all the way to India. But Tata’s transatlantic cable is frustratingly slow. Tyco originally connected it to a landing station in New Jersey, close to its corporate headquarters. But compared with the transatlantic cables that landed on Long Island, by the time a bit went down the coast and back up to the city, the route effectively made London and New York two hundred more miles apart. At the time no one thought it mattered. “Now I get beaten up in meetings because there’s one millisecond extra compared to our competitors,” Cooper said, rubbing his brow. The first new transatlantic cable in a decade will be laid in 2012 by a small company called Hibernia-Atlantic.

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“We’ve done the belt around the world and now we’re reaching up and down a little bit,” Cooper said nonchalantly, talking about the planet as if it were his lawn. Tata had extended its cable between the United States and Japan with a new link to Singapore and then onward to Chennai. Then from Mumbai another Tata cable passed through the Suez to Marseille. From there, the routes went overland to London, and finally connected to the original transatlantic cable that connected Bristol, England, to New Jersey. Cooper made it sound like no big deal, but he’d built a beam of light around the world. To go “up and down,” Tata bought a stake in SEACOM, the new cable to South Africa, as well as another new cable down Africa’s western coast, intended to break SAT-3’s grip.

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The Docklands, Ashburn, and others had a constant stream of visitors. Security was tight, but there was a sense of them as inherently shared places, nearly public ones. But the cable landing stations were quietly hidden away, and they rarely received visitors. But Global Crossing, then the operator of a major transatlantic cable known as Atlantic Crossing-1, finally responded to my entreaties—perhaps officials were pleased I was paying attention to something other than the company’s spectacular 2002 bankruptcy. My press contact only asked that I have a chat with her director of security, who would in turn “notify his government contacts” of my plans.

Victorian Internet
by Tom Standage
Published 1 Jan 1998

Eventually, on the fourth attempt, and having laid 2,050 miles of cable between them, the Agamemnon reached Newfoundland and the Niagara reached Valentia Bay. The cable was landed on August 5, 1858. For the first time, the telegraph networks of Europe and North America had been connected. HMS Agamemnon encounters a whale during the laying of the first transatlantic cable, July 1858. Both whale and cable emerged unscathed. THE CELEBRATIONS that followed bordered on hysteria. There were hundred-gun salutes in Boston and New York; flags flew from public buildings; church bells rang. There were fireworks, parades, and special church services. Torch-bearing revelers in New York got so carried away that City Hall was accidentally set on fire and narrowly escaped destruction.

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Indeed, the construction of a global telegraph network was widely expected, by Briggs and Maverick among others, to result in world peace: "It is impossible that old prejudices and hostilities should longer exist, while such an instrument has been created for the exchange of thought between all the nations of the earth." The transatlantic cable was regarded as nothing short of miraculous; indeed, it was a miracle that it worked at all. The cable was so unreliable that it was more than a week before the first message was sent successfully, and it took sixteen and a half hours to send Queen Victoria's message to President Buchanan. The official opening of the cable to public traffic was delayed again and again, and commercial messages started to pile up at both ends, while the true state of affairs was kept under wraps.

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The hype soon got going again when it became clear that, this time, the transatlantic link was here to stay. At a banquet held in Field's honor by the New York Chamber of Commerce in November 1866, he was described as "the Columbus of our time. . . . he has, by his cable, moored the New World close alongside the Old." His life's work, the transatlantic cable, was hailed as "the most wonderful achievement of our civilization." The cables were so profitable that Field was able to pay off all his debts in 1867. That year, when one of the two cables got crushed by an iceberg and stopped working, it was repaired within weeks. Before long, the recovery and repair of undersea cables was regarded as commonplace.

Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms & a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories
by Simon Winchester
Published 27 Oct 2009

The line they had sewn together in mid-ocean was still working; and even as sailors at each end hauled the cable to the already-built cable stations, where the landlines to New York and London were already waiting to be hooked up, it was still in apparently perfect order. Cyrus Field, the transatlantic cable impresario, with Puck’s famous boast from A Midsummer Night’s Dream, slightly misquoted, beside him, dominates this Harper’s Weekly cartoon celebrating the successful laying of the first cable between Ireland and Newfoundland. Queen and president—seen in the lower part of the cartoon—were soon in busy contact with each other.

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Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993. Gimlette, John. The Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador. London: Hutchinson, 2005. Gordon, John Steele. A Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable. New York: Walker, 2002. Graham, Gerald S. Empire of the North Atlantic: The Maritime Struggle for North America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950. Gruber, Ruth. Haven: The Dramatic Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees and How They Came to America. New York: Three Rivers, 1983. Guthrie, John.

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S., 194 Gill nets, 368 Glaciers, 57–58, 405, 410 Global warming air transport and, 346–48 Rachel Carson’s writing about, 354–55 changing ice patterns from, 395–402 commercial cargo shipping and, 348–50, 352–53 human impacts on, 402–7 hurricanes and changing weather patterns from, 417–27 photosynthetic bacteria and, 427–32 previous periods of, 412 rising sea levels and consequences of, 407–18 scandal about science of, 408n Glorious First of June battle, 242–46, 251 Goethe, Johann von, 194 Gore, Al, 410n Gough Island, 438–40 Governors Island, 179 Graf Spee (ship), 257–60 Grand Banks, 283–90, 364–78, 434 Grand Manan, New Brunswick, 43 Great Britain art of, 167 Bermuda as colony of, 152 circumnavigation of, 69 Falklands War and, 207–11, 266–68, 383n literature of, 24–27, 149–52, 154–58, 168–69, 200–201 management of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands fishery of, 378–89 motivations of, for Atlantic Ocean exploration, 123–24 naval warfare of, and Trafalgar Battle, 240–46 passenger liners of, 186 pirate warfare and, 226–29 radioactive waste of, 356–57 Roman invasion of, 211–12 slave trade and, 221–22, 230–39 transatlantic cable and, 305–10 War of 1812 of, 246–47 whaling by, 286–87, 383 World War I and, 251–56 World War II and, 257–66, 268–71 Great Drowning of Men, flood of 1362, 413 Great Outer Sea name, 35 Great Storm of 1703, 413 Great War (World War I), 251–56 Great West Sea name, 20, 49, 96 Green fuels, 347 Greenhouse gases, 346–48, 406, 432 Greenland, 45n, 395–402, 405, 410 Greenland Saga, 158–59 Greenpeace, 347, 362–63 Gruinard Island, 390 Guinea Current, 109 Gulf of Guinea, 145 Gulf of Mexico, 145–47, 403 Gulf Stream (painting), 198 Gulf Stream Agulhas Leakage and, 439 Prince Albert’s map of, 141–42 collision of Labrador Current and, 9, 283 discovery and mapping of, 114–20 Benjamin Franklin’s map of, 117 f, 292n hurricanes and, 425 hypothetical Native American voyage to Ireland on, 91 investigation of, 123 Gunnery, naval, 240–41, 251–52 Gyres, Atlantic Ocean, 49, 142, 438–39 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 265n, 292 Hamilton, Bermuda, 150–52 Hand-lining, 368 Hanseatic League, 277–80 Harmattan winds, 111, 121 Harold, King, 214–15 Harpooning, 286 Hawker, Harry, 337 Heathrow Airport, 12, 14, 329, 340 Henry the Navigator, 111–12 Herodotus, 67n, 96 Heroism, 327, 449–56 Himilco the Carthaginian, 69 Hippoi boats, 67 Hirondelle (ship), 141 Hispaniola, 87n, 175–77, 217–18 Histories, The (book), 96 HMS Pinafore (opera), 194 Holland.

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media
by Peter Warren Singer and Emerson T. Brooking
Published 15 Mar 2018

As observers pondered the prospect of a more interconnected world, they assumed it would be a gentler one. President James Buchanan captured the feeling best when marking the laying of the first transatlantic cable between the United States and Britain, in 1858. He expressed the belief that the telegraph would “prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument designed . . . to diffuse religion, liberty, and law throughout the world.” Within days, that transatlantic cable of perpetual peace was instead being used to send military orders. Like the printing press before it, the telegraph quickly became an important new tool of conflict, which would also transform it.

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—VLADISLAV SURKOV, “WITHOUT SKY” WORLD WAR I HAD BEEN RAGING for less than five hours when the crew of the CS Alert undertook one of the most important operations of the entire conflict. Floating in the English Channel, the crew unspooled dozens of meters of heavy wire into the water, anchored by an iron hook. Dredging the ocean floor, they waited for a telltale tug before reeling their prize back up to the surface. One by one, all seven of Germany’s transatlantic cables were severed that day. For the rest of the war, Germany would be forced to use unencrypted radios or sneak messages into public telegraph channels—messages that lay at the mercy of British code breakers. But in losing these transatlantic lifelines, Germany was dealt an even bigger blow. For the rest of the war, it could not communicate directly with the American public, leaving Britain to control the narrative inside the one major nation yet to join the fight.

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Palestinians, 194–95 by ISIS, 8–9, 150–53, 162–63, 235–36 Israel, 199 netwar, 183–85 Nissenbaum and, 92–93 Russia and, 103–17, 204, 208 Trump and, 174–75 via radio (World War II), 7–8, 18, 32–33 ProPublica, 140 Prosser, Michael, 191, 192 Protestant Reformation, 28 public awareness, 264–65 Pulitzer, Joseph, 31 “Purloined Letter, The” (Poe), 110 Putin, Vladimir, 81, 94, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 208 Q “Question More,” 107, 108 R racism Charlottesville, VA, 115, 138, 189, 232, 239 white supremacists, 115, 170, 188–89, 232, 237–39 radio intelligence gathering, 78 invention of, 32–33 transatlantic cables, 181 as weapon in World War II, 7–8 #RapeMelania hoax, 210–11, 214 Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently, 70 reality stars, 154–57 @ReallyVirtual, 53–55 recruitment by gangbangers, 14 by ISIS, 8, 9, 148–49, 151 Israel, 199 of lone wolves, 9, 153, 170, 189, 198, 237 Reddit, 60, 239, 241, 268 r/The_Donald, 174–75 regulation, 223–32, 233–34 religion, 190 reporters.

Cuckoo's Egg
by Clifford Stoll
Published 2 Jan 1989

Why would NSA want to know who had carried this traffic? Of course. NSA is rumored to tape record every transatlantic telephone conversation. Maybe they’d recorded this session. But that’s impossible. How much information crosses the Atlantic everyday? Oh, say there’s ten satellites and a half-dozen transatlantic cables. Each handles ten thousand telephone calls. So the NSA would need several hundred thousand tape recorders running full time. And that’s just to listen to the phone traffic—there are computer messages and television as well. Why, fishing out my particular session would be nearly impossible, even with supercomputers to help.

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While the hacker stepped through the Air Force computer, Steve White traced Tymnet’s lines. “He’s coming through RCA,” Steve said. “TAT-6.” “Huh? What’s that mean in English?” “Oh, nothing really. RCA is one of the international record carriers, and today the hacker is coming across the number six transatlantic cable.” Steve dealt in worldwide communications like a taxi driver in midtown traffic. “Why isn’t he on a satellite link?” “Probably because it’s a Sunday—the cable channels are less crowded.” “You mean that people prefer cable to satellite links?” “Sure. Every time you connect through a satellite, there’s a quarter second delay.

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“Hey, Martha, you’re not going to believe this, but the hacker’s broken into a computer in Japan. Here’s your Fort Buckner,” I said, pointing to an island in the Pacific Ocean. “It’s on Okinawa.” What a connection! From Hannover, Germany, the hacker linked to the University of Bremen, across a transatlantic cable into Tymnet, then into my Berkeley computer, and into the Milnet, finally reaching Okinawa. Jeez. If someone in Okinawa had detected him, they’d have to unravel a truly daunting maze. Not that this worldwide link satisfied him—he wanted Fort Buckner’s database. For half an hour, he probed their system, finding it amazingly barren.

A Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age
by Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman
Published 17 Jul 2017

For the next six years, communications across the ocean would be carried much as they had been for the previous four hundred, on boats. Not until 1866 was a cable laid that held. And were all of these lessons on the minds of Claude Shannon and his colleagues, ninety years later? Very much so: when Arthur C. Clarke paused from science fiction to write a history of communication beginning with the transatlantic cable, he dedicated it to Shannon’s boss at Bell Labs, John Pierce, who “bullied” him into the project. In particular, the fiasco of the telegraph helped to crystallize three enduring lessons that would remain at the heart of communications science long after its details were forgotten, and long after the specific problem of transatlantic telegraphy had been tolerably solved.

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Past this point, which was soon enough named the Shannon limit, our accuracy breaks down. Shannon gave every subsequent generation of engineers a mark to aim for, as well as a way of knowing when they were wasting their time in pursuit of the hopeless. In a way, he also gave them what they had been after since the days of Thomson and the transatlantic cable: an equation that brought message and medium under the same laws. This would have been enough. But it was the next step that seemed, depending on one’s perspective, miraculous or inconceivable. Below the channel’s speed limit, we can make our messages as accurate as we desire—for all intents, we can make them perfectly accurate, perfectly free from noise.

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G., 14 Sagan, Carl, xiv Samuelson, Paul, 176 San Francisco, Calif., 126 Saturn, 262 Schellenberg, Walter, 97–98 Schramm, Wilbur, 167–68, 169 Scientific American, 165, 214, 280, 281 Scientology, 200–201 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 162n Sedgwick, Adam, 170 Segrè, Emilio Gino, 263 Selective Service and Training Act (1940), 80 “Seminar on Information Theory” (Shannon lecture), 224 Shannon, Betty Moore, 192, 203, 212, 215, 223, 227, 246, 256, 257, 258, 262, 264–65, 272 background of, 182 at Bell Labs, 183–84 CS’s Alzheimer’s and, 269, 270–71 CS’s courtship of, 182, 184 education of, 182–83 family life of, 233–34 investing by, 234, 238–42 mathematical talent of, 183–85 professional partnership of CS and, 184–85 wedding of CS and, 184 Shannon, Catherine, 8, 9, 13, 18, 184, 264–65 Shannon, Claude Elwood, xi–xv abstractive genius of, 46 Alfred Noble Prize awarded to, 48 Alzheimer’s disease of, 268–71 atheism of, 46, 84 barbed wire telegraph of, xii, 4–5, 34, 72 at Bell Labs, 38, 68, 70, 71–73, 101 Bell Labs friends of, 111–14 Betty Moore and, see Shannon, Betty Moore birth of, 8 Boolean algebra and, 37–39 as both mathematician and engineer, 275, 276 chess as passion of, 199, 211–12 childhood and adolescence of, xii, 4–5, 8, 9–11, 19, 34, 72, 126 at Cold Spring Harbor, 49, 53–60 computerized chess and, xv, 212–16 cryptography as early interest of, 4, 19 cryptography expertise of, xiii, 95, 101–2, 104, 152, 193–94, 195, 310n curiosity of, 202–3, 266, 275 death of, 271–72 demands on time of, 195 draft worries of, 80–81, 82 dual engineering and math undergraduate degrees of, 16–17 Erector sets of, xv, 6, 11, 203, 256 family life of, 233 flight training of, 47 Fry’s mentoring of, 68, 75, 81, 83, 90, 166 gambling strategies and, 244 Greenwich Village apartment of, 110–11, 136, 182 growing fame of, xiv, 188–89 honors and prizes awarded to, 257–59, 261–62 on human-machine interactions, 207–9 impatience of, 113–14 as inconsistent correspondent, 200 information theory invented by, see information theory at Institute for Advanced Study, 74–80, 162 intellectual courage of, 277–78 intuitive thought process of, 184–85, 230, 232–33, 245 investing by, 234, 238–42 jazz as passion of, 61, 110, 111, 255 juggling as passion of, see juggling Kyoto laureate lecture of, 265–67 Kyoto Prize awarded to, 263–67 legacy of, 273–81 machines as fascination of, 203–9 master’s thesis of, xiii, 39–43 mathematics as early interest of, 9, 10, 16–17 mechanical abilities of, 10–11, 16–17 misapplication of information theory as concerning to, 190–92 as MIT full professor, 225, 228–33, 234–35, 236, 239, 240–41, 244, 246, 248, 261, 262, 276 as MIT graduate student, xii, 32, 34, 45–49, 61, 74, 94, 177 as MIT visiting professor, 223–25 modesty and self-effacement of, xii, xiv, xv, 48, 107, 179, 257, 262, 275, 276, 278 National Medal of Science awarded to, 258 National Research Fellowship of, 63 NDRC work of, 81–82 Norma Levor and, see Shannon, Norma Levor numerous publications of, 235 Oxford fellowship of, 259–60 playfulness of, xi, xv, 46, 266, 267, 270, 277, 278–81 poetry written by, 63, 280–81 practical nature of, 72 publishing results as secondary to, 59–60 puzzle solutions published by, 19–20 roulette prediction device of Thorp and, 245–46 as SCAG member, 196–98 self-isolation of, xii, 46, 47–48, 59, 62, 79, 114, 185, 202, 230 shyness of, 46, 47–48 Stanford fellowship of, 226, 258–59 teaching method of, 232 Theseus project of, 203–7, 211, 217, 266, 278 as tinkerer, xii, xv, 10, 11, 45–46, 72, 228–29, 233, 234, 243, 244–45, 270, 271, 276 unicycles of, xv, 199, 228, 248, 249, 279 at University of Michigan, 13, 15–20, 35, 39–43 war work disliked by, 93–94, 95 wealth of, 238, 239–40 wide-ranging interests of, 275–76 Winchester house of, see Entropy House work as hobby for, 266 Shannon, Claude Elwood, Sr., 5–6, 8 death of, 18 Shannon, David, Jr., 11 Shannon, Mabel Wolf, 5–7, 8, 290n CS’s estrangement from, 18 Shannon, Norma Levor, 77, 78, 110 atheism of, 63 background of, 62 CS’s courtship of, 62–63 divorce of CS and, 79–80, 184 intellectual ambitions of, 63, 80 at Radcliffe, 62, 63 wedding of CS and, 63 Shannon, Peggy, 183, 228, 233, 234, 238–39, 240, 242, 249, 258, 261, 264–65, 268–69, 270, 271 Shannon family, 233–34, 258, 269 travels by, 261–62 Shannon Limit, 157, 270, 274, 325n Sheldon, William, 111 Shockley, William, 67 shorthand, 153 shumi (hobby), 266 signals: conversion of, from analog to digital, 134–35 fluctuation of, 127 noise vs., 119–20, 123–24, 126, 127, 156–61, 179 SIGSALY system, 96, 98–99, 100, 101, 103 Silverberg, Robert, 252–53 similarities, in problem solving, 219 simplifying, in problem solving, 219 Singleton, Henry, 239 $64,000 Question (TV show), 225 Slepian, David, 114, 184 slide rules, 265–66 Smith, Adam, 240 Smith, Walter Bedell, 193–94, 195 smoothing, 88 Socrates, 37, 172, 253 solutions, CS on strategies for arriving at, 218–20 South Korea, 197 Soviet Union, 166, 174, 194, 211–12 Spanish Civil War, 86 Special Cryptologic Advisory Group (SCAG), 196–98 spinning jenny, 265 Staebler, Edward, 14 Stanford University, 178, 258–59 Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at, 226 Staten Island, N.Y., 182 steam engine, 265 stochastic processes, 76 information as, 145–53 Stockholm, Sweden, 264 stock market, 243 Shannons’ investments in, 234, 238–42 stock market crash of 1929, 14 structural analysis, in problem solving, 219–20 SWEATER project, 196 Sweden, 126 Swift, Edgar James, 250–51 “Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, A” (Shannon), 39–43 Szegoő, Gábor, 94 Szilard, Leo, 162n technology, CS’s optimistic view of, 208–9 Teledyne, 239, 242 telegraphs, telegraphy, 127, 265 homemade networks of, 4–5 information theory and, 145 telephone networks, 38, 66, 77, 125–26 automated switchboards in, 126 color coding of, 71–72 relays in, 72–73, 203 “thalassophilia,” 51 “Theorem on Color Coding” (Shannon), 71–73 “Theoretical Possibilities Using Codes with Different Numbers of Current Values” (Nyquist), 128 thermodynamics, Second Law of, 162n Theseus (maze-solving mechanical mouse), xv, 203–7, 211, 217, 266, 278 thinking machines: CS on future of, 266 CS’s fascination with, 203–9 see also artificial intelligence; computers, digital Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin, 36, 43, 123, 124, 125, 127, 157 harmonic analyzer of, 25–28 transatlantic cable and, 120, 121–22 Thorp, Ed, 243–46 Thorp, Vivian, 246 THROBAC (Thrifty Roman-Numeral Backward-Looking Computer), xv, 207, 243 Throop College of Technology, 83 tides, prediction of, 24–25, 127 Time, 22, 188, 205 Tonga, Tongans, 252–53 transatlantic telegraph cable, 119–24, 157, 158 transatlantic telephony, first successful experiment in, 130–31 “Transmission of Information” (Hartley), 131 transmission speed, redundancy and, 154–56 Tufts University, 176 Tukey, John, 141 TUNNY, 96 turbo codes, 325n Turing, Alan, xiii, 42–43, 99, 150 cryptography and, 103–6 CS’s friendship with, 104, 106–9 death of, 109 Turing Machines, 103, 106 Turing Test, 209 “Turk, The” (hoax), 210–11, 212 Turkey, 261 Tuxedo Park laboratory, 93 U-boats, 167 Ultimate Machine, xv, 207, 278 uncertainty, in information theory, 142–44, 311n unicycles, xv, 199, 228, 248, 249, 279 United States, British mistrust of, 105–6 University of Illinois Press, 168 Upper Mystic Lake, 227 “Use of the Lakatos-Hickman Relay in a Suburban-Sender Case, The” (Shannon), 72 Valentia Island, 122 Vanity Fair, 254 Veblen, Oscar, 74, 75 Verdú, Sergio, 174, 179 Versailles, Treaty of, 86 Virginia, 131 Vocoder (Voice Encoder), 99, 100 Voder (Voice Operation Demonstrator), 99–100 Vogue, 207–8 Von Neumann, John, xiii, 74, 75–76, 93, 162, 172, 175, 194, 195–96, 197, 198, 240 Voyager I, xiv, 262 Voyage Round the World, A (Forster), 252–53 Wall Street Journal, 238 Wall Street Week (TV show), 241 Walter Reed Hospital, 198 Washington, D.C., 196 Washington Square Park, (New York City), 110 Watson, James, 188 Watson, Thomas A., 123, 126 Watt, James, 265 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 240 Weaver, Warren, 83–85, 86, 89, 90, 166–67, 168–69 Wenger, Joseph, 194–95, 196 Western Electric, 65, 66, 99 Weyl, Hermann, 76–77, 145 White House, 258 Whitehouse, O.

The Future of Technology
by Tom Standage
Published 31 Aug 2005

Nobody knows; but if it does, says Google’s Eric Schmidt, high-tech will lose its innovative spark and, just like other sectors, turn to rent-seeking. 35 THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY Déjà vu all over again If history is any guide, the IT industry’s future will be about services and customer power ou would expect eric schmidt, one of Silicon Valley’s leading lights, to have an oversized inner geek. But these days, he sounds more like a closet historian. He enjoys talking, for instance, about how America’s transcontinental railroad in the 1860s was built on debt, a bubble and scandals. Another favourite topic is the laying of the first transatlantic cable in that period, a seemingly impossible mission. To Mr Schmidt, reading and thinking about history is a kind of redemption, for himself as well as for the high-tech industry: “We believed that the bubble would never end. We were wound up in a state of hubris.” But of course, he says, it was déjà vu all over again: “People in high-tech didn’t take any history classes.”

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“If we go with the market, help our customers to realise the business value of it, then we can be a good business,” says ibm’s Mr Wladawsky-Berger. For a start, all that experi- 38 COMING OF AGE mentation during the dotcom boom actually produced some useful results. Things tried during a technological bubble tend to make a comeback. The first transatlantic cable, for example, was a disaster, but it prompted others to try again. Most business-to-business marketplaces failed dismally, because these start-ups thought technology would quickly overthrow existing power structures, explains Mr Moore. But these firms got one thing right: there are lots of assets trapped in inefficient supply chains.

…

O’Neil, David 73 O’Neil, John 28, 30 OneSaf 197 online banks 37 online shopping viii, 37 open standards 7, 10, 22–7, 31, 38, 43, 85–7, 115, 118–19, 152 operating systems 9, 10, 23–5, 31, 38, 85, 101, 109 operators, mobile phones 157–61, 162–9 Opsware 8, 15 optical-character recognition 121 Oracle 5, 20–2, 33, 38, 39–40, 46, 56, 62, 86, 243 Orange 157–8 organic IT 13–16, 88 original design manufacturers (ODMs), mobile phones 156–7 O’Roarke, Brian 192 O’Roarke, John 96 Orr, Scott 187 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) 212–13, 215–17 INDEX Otellini, Paul 11, 95 outshored developments, software 38, 115, 138–9 outsourcing viii, 9, 19–20, 22, 38, 68–9, 71, 72, 88–92, 112–46, 158–60 see also globalisation barriers 121–2, 143 concepts 112–46 costs 112–24, 131–5, 140–3 cultural issues 122, 142 Europe 140–6 historical background 119–20, 125–6, 133 India 38, 109, 112–15, 119–22, 125–35, 137–8, 140–6 legal agreements 121–4 mobile phones 155–6, 158–60 opportunities 144–6 protectionists 140–6 reasons 123–4, 143 services 113–30 social outsourcing 143 “overshoot” stage, industries 9, 10–11, 109 overview vii–x, 6–7 Ovi, Alessandro 275–6 Oxford GlycoSciences 243 P Pacific Cycle 140 Page, Larry 9 Pait, Rob 207 Palladium 74, 76 Palm Pilot 150 Palmisano, Samuel 22 Paltrow, Gwyneth 173 Panasonic 156 Papadopoulos, Greg 14, 78–9, 83–4, 91 Papadopoulos, Stelios 237 Parker, Andrew 143 Parks Associates 96, 203 Parr, Doug 319 particulate filters 296–7 passwords 53, 58–61, 67, 96–7 patents, nanotechnology 321–6, 329 Patriot Act, America 35 PCs 9–16, 78–81, 82–110, 151, 171–3, 202–18 see also digital homes; hardware commoditisation issues 9–16, 132–5, 203 complexity issues 78–81, 82–110 screen sizes 100–1 UWB 214–18 Wi-Fi 209–18 PDAs see personal digital assistants Peck, Art 203 PentaSafe Security 60 Pentium chips 199–200 PeopleSoft 39, 86, 119, 126, 132 Perez, Carlota 5–6, 134 performance issues see also processing power; returns cars 291–8 Cell chips 198–200 cost links 29–30 Perlegen 244 personal digital assistants (PDAs) 151, 277, 279 see also handheld computers personal video recorders (PVRs) 203, 205–6 perverse incentives, security issues 61–2 Pescatore, John 55 Pfizer 69, 240, 247, 312, 315 pharmaceutical companies 239–40, 241–50, 312 PHAs 260 Philippines 130 Philips 120, 217 “phishing” 76, 89 phonograph 82, 84 photo-voltaic cells 280 photos ix, 78, 95, 101, 179–83 Physiome 248 Picardi, Tony 79 Pick, Adam 156 Pink Floyd 225 Piper, H. 292 Pittsburgh convention centre 304 Pivotal 187 plasma screens 230–2 plastics 238–9, 259–64 PlayStation 191–2, 199–200, 206–7 plug-and-play devices 78 plug-in hybrid cars 295–6 Poland 120 police involvement, security breaches 72 polio 265 politics 32–5 see also governments Pollard, John 157 pollution 275, 296–7, 299–304, 319 Pop Idol (TV show) 225 Pope, Alexander 267 Porsche 292 “post-technology” period, IT industry vii, 5–7 Powell, Michael 98, 206 power grids 233, 285–90 PowerPoint presentations 4–5, 107 Predictive Networks 337 Presley, Elvis 225 prices, downward trends viii, 4–7 PricewaterhouseCoopers 38 printers 78, 96 privacy issues 27, 34, 42–8, 179–83 see also security... mobile phones 179–83 processing power see also computer chips 353 THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY exponential growth 4–7, 8–14 Proctor, Donald 106 Prodi, Romano 274–5 profits, future prospects 7, 17–18, 37–40 proprietary technology 24, 26, 80, 86 protectionists, outsourcing 140–6 proteins, biotechnology 241–64 protocols, complexity issues 86 Proxim 210 Prozac 315 PSA Peugeot Citroën 293, 296–7 PSP, Sony 191–3 public accounts 44 Pullin, Graham 177–8 PVRs see personal video recorders Q Qualcomm 164 quantum dots 312, 317, 322, 325 R radiation fears, mobile phones 176 radio 34–5, 36, 39, 94–5, 108, 155–61, 164, 209–18, 223 see also wireless... chips 155–61, 164 “garbage bands” 209–10, 215 music industry 223 spectrum 34–5, 94–5, 209–18 UWB 96–7, 214–19 Radjou, Navi 333–4 railway age vii, 5, 7, 23, 36, 39, 134 Raleigh, Greg 211 RAND 195 rationalisation exercises 31 RCA 108–9, 206, 208, 220, 315 real-world skills, gaming comparisons 194–7 RealNetworks 203 rechargeable batteries 280–4 Recourse Technologies 62–3 Reed, Philip 177 regulations 35, 44, 209–10, 326–9 see also legal issues relational databases 101–2 reliability needs viii, 42–8 religion 19 renewable energy 275–6, 286, 289, 300, 310, 315 ReplayTV 205 Research in Motion (RIM) 152–3 resistance problems, employees 31 return on investment (ROI) 30–1 returns 20, 29–31, 329 see also performance issues risk 20, 30, 329 revenue streams biotechnology 237–8, 241–2 354 gaming 189–90, 191 GM 251–2 mobile phones 151, 154–5, 157, 162–3, 165–6, 174 nanotechnology 321–6 revolutionary ideas vii–viii, 5–7, 13–14, 36–40, 80–4, 107–10, 116, 134, 151–3, 198–200, 236–40, 326–9 RFID radio tags 39, 94–5 Rhapsody 203 Ricardo 296–7 Riley, James, Lieutenant-Colonel 195–7 RIM see Research in Motion ringtones 165–6 RISC chips 200 risk assessments 70–4, 76 attitudes 18 handling methods 71 insurance policies 71–3 management 70–4 mitigation 71–3 outsourced risk 71, 72, 88–92 returns 20, 30, 329 security issues 42–8, 49–69, 70–4 RNA molecules 241–2, 249–50, 265 Robinson, Shane 15–16 robotics x, 233, 316, 332–5 Roco, Mihail 309 Rodgers, T.J. 32 Rofheart, Martin 216–17 Rogers, Richard 300 ROI see return on investment Rolls, Steve 121 Romm, Joseph 298 Roomba 332, 334–5 “root kit” software 51 Rose, John 226 Roslin Institute 256 Roy, Raman 125–8 Russia 115, 130, 140, 142, 145, 319 Ryan, John 312 S S700 mobile phone 171 Saffo, Paul 83–4, 103, 182 Salesforce.com 19, 20, 84, 91–2, 109 Samsung 158–60, 181, 208, 217, 231, 277 Santa Fe Institute 39 SAP 22, 38, 86, 119, 126, 132 satellite television 205 Saudi Arabia 180 scandals 28 scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) 306 SCC see Sustainable Computing Consortium Schadler, Ted 95, 97 Schainker, Robert 285, 289 INDEX Scherf, Kurt 96–7 Schmelzer, Robert 91 Schmidt, Eric 9, 35, 36–8 Schmidt, Nathan 66 Schneider National 29–31 Schneier, Bruce 43, 58, 61–2, 65, 70, 73–4 schools, surveillance technology 181 Schwartz, John 46 Schwinn 140, 143 Scott, Tony 43, 68–9 screen sizes 100–1 screws 23–4 Seagate Technology 207 seamless computing 96–7 Sears, Roebuck & Co 36 Securities and Exchange Commission 321 security issues viii, 25–7, 32–5, 42–8, 49–74, 86–7 see also privacy... airport approach 68–9 anti-virus software 50–1, 60, 67–8 biometric systems 60, 64–5, 71, 74 breaches 43–4, 46, 49–52, 62, 72–3 civil liberties 74 concepts 42–74, 86–7 costs 45–6, 50–1, 62, 70–4 employees 58–63, 69 encryption 53–4 firewalls 51–3, 58, 60, 62, 66–8, 71, 86–7 hackers 4, 43, 47, 49, 51–3, 58–63 handheld computers 67–8 honeypot decoys 62–3 human factors 57–63, 69 identity management 69 IDSs 51, 53–4, 62, 87 impact assessments 70–1, 76 insider attacks 62–3 insurance policies 71–3 internet 35, 42–8, 49–57, 61–2, 66, 66–7, 71, 73–6, 179–83 job vacancies 46 joint ventures 67 major threats 35, 42, 43, 47, 49–63, 66–9 management approaches 60–3, 69 Microsoft 54–6, 72, 74, 76 misconceptions 46–8 networks 42–8, 49–65, 66–9 passwords 53, 58–61, 67, 96–7 patches 56–7, 76 perverse incentives 61–2 police involvement 72 risk assessments 70–4, 76 standards 71–3 terrorism 35, 42, 43, 50, 65, 74, 75–6, 265–6 tools 49–63, 86–7 viruses 45, 47, 49–56, 59–60, 67–8, 74, 86, 89 Wi-Fi 66–7, 93 sedimentation factors 8–9, 84 segmentation issues, mobile phones 167–9 self-configuration concepts 88–9 Sellers, William 23 Seminis 254 Sendo 160 Senegal 182 September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks 35, 42, 43, 50, 65, 75 servers 9–16, 37–8, 62–3, 85–7, 132–3, 203 services industry 14, 17–22, 25–7, 31, 36–40, 80, 88–92, 109, 113–35, 203 see also web services outsourcing 113–46 session initiation protocol (SIP) 104–6 sewing machines 82, 84 SG Cowen 237 shapes, mobile phones 170–6 Shapiro, Carl 24 Sharp 156, 231, 326 shelfware phenomenon 20 Shelley, Mary 267, 269 shipping costs 121 sick building syndrome 302 Siebel 86 Siemens 120, 130, 142, 156, 159, 170, 172, 174 SightSpeed 84, 98, 103 SilentRunner 62 Silicon Valley 9, 32–40, 45–6, 54, 69, 79, 96, 98, 101, 103, 152, 313–14, 321 silk 263, 269 Simon, Herbert 336 simplicity needs 78–81, 84, 87, 88–92, 98–110 SIP see session initiation protocol Sircam virus 45, 49 Sirkin, Hal 120, 140 “six sigma” methods 128 SK 169 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 302 Sky 205 Skype 103–4, 110 Sloan School of Management, MIT 30 Slovakia 120 small screens 100 Smalley, Richard 311 smallpox 265–6 smart power grids 233, 285–90 smartcards 64, 69 smartphones 150–3, 157–61 see also mobile phones SMES devices 289 Smith Barney 37 Smith, George 307–8 Smith, Lamar 75 Smith, Vernon 17 SNP 243–4 SOAP 25–7 355 THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY social issues mobile phones 177–8, 182–3 music players 220–1 social outsourcing 143 software see also information technology ASPs 19–20, 91–2, 109 bugs 20–1, 54–6 Cell chips 198–200 commoditisation issues 10–16, 25, 132–5, 159, 203 complexity issues 14–15, 78–81, 82–110, 117–22 firewalls 52–3, 58, 86–7 hackers 51–3, 58–63 Java programming language 21–2, 25, 86 management software 13–16, 21–2, 88, 117–18 mobile phones 158–9 natural-language search software 339–40 operating systems 9, 10, 23–5, 31, 38, 85, 101, 109 outsourcing 38, 115, 138–9 patches 56–7, 76 premature releases 20–1 shelfware phenomenon 20 viruses 45, 47, 49–56, 59–60, 67, 74, 89 solar power 275–6, 286, 289, 301–2, 310, 315, 325 Solectron 112–13, 119 solid-state storage media 204, 207, 219 SOMO... project, mobile phones 177–8 Sony 95, 108, 156, 191–3, 198–200, 203, 206–7, 217, 228, 231, 282–4, 332, 334, 338 Sony Ericsson 156, 158, 159–60, 171 Sony/BMG 222–3, 227, 229 Sood, Rahul 38 Sorrent 187 South Africa 309, 319, 334 South Korea 156, 158, 163–5, 167–9, 170–1, 181, 319 soyabean crops 252–4 spam 76, 89, 118 Spar, Debora 32–3 speculation vii speech recognition 102, 121, 336 SPH-V5400 mobile phone 208 Spider-Man 189–90 Spinks, David 60–1, 63 Spitzer, Eliot 223 Sprint 167–8, 180–1 SQL 53 @Stake 54 Standage, Ella 316 standards green buildings 300–4 open standards 7, 10, 22–7, 31, 38, 43, 85–7, 115, 118–19, 152 356 security issues 71–3 W-CDMA standard 163–4, 168 web services 90–1 Wi-Fi 210–13 Stanford University 82, 137 Star Wars (movie) 186 steam power ix, 5, 134 steel industry 134 steering committees 31 stem cells 268–9 Steven Winter Associates 302 Stewart, Martha 249 STM see scanning tunnelling microscope stop-start hybrid cars 293–4 storage problems, electricity 275–6, 289–90 StorageTek 85 strategy 30 stress-resistance, biotechnology 254 Studio Daniel Libeskind 302 Sturiale, Nick 45 Sun Microsystems 9, 13–15, 21–2, 25, 27, 37–8, 43, 56, 58, 78–9, 83, 85, 87, 91, 102 supercomputers 199–200 Superdome machines 21 supply chains 8, 37–40, 155 surveillance technology 35, 74, 179–83, 309 Sussex University 5, 220, 310 Sustainable Computing Consortium (SCC) 27 Sweden 109 Swiss Army-knife design, mobile phones 171–2 Swiss Re Tower, 30 St Mary Axe 299, 301–2, 304 swivel design, mobile phones 171 Symantec 39, 46, 50, 62–3, 67 Symbian 158 Symbol 210 synthetic materials 258–64, 317 systems analysts 137 T T-Mobile 167–8 Taiwan 156–7, 160 Talwar, Vikram 144 Taylor, Andy 226 Taylor, Carson 287 TCP/IP 25 TCS 132–5, 145–6 Teague, Clayton 314 TechNet 33 techniques, technology 17–18 techno-jewellery design, mobile phones 172–4 technology see also individual technologies concepts vii–x, 4–7, 17–18, 23–7, 32–3, 82–4, 134, 326–9 cultural issues 93–4, 142 INDEX geekiness problems 83–4 government links 7, 18, 27, 31–5, 43–8, 123–4, 179–83, 209–10 Luddites 327 surveillance technology 35, 74, 179–83, 309 Tehrani, Rich 105 telecommunications viii, 23, 26, 103–6, 134, 164–5 telegraph 32–3, 108 telephone systems 84, 103–6, 109–10, 212–13, 214 Telia 109 terrorism 35, 42, 43, 50, 65, 74, 75–6, 265–6 Tesco 168 Tetris 12 Texas Energy Centre 287 Texas Instruments 125–6, 217 text-messaging facilities 165, 167 Thelands, Mike 164 therapeutic antibodies 249–50, 256–7 Thiercy, Max 339–40 thin clients 102 third-generation mobile phone networks (3G) 151, 162–9, 212 Thomas, Jim 318 Thomson, Ken 59 Thornley, Tony 164 3G networks see third-generation mobile phone networks TIA see Total Information Awareness TiVo 203, 205–6 Tomb Raider (game/movie) 187–8 Toshiba 156, 198–200, 203 Total Information Awareness (TIA) 35 toxicity issues, nanotechnology 316–17, 319, 328–9 Toyota 291–5, 297, 300–1, 334 toys see also gaming robotics 334 transatlantic cable 36, 39 transistors 4–7, 8–12, 85–7, 109 see also computer chips Transmeta 313 Treat, Brad 84, 98 Tredennick, Nick 10–11 Treo 150, 153 “Trojan horse” software 51–2 True Crime (game) 187 TruSecure 52, 60, 63 TTPCom 155–6 Tuch, Bruce 210 TVs see also video recorders flat-panel displays ix, 94, 147, 202–3, 230–2, 311 hard disks 204–8 screens 202–3, 230–2 set-top boxes 203, 205–6 UWB 214–18 Wi-Fi 212–18 U UBS Warburg 31, 45, 80–1, 89, 170, 174 UDDI 25–7 ultrawideband (UWB) 96–7, 214–19 UMTS see W-CDMA standard “undershoot” stage, industries 9, 109 UNECE 332–4 Ungerman, Jerry 52 Unimate 332–3 United Airlines 27 Universal Music 222–3, 226–7 Unix 9, 25, 85, 108 USB ports 78 usernames 59 USGBC 300–2 utility companies, cyber-terrorism threats 75–6 utility factors 7, 16, 17, 19–22, 42–8 UWB see ultrawideband V V500 mobile phone 157 vaccines 265–6 Vadasz, Les 33 Vail, Tim 290 value added 5–7, 37–40, 133, 138–9 value transistors 11 van Nee, Richard 211 Varian, Hal 24 VC see venture capital Veeco Instruments 324 vendors complexity issues 84–110 consumer needs 94–7 Venter, Craig 262–3, 271 venture capital (VC) 12, 31, 45, 79, 92, 107, 126–7, 238, 308, 321–6 Verdia 254–5, 261 Veritas 39, 85 Vertex 247 vertical integration, mobile phones 156–61 Vertu brand 173–4 Viacom 224 video phone calls 84, 103–6, 164–5, 167–8 video recorders see also TVs DVRs 205–6 handheld video players 206 hard disks 204–8 PVRs 203, 205–6 Wi-Fi 212–13 video searches, Google 11 357 THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY Video Voyeurism Prevention Act, America 180 video-game consoles see gaming Virgin 95, 160, 167–8 Virgin Mobile 160, 167–8 virtual private networks (VPNs) 54, 68, 86–7 virtual tissue, biotechnology 248 virtualisation concepts 15–16, 88–92 viruses 45, 47, 49–56, 59–60, 67–8, 74, 86, 89 anti-virus software 50–1, 60, 67–8 concepts 49–56, 59–60, 74 costs 50–1 double-clicking dangers 59–60 Vista Research 46, 62, 67 Vodafone 164–5 voice conversations internet 103–6 mobile phones 165–9, 171 voice mail 104–6 voice-over-internet protocol (VOIP) 103–6, 167 Vonage 104, 110 VPNs see virtual private networks W W3C see World Wide Web Consortium W-CDMA standard 163–4, 168 Waksal, Sam 249 Wal-Mart 95, 114–15, 131–2, 140, 224, 228 Walkman 192 warfare AI 338 biotechnology 265–6 gaming comparisons 195–7, 339 nanotechnology 319 Warner Music 222–3, 226–7 Watson, James 236, 247, 271 web services 21–2, 25–7, 31, 80, 88–92, 109, 203 see also internet; services... complexity issues 88–92, 109 standards 90–1 Webster, Mark 211 WECA see Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance Weill, Peter 30 Welland, Mark 318 Western Union 33, 108 Westinghouse Electric 332 wheat 253 white page 99–100 Wi-Fi 34–5, 66–7, 93, 95–7, 153, 203, 209–18 concepts 209–18 forecasts 209, 212–13 historical background 209–13 hotspots 211–12 mobile phones 212 standards 210–13 358 threats 212–13 UWB 214–18 Wilkerson, John 237 Williams, Robbie 222, 226 Wilsdon, James 318 WiMax 212–13 WiMedia 213 Wimmer, Eckard 265 wind power 275–6, 286, 289–90, 302 Windows 15, 24–5, 55–6, 96, 101, 108, 152, 203 Windows Media Center 203 WinFS 101 Wipro 112, 115, 120–1, 125–9, 131–5, 138, 145–6 Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) 211 wireless technology ix, 11, 34–5, 39, 66–7, 93, 95–7, 109–10, 147, 150–3, 167, 168–9, 171–3, 203, 209–13, 334 see also Wi-Fi Bluetooth wireless links 171–2, 173, 214–15, 218 concepts 209–13, 334 historical background 209–13 Wladawsky-Berger, Irving vii, 5, 19, 22, 25, 38–9 Wolfe, Josh 323 Wong, Leonard 195 Wood, Ben 156–7, 160, 174 Woodcock, Steven 338–9 Word 84, 107 work-life balance 80–1, 94 see also employees World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 25 worm viruses 49–50, 59, 86, 89 Wright, Myles 118 “ws splat” 90–1 WSDL 25–7 X x-ray crystallography 247–8 Xbox 189, 206–7 Xelibri mobile phones 170, 172, 174 Xerox 108–9 XML see extensible markup language XtremeSpectrum 216 Y Y2K crisis 76, 126, 128 Yagan, Sam 229 Yanagi, Soetsu 84 Yurek, Greg 288 Z ZapThink 91 

The System: Who Owns the Internet, and How It Owns Us
by James Ball
Published 19 Aug 2020

This connection is pretty simple – most of the stops along the way actually belong to the company I pay for my internet. But Twitter doesn’t actually own any of the undersea cables across the Atlantic, so is paying someone for its use, meaning that this route shows at least some money must change hands. That’s not an unreasonable proposition, as building and maintaining the transatlantic cables is something of an astonishing task. The cables are smaller than you might think – about the width of a hosepipe for much of their distance, and most of that is just armour for the tiny fibre-optic core – but need to be laid, maintained and monitored. When they get to shallow water and the shore, they are typically buried, partly to avoid damage and partly to somewhat obfuscate their route to prevent sabotage – but at sea they can be damaged by tides, heavy trawling nets, and even on occasion by shark attacks.8 Repairing a cable deep in the ocean is no trivial task – boats have to find both broken ends of the cable, bring them on deck and replace the destroyed section.

…

Ethiopian government, here Kleinrock, Leonard, here, here, here, here, here Kline, Charley, here Knight Foundation, here Kunlun, here Leigh, David, here LinkedIn, here London Olympics, here Lukasik, Steve, here Lumley, Joanna, here Luther, Martin, here MacAskill, Ewen, here machine learning, here, here Marby, Göran, here, here, here, here Markota, Martina, here Mastering the Internet programme, here Meckl, Steve, here, here Medium, here Menwith Hill, here MI5, 146 Microsoft, here, here, here see also Encarta; Windows Millar, Stuart, here Minecraft, here Morgan, J.P., here music publishers, here MySpace, here NASA, here National Health Service (NHS), here National Science Foundation, here National Security Agency (NSA), here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and encryption, here NBC, here net neutrality, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Netflix, here, here, here, here Netscape, here network effects, here network slicing, here neurolinguistic programming, here New York magazine, here New York Times, here, here, here, here New Yorker, here newspapers, here, here, here, here see also journalism North Korea, here nuclear weapons and warfare, here, here, here Obama, Barack, here, here, here O’Kelley, Brian, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Oliver, John, here, here OpenSecrets database, here Opera, here Optic Nerve programme, here Outbrain, here, here packet switching, here, here Page, Larry, here Pai, Ajit, here, here, here Pakistan Telecom, here Panopticlick 3.0, here Parker, Sean, here PayPal, here, here, here, here, here People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), here Philippines, human rights violations, here pinging, here Pizzagate conspiracy, here Poitras, Laura, here populism, here, here pornography, here, here Postel, Jon, here privacy, here, here, here, here see also surveillance Privacy Badger, here Prodigy, here ProPublica, here, here publishers, and advertising, here, here, here railways, here, here, here, here, here Read, Max, here Reagan, Ronald, here Reddit, here Register, The, here Rekhter, Yakov, here, here Requests for Comments (RFCs), here, here, here, here Right Media, here, here Roberts, Brian, here, here, here Rockefeller, John D., here Roosevelt, Franklin D., here routers, here, here Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), here, here Rubenstein, Michael, here Rusbridger, Alan, here Russia, here, here, here, here Sainsbury’s/Asda merger, here Schneidermann, Eric, here secure operations centres (SOCs), here sensitive compartmented information facilities (SCIFs), here Shaw, Mona, here Silicon Valley, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Sinclair Broadcast Group, here Skype, here, here, here, here Snapchat, here, here Snowden, Edward, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here ‘social credit’, here Soundcloud, here South Korea, here sovereign immunity, here Spotify, here Stanford Research Institute (SRI), here, here, here, here, here, here, here Stripe, here Sun, The, here Sun Microsystems, here surveillance, here, here, here, here resistance to, here Symantec, here, here, here Syria, here, here Taboola, here, here TCP/IP, here, here Telefonica, here Telegram, here telephone networks, here, here, here Tempora, here, here TenCent, here, here terror plots, foiled, here Texas A&M, here Thatcher, Margaret, here Thiel, Peter, here, here Tibet, here Time Warner, here, here Times, The, here Tishgart, Barry, here Topolski, Robb, here traceroute, here, here tracking, see cookies trade unions, here, here, here trademark law, here transatlantic cables, here Tribune newspaper group, here Trump, Donald, here, here, here, here Tuchman, Barbara, here Tumblr, here, here Turkey, bans Wikipedia, here Tweetdeck, here Twitter, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Uber, here Ukraine, here Union Square Ventures (USV), here Universal Declaration of Human Rights, here Universal Studios, here University College, London, here University of California, Los Angeles UCLA, here, here, here, here University of Maryland Law School, here US Congress, here US Constitution, here, here US culture, and internet regulation, here US Department of Commerce, here, here US Department of Defense, here, here, here, here, here, here, here US Department of Energy, here US internet infrastructure, here, here US Supreme Court, here venture capital, here, here, here, here funding phases, here funding series, here, here Verizon, here, here Wales, Jimmy, here WannaCry attack, here Washington Post, here, here, here, here, here web addresses (URLs), here, here, here top-level domains (TLDs), here and WannaCry attack, here WeChat, here Wenger, Albert, here, here, here, here, here WhatsApp, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Wheeler, Tom, here, here, here WikiLeaks, here, here, here Wikipedia, here, here Williams, Evan, here Windows, vulnerability in, here wired.com, here wireless internet, here, here wiretapping, here Woodward, Bob, here World Economic Forum, here World Wide Web, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Wu, Tim, here Yahoo, here, here, here YouTube, here, here, here, here, here, here Zittrain, Jonathan, here Zuckerberg, Mark, here, here, here, here, here, here Zynga, here BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1b 3DP, UK BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2020 This electronic edition published 2020 Copyright © James Ball, 2020 James Ball has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work All rights reserved.

The Dark Cloud: How the Digital World Is Costing the Earth
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 14 Jun 2023

It then made necessary arrangements and only announced the news after having sent its mail and its orders” (Gille 1959: 262).’’ 36 Interview with Alasdair Wilkie, chief technical officer, marine projects, Digicel Group, 2020. 37 Shallow waters being defined as less than 1,000 metres deep. 38 ‘Route clearance for Hibernia Express’, atlantic-cable.com, 28 January 2018. 39 Interview with Alasdair Wilkie, 2020. 40 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. 41 ‘One of them was a sailor and helped us avoid traversing any of the ancestral fishing areas’, explained Wilkie. 42 ‘Including a section of the first transatlantic cable, laid by the French [in 1869] between Brest [Brittany] and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon [a French archipelago south of Newfoundland, Canada]’, Wilkie explained. 43 Belonging to Encana and ExxonMobil. 44 Fastnet Rock is located a few kilometres south of Ireland. 45 Interview with Laurent Campagne, senior consultant, AQEST, 2020. 46 ‘Hibernia Express transatlantic cable route connects New York to London in under 58.95 milliseconds’, Submarine Telecoms Forum press release, 24 September 2015. 47 ‘Starlink, new competitor in HFT space?’

Who Gets What — and Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design
by Alvin E. Roth
Published 1 Jun 2015

America produced cotton, and English mills turned it into fabric and finished products made from cotton. When the first transatlantic cable was completed in 1858, messages between England and America could be sent by telegraph instead of by ship—in hours rather than days. The telegraph has been famously described by the journalist Tom Standage as “the Victorian Internet.” Just as the Internet has resulted in an information revolution in our time, so too did the telegraph cause a revolution in the years surrounding the American Civil War. Before the transatlantic cable, it took about ten days for a ship to bring price information from England to New York, and another ten days for a ship filled with cotton to make the return trip to Liverpool.

The Perfect Bet: How Science and Math Are Taking the Luck Out of Gambling
by Adam Kucharski
Published 23 Feb 2016

For example, it was sometimes possible to buy a stock for one price in London and sell it for a higher price in one of the provinces. Obtain such information quickly enough, and there was a profit to be made. During the 1850s, traders used telegrams to tell each other about discrepancies, cashing in on the difference before the price changed. From 1866 onward, America and Europe were linked by a transatlantic cable, which meant traders were able to spot incorrect prices even faster. The messages that traveled down the wire were to become an important part of finance (even today, traders refer to the GBP/USD exchange rate as “cable”). The invention of the telegraph meant that if prices were out of line in two locations, traders had the means to take advantage of the situation by buying at the cheaper price and selling at the higher one.

…

It has led to many firms placing their computers directly next to stock exchange servers. When the market reacts quickly, even a slightly longer wire can lead to a critical delay in making a trade. Some are going to even more extreme lengths. In 2011, US firm Hibernia Atlantic started work on a new $300 million transatlantic cable, which will allow data to cross the ocean faster than ever before. Unlike previous wires, it will be directly below the flight path from New York to London, the shortest possible route between the cities. It currently takes 65 milliseconds for messages to travel the Atlantic; the new cable aims to cut that down to 59.

Capitalism in America: A History
by Adrian Wooldridge and Alan Greenspan
Published 15 Oct 2018

Transcontinental freight and people travel became a reality only a few years later, in 1869. The golden spike was ceremoniously driven in at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory, joining the Union Pacific and Central Pacific rail networks, into which new telegraph lines were added. The opening of the transatlantic cable (after several false starts) in 1866, finally created a transatlantic financial community with traders in New York, San Francisco, and London communicating with each other in real time. The information revolution has removed all sorts of inefficiencies and uncertainties that used to slow down business transactions.

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When Leland Stanford hit the gold spike with his silver hammer, automatically sending a telegraph signal in two directions, east and west, and triggering bursts of cannon fire in both New York and San Francisco, he wasn’t just engaging in a wonderful display.47 He was ushering in a new age of business. The expansion of the telegraph became global with the opening of the transatlantic cable on July 28, 1866. Laying a cable across a huge ocean had inevitably proved difficult—five attempts between 1857 and 1866 had failed because the cable snapped—but it was, nevertheless, worth the effort. Before the cable it had taken about ten days to get a message across the Atlantic by ship—longer if there was severe weather.

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See also income taxes Taxi Driver (movie), 321 Taylor, Charlie, 108 Taylor, Frederick, 147, 317 Taylor, John, 384 Taylor, Zachary, 267 Tea Party, 406, 415 technological unemployment, 21–22 technology vs. entitlements, 438–39 Tedlow, Richard, 106 telegraph, 55–57, 109, 127 first transatlantic cable, 16, 19, 56–57 telephone, 109–10 Teller, Edward, 284 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 244, 274 Terman, Frederick, 351–52 Terry, Eli, 72 Tesla, 423 Tesla, Nikola, 11 Texas annexation, 5, 40 Texas draught of 1887, 154 textile industry, 49, 69, 71, 214 Thiel, Peter, 423, 439 Thirteenth Amendment, 86 Thomas, Norman, 245 Thompson, Joe, 263 Thomson, J.

The Battery: How Portable Power Sparked a Technological Revolution
by Henry Schlesinger
Published 16 Mar 2010

Gisborne, though a ruined man, was an engineer. And Field could leverage his past successes to raise the funds. Perhaps he saw himself as a new type of industrialist for a new age. Vast fortunes had been made in ships and railroads—why not telegraphy? Although some admired Field’s oversized telegraphic ambitions, many more viewed a transatlantic cable as just another rich man’s folly. As soon as word leaked out what Field was planning, the skeptics leapt on it with both feet, providing a litany of reasons why the venture was destined for failure. Hostile fish, icebergs, unknown underwater terrain, ship anchors, tides, and the simple enormity of the project were all dutifully listed as reasons for the inevitable failure of the endeavor.

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VERY EARLY ON IT BECAME apparent that the speed information traveled was particularly essential to the financial industries. Speed provided not only a competitive advantage, but also new opportunities. News from far-flung corners of the United States began flowing into New York, and with the opening of the transatlantic cable, a lucrative business in arbitrage sprang up with stocks traded on both the London and New York exchanges. To almost nobody’s surprise, unscrupulous speculators soon saw potential in the rapidity of the telegraph to spread rumors that started runs on commodities and stocks they could then quickly sell at a profit.

The Secret World: A History of Intelligence
by Christopher Andrew
Published 27 Jun 2018

Because of its importance the telegram was transmitted from Berlin by both the ‘Swedish roundabout’ and the American transatlantic cable. By an unprecedented diplomatic impertinence, the United States had been hoodwinked into providing one of the channels through which Germany hoped to persuade Mexico to enter the war against it. Hall quickly recognized the potential risks as well as the advantages of publicizing the decrypt. If Washington realized that Britain had been tapping the US transatlantic cable and intercepting American as well as German diplomatic traffic, the Zimmermann telegram might lead not to a triumph for Room 40 but to a spectacular intelligence disaster.

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‘You would’, he told Gladstone, ‘have been a good clergyman, a first-rate lawyer and the greatest of generals, but you would have been an indifferent Fouché in dealing with the Post Office.’73 Twenty years later, the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, showed himself almost as naïve as Gladstone, sending letters to his ambassador in Paris, Sir Edmund Monson, by post rather than the diplomatic bag. ‘I think it right to tell you’, wrote Monson in 1902, ‘that your recent letters by post have been palpably opened by the bureau noir . . .’74 Most US secretaries of state were at least as naïve as Gladstone. After the opening of the transatlantic cable connecting America and Europe in 1866, the US minister in Paris, John Bigelow, warned the Secretary of State, William Seward, of the need for improved US ciphers: While joining in the chorus of congratulation with which this triumph of modern science is received by the civilized world I deem it my duty to suggest . . . that the State Department provide itself at once with a new cypher . . .

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Through Herschell and Serocold, Hall recruited mostly well-connected German-speakers from a variety of professions. The Old Etonian publisher Nigel de Grey, depicted by Birch in Alice in ID25 as ‘the Dormouse’ (‘very quiet and apparently asleep’), rivalled his fellow Old Etonian Dilly Knox as the ablest codebreaker in Room 40.81 After the Germans’ transatlantic cable was cut by the British at the outbreak of war, the officially neutral but pro-German Swedes allowed them to use the Swedish cable to communicate with German diplomatic missions in the New World. When Britain protested in the summer of 1915, Sweden agreed to stop allowing Germany to use its cables, but in fact continued cabling German messages, disguised by re-encipherment in Swedish ciphers, by a roundabout route from Stockholm via Buenos Aires to Washington.

The Winner-Take-All Society: Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More Than the Rest of Us
by Robert H. Frank, Philip J. Cook
Published 2 May 2011

Once a connection was made, people in the branch would stay on the phone reading books and newspapers aloud all day just to keep the line open until it was needed."6 Branch officers hired squads of youths, called "dialers," who "did nothing but dial phones all day in hope of getting through . "7 The pace of change quickened in 1966 with the launching of the first earth communications satellite, and by 1 976 the addition of the sixth transatlantic cable had brought total capacity to four thousand simultaneous conversations. The year 1988 saw the installation of the first fiberoptic transatlantic cable, which by itself could carry forty thousand additional conversations. And by the early 1990s there were upward of 1.5 million available voice connections, a large fraction of them carried via satellite. These developments have been accompanied by a parallel reduc­ tion in the time required to disseminate information through other channels.

Mapmatics: How We Navigate the World Through Numbers
by Paulina Rowinska
Published 5 Jun 2024

We appreciate this system only when it fails, be it due to human error or a natural disaster like 2012’s Hurricane Sandy, which caused major internet disruptions on the US east coast. BTL had understood the vulnerability of underwater cables since at least the 1920s, when currents caused by earthquakes had destroyed some of their transatlantic cables. To prevent similar situations in the future, they needed a map of past earthquake locations which they could then avoid encroaching on. Heezen hired an artist, Howard Foster, to meticulously plot tens of thousands of such locations by hand because computers weren’t available back then. When Tharp compared her map with Foster’s creation, drawn on the same scale, she did a double take: she had discovered that earthquakes clustered in the rift valley.

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But They’re Vulnerable’, CNN, 26 July 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/25/asia/internet-undersea-cables-intl-hnk/index.html. major internet disruptions on the US east coast: University of Southern California, ‘Internet Outages in the US Doubled during Hurricane Sandy’, ScienceDaily, 18 December 2012, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121218133152.htm. had destroyed some of their transatlantic cables: Tharp, ‘Connect the Dots’. compares to the Copernican revolution: Tharp, ‘Connect the Dots’. or even the 1980s in some countries: Naomi Oreskes, ‘History and Memory’, in Plate Tectonics: An Insider’s History of the Modern Theory of the Earth, ed. Naomi Oreskes (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), xi–xxiv.

Dark, Salt, Clear: Life in a Cornish Fishing Town
by Lamorna Ash
Published 1 Apr 2020

Don guides the Filadelfia along the course he has set using the compass that he turns by minute degrees, following the pink line mapped out along the AIS, the Automatic Identification System – a tracking device that plots the voyage of every water-bound vessel around the world. This first line leads to the location where Don made the first haul on his last trip. Beyond it the map becomes a chaos of spaghetti strings, the paths of previous trips criss-crossing over each other endlessly, along with markers of significance such as ‘Transatlantic cables down here, keep clear’, ‘Huge turbot school here’, or ‘Carn Base: BIG ROCKS. AVOID!’ The screen provides a spatial representation of the Filadelfia’s recent life history, the hundreds of voyages she has made layered on top of one other. If only we humans kept the same records – and could see the lines of our lives, observing those that become thick through repetition, the places to which we cannot help but return.

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In 1904, Cornish Evening Tidings reported a belief circulating amongst those living on the Lizard that the reason they had been suffering such awful weather recently was because of Marconi’s telegraph station in Mullion, declaring the high level of electricity coursing through their villages was ‘plainly an uncanny presence and capable of the worst, in the eyes of all good fishermen, who do not believe in upsetting the laws of nature’. As the heavy copper transatlantic cables began to be replaced with fibre-optic cables, the Porthcurno telegraph station became less necessary. In 1970 the station was finally closed, the staff moved on and Porthcurno once more became an unassuming, seaside village. All these years later, trawlers are still ripping cables up from the sea floor – past technologies a museum left below the sea.

Kitten Clone: Inside Alcatel-Lucent
by Douglas Coupland
Published 29 Sep 2014

Having a preemie is a possibility but carries many risks.9 I ask White what specific science she’s involved in. “I work on integrating optical functions onto a silicon chip—photonic integrated circuits (PIC for short).” She mentions the word “multiplex,” which is a common term in telecommunications. Multiplexing means increasing the number of signals that can travel in any given system. The first transatlantic cable handled twelve signals at once. At the time we met, optical fibre had been multiplexed up to a standard of forty billion signals at once. “PIC chips take multiple wavelengths of light in and multiplex them together onto the fibre. At the other end of the transmission system, the chip demultiplexes them and separates them.”

DK Eyewitness Top 10 Azores
by Dk Eyewitness
Published 22 Dec 2022

Back to Diving Spots Back to Top 10 Azores Highlights Back to Top 10 Azores Highlights HORTA Vibrant Horta on Faial is the yachting capital of the Azores, having served as an anchorage for caravels, clippers and seaplanes for hundreds of years. The late 19th century saw the installation of the first transatlantic cable stations, and today the town’s cultural heritage draws on this link between the land and the sea. Museums bear testimony to the island’s former whaling industry, while the mild climate helps parks and gardens flourish. NEED TO KNOW Casa dos Dabney: Complexo Monte da Guia; (292) 240 685; open 9am–12:30pm & 1:30–5pm; closed Oct–Apr: Sat & Sun Casa-Museu Manuel de Arriaga: Travessa de São Francisco; (292) 293 361; open Apr–Sep: 10am–5:30pm Tue–Sun; Oct–Mar: 9:30am–5pm Tue–Sun; adm €2 (free Sun), under 14s free Jardim Botânico do Faial: Rua da São Lourenço 23; (292) 207 360; open 9am–6pm daily (Oct–Apr: to 5pm Tue–Sat); adm €7.50, under 15s & over 65s €3.75, under 7s free Museu de Scrimshaw: Rua José Azevedo 9; closed Sun; adm €2.50, under 12s free; www.petercafesport.com Museu da Horta & Igreja de São Salvador: Largo Duque d’Avila e Bolama; (292) 392 784; open Apr–Sep: 10am–5:30pm Tue–Sun; Oct–Mar: 9:30am–5pm Tue–Sun; adm €2 (free Sun), under 14s free Aquário de Porto Pim: (964) 971 484; open Jun–Sep: 10am–5pm Tue–Sun; Oct–May: 10am–5pm Tue–Fri, 2–5:30pm Sat; adm €4, under 12s free Fábrica da Baleia de Porto Pim: Monte da Guia; (292) 292 140; open 10am–6pm Mon–Fri (Nov–Mar: to 5pm); adm €5, under 16s & over 65s €2, under 7s free Google Map Dive with whale sharks at the Princesa Alice seamount.

Tesla: Man Out of Time
by Margaret Cheney
Published 1 Jan 1981

Willpower triumphed again, and he banished both vices. He even stopped drinking tea. Obviously Tesla distinguished between the exercise of free will (which human “meat machines” lacked), and of willpower or the exercise of determination. 3. IMMIGRANTS OF DISTINCTION Telegraphs were in operation in the United States and Europe. The transatlantic cable had been laid. Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone was sweeping the Continent when the news came in 1881 that an exchange would soon be opened at Budapest. It was one of four cities chosen to be so honored by Thomas Alva Edison’s European subsidiary. Tesla left for Budapest in January of that year.

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So all that was great in the past was ridiculed, condemned, combatted, suppressed—only to emerge all the more powerfully, all the more triumphantly from the struggle.”30 Next to Tesla and society, the greatest loser when Wardenclyffe fell was Morgan. There can be little question that he could have written his own ticket for an early lead in radio broadcasting, with a station operating on several adjacent-frequency channels, transmitting in multiplex mode, and thereby far surpassing the performance of the slow, single-channel transatlantic cable. Among the many who would use Tesla’s patents in the development of commercial radio (legally or illegally), one firm would soon be sending messages a distance of 9,000 miles. The clarity of Tesla’s understanding of radio should not be confused with his efforts to transmit electricity wirelessly.

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
by Steven Levy
Published 15 Jan 2002

While other researchers were creating little baby projects like chips that would operate streetlights, the MIT people were using advanced mathematical algorithms, with huge prime numbers and zillions of calculations, to choose keys, encrypt text, decipher scrambled missives, process public keys, and sign messages with digital signatures. So much was going on that the silicon “wires” in the chip were, by standards of microtechnology, extremely long, sort of nano-equivalents of transatlantic cable. This made it all too easy to place those silicon microthreads too close to each other, causing deadly “crosstalk” that would flip bits and ruin the calculations. That’s not what you want when performing precision math. “It had simulated perfectly.” Rivest sighs. “But the fabrication process didn’t return working chips.

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He testified not only as one of the inventors of public key but as a representative of one of the ad hoc organizations lobbying against Clipper, the Digital Privacy and Security Working Group. Diffie tried to put the issue into historical perspective. Governments had been similarly concerned with previous revolutions in telecommunications, like the transatlantic cable and the advent of radio. Despite fears that governments would lose sovereignty, these developments turned out to prove tremendously useful to governments. Computer communications, too, would probably, on the whole, increase government power. But the United States seemed loath to allow any of that power to accrue to its citizens.

The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 31 Dec 2009

In 1858, Queen Victoria and President Buchanan sent messages to each other on the first transatlantic cable. The new lifeline seemed to reconfirm Morse’s boast that with the coming of the telegraph, “space [is] annihilated.”21 For millions of emigrants from Europe who had braved the Atlantic waters to reach the distant shores of the Americas, the very idea that one could now send messages back to family at the speed of light seemed incomprehensible, even magical. One observer gushed that the transatlantic cable is “a living, fleshy bond between severed portions of the human family.”22 In 1851, Paul Julius Reuter established the Reuters news service.23 By the 1860s, “news” was being telegraphed around the world.

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surface acting survival societies Suttie, Ian swaddling sympathy Syria systems theory tablet-houses Tainter, Joseph Talmud Tapscott, Don taxes Taylor, Frederick technology in hydraulic societies medieval as salvation telegraph telephone television Ten Commandments Tennyson, Alfred Lord text-formed thought text messaging T-groups thalamus theological consciousness thermodynamic systems thinking Third Industrial Revolution distributed capitalism new energy technologies new social vision Thirty Years’ War Thomas Aquinas, Saint Thoreau, Henry David Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Freud) three-field crop rotation Tiber River time and space time orientation time zones Time’s Arrow and Evolution (Blum) Times, The (London) tipping point Titchener, E. B. To Have or to Be? (Fromm) Tocqueville, Alexis de Today (TV show) toddlers induction discipline and Tolstoy, Leo Tomasello, Michael Tomlinson, John Tonight Show, The (TV show) Torah Totem and Taboo (Freud) Toulmin, Stephen tourism traditional societies transatlantic cable transcendence transportation revolution travel Travers, Jeffrey Treisman, Uri tribes Trilling, Lionel Trist, Eric Trobriand Islands Trotter, Wilfred true self trust Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) truths tsunamis Tudor England Turkle, Sherry tweens Twenge, Jean M., Dr.

An Empire of Wealth: Rise of American Economy Power 1607-2000
by John Steele Gordon
Published 12 Oct 2009

C., 45 Canada, 50, 99, 117, 288 Canal Act (New York), 106 canals, 101–3 see also Erie Canal capital gains taxes, 394–95 Carnegie, Andrew, 222, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 260, 261, 262 background of, 242–45 philanthropy of, 247–48 Carolina colony, 22–27, 61 Carrier, Willis H., 373 Carroll, Charles, 148 Carter, Jimmy, 391, 395, 396 Cartwright, Edmund, 88 cash flow, 230 Cather, Willa, 270 central heating, 163–64 Central Pacific Railroad, 217, 237 Cerf, Vinton, 411 Cermak, Anton, 330 certified public accountant, 232 Chappe, Claude, 153–54 Charles I, king of England, 21 Charles II, king of England, 22, 38, 52–53 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 69 Chase, Salmon B., 192–94, 196–97, 204 chemicals industry, 169, 289 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 235 Cheves, Langdon, 126 Child, Robert, 35 Christmas, as secular holiday, 162 Christmas Carol, A (Dickens), 131 Churchill, Winston, 187, 350–51, 352, 375 Cincinnati Western Spy, 138 Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 392 Civilian Conservation Corps Reforestation Relief Act, 334 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 374 civil rights movement, 374–75 Civil War, U.S., 141, 187, 191–204, 224, 228 income tax in, 194–95, 272–73, 274 industrialization and, 200–202 national debt in, 192–93, 194, 199 North’s economy in, 191–94 printing of money in, 195–97 slavery and, 202–3 South’s economy in, 194–96 U.S. nationhood and, 203–4 Clay, Henry, 116, 121, 127 Clermont, 136–37 Cleveland, Grover, 239, 268, 274 Clews, Henry, 231 Clinton, DeWitt, 104–6, 108 clipper ships, 183 closed shop, 372 coal industry, 163, 164, 167, 184, 245–46 cod fishery, 29–30 coins and currency, xviii, 43–44, 47 first U.S., 70–71 gold, 180, 184, 277, 334 coins and currency international market in, 405 panic of 1907 in, 277–78 silver, 266–67, 277 state banks and, 121 supply and production of, 277–78 uniform, 224 see also banking industry; money Colden, Cadwallader, 104 cold war, 375–76, 403–5, 413–15 Colfax, Schuyler, 219 Columbus, Christopher, 8, 9, 14 Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 215, 231 communications, 153–58 electricity and, 154–55 Internet and, 410–11 newspapers and, 158–59, 160 Pony Express and, 183 satellites and, 404–5 telegraph and, 155–58, 166 transatlantic cable and, 156–57 communism, collapse of, 414–16 computers, 308, 405–13 Internet and, 410–13 microprocessors and, 408–9 warfare and, 413–14 Congressional Budget Office, 390 Congress, U.S., 72, 73, 77, 79, 86, 95, 97, 127, 129–30, 156, 160, 217, 274, 292, 325–26, 327, 340, 342, 363, 394, 416, 417 assumption debate in, 74–75 chartered banks and, 196–97 civil rights legislation in, 374 Crédit Mobilier scandal and, 219 dollar unit adopted by, 70 gold standard and, 266–68 Great Depression legislation of, 325–27, 332–36 Great Society legislation of, 382–83 ICC created by, 238 impoundment power and, 389–90 income tax and, 194 pork barrel spending and, 388–89 pre–World War II legislation of, 349, 351, 352, 353, 360 railroad regulation and, 237–38 S&L scandal and, 399–400 Smoot-Hawley Act passed by, 320–22 and War of 1812, 117–19 see also House of Representatives, U.S; Senate, U.S.

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T., 161–62 Stimson, Henry, 325 stock market crash of 1929, 314–16 prelude to, 311–15 see also Great Depression stock market crash of 1987, 397–98 stock markets, 154, 197–200, 232, 265, 321 boom of 1990s and, 417–18 brokerage techniques and, 368–69 brokered deposits and, 399–400 call money market of, 312–13 corruption in, 207–8, 215–16 crash of 1987 and, 397–98 deregulation of, 393–94 gold rush and, 185–86 panic of 1907 and, 278–80 postwar boom and, 367–69, 370 reform of, 339–42 security regulation and, 215–16 telegraph and, 157–58 Whitney scandal and, 341–42 World War I and, 289, 294 see also New York Stock Exchange strikes, 249, 371, 372 Homestead, 253–54 Strong, Benjamin, 312–13, 319, 397 Strong, George Templeton, 151, 165–66, 208, 221 Stuyvesant, Peter, 37–38 suburbs: automobile industry and, 300–301 after World War II, 366–67 sugar trade, 22–23 Supplies Priorities and Allocations Board (SPAB), 354 Supreme Court, U.S., 127, 239 income tax rulings of, 274–75, 276 New Deal and, 342, 344 separate-but-equal ruling of, 374 Standard Oil ruling of, 263 steamboat monopoly ruling of, 143–45, 146 Wabash ruling of, 237 Supreme Court in United States History, The (Warren), 145 Sutter, John, 179–80, 187 Symington, William, 134–36 Symmes, Zechariah, 34 Taft, William Howard, 276 Taft-Hartley Act, 371–72 Talleyrand, Charles de, 75 Taney, Roger B., 126 Tarbell, Ida, 256–57 Tariff Act, 73 Tariff of Abominations, 97 tariffs, 72–73, 76, 90, 96, 195, 200, 272, 273, 275, 292–93, 311, 378 nullification issue and, 97 Smoot-Hawley Act and, 320–22 taxes: capital gains, 394–95 direct, 274 income, see income tax indirect, 273–74 Tax Reform Act of 1978, 395 telegraph, 155–58, 166, 183, 301 Tennessee, 85, 124 Tennessee Valley Authority, 335 Terre Haute Express, 182 Texas, 86, 331 Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith), 189 Thomas, Norman, 330 Thompson, Jeremiah, 110–11 Times (London), 109, 175–76 time zones, 235–36 tobacco trade, 14–17, 19–20, 22, 23, 45 Toleration Act (Maryland), 21–22 Tonnage Act, 73 transatlantic cable, 156–57 transcontinental railroad, 216–20 transistor, 407–8 transportation, 99–110, 184, 186–87, 255, 281, 402–3, 404 deregulation of, 392–93 see also automobile industry; Erie Canal; railroads; shipping industry; steamboats Treasury Department, U.S., 68, 70–71, 80, 119, 120, 192, 226, 332–33, 349, 389 Trevithick, Richard, 140, 146–47 “triangle trades,” 32 Trollope, Anthony, 246 Truman, Harry S., 369, 371–72, 374, 375–77, 380 Truman Doctrine, 376 Trust Company of America, 279 trusts, 258–59, 262–63 Tudor, Frederic, 177–78 Turkey, 285, 288, 375, 376 Twain, Mark, 139, 260 Tweed Ring, 220–21 unemployment, 264–65, 343, 346, 381, 383, 396 in Great Depression, 322, 324, 328, 336 in World War II, 355, 358 Union Pacific Railroad, 217, 219, 229–30 unions, see labor relations U.S.

Investment: A History
by Norton Reamer and Jesse Downing
Published 19 Feb 2016

The most influential technologies were those that affected the spread of information, given the importance of accurate data in making financial decisions. The first in a series of such inventions came in 1844 with the invention of the telegraph, which allowed relatively convenient and immediate communication among markets and cities. In 1866, the first transatlantic cable was completed, allowing near-instantaneous communication between the key global financial centers of London and New York. The next year, the stock 90 Investment: A History ticker was introduced. This specialized telegraph receiver, invented by Edward Calahan in 1863, printed stock symbols and prices on a paper tape, providing a mode of communicating financial data even more conveniently than the telegraph.

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See Troubled Assets Relief Program TASS database, 269, 271 434 Investment: A History tax (gun mada), 16 taxes: carried interest and, 308; cuts, 219; endowments and, 124; ETFs and, 286; foundations and, 126–27; pensions and, 109–10, 112; REITs and, 281 Tax Reform Act of 1969, 126 Technical Revolution, 70 technology: bubble, 187, 223–24, 246, 263, 276, 287; public markets and, 89–90; venture capital and, 277–79 tegata (promissory notes), 46 telegraph, 89 telephone, 90, 95 Tellier, Walter, 179–80 temple bank (Siku), 29 tenant farmers, 17 Texas Gulf Sulphur, 193 Textron, 275 Thaler, Richard, 252 Theory of Interest, The (Fisher), 231 Theory of Investment Value, The (Williams, J.), 4, 232 “Theory of Speculation” (Bachelier), 230 thrifts, 135 Tiger Fund, 263 Timaeus (Plato), 24 timber, 282, 332 “tipping,” 192 Tobin, James, 231, 241–42 Tokistes, or Usurer, The (Alexis and Nicostratus), 24 “too big to fail,” 216, 219–20 Total Fitness Center, 154 total profit (taksitum), 52 totorum bonurum provisions, 52 Townsend, Francis, 107–8 trade: China and, 48; cities and, 42–43; commerce and, 8, 40–50; in goods compared to securities, 84; in India, 48–49; in Japan, 44–46, 60; Mediterranean Sea and, 41–42; in Mesopotamia, 41; rice, 45–46; in West, 40–42 trade associations, 48–49 trade clearing system, 174 trading frauds: Kerviel and Société Générale, 172–74; Leeson and Barings Bank, 170–72 transatlantic cable, 89 transparency: lack of, 130; level of, 98, 126 Treasury: Great Recession and, 217–18, 225; policies of, 197 Treasury Board, 175 Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), 218 trusteeship, 24 trusts, 55 Truth in Securities Act, 211 tutorship, 58 Tversky, Amos, 251–52 Twain, Mark, 161 Tweed, William, 179 UAW.

The Talent Code: Greatest Isn't Born, It's Grown, Here's How
by Daniel Coyle
Published 27 Apr 2009

“It's one of the most intricate and exquisite cell-to-cell processes there is,” Fields said. “And it's slow. Each one of these wraps can go around the nerve fiber forty or fifty times, and that can take days or weeks. Imagine doing that to an entire neuron, then an entire circuit with thousands of nerves. It would be like insulating a transatlantic cable.”*3 So there's the picture in a nutshell: each time we deeply practice a nine-iron swing or a guitar chord or a chess opening, we are slowly installing broadband in our circuitry. We are firing a signal that those tiny green tentacles sense; they react by reaching toward the nerve fibers. They grasp, they squish, and they make another wrap, thickening the sheath.

Digital Accounting: The Effects of the Internet and Erp on Accounting
by Ashutosh Deshmukh
Published 13 Dec 2005

Sears Watch Company, a predecessor to today’s Sears, Roebuck and Co. The development of the Internet is not a 1990s activity; the roots of the Internet go far deeper. The technological foundations of the Internet were laid in the 19th century. The development of the Telegraph (communicating as dots and dashes), Transatlantic Cable (as a communication medium) and Telephone all contributed to the development of the Internet. The development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the late 1960s heralded the era of interconnected computers. The primary objective of ARPANET was to develop a network that would provide numerous alternate network paths to the ultimate destination.

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In the 1980s, the NSF took off commercial restrictions for the use of NSFNet, which was by then a primary backbone for carrying Internet messages. Exhibit 3. Timeline for the Internet 1836 1858-’66 1876 1962-’68 1969 1971 1972 1976-’79 1982 1986 1988-’90 1991 1991-’92 1993 1994-’96 1996-’99 2000-’02 ≥? 2004 Telegraph Transatlantic Cable Telephone Packet switching networks developed. • ARPANET. Department of Defense (DOD) establishes nodes at UCLA, Stanford Research Institute and University of Utah. The objective is research into networking. • The idea of Electronic Data Interchange begins to emerge from various industry initiatives.

Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
by W. Bernard Carlson
Published 11 May 2013

Paul & Northern Pacific Railway Company, 164, 357 Strasbourg motor, 57, 66–69, 85, 118, 140, 294, 416, 430n20 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 394–95 streamers: copper and, 297; fire hazard of, 264, 281; high-voltage electricity and, 135, 177, 211–12, 255, 281–82, 296–97, 299, 306, 323, 456n47, 458n76; photographing, 295–300; power transmission and, 211–12; Tesla coils and, 120–25, 128, 218, 248–49, 282, 338, 353, 403, 423n6, 450n17, 462n6 Stumpf, Carl, 48 subjective rationality, 10, 57–59, 411 Swezey, Kenneth, 380, 390, 411, 416 Swiss Tesla Institute, 399 Szigeti, Anthony, 114, 241; arc lighting and, 74; compass and, 131; Edison and, 63–64; leaves Tesla, 131–32, 240, 362; motors and, 50–52, 57, 62–64, 92, 428n40, 428n42, 430n14; Puskás and, 63; Strasbourg project and, 66–67, 430n20; talents of, 118, 293; Tesla Electric Company and, 81 tabloid newspapers, 1, 239, 316, 352, 408 Tamm, Edward A., 392 Tate, Alfred O., 70 T connection, 159 telautomatics, 225, 308 teleforce principle, 388–89 telegraph: American Union and, 79; Atlantic & Pacific and, 79; Brown and, 77–80; brush response and, 148; call boxes and, 229; Central Telegraph Office of Hungary, 50; direct current and, 37; Edison and, 64, 79, 197; Evans and, 78–79; Gould and, 79–80; Gray and, 79; grounding and, 139; Johnson and, 197; Marconi and, 132, 335–37 (see also Marconi, Guglielmo); Maxwellians and, 210; messenger boys and, 229, 389; Mutual Union and, 78–81, 111; obsolescence of, 5; Peck and, 78–80; railroads and, 79; relays and, 80; stock tickers and, 79, 354; transatlantic cable for, 195, 312; Western Union and, 77–80, 94, 101, 406 Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review, 137 telephone, 5, 261, 345; American Bell Telephone Company and, 101; atmospheric induction, 445n6; Bell and, 8, 10, 21–22, 49, 138, 219, 406, 435n59, 471n23; coherer circuit and, 275; Dolbear and, 139; Edison and, 49, 78, 195; marketing of, 8; Morgan and, 312, 317, 339; patents and, 101, 186, 348; Puskás and, 49–50, 63, 428n34, 428n35; Western Union and, 101 television, 244, 384, 403 Tesla, Ana (grandmother), 14 Tesla, Angelina (sister), 15 Tesla, Dane (brother), 15, 21–23, 366, 410 Tesla, Djuka (mother), 13–15, 17, 19, 21, 47, 145, 154–55, 156 Tesla, Janja (aunt), 14 Tesla, Josif (uncle), 14, 26, 34 Tesla, Marcia (sister), 18 Tesla, Milka (sister), 15 Tesla, Milutin (father): death of, 447; education promise of, 29–32; Tesla’s background and, 14–18, 21–22, 25, 28–30, 34, 46–47 Tesla, Nikola: AC motors and, 3 (see also AC motors); active imagination of, 19–20, 24–26, 28, 30–31, 33, 51–52, 55–59, 237–38, 244–47, 403–13; AIEE lecture and, 105–7; arrest of, 47; ashes of, 393; background of, 3, 12–33; bankruptcy of, 374–76; billiards, 46, 51, 70; biographical concepts for, 6–11; birthday parties for, 380–81; birth of, 13, 17–18; brother’s death and, 21–22; Budapest and, 49–57; celebrity of, 175, 194, 197, 303, 352; childhood of, 12–33; Columbia College lecture and, 133–38; confiscated papers of, 391–95; cultivated image of, 194–95; death of, 389–95; death of father, 447; demonstrations of, 1–2 (see also demonstrations); disproving theory of relativity and, 380; disruptive innovation and, 401–3; as draftsman, 47; dreams of, 26–28, 225, 410; early education of, 26–29, 32–33; early interest in electricity, 18–19, 28–29, 34–41; Edison Machine Works and, 69–73, 76, 120, 416; Edison Medal and, 9–10, 240, 376, 391; education at Gymnasia and, 26–29; electrotherapy and, 217, 450n12; emotional challenges of, 20–26, 50, 216–18, 221, 237, 364–67, 380, 389–90, 399, 412; establishing reputation of, 194–213; European tour of, 143–57; father’s promise of engineering education, 29–32; flattering exam certificates of, 45–46; flying machines and, 19, 27, 226, 369, 386, 410; gambling of, 46–48, 307; Ganz and Company and, 60–63, 87–88, 155, 158, 258, 429n2, 429n6; germ phobia of, 389; gold medals of, 380; as Grand Officer of the Order of St.

…

Edison Construction Department, 72 Thomson, Elihu, 217, 446n21; AIEE dinner and, 335; arc lighting and, 74, 87; high-frequency phenomena and, 125, 133–34; Marconi and, 335; motors and, 93, 98, 106–7, 169; Wetzler on, 129, 138 Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin, 123, 131, 148, 167, 170, 204, 313, 442n18 Thomson-Houston Electric Company: alternating current (AC) and, 88–90, 96; arc–lighting and, 72, 74–75; Coffin and, 88, 98, 107, 162, 357; General Electric and, 102, 129, 160, 162, 166, 224, 311, 317, 352, 357, 373, 397, 452n62; motors and, 102–3; Niagara Falls project and, 166; ZBD system and, 88 three-wire system, 65, 96 tin can motor, 85, 86, 92, 96, 144, 294, 302, 407 tinkering: Astor and, 256; Tesla and, 19, 27–28, 120, 123, 180, 315 Tito, Marshall, 393 Tonnele & Company, 201, 220–21 transatlantic cable, 195, 312 transformers, 6, 208, 249, 338, 433n36; alternating current (AC), 87–90, 97–98, 105, 108–14, 159, 161, 172–73; 184; Brown and, 144; capacitors and, 188 (see also capacitors); coherers and, 228, 269–72, 275, 348, 438n29; European tour and, 148–49, 156–57; Fleming and, 333; Gaulard and, 87–89, 108–9, 112; Gibbs and, 87–89, 108–9, 112; high-frequency phenomena and, 5, 125, 133, 176, 179–84, 218–19; induction, 433n36; oscillating, 124–26, 132–40, 148 (see also oscillators); phase difference and, 109–10; primary coil and, 109, 121, 123, 268, 279, 281, 288, 324, 329; ring, 61–62, 429n6; secondary coil and, 109, 120–24, 268, 286–90, 298, 324, 327–28; stationary waves and, 268, 270, 279, 286; T connection and, 159; Tesla coils and, 5–6, 120–25, 218, 282, 338, 353, 403, 423n6, 423n7, 450n17, 462n6; Wardenclyffe and, 321, 328, 333; Y connection and, 144 transmitters: breakwheel and, 268, 279, 286; coherers and, 228, 269–72, 275, 348, 438n29; current produced by, 209, 247–48, 294, 298, 344, 384; de Forest and, 350; distance and, 294–95; Earth’s resonance and, 269–74; fireballs and, 299–300, 394, 398, 458n86; Fleming and, 152; Geissler tubes and, 128; ground current and, 247; grounding of, 141, 208, 403; induction coils and, 140, 180, 333; Lowenstein and, 292; magnifying, 128, 267–69, 274, 278–82, 284 (see also magnifying transmitters); Marconi and, 141, 152, 285, 333; power of, 449n43; power transmission and, 207–13 (see also power transmission); radio-controlled boats and, 5, 33, 48, 225–30, 237, 243, 264, 283, 285, 308–9, 357, 361, 382, 408; receivers and, 130, 139, 140–41, 159, 180–81, 208–11, 225, 236, 247–53, 262, 269–77, 285–95, 301, 329–34, 339–44, 347, 375, 403, 451n38, 456n30, 457n63; remote control and, 228 (see also remote control); resonance and, 140, 338; Scherff and, 362; Soviets and, 379; stationary waves and, 262, 267–69, 274, 276, 278–82; streamers and, 135, 177, 211–12, 255, 281–82, 296, 297, 299, 306, 323, 456n47, 458n76; telegraphs and, 139 (see also telegraph); tuning and, 208, 235–36, 262, 279, 284–88, 303, 313, 332, 343, 403, 449n43; Wardenclyffe and, 329 (see also Wardenclyffe); wireless lighting and, 180, 184–85, 189, 191; wireless power and, 209–10, 247–53 Trotter, A.

How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States
by Daniel Immerwahr
Published 19 Feb 2019

Such a network, passing only through British territory, would offer protection from foreign powers that might cut or tap Britain’s cables. Britain achieved its all-red network and, with it, invulnerability. Everyone else, meanwhile, learned the cost of not having a secure network. In the opening days of the First World War, Britain cut Germany’s transatlantic cables—something it could easily do, as Germany did not control the territory around them. The Germans were then forced to use unreliable intermediaries to carry their messages, which opened them up to espionage. In 1917 the German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent a proposal to Mexico promising to help Mexico “reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona” in exchange for an alliance.

…

Tunner, Over the Hump (1964; Washington, DC, 1985), 46–47. once every eleven minutes: Reginald M. Cleveland, Air Transport at War (New York, 1946), 113. one every minute and twelve seconds: Tunner, Over the Hump, 113. “Roads, it would seem”: Cave, Wings, 106. “knew that we could fly”: Tunner, Over the Hump, 59. Britain cut Germany’s transatlantic cables: An excellent account of this and the Zimmermann telegram is Daniel R. Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851–1945 (New York, 1991), chap. 9. On cables, I’ve been guided also by Jonathan Reed Winkler, Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I (Cambridge, MA, 2008).

Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics
by Francis Fukuyama
Published 27 Aug 2007

It is not like nuclear technology, which requires expensive and sizable infrastructures to manage. Biotechnology is done in thousands of small labs all over the world. This technology, it seems to me, is a critical factor in the human future, for good and for ill. Walter Russell Mead: I think the argument for accelerating technology and social change is a strong one. True, the transatlantic cable was laid in the nine- 2990-7 ch14 mead 164 7/23/07 12:16 PM Page 164 discussion teenth century. But it is also true that on September 11, 2001, fewer than half of the people alive in the world at that time had ever made one phone call. When modernization began in Great Britain, a generation had time to get used to its spread.

Whiplash: How to Survive Our Faster Future
by Joi Ito and Jeff Howe
Published 6 Dec 2016

Standing in the basement of the U.S. Capitol Building, he tapped out a message to a train station in Baltimore some thirty-eight miles away. It consisted of a quote from the Old Testament: “What hath God wrought.” Within a few years every major American city enjoyed instantaneous communication. Within the decade the first transatlantic cable was being laid. As it appears in the Bible (Num. 23:23), “What hath God wrought” is understood to be an expression of gratitude—“Look at everything your dad’s done for you!” At the time, Morse said the intention was to “baptize the American Telegraph with the name of its author,” by which he meant the Almighty, not himself.

The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man
by Luke Harding
Published 7 Feb 2014

Just down the road is Widemouth Bay. Few of the holidaymakers who splash in its bracing waters know of the beach’s significance. But major undersea telecommunications cables from the US’s eastern seaboard emerge here. They are called Apollo North, TAT-8, TAT-14 and Yellow/Atlantic Crossing-2, also known as AC-2. Other transatlantic cables come ashore at nearby Land’s End. Thousands of miles long, the fibre-optic cables are operated by big private telecoms firms, often in consortia. The landing points of these submarine cables are so important that the American Department of Homeland Security lists them as critical American national infrastructure (according to leaked US diplomatic messages).

Global Governance and Financial Crises
by Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said
Published 12 Nov 2003

Instead he suggests that diverse strategies should be targeted at expanding domestic lending for consumption and investment, sterilisating inbound financial flows and changing their composition. 2 Financial crises and global governance Meghnad Desai Introduction There have been financial crises for 175 years, at least. At first they had national origin and reach but even in the nineteenth century their shocks were transmitted across countries. By the end of that century, the TransAtlantic cable had been laid and as a result, Britain, France, Holland, Germany and the USA had interlinked financial markets, which moved in parallel, especially at times of crises. At the end of the twentieth century, the Asian crisis of the summer of 1997 brought us back to that world. That crisis originated in Thailand and after spreading across Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, leapt across to Russia, threatened to hit Brazil and caused the spectacular troubles1 at Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) in the summer of 1998.

The End of Absence: Reclaiming What We've Lost in a World of Constant Connection
by Michael Harris
Published 6 Aug 2014

So much of our inventiveness, it turns out, wells up from, and then perpetuates, a deep desire to gather the world into our arms. The harnessing of magnetism leads to the compass, making expansive seafaring possible. James Watt’s invention of the modern steam engine in 1765 obliterates distance. The telegraph, the transatlantic cable, and the telephone cast larger and larger lassos to draw home the voices of faraway lovers, peers, and purveyors of news. Motion pictures, at the end of the nineteenth century, reap a world’s worth of glittering images and deliver them to enthralled viewers in the dark. We crowded the world into our small lives.

Open for Business Harnessing the Power of Platform Ecosystems
by Lauren Turner Claire , Laure Claire Reillier and Benoit Reillier
Published 14 Oct 2017

As we have seen in Chapter 6, the most successful platforms seem to have developed complementary activities and combined business models in ways that enhanced their value propositions. Microsoft did not shy away from entering the hardware business with its surface tablet to compete against Apple’s platform ecosystem, Google is investing in fibre to reduce its dependence on telecommunications operators, Facebook and Microsoft are laying transatlantic cables for the same reason, and Alibaba ended up developing one of the largest delivery infrastructures in the world (Cainiao)18 to deliver to any city in China in 24 hours.19 Facebook has also realized that the next bottleneck for connecting everybody on the planet to its services is . . . Internet access.

The Dollar Meltdown: Surviving the Coming Currency Crisis With Gold, Oil, and Other Unconventional Investments
by Charles Goyette
Published 29 Oct 2009

The world’s central banks today are, like our Federal Reserve, remnants of the nineteenth century, an age that celebrated the engineer. It was an era that saw manual labor-based production begin to give way to machine-based production; the introduction of the railroad and oil refining; the development of steel and the telephone; and other engineering marvels like the Suez Canal and the transatlantic cable. The accomplishments of engineering deserved to be celebrated. The problem—one that persists today—occurs when the psychosocial sciences like economics attempt to ape the means and methods of the physical and natural sciences. When this syndrome of the age in economics is accompanied by the coercive power of the state, the result is a reduction of human beings to measurable units of production, statistical units deemed problematic in their variation and insignificant in their individuality, mere workers and consumers that could be ordered about or managed as aggregates, a consequence that has been very harmful indeed.

Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up
by Philip N. Howard
Published 27 Apr 2015

If you live in the West, this was the month you lost this centrality. If you live in China, this was the month your region became the dominant network center. If you live in other parts of the world, it was the day in which the center of your economic, cultural, and political universe shifted. Before February 2013, the bandwidth used across the transatlantic cables that connect the United States with Europe averaged just under twenty terabits per second. Most of that traffic was between the United States and the United Kingdom. Relative to other parts of the world, these two countries had the most internet users, the most internet servers, and the fastest networks.

There's a War Going on but No One Can See It
by Huib Modderkolk
Published 1 Sep 2021

Around the same time, the NSA – an agency with a budget as big as that of the entire Dutch Ministry of Defence – had a shortage of good Farsi translators. The Netherlands played its trump card. Just send your intercepts to the Netherlands, said the MIVD; we can translate them for you. And so it happened that engineers laid a secure transatlantic cable connection to Holland and for a time the MIVD enjoyed exclusive access to America’s powerful intelligence apparatus. Machines translate faster than interpreters, however, and the intelligence community has long been working to automate the process. When I share Robin’s story with intelligence expert Constant Hijzen, he also immediately suspects intelligence involvement.

Americana: A 400-Year History of American Capitalism
by Bhu Srinivasan
Published 25 Sep 2017

The more sophisticated aspects of retail, such as international sourcing, were beyond the scope of small operations to engage in at all. Transatlantic steamers could cross the Atlantic within a week or two to let a buyer look at merchandise directly from European manufacturers. Retailers could communicate with European suppliers of fine goods through telegraphic messages over the transatlantic cable. But these travel and communication costs could be borne only by retailers selling in larger quantities. Stewart inspired enough entrants with their own cast-iron buildings—named for the type of iron that initially made such cavernous spaces possible—that the commercial area around Broadway, where Charles Brush’s arc lights first lit the night sky, was christened Ladies’ Mile.

…

Newspapers throughout America, including the New York Times, ran stories labeled as wireless dispatches from across the Atlantic. But the technology on display at the store was still mostly novelty; the practical, wider advantages of wireless telegraphy weren’t all that clear. To begin with, the transatlantic cable laid under the ocean had been operational for decades. Its use had standardized messaging across the ocean. Wireless telegraphy, while significant in terms of technical and scientific achievement, had a limited set of uses for which the ubiquitous fixed-wire telegraphy was not a substitute.

Americana
by Bhu Srinivasan

The more sophisticated aspects of retail, such as international sourcing, were beyond the scope of small operations to engage in at all. Transatlantic steamers could cross the Atlantic within a week or two to let a buyer look at merchandise directly from European manufacturers. Retailers could communicate with European suppliers of fine goods through telegraphic messages over the transatlantic cable. But these travel and communication costs could be borne only by retailers selling in larger quantities. Stewart inspired enough entrants with their own cast-iron buildings—named for the type of iron that initially made such cavernous spaces possible—that the commercial area around Broadway, where Charles Brush’s arc lights first lit the night sky, was christened Ladies’ Mile.

…

Newspapers throughout America, including the New York Times, ran stories labeled as wireless dispatches from across the Atlantic. But the technology on display at the store was still mostly novelty; the practical, wider advantages of wireless telegraphy weren’t all that clear. To begin with, the transatlantic cable laid under the ocean had been operational for decades. Its use had standardized messaging across the ocean. Wireless telegraphy, while significant in terms of technical and scientific achievement, had a limited set of uses for which the ubiquitous fixed-wire telegraphy was not a substitute.

Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America
by Giles Slade
Published 14 Apr 2006

In the brave new world inherited by Sloan and his sophisticated turn-of-the-century classmates, progress toward a technological utopia was accepted almost without question. The rapid succession of inventions that had already improved the quality of life was all the proof they needed. These included telephones, the transatlantic cable, electric street lights, automobiles, and, later, airplanes, radio, and the earliest electric appliances. The notion of progress, reinforced by followers of Charles Darwin and the “social Darwinist” Herbert Spencer, played a central role in the American consciousness of the day.In academia and in the popular press, explicit analogies between biological evolution and technical design proliferated.

The Lost Decade: 2010–2020, and What Lies Ahead for Britain
by Polly Toynbee and David Walker
Published 3 Mar 2020

When Putin attacked, no Aeroflot flights were grounded, no significant freeze imposed on Russian finance or energy operations. Russians could interfere in UK elections with impunity, including the EU referendum, making a mockery of leave’s posturing on national security. Russian submarines, meanwhile, had a free pass to threaten the transatlantic cables carrying most of the world’s internet traffic; the UK had lacked airborne submarine monitoring since the 2010 retirement of its Nimrod patrols. European security crumbled from within as populists in Italy and authoritarians in Hungary paraded as pals of Putin. The UK did not – could not – just disengage.

Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture
by Deyan Sudjic
Published 1 Sep 2010

It’s the way that he explained himself to his cautious and financially careful mother. Just as twenty years later he would, taking his lead from Buckminster Fuller, compare the high-tech solution of launching a communications satellite to the apparently cheaper but actually much more profligate strategy of laying 2,000 miles of undersea transatlantic cable. Of course, the fact that Foster loved to fly also played its part in the equation. Foster spent the summer of 1961 working in London for John Beardshaw, living above the office next to the Economist building in St James’s. He stayed on until the last possible minute to earn as much money as he could, planning to arrive in America in September just as the Yale term started.

Andrew Carnegie
by David Nasaw
Published 15 Nov 2007

As it would take at least three weeks to get approval of these changes from St. Louis, he suggested that Carnegie, who had planned to vacation later in Dunfermline, had “better go now.” Carnegie, fearful that Morgan might in three weeks’ time change his mind, sent the proposed changes to his partners via the transatlantic cable. When, the next morning, he received a return cable approving the changes, he had his deal.2 The young and now successful bond trader spent the rest of the week in London helping Morgan resell the bonds by telling whoever would listen—principally the financial editors of the London papers—that the Erie Railroad scandals of the late 1860s, in which Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, and Daniel Drew had gambled with the lives and fortunes of investors by driving up, down, and sideways the price of stock in the Erie, had been a once in a lifetime aberration.

…

The rhythm of the work was far different than that he had become accustomed to. The traders he dealt with kept reasonable business hours. There was research to do before and after the meetings, a great deal of prospectus writing, tinkering with the numbers, and communications back and forth via transatlantic cable, but this still left plenty of free time to enjoy life in London, Paris, Frankfurt, and other European financial centers. In May 1871, just as he was settling in, he was unexpectedly called back to New York by a telegram from Gardie McCandless, his private secretary. Scott and Thomson required his presence as soon as possible because, as McCandless put it in his telegraph, the Keokuk Bridge business was “not going smoothly.”

…

News of the battle was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, where hundreds of workingmen, some of whom had seen the smoke or heard the gunfire up river, prepared to march on Homestead in support of the steelworkers. They were joined by a small army of reporters and illustrators who would file regular updates throughout the days to come, some of which would make their way, by transatlantic cable, to London and on to Carnegie in Scotland. At 8:00 A.M., the Pinkertons made another attempt to leave their barges, but were repulsed by gunfire. They fired back. Three more Homestead steelworkers died and several others were wounded. The gunfight continued, with a second Pinkerton killed.

Why Aren't They Shouting?: A Banker’s Tale of Change, Computers and Perpetual Crisis
by Kevin Rodgers
Published 13 Jul 2016

Dollar/mark was the exchange rate between the US dollar and the German mark, which, because of the global clout of those two huge economies, was the most heavily traded pair. Running it a close second was Cable (the exchange rate between the British pound and the US dollar), which, as Loic told me on my first day in the job, got its slang name in reference to the transatlantic cable that had once transmitted information between New York and London. Now, although some spot traders were university educated, many had career paths that were similar to Bev’s. Not that this mattered one jot. Success as a spot trader was more a matter of stamina, quick wits, a cool head and native cunning than any knowledge of Milton, Goethe or the atomic weight of molybdenum.

Fire and Ice: The Volcanoes of the Solar System
by Natalie Starkey
Published 29 Sep 2021

In 1855, US Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury had suggested that an underwater mountain chain might exist, but it wasn’t proven until many years after. As part of the HMS Challenger expedition of 1872, Charles Wyville Thomson confirmed the presence of a ridge in the Atlantic while searching for a new location to place more transatlantic cables. The region was investigated further by sonar in 1925, a technique that uses sound propagation underwater to detect objects, and the ridge was found to extend all the way to the Indian Ocean, but it wasn’t until the 1950s that it was mapped in detail, also by sonar. But that’s not where the story ends.

Age of Anger: A History of the Present
by Pankaj Mishra
Published 26 Jan 2017

He was executed and Goldman was arrested; the American Congress passed a law excluding from the country any one ‘who disbelieves in or is opposed to all organized governments’. Theodore Roosevelt launched an international crusade against terrorism, anticipating George W. Bush’s war on terror by more than a century. But the fear of terrorism did not go away. Nor did the attraction of propaganda by the deed diminish. Transatlantic cable telegraph and mass-circulation newspapers provided the right technological circumstances for it. Anarchist spectacles were meat and drink to the newspapers, which reported them at length with many lurid illustrations, titillating their readers, but also confirming the militants’ own high sense of their value and potency.

Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World
by General Stanley McChrystal , Tantum Collins , David Silverman and Chris Fussell
Published 11 May 2015

In New York, commercial realtors charge a premium for “co-located” financial real estate that places traders nearer to servers, allowing them to shave microseconds off near-light-speed transactions. For similar reasons, a group of American and European trading firms recently spent $300 million on a new transatlantic cable that will decrease trade time by 5.2 milliseconds. One young banker summed up the rationale behind going to such lengths to procure seemingly minuscule advantages: “Speed is money.” Speed has always been important to armies, but for most of history it was limited to what a horse or a human could do.

Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern
by Jing Tsu
Published 18 Jan 2022

See also computers; sinosphere, digital; telegraphy; typewriter telegraphy, xviii, 274 binary code, 124 cable lines, 89–93, 101–3 Chinese, 94, 103–18, 107, 123–26 costs, 92–93, 115–16, 120–21 deferred, 118, 120–21 diplomacy and, 94–95, 115, 118–22 fears about, 101–2 International Telegraph Conference, 89, 100, 115, 119 International Telegraph Union, 115, 121 Morse code, 90–92, 91, 109–10, 113, 121, 124 New Phonetic System and, 123–25 power and inequity with, 89–93, 96 Roman alphabet and, 10, 45 secret text and, 116–19 Tencent, 279 terror campaign, Cultural Revolution, 217 Tianyi bao (journal), 289n Tietgen, Carl Frederik, 105–6, 292n tones, 123–24 of characters, xviii, 94, 182–86 double consonants, 195 Gansu-Shaanxi dialect and Romanization, 200 Mandarin Combined Tone Alphabet, 14–16, 28–29, 179 trade, 49—50, 98–100, 99, 101 transatlantic cable, inequity and power, 89–93. See also telegraphy Tse Tsan Tai, 6, 286n typesetters, on character simplification, 176–77 typewriter early models, 58–60 innovations, 163–68 Monotype, 44–45, 57, 223, 227, 244–45 QWERTY keyboard, 45, 58, 164, 273 typewriter, Chinese-language hanzi keyboard, 57–58, 60, 60–64, 66–67, 69, 164–68 Lin Yutang and, 151, 163–68, 233, 241, 243, 254, 296n production of, 81–84 Qi Xuan and, 65–72, 82–83, 151 Sheffield and, 59–63, 60, 65, 68–69, 165 Shu Zhendong and, 84–86, 85 Zhou Houkun and, 57–58, 62–65, 67–72, 81–84, 85, 86–87, 151, 165 U Unicode, 254–55, 261–66, 270–71, 273–75, 303n, 304n Unified New Turkic Alphabet, 193, 200 United Kingdom, 20–21 United States (US), 20–21, 50–51, 218, 241, 258 China and, 98, 210, 223–24, 230, 278 Chinese students in, 53–55, 68, 81, 95–96, 98, 140, 143, 180, 238 industrialization and, 46 Japan and, 256–57 reparation payments and, 52–53 technology and, 49, 90–91 UNIVAC, 224, 238 Universal Coded Character Set (ISO 10646), 263 Unix system, 251 Ural-1, 230 V Vail, Alfred, 90 Versailles Conference (1919), 80, 95–96 Vienna World’s Fair (1873), 50 Vietnam, 7, 253, 264, 266–67 Viguier, Septime Auguste, 106–11, 107, 113–14, 123–24, 214, 292n Volapük, 179 W Wade, Thomas, 179 Wade-Giles, 61, 179, 183, 207–8 Walsh, Richard, 167, 296n Wang Chengrong, 94 Wang Jingchun, 95–100, 99, 110, 114–15, 118–25, 214, 222 Wang’s Four Corners Numerical Code Petite Dictionary, 148 Wang Xuan, 231–37, 242–43, 246–47, 277, 302n Wang Yunwu, 145–50, 158, 161, 216, 276, 296n, 297n149 Wang Yunwu Comprehensive English-Chinese Dictionary, 161 Wang Yunwu Pocket Dictionary, 161 Wang Zhao, 31, 128, 184, 276, 286n Beijing Mandarin and, 25, 170, 182 Board of Rites and, 12, 19 Chinese writing system and, 1–5, 8–9, 11–20, 30 Hundred Days Reform and, 3, 8, 19–20, 23–24, 32 legacy, 41–42, 45 Mandarin Alphabet and, 16–17, 20–23, 26, 28–29, 34, 36–40, 52 Mandarin Combined Tone Alphabet, 14–16, 28–29, 179 pardon for, 33–34 poems of, 12, 33, 40 warlords, 94, 97 War of Resistance (1937–45), 151, 153, 174 Weaver, Warren, 239 Weinreich, Max, 279 Wenhui Daily (newspaper), 220, 221 Western culture, 141 Wiener, Norbert, 239 Wilson, Woodrow, 80 women, 9, 20, 153 computer industry and, 229, 231–32, 233, 247 literacy and, 13, 173, 177 women’s script (nüshu), 172–73 World’s Fairs, 46–51, 48 writing, 193–96.

The Deepest Map
by Laura Trethewey
Published 15 May 2023

Doc Ewing had mentored Bruce Heezen after his undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa and taken him on research cruises all over the world; one lasted thirty-six months. Along the way, Bruce learned from Doc and amassed a huge collection of soundings, most of them from the North Atlantic. Bruce also secured funding from Bell Laboratories—the research arm of the communications company—to turn those soundings into maps. Bell was laying a commercial transatlantic cable from Newfoundland to Scotland and, more secretly, another cable for the US Navy that would monitor enemy subs.13 Bell sought Bruce out for his advice on avoiding underwater hazards in the North Atlantic, something Bruce had studied extensively while he was at Columbia University writing his master’s thesis on an earthquake and cable break off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in 1929.

Toward Rational Exuberance: The Evolution of the Modern Stock Market
by B. Mark Smith
Published 1 Jan 2001

The aggregate capital invested in manufacturing in 1870 was nearly four times the amount that had been invested in 1850. Improved communications for the first time began to create a truly national (and international) market for stocks. The first stock ticker was installed in 1867 in the Wall Street brokerage firm where Daniel Drew made his office, the same year that the new transatlantic cable began operating. Some of the traditional practices of the New York Stock Exchange were clearly obsolete in the new environment. To accommodate the increased volume of trading, the Exchange leased additional space, which came to be called the Long Room, in which location trading could continue after the specific “calls” of each stock were made under the old rules.

The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy From Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography
by Simon Singh
Published 1 Jan 1999

Zimmermann Zimmermann had to encrypt his telegram because Germany was aware that the Allies were intercepting all its transatlantic communications, a consequence of Britain’s first offensive action of the war. Before dawn on the first day of the First World War, the British ship Telconia approached the German coast under cover of darkness, dropped anchor, and hauled up a clutch of undersea cables. These were Germany’s transatlantic cables—its communication links to the rest of the world. By the time the sun had risen, they had been severed. This act of sabotage was aimed at destroying Germany’s most secure means of communication, thereby forcing German messages to be sent via insecure radio links or via cables owned by other countries.

Trading at the Speed of Light: How Ultrafast Algorithms Are Transforming Financial Markets
by Donald MacKenzie
Published 24 May 2021

The algorithm will take into account the pattern of bids, offers, and trades in those futures, as well as patterns in the trading of the other Treasury and interest-rate futures also traded in that datacenter. The algorithm will receive, via microwave links, data on the buying and selling of the underlying Treasurys, which are traded in the two datacenters in New Jersey shown in the map in figure 4.1. Via Hibernia Atlantic’s ultrafast transatlantic cable, it will receive data on the trading of futures on UK sovereign bonds (these futures are traded in a datacenter just outside of London) and the equivalent German futures, traded in a datacenter in Frankfurt called FR2. Data on Japanese government bonds will come from a transpacific cable and yet more microwave links.

Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 1 Jan 2002

.* However, the crucial development from the point of view of imperial rule was the construction of durable undersea cables. Significantly, it was an imperial product – a rubber-like substance from Malaya called gutta-percha – that solved the problem, allowing the first cross-Channel cable to be laid in 1851 and the first transatlantic cable to follow fifteen years later. When the Anglo-American Telegraph Company’s cable finally reached the American coast on 27 July 1866, having been successfully unrolled and dropped along the ocean floor by Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s mighty Great Eastern, it was plainly the dawn of a new era. That the cable ran from Ireland to Newfoundland made it clear which power was most likely to dominate the age of the telegraph.

Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist
by Richard Dawkins
Published 15 Mar 2017

Is there even a sense in which we have slipped backwards since Darwin’s co-discoverer, Alfred Russel Wallace, wrote The Wonderful Century, a glowing scientific retrospective on his era? Perhaps there was undue complacency in late nineteenth-century science, about how much had been achieved and how little more advancement could be expected. William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin, President of the Royal Society, pioneered the transatlantic cable – symbol of Victorian progress – and also the second law of thermodynamics – C. P. Snow’s litmus of scientific literacy. Kelvin is credited with the following three confident predictions: ‘Radio has no future.’ ‘Heavier than air flying machines are impossible.’ ‘X-rays will prove to be a hoax.’

Completely Mad: Tom McClean, John Fairfax, and the Epic of the Race to Row Solo Across the Atlantic
by James R. Hansen
Published 4 Jul 2023

There was Jack Robbins, an officer with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who had allowed Tom to stay in the Mounties barracks, enjoy the freedom of the mess hall, and showed him some of the sights around the city, including a trip up to the old tower on Signal Hill overlooking the entrance to the harbor from where radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi had transmitted the world’s first transatlantic cable message in 1907. Tom also picked out the unmistakable head of “Big Ed” Gedden, the man from Furness Withy, the firm that had received shipment of Silver in St. John’s, who had watched every minute of the loading of Tom’s dory like a hawk. Big Ed had come quayside two or three times a day to run a casually expert eye over Silver and deliver his verdict.

Seven Crashes: The Economic Crises That Shaped Globalization
by Harold James
Published 15 Jan 2023

A few years later, Engels wrote with some satisfaction, not to say smugness, to Marx that he had picked up some volumes on German history from a second-hand bookstore that had bought them in a bankruptcy sale of Strousberg’s well-stocked libraries. By the 1870s, the world had become more interconnected. The transatlantic cable had carried news since 1858, though the second cable (1865) was more capacious and reliable. Steamships drove down bulk carriage costs, and at the same time the railroad opened up the interior of continents. In 1869 the Suez Canal was completed and the last spike hammered in America’s transcontinental railroad.

The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance
by Ron Chernow
Published 1 Jan 1990

Like the French banques d’affaires or the universal German banks, London merchant banks took equity stakes in ventures. For instance, George Peabody and Company had helped to bankroll Sir John Franklin’s expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. But its most farsighted bet was a £100,000 investment in Cyrus Field’s transatlantic cable, which would unite Wall Street and the City. The scheme looked inspired on August 16, 1858, when Queen Victoria made the first cable call, to President James Buchanan. In a burst of national pride, New York City engaged in two weeks of fireworks and euphoric celebration. Peabody dizzily wrote to Field, “Your reflections must be like those of Columbus after the discovery of America.”27 He spoke too soon, however: in September, the cable snapped, the venture’s share prices plummeted, and Peabody and Junius Morgan absorbed steep losses.

…

Frederick, 219 Time, 317, 400, 527 Titanic, 101, 146–47, 198, 212 Tomlinson, Alexander, 505, 553, 595 Toomey, William D., 607 Toshiba, 552, 557 Towbin, L. F. Rothschild Unterberg, 682 Tracy, Charles, 23, 73 Traders, 584–86, 656, 662, 665, 674 stigma attached to, 584, 586, 662 Transactional banking, 595 Trans Alaska Pipeline, 622 Transatlantic cable, 12 Trans World Airlines, 561 Treasury Department, U.S., 227, 252, 313, 420–21, 471; see also Mellon, Andrew Treaty of Versailles, 207–208, 231, 399, 452 Trippe, Betty Stettinius, 259 Trippe, Juan, 259, 543 Trowbridge and Livingston, 165, 235 Truman, Bess, 415 Truman, Harry S, 489 economic policy, 490–91, 503 Marshall Plan, 488 Wheeler hearings and, 412–16 Truman, Margaret, 414 Truman administration, 488, 498 Trustbusters, see Antitrust sentiment Trust certificates, 68, 81 Trust companies, 121–29 Trust Company of America, 124, 126 Trusts, 110, 122–23 farm equipment, 109 foreign governments and, 102–103 money, 131–37, 149–56 panic of 1907 and, 121–29 Pujo Committee and, 149–56 railroad, 57–58, 67–69, 94 Roosevelt and, 105 shipping, 100–103, 145–47 steel, 81–86, 99–100 voting trust, 38, 68–69, 152–53, 189 Wall Street and, 68–69, 81–86, 105, 109 Tube Investments, 523, 524, 525 Tugwell, Rexford G., 358, 418, 420 Tuteleers, Louis, 452, 453 Twentieth Century Fox, 633, 634 U Union Bank of Switzerland, 286, 547 Union Carbide, 600 Union Club, 47, 107, 171, 516 Union League Club, 48, 87, 171, 346, 423 Union Pacific Railroad, 134 United Aircraft, 601 United Air Lines, 561 United Auto Workers, 418, 498 United Biscuit, 682 United China Relief, 466 United Copper, 123 United Corporation, 308–309, 314, 369, 707 United Lutheran Church, 475 U.S.

The Pursuit of Power: Europe, 1815-1914
by Richard J. Evans
Published 31 Aug 2016

De Agostini/Bridgeman Images Hydrographic map of the Rhine between Neuburg and Sondernheim, pub. Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, 1822/25. Generallandesarchiv, Karlsruhe (H/Rheinstrom Nr. 72). GLA/Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg Bullfight, painting by Vicente Garcia de Paredes, 1892. De Agostini/Getty Images Loading the transatlantic cable onto the Great Eastern steamship, illustration from Die Illustrirte Zeitung, March 1865. akg-images Disinfection against cholera on the Serbian frontier, illustration from Le Petit Journal, January 1911. Mary Evans/Alamy The Execution of Karl Ludwig Sand, lithograph by J. M. Volz and A. P.

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Bullfight (1892) by Vicente Garcia de Paredes (1845–1903). It was in the nineteenth century that bullfighting became a truly popular spectator sport in Spain, at a time when fox-hunting in England was so widely practised that fox-cubs had to be imported in their thousands from the Continent to satisfy the demand. 19. Loading the transatlantic cable onto a storage compartment in the Great Eastern steamship (1865). From this point onwards, almost instantaneous global communication became possible, leading to the introduction of time-zones and the International Date Line at the Washington Conference in 1884. 20. The conquest of disease: preventive hygienic measures such as disinfection, applied here to reluctant travellers on the Danube entering Serbia in 1911, when cholera was spreading into Europe from the Middle East, did much to reduce the danger of epidemics and lower the European death rate.

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making
by David Rothkopf
Published 18 Mar 2008

But every few years there is very substantial change among them.” His rationale for the relevance of the forum is based on his understanding of an epochal transformation. “In 1856, just 150 years ago, you had for the first time in the States more merchandise transported by rail than by canals. You had the invention of the pipeline. The first transatlantic cable. This was a kind of compression of time and space, and with it people really moved from local identity to national identity. Accordingly, you had to create the necessary structures, national governments, big national companies … which afterwards became big international companies. Now what we have today is a similar revolution in which we are moving from a national dimension to a global dimension.

The Men Who United the States: America's Explorers, Inventors, Eccentrics and Mavericks, and the Creation of One Nation, Indivisible
by Simon Winchester
Published 14 Oct 2013

Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Glaser, Leah S. Electrifying the Rural American West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. Gordon, John Steele. A Thread across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable. New York: Walker, 2002. Graham, Alan. A Natural History of the New World: The Ecology and Evolution of Plants in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. Greenblatt, Stephen. The Swerve: How the World Became Modern. New York: Norton, 2011. Gunther, John. Inside U.S.A. New York: Curtis, 1947.

Lila: An Inquiry Into Morals
by Robert M. Pirsig
Published 1 Jan 1991

And so a lot of the things they were later condemned for, their love of snobbery and gingerbread architecture and ornamental cast-iron, were just the mannerisms of decent people who were trying to live up to all this. The only wealthy models available were the European aristocracy. What we tend to forget is that, unlike the European aristocrats they aped, the American Victorians were a very creative people. The telephone, the telegraph, the railroad, the transatlantic cable, the light bulb, the radio, the phonograph, the motion pictures and the techniques of mass production — almost all the great technological changes that are associated with the twentieth century are, in fact, American Victorian inventions. This city is composed of their value patterns! It was their optimism, their belief in the future, their codes of craftsmanship and labor and thrift and self-discipline that really built twentieth-century America.

Model Thinker: What You Need to Know to Make Data Work for You
by Scott E. Page
Published 27 Nov 2018

In 1858, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the legendary British engineer who built the Great Western Railway, launched a nearly 700-foot-long ship, the SS Great Eastern. That ship proved a failure. A lack of hydrodynamic models resulted in a poor overall design. The boat proved seaworthy at only the slowest of speeds. It finally found use laying transatlantic cables. See West 2017 for how multiple models aid in designing ships. 9 BMI can also be written as 703 times weight (in pounds) divided by height (in inches) squared. 10 LeBron James stands 6 feet 8 inches and weighs around 250 pounds, giving him a BMI of 27.5. Kevin Durant, who stands 6 feet 9 inches and weighs 235 pounds, has a BMI of 25.2.

Engineers of Dreams: Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning of America
by Henry Petroski
Published 2 Jan 1995

The report in Engineering News was no anomaly, for in America there was considerable interest in the design and construction of the Forth Bridge and large and unique engineering projects generally, even if their American precedents were not acknowledged. Engineers and information could and did travel freely and relatively quickly by ship across the ocean, as Eads and Roebling knew, and the transatlantic cable had been operational for two decades. In the case of the human model of the Forth Bridge, Engineering News acknowledged its indebtedness to Thomas C. Clarke, a former director and future president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, for the use of the original photograph from which the illustration could be reproduced only weeks after Baker’s speech.

Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain
by John Darwin
Published 12 Feb 2013

They formed chambers of commerce to pool the information that they were willing to share, and established ‘exchanges’ where produce prices were listed. From the 1850s the spreading network of telegraphs and submarine cables allowed vital price information to be gathered with revolutionary speed: a transatlantic cable was laid in 1866; by the 1870s India, Southeast Asia and even Australia were connected to London. Even so, in the City of London as everywhere else, much commercial intelligence spread by word of mouth, as it had always done. The second great problem was trust – what economists call the ‘principal-agent problem’.

Lotharingia: A Personal History of Europe's Lost Country
by Simon Winder
Published 22 Apr 2019

As millions died, Arthur Zimmerman, head of the German Foreign Office, did more perhaps than anyone to accidentally destroy his own country. In a short space he and his associates came up with two brilliant plans. The first was to send a telegram to the Mexicans suggesting a treaty with Germany whereby, in the event of the USA declaring war, Mexico would get back Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. As the British had control of all transatlantic cables, this insane proposal was immediately decrypted and gleefully passed to the US, releasing a wave of fury which contributed to the American declaration of war. Only a few weeks after this coup, Zimmerman agreed to the equally brilliant plan that the Germans should spring Lenin from Zürich, transport him on a sealed train across Germany and through Sweden to St Petersburg to help foment revolutionary unrest and thereby undermine the Allies.

The Rough Guide to Devon & Cornwall
by Robert Andrews

Other than the likelihood that the ring and uprights date from some time between 2400 and 800 BC, nothing is known about their origin or significance, though they were probably the focus of some ceremonial function. Porthcurno and around Five miles west of Lamorna, the scattered settlement of PORTHCURNO stands above a succession of picturesque coves and generous sand beaches set against a jagged granite backdrop. The village is famous in the annals of telecommunications, both as a terminus for transatlantic cables and for the experiments in wireless telegraphy that took place here. Protected by high cliff walls and composed of coarse shell sand, Porthcurno Beach is one of the most scenic – and most popular – of Penwith’s beaches, though bathers should beware of strong currents. BOTALLACK MINE Telegraph Museum Porthcurno TR19 6JX • Late March to Oct daily 10am–5pm; Nov to late March Mon, Sat & Sun 10am–4pm, daily during school hols; last admission 1hr before closing • £8.50 • 01736 810966, porthcurno.org.uk The history of Porthcurno’s cable telegraphy station, including the serious competition it faced from Marconi’s innovations in wireless transmissions, is related in the Telegraph Museum Porthcurno, just up from Porthcurno Beach.

Piracy : The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates
by Adrian Johns
Published 5 Jan 2010

Participants sat through speeches and toasts – sometimes upward of fifty – hailing the transcendent importance of printing and publishing for civilization. Ars artium omnium conservatrix was emblazoned on countless banners and floats in civil processions. Almost any excuse would do: Washington’s birthday; the completion of an aqueduct; the return of troops from the Mexican War; the building of the University of Nashville; the laying of the transatlantic cable in 1858; and, of course, the supposed four hundredth anniversary of printing itself in 1840. It was in this context of relentless public representation, then, that courtesies took on real force once more. Negotiations between Philadelphia and New York now articulated a few major customs. All hinged on priority of some kind.

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 23 May 2016

She cut into a cable—and the internet went down in most of neighbouring Armenia for about 12 hours. (‘I have no idea what the internet is’, said granny Shakarian.)2 Almost all this infrastructure is privately owned, but it is legally and sometimes illegally accessed by public powers. Britain’s telecommunications spies tapped directly into transatlantic cables that make landfall among hardy holidaymakers in Bude, Cornwall. Most internet traffic is then routed through major internet exchanges known as IXPs, of which there are just a few hundred across the world. When he was being shown round one of these in Toronto in the early 2000s, the Canadian cyberexpert Ronald Deibert noticed some red tags attached to the equipment down one corridor.

Energy and Civilization: A History
by Vaclav Smil
Published 11 May 2017

Drake) 1860s Steam plowing of large American fields 1860 Horizontal internal combustion engine (J. J. E. Lenoir) Milking machine (L. O. Colvin) 1864 Open-hearth steelmaking process (W. and F. Siemens) 1865 Nitrocellulose (J. F. E. Schultze) 1866 Carbon-zinc battery (Georges Leclanche) Transatlantic cable in permanent operation Torpedo (Robert Whitehead) 1867 Refrigerated railway wagons in service 1869 Suez Canal completed U.S. transcontinental railroad completed 1870s Refrigerated transport of meat by ocean ships Phosphate fertilizer industry begins 1871 Ring-wound armature dynamo (Z.

The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans
by David Abulafia
Published 2 Oct 2019

Plimsoll Days were long celebrated in a number of British towns, in gratitude for what Samuel Plimsoll achieved for British sailors.8 He deserves to be remembered as a great national and indeed international hero. Meanwhile, new technology was transforming the world, and its effect on the oceans was felt in another way too: the first transatlantic cable was laid in 1858, although it soon broke, and only in the 1860s were cables laid that worked reasonably well (using in part Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s magnificent steamship the Great Eastern , which was twice the size of the already impressive Great Britain now preserved at Bristol). Even so, contact was painfully slow by later standards, since Morse code was the only practicable way to send pulses down the cable.

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Aaron 80 Abacan 226 abalone 196 , 232 Abbas, Shah of Iran 705 , 706 Abbasids 164 , 170 , 173 , 364 , 366 ‘Abdu’l-‘aziz, Sa‘id 291–2 Aborigines 8–9 , 10 and first Dutchmen in Australia 736 , 737 , 741 Tasmanian 742 voting rights in Australian states 733 Yolŋu 10 Abu Dhabi 62 Abu Mufarrij 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 Abu Zayd Hassan of Siraf 156 , 172 abzu 56 , 66 Acapulco 616 , 619 , 621 , 623 , 624 , 630 , 631 , 642 , 648 , 701 , 706 Aceh, Sumatra 689 Achilles , SS 865 , 866 Achnacreebeag 308 Adam of Bremen 367 , 393 Adams, William (Miura Anjin) 631 , 632 , 691–2 Aden xviii , 51 , 105–6 , 180–82 , 185 , 187 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 598 , 600–601 , 604 , 605 Admiralty Islands 10 Adulis 104 , 115 , 123 adzes 15 Aegean 83 , 85 naval warfare 595 Syros island 873 Afghanistan 54 , 57 , 59 , 202 lapis lazuli 62 Afonso de Lorosa, Pedro 576–7 Afonso V of Portugal 504 , 505 , 506 , 507 Afriat, Aaron 839 Africa 500–503 boats 502 and China 265–7 coastal exploration by Vivaldi brothers 471 and copper 503 east xx , 61 , 62 , 90 , 104 , 109 , 122 , 123 , 162 , 182 , 254 , 540 , 545–6 see also Eritrea ; Ethiopia/Ethiopians ; Madagascar ; Mauritius ; Mozambique ; Somalia ; Austronesians on coast of 132 ; Axum see Axum ; coast 47 , 61 , 132 ; and East Indies 548–9 ; and Madagascar 759 ; and the Portuguese 540 , 543 , 545–6 , 547 , 548–9 ; sorghum 114 gold see gold: African Greek settlers 841 Horn of 266 Maghrib 478 , 839 , 885 mulatto population 503 and Muslims 500 , 502 Operation Torch in north Africa 890 and the Portuguese 465 , 476 , 490 , 501–14 , 540 , 543 , 545–6 , 547 , 548–9 ; and the Danes 718–19 ; and gold 471–4 , 501 , 502 ; and slavery see slavery/slaves: and the Portuguese ; and Swahili Coast 545–6 pottery/ceramics 492 raiders 548 and the slave trade see slavery/slaves south 514 , 566 , 569 , 578 see also Cape of Good Hope ; and da Gamba 539–40 South see South Africa sub-Saharan 465 , 472 , 501 , 834 , 840 ; gold 472 , 501 ; slaves 471 , 583–4 trade see trade: African trans-Sahara caravan traffic 475 , 834 west 398 , 500 , 501–7 , 702 see also Elmina ; Ghana ; Guinea ; and the Danes 712 , 716 , 717–22 ; and Dominican DNA 583 ; Dutch in 686 ; Gold Coast 686 , 718–19 ; and maize 752 ; Mina coast 506–8 ; Mogador as a gateway to 840 ; Portuguese trading stations 683 , 753–4 ; and the Swedes 716–17 Agamemnon , SS 865 Agatharchides of Knidos 97 Agricola 344 agriculture/farming Dutch 675–6 Hawai’ian 26–7 Icelandic 385 irrigation see irrigation Mesolithic 305 Neolithic 307 in Pacific islands 12 tools 221 agronomy, Lapita 12 Aguado, Juan 528 Ahab 82 Ahaziah, son of Ahab 82 Ahutoru, Tahitian prince 811–12 , 813 Ainus 797 , 809 aircraft 898 anti-aircraft guns 889 effect of safe jet traffic on passenger shipping across oceans 879–80 , 898–9 limitations as cargo vessels 901 and Second World War 887 , 888 , 889 , 891 airlines 898–9 airships 898 Ajanta caves, India 129 Ajax , SS 865 Akkad 57 , 62 Akkadian 55 Ala-uddin, sultan 689 Alagakkonara of Ceylon 262–3 Åland 874 Åland Islands 366 , 873–6 Alaska 254 , 255 , 399 , 786 , 791 , 795 , 797 , 903 and the Russians 804 , 805–6 , 807–8 , 809 , 816 , 903 Albuquerque, Afonso de 598–9 , 600–601 , 602–3 , 606 Alcáçovas, Treaty of 505 Alcatrázes 491 alder 339 Aleppo 598 Aleutian Islands 786 , 793 , 797 , 804 , 805 Alexander VI, Pope 407 , 537 Alexander the Great 46 , 89 , 90 , 93 , 282 , 289 Alexandria 93 , 99 , 115 , 188 , 265 , 266 , 495 , 544 , 567 , 594 , 603 , 838 , 872 and Indian Ocean 96 , 103 , 187 library 97 and the spice trade 595 , 600 , 601 , 604 , 669 steam packet between England and 848–9 and Suez Canal 848–9 , 851 taxation by Mamluks in 595 and Venetians 460 , 601 Alfonso V of Aragon 512 Alfonso VIII of Castile 471 Alfred, king of Wessex 357 , 361 Alfred Holt & Co. see Blue Funnel Line Algarve 467 , 468 , 477 , 478 , 485 , 497–9 Algeciras 475 , 478 Algeria 477 Ali, Muhammad, of Egypt 848 , 849 Alkaff family 823–4 Allure of the Seas 900 Almeida, Francisco de 547 , 568 , 600 , 602 Almohad caliphs 175 , 468 almonds 114 , 178 , 429 , 492 , 839 Almoravids 501 aloes 153 , 194 Als island 342 Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of 673 Amalfi 243 Amazons 581 amber 337–8 , 339–42 , 472 Baltic 337 , 338 , 441 , 701 beads 339 Jutish 337 , 339 and North Sea 337–8 , 339 ambergris 180 , 467 , 766 Amboyna island 615 , 689–90 , 714 massacre 690 Ambrose, Christopher 455 American Revolution 721–2 and Boston Tea Party 784 Americas see Central America ; North America ; South America ; United States of America Ammianus Marcellinus 347 Amoy 826 ‘Amr ibn Kulṯum 94 Amsterdam 643 , 673 , 674 , 676 , 677 , 679 , 682 , 702 , 780 , 839 archives 634 Armenians 708 immigrants 677 Long-Distance Company 684 New Christians of 693 , 700 , 708 and New Julfans 706 , 708 Portuguese merchants in 684 , 685 , 705 printing press 708 Sephardim 701 , 702 , 704 amulets 179 , 398 Amun-Ra (god) 76 Amundsen, Roald 871 Amur River 801 , 806 Anatolia 54 anchorites 381 , 413 Anconi of Kilwa 547 Ancuvannam 183 Andalusia 467 , 505 , 656 silks 623 Andamans 43 , 260–61 Andouros 111 Andrew of Bristol 570 Angkor, Cambodia 50 , 158 , 249–50 Angkor Wat temples 140 Angles 344 , 347 , 348 , 352 Anglesey 313 , 377 under Norse rule 378 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 357–60 Anglo-Saxons 347 , 349–50 , 352 , 357 , 363 Anglo-Saxon England 347 , 349 , 355–6 , 357–62 literature 318 , 348 , 349–51 , 366–7 shipping 349–51 trade 355 and Vikings 357–62 Ango, Jean the Elder 562 Ango, Jean the Younger 562 Ango family of Dieppe 562 Angola 503 , 593 , 701 Angra, Azores 488 750 , 751 , 752 Annals of Ulster 372 Annam 239 , 255 , 260 Anne (cog) 460 Annia family 116 Annunciada 545 Ansip, Andrus 419 Antarctic Ocean xxii , 655 Anthony of Padua, St 697 anti-aircraft guns 889 anti-Semitism 697 , 700 , 855 , 884 Antigua 768 Antilles Greater 520 see also Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Puerto Rico Lesser 520 , 767–8 , 772 see also Barbados ; Trinidad Antiochos III 94 Antwerp 438 , 441 , 545 , 600 , 606 , 643 , 669–76 , 701 , 880 banks 673 Bourse 669 , 672 Charles V and the banks of 673 and copper 672 English decline in trade with 673 English Merchant Adventurers in 669 , 672–3 and Hansards 673 merchants in 672–3 ; from Bruges 668–9 and the Portuguese 545 , 600 , 617 , 668 , 669 , 672 , 673 printing 672 and the rise of the Dutch 669–76 and silver 668 , 672 and south German businessmen 672 and the Spanish 673 spice market 579 , 600 , 614 , 615 , 617 , 668 , 669–72 and Venetians 669–70 , 672 Aotea 38 Aotearoa see New Zealand apples 114 Aqaba, Gulf of 73 , 88 Aquinas, Thomas 499 , 680 Arabia 52 , 71–3 , 76 , 82 , 85 aridification 52 Hadhramawt 128 incense 94 , 115 Indian embassies to rulers of south Arabia 129 and opium 825 Sabaea 96 south Arabian pottery 88 , 129 and Thaj 94 Zheng He in 265 Arabian Gulf see Persian/Arabian Gulf Arabian Nights 171 Sinbad the Sailor 133 , 156–7 , 171 Arabs of Arabia 52 see also Arabia ; and Mouza 105 Bosi see Bosi /Po-ššu of Egypt 52 invasion of Persia 170 and Madagascar 132 merchants see merchants: Arab pan-Arabian alliance attempts 605 pirates 130 ships 130 , 131 , 545–6 , 549 in Singapore 823–4 Six-Day War (1967) 896 and Śri Vijaya (Zabaj) 155–8 and Thaj 94 Aragon 468 and Algeria 477 Aran Islands 382 Arawaks 520 , 521 see also Taíno Indians Archangel 677–8 , 706 Arctic 655–60 ice 339 , 655 , 657 , 660 , 661 , 664 Arctic Ocean xxii , 655–67 , 801 and the Danes 666–7 and the Dutch 660–61 and the English 657–60 , 662–6 and Muscovy Company 659–60 , 662 Arellano, captain 615–16 Arezzo 120 Argentina 880 Arguim 501 , 502 Argyré 134 Arikamedu 116 , 119–21 Arison, Ted 899–900 Aristotle 90 Armenians 619 , 705–8 , 789 , 823 , 841 , 873 Armitage, David xx Armorica axes 320 Veneti 330 aromatics 47 , 71 , 76 , 79 , 93 , 97 , 99 , 157 , 239–40 , 273 see also incense ; perfumes aromatic woods 80 , 233 , 278 , 648 see also sapanwood Arosca, king 559 Arrian 90–91 arsenic 185 Arsinoë 88 artichokes 170 asbestos 139 Ascension Island 755 ascorbic acid 573 Ashab Mosque 244 Ashikaga shoguns 219 , 220 , 231 Aso, Mount 196 Aspinall, William 852 Assyrians 55 , 61 , 323 Astakapra/Hathab 129 Astor, John Jacob 796 astrolabes 544 Atlantic Ocean Almohad–Portuguese battles in 468 Atlantic Bronze Age 303 , 314–25 Atlantic historians/‘Atlantic history’ industry xx , 299 Bristol sailors in 463 businessmen funding transatlantic voyages 525–6 and ‘Celts’ 302 container shipping 901–5 and the Danes 712 Dias’s discovery of link with Indian Ocean 514 , 536 , 537 ‘extensions’ see Baltic ; Caribbean ; North Sea in First World War 882 Iron Age 325–38 islands 481–96 , 501–2 , 745–58 see also specific islands by name ; Macaronesian see Macaronesia Madagascar as link with Indian Ocean 758 , 780 and Mediterranean see Mediterranean: and Atlantic Ocean and Mesolithic cultures 304–7 Muslim fleets in 465–7 and Neolithic communities 299 , 307–14 passenger traffic across 860 , 869 Portuguese and Spanish sparring for control 526 and ‘processual’ archaeologists 301 promontory forts 328–9 and Pytheas 334–8 sea level changes 303 and Second World War 890 tides 306 , 336 and Tordesillas Treaty 537 trade see trade: Atlantic trade networks see trading networks: Atlantic transatlantic air services 898–9 transatlantic cables 864 transatlantic trade routes 562–4 , 606 transatlantic voyages to reach the ‘Indies’ 517 , 522–35 , 537 , 550–64 , 566–8 , 571–2 and ‘the Western Seaways’ 299 winds xv , 302 , 304 , 333 , 389 , 538 , 558 , 735–6 , 751 Atlas Mountains 468 Atlasov, Vladimir 800 Atrahasis 67 aubergine 178 Aubert, Jean 562 Auðun 401–2 Augsburg 672 , 675 Augustinians 615 , 640 Augustus Caesar 102 , 106 Aurora 839 Australian continent 6 , 727–44 Aborigines see Aborigines and Ålanders 875 on Dieppe maps 733–4 the Dutch and ‘New Holland’ 733 , 735–43 and the English 737 New Guinea see New Guinea New South Wales 813 Pleistocene 6–7 and the Portuguese 733 , 734 , 735 and Second World War 887 Spanish search for southern continent 729–32 stone fish traps 9 Tasmania 7 , 741–2 , 743 Terra Australis speculation 718 Austrialia del Espiritú Santo 732 Austronesian languages 3–4 , 12 , 16 , 27 , 131 Austronesians, and Madagascar xxi Avalokitesvara statue 159 Avienus 332–4 Aviz dynasty 469 , 474 Axelson, Eric 514 axes 7 , 194 , 312 , 810 Armorican 320 Carp’s Tongue 324 currency 320 ‘median-winged’ 319–20 Mycenaean copper axe 314 palstave 319 , 320 socketed 320 Axum 104 , 111 , 122 , 123 , 130 coins 167 pottery 115 , 167 Ayaz, Malik 602 Aydhab 175–6 Ayla (Aqaba–Eilat) 115 , 167 Ayutthaya/Ayudhya 276–9 , 290 , 706 ‘Azafids 475 Azambuja, Diogo de 508 , 509 Aznaghi 501 Azores xxi , 471 , 486–8 , 593 , 745 , 750–52 , 840 and Atlantic/global trading networks 750–51 , 752 and the English 750–51 and Flemings 481 Jews 840 and New England 750–51 slaves 497 wheat 752 wine 751 Aztecs 618 , 635 Bab al-Mandeb 180 Strait 78 , 104 baboons 76 Babylon 88 , 91 , 93 Babylonia 47 , 50 , 85 , 94 Cyrus’s conquest of 85 great flood myth 56 , 67 world map 50 Babylonians 50 , 55 bacalao 752 Bạch Đầng 228 Badang (giant) 288 Baffin Island 393 , 399 , 407 , 663 Baghdad 170 , 172 , 173 , 188 , 841 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat 605 Bahamas 527 , 554 depopulation 531 , 582 and piracy 765 trade network 520 Bahrain 52 , 54 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 244 , 598 , 599 Qala’at al-Bahrain 65–6 Baiões 323–4 Baitán 382 Balboa, Juan Núñez de 565 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de 563 Balboa (town), Panama 858 Baldridge, Adam 760–61 Bali 146 , 280 Baltic 299 , 303 , 342 , 353 , 364 amber 337 , 338 , 441 , 701 conquest and transformation in 13th century 420–22 and the Danes 421 , 713 , 714 , 715–16 , 721–2 ‘Drive to the East’ 418 , 425 and the Dutch 675 , 676 , 677 , 685 , 686 and England 367 , 452–3 exotic goods 716 Hansa members 433–6 herring 430 , 436 , 451 , 674 and ‘Mediterranean of the North’ 415 see also Hansa, German merchants 367 and North Sea xxii , 365 , 366 paganism 421–2 pitch 721 and Russia 802 , 807 , 809 rye 420 , 428 , 439 , 444 , 675 , 676 , 682 and silver 364 and the Swedes 421 , 422 , 677 tar 721 trade see trade: Baltic Viking raids 362 , 365 Vitalienbrüder harassment 447 ‘Wendish’ 433 Baluchistan 91 bamboo 12 , 122 bananas xxiii , 12 , 620 bandits 138 , 175–6 , 262 Banks, Joseph 3 , 743 , 812 Bantam, Java 688 , 689 Bantam island 736 Bantus 131 , 132 Baranov, Alexander 816 Barbados 701 , 749 , 761–2 , 766 , 767–8 , 769 , 772 , 774 Bridgetown see Bridgetown, Barbados workers on Panama Canal 859 Barbar 66 Barbarikon 107 , 108 , 124 Barbarossa, Hayrettin 607 Barbary Company 657 Barbary corsairs 607 , 718 , 764 , 782 Barcelona 440 , 455 , 470 , 475 Bardi family 526 , 533 Barents Sea 658 , 678 Barentsz, Willem 660–61 , 678 barges 343–4 Baribatani 182 bark boats 9 barley 58 , 62 , 70 , 92 , 381 , 385 , 390 , 444 , 562 Barros, João de 508 , 509 Barus 160 , 164 Barygaza 103 , 105 , 107–8 , 124 , 128 , 138 , 185–6 Basques 455 , 459 , 708 sailors 404 , 469 , 477 , 570 ships 459 , 470 Basra 172 , 598 , 604 , 606 , 831 Batavia 738–41 , 743 Batavia/Batavians 345 , 690 , 692 , 736 , 818 , 823 steamship link with Singapore 868 Bates, Edward 861–2 Bates, Sir Percy 886 Bayeux Tapestry 371 Bayonne, France 685–6 , 701 bdellium 71 , 106 , 107 beans 177 , 246 , 492 , 604 , 643–4 mung 114 soya 648 bears 408 fur/skins 406 , 408 polar 391 , 397 , 401–2 , 408 , 534 Beaujard, Philippe 132 Beauport monks 562 Bede 353 Bedouins 595 beef 112 , 590 , 591 , 664 beer 431 , 432 , 462 , 664 , 760 , 761 , 901 , 902 beetroot 431 Behaim, Martin 572 globe 525 , 572 , 655 Beijing 254 , 261 , 265 , 267 , 636 , 827 Beirut 495 , 544 , 567 , 594 , 601 , 604 , 669 Belém 480 Belfast 869–70 , 899 Belgium Flanders see Flanders railways 880 Belitung wreck 162–4 , 165 ben Yiju, Abraham 182 , 184–6 ben Yiju family 184 Bencoolen, Sumatra 761 , 820 Bengal 255 , 269 , 562 opium poppy fields 825 Benin 506 Benin City 506 Bensaúde, Elias 840 Bensaúde family 840 benzoin resin 153 Beowulf 318 , 348 , 350–51 , 366–7 Berardi, Giannetto 525 Berbers 468 , 472 , 836 Muslim Tuareg 500 Sanhaja 501 slaves 502 Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa) 113 Bereniké Troglodytika xviii , 52 , 78 , 103 , 110–23 , 179 Bergen 390 , 391 , 403 , 415 , 461 , 721 Bryggen (wharves) 443 , 445 , 446 and Hansards 418 , 419 , 443–6 Norwegian community in 443–4 women 446 Bering, Vitus 802–3 Bermuda 766 Bertoa 560–61 beryl 99 , 118 Beth-Horon 83 Beukelszoon, Willem 430 , 436 Bevin, Ernest 893 Bezborodko, Alexander Andreyevich 805 Bia-Punt 79 Bianco, Andrea 524 Bibby, Geoffrey 65–6 Bible 79–84 , 761 , 771 Bickley, John 714 Bidya 93 Bilal 181 Bilgames 56 birds see also chicken ; falcons ; ostriches ; parrots catching 310 domestic 12 Birger of Sweden 422 Birka, Sweden 354 , 355 , 364 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 426 Bismarck, Otto von 418 Bismarck archipelago 12 , 14 , 15 bitumen 54 , 67 , 68 Bjarni Herjólfson 410 Black Death 123 , 403 , 405 , 432 , 454 , 473 , 675 Black Sea 346 , 423 , 524 grain trade 872 and the Greeks 872 and Russia 802 , 809 Blue Funnel Line 866 , 867 , 882 , 887 and Second World War 890–91 Blunth, Edward 559 BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) 898–9 and Cunard 899 boats/ships 575 , 611 , 868 at Aceh, Sumatra 689 African 502 Ålander 874–6 alder 339 American 785 , 786–91 , 792 , 795 , 817 ; battleships 856 , 857 , 859 ; Perry’s ‘black ships’ 846 , 847 ; whalers 845 Arab 130 , 131 , 545–6 , 549 Armada de Molucca 570–73 , 574–8 and armed convoys 888 Armenian 706–7 Austronesian, with outriggers 4 , 16 , 133 barges 343–4 bark 9 Basque 459 , 470 and Bereniké 111 Bermudian 766 bitumen-sealed 54 , 67–8 ‘black ships’ of Macau/Great Ship of Amacon 641–2 British: English see boats/ships : English ; in First World War 882–3 ; in Hawai’i 815 , 817 ; and Nootka Sound 794 ; and the Russians 794 ; and search for North-West Passage 795 ; steamships 826 , 860–61 , 864–9 , 881 , 882–3 ; in Victoria Harbour 826 Bronze Age 319 búzas 390–91 of camphor wood 227–8 canoes see canoes caravels 483–4 , 503 , 508–9 , 510–11 , 512 , 513 carracks see carracks Castilian 456 Catalan 471 catamarans 16 , 133 , 134 , 742 Chinese 137 , 206 , 244 , 245 , 247–8 , 254 , 255 , 258–60 , 268 , 282 , 622 , 629 ; fireships 637 ; junks see junks: Chinese ; Treasure Ships 254 , 259 , 260 , 266 , 267 Chumash 28 clinker-built 343 , 349 , 368–9 coal supply ships 861 , 865 , 888 Cochin 543 cogs 354 , 426 , 428–9 , 451 , 456 , 460 , 484 container ships xviii , 880 , 895 , 897 , 901–5 , 908 see also containerization with copper keel sheathing 815 coracles 331 cruising 868 , 879 , 899–900 currachs 331 , 382 dhows see dhows diesel-engined 884 , 885 dismantled, with reuse of wood 122–3 Dutch 675 , 678 , 683 , 740 , 748 ; in Baltic 675 , 676 , 685 ; early arrivals in Australian waters 736 , 738–42 ; in Indonesia 724 ; merchant fleets 668 , 685 , 883 ; naval vessels 685 ; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685 ; VOC vessels 736 , 738–41 Egyptian 73–4 , 96 ; royal fleets 77 elephantegoi 111 English 557 , 678 ; Bristol ships 458–9 , 463–4 , 522 , 532 , 750 ; at São Miguel in 17th century 750 ; slave ships 762 ; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685 Filipino 622 , 628 fireships 637 in First World War 881–3 flat-bottomed 343 , 354 , 800 Flemish 456 Florentine 456 French 557 , 860 Frisian 354 Funanese 142–3 funerary barges 73–4 galleons see galleons ; Manila galleons galliots 641 Genoese 454 German 875 , 876 ; in Second World War 888 , 890 ; U-boats 881 , 882 , 888 , 891 gold model 331 Gotlandish 368 and the great flood 67 Greco-Roman 109 , 124 Greek 109 , 872–3 Hansa 420 , 428–9 , 451 Hawai’ian European-style fleet 815 hide 67 Hiram’s ships 73 , 80–81 , 85 Hoq cave image 129 Indonesian 134 , 285 insurance costs 685 in Iron Age 321 Japanese 212 , 214 , 216 , 224 , 225 , 227 , 629 , 693 ; ‘barrel ships’ 652 ; junks 628 , 637 ; in Second World War 888 ; and vermilion seals 629 , 632 , 652 ; warships 883 Javanese 285 , 548 , 549 , 606 junks see junks kayaks 399 knǫrrs 371 , 385 , 390–91 Korean 206 , 650–51 Lapita 15–16 ‘Lascars’ manning European ships 841 with leg irons 554 limewood 339 liners 860 , 869 , 882 , 885 , 907 see also cruising and cruise lines/industry log-boats 321 Macanese ‘black ships’/Great Ship of Amacon 641–2 , 644 , 645–6 , 647 Majorcan 454 Malay 134 , 139 , 142–3 Mamluk fleet 598 Māori 742 Marinid warships 478 merchant fleets see merchant fleets/navies Mesopotamian rivercraft 331 Mongol 223 , 226 , 227–8 Muslim fleets 465–7 Neolithic 321–2 Norman 561 North Sea 342–4 ; small ships used in warfare 342 , 348 Norwegian 870–71 oak 339 , 354 , 369 oil tankers 897 Omani 68 , 831–2 Ottoman 549 ; Indian Ocean fleet 605 P&O numbers during and after Second World War 896 passenger shipping across oceans affected by safe jet traffic 879–80 , 898–9 in Persian Gulf 54 , 67–8 , 93 ploia megala from Barygaza 106 Polynesian 15–16 , 19 , 24 , 731 , 810–11 Portuguese 468 , 470 , 507 , 513 , 514 , 601 , 609–10 , 628 ; Almeida’s fleet 600 , 602 ; avoiding customs duties 745 ; caravels 483–4 , 508–9 , 510–11 , 512 , 513 ; carracks 370 , 641 , 643 , 646–7 , 679 ; with da Gama 537–8 , 539 ; and expropriated ships in expedition to Ceuta 476–8 ; flotilla off Bantam island 736 ; privately owned ships in South China Sea and Moluccas 606 ; ‘ship of the captain of Malacca’ captured by Lancaster 688 and Pytheas 335 rafts, balsa wood 29 reed 28 , 67–8 Roman fleets 344 , 346 royal yachts 369 , 816–17 Russian 794 , 802 , 807–9 ; in Hawai’i 815 ; at Okhotsk 806 ; shitik (sewn boats) 800 , 803 sailing ships 321 , 865–6 ; Ålander 874–6 ; clippers 860 , 866 ; elephantegoi 111 ; windjammers 860 , 875 , 876 Scandinavian 339 , 342–3 , 347 , 357 , 360–61 , 365 , 368–71 in Second World War 888–91 , 896 Seleucid 93 sewn-plank 68 , 131 shares in 428 in Singapore 823 six-oared 397 skin-boats 411 slave ships 510 , 511 , 560 , 757–8 , 762 Solomon’s ships 73 , 81 , 82 , 85 Spanish: Armada defeat by English 627 , 676 ; armed merchant fleets 704 ; and Drake 665 ; harassing Lady Washington and Columbia 793 ; treasure ships 665 , 673 , 686 , 764–5 , 851 steamships xviii , 824 , 841 , 848–9 , 860–61 , 864–73 ; British 826 , 860–61 , 864–9 , 881 , 882–3 ; and Conference System 866–7 , 868 ; and globalization 877 , 878 ; iron/steel-clad 826 , 864 , 868–9 , 882–3 ; paddle-driven 846 , 867 , 868 , 873 ; screw-driven 868–9 submarines see submarines Suione 342–3 Sumerian 57 Sutton Hoo ship 349 Swedish 875 Thai 278 treasure ships see treasure ships uxer 474 Venetian galleys 669–72 Venetic 330–31 Viking 347 , 357 , 360–61 , 365 , 368–71 , 376–7 , 467 for war: American battleships 856 , 857 , 859 ; of Augustus 106 ; in Beowulf 351 ; British 361 , 815 , 817 , 881 , 882–3 ; canoes 21 , 342 ; English 361 ; German 888 , 890 see also U-boats ; Japanese 883 ; Marinid 478 ; in North Sea 342 , 348 ; Omani 831 ; Ottoman galleys 549 ; Portuguese 601 ; Russian 794 ; Viking 369 , 376 whalers 459 , 845 wooden-shelled, covered in hide 321 , 331 wrecked see shipwrecks Bobadilla, Francisco de 529 Boccaccio, Giovanni 472 , 473 Boeing aircraft 898–9 ‘Bog People’ 339 boilers, copper 721 Bolton, William 749–50 Bombay (Mumbai) xxix , 604 Muslims 789 Boothby, Richard 759 Bordeaux 458–9 Bordelais 458 Borneo 142 , 160 , 238 Bornholm 339 , 342 Borobodur 133 , 164 , 280 Bosau, Helmold von 424 Boscà, Joan 506 Bosi /Po-ššu 147 , 161–2 , 170 Boston, England 447 , 450 , 452 Boston, Massachusetts 780 , 785 , 792 , 904 Boston Tea Party 784 bottle gourds 29 Bougainville, Louis de 811–12 Bounty 31 Boxer, Charles 606 bracelets 540 , 754 brass 503 , 505 , 507 gold 509 silver 548 Brahmins 140 , 144 and Faxien 145–6 and Kathāsaritsāgara 143 Brandenburg Denmark and Brandenburg–Prussia 713 , 715–16 and Guinea 716 brandy 803 brass 104 , 506 , 511 , 754 , 778 bracelets 503 , 505 , 507 Brattahlíð, Greenland 397 , 400 Braudel, Fernand xx Brava 266 Brazil xxiii , 553 and Cape Verde 752 and the Dutch 686 , 705 , 748 , 772 and the French 557–60 , 561 and Hamburg 880 and Portugal 541 , 542 , 560–61 , 584 , 704 ; and the Dutch 705 ; Portuguese discovery 517 ; and Portuguese merchants avoiding customs duties 745 ; trade 560–61 , 748 slave trade/economy 490 , 553 , 560 , 748 sugar 745 , 748 , 753 trade see trade: Brazilian Tupí Indians 553 , 560 , 561 Tupinambá Indians 519 and the Verrazanos 563–4 brazilwood 560 , 561 , 676 bread 50 , 400 , 620 , 648 cassava 582 , 585 fish meal 92 sago 576 breadfruit 12 Bremen 426 , 433 , 445 , 449 , 676 cog 428–9 Bremerhaven, German Maritime Museum 428 Brendan, St 381–2 , 383 Brian Boru 379–80 bribery 155 , 181 , 214 , 362 , 507 , 623 , 638 , 751 , 855 gold bribes 207 , 782–3 silver bribes 782–3 Bridgetown, Barbados 768 , 769 museum 900 Bristol 453 , 457–64 , 524 , 774 , 875 , 885 , 887 air raids 891 merchants 534 , 657 ships 458–9 , 463–4 , 522 , 532 , 750 Britain see also England/English ; Scotland ; Wales Admiralty 866 , 888 , 889 and Ålanders 875 and American Revolution 721–2 BEF, Second World War 889 Board of Trade 850–51 Bronze Age 316 , 320 , 322 and China: Canton trade 709 , 814 , 825 ; First Opium War 826 , 827 ; and Hong Kong 639 , 826–8 , 893 ; Second Opium War 827 ; steamship operations 866–7 ; Treaty of Nanking 826 , 827 ; and the Treaty Ports 827–8 Christianization 347 , 349 circular villages 321 and Cyprus 851 Diodoros the Sicilian on the early Britons 336 and the Dutch 820–21 , 822 see also England/English : and the Dutch ; and Second World War 888 and the Falklands 795 and First World War 881–3 and France see France: and Britain/England and Germany see Germany: and Britain and Gothenburg (Little London) 723 grain imports 881 and Hawai’i 816 and Hong Kong 639 , 826–8 , 893 and India see India: and the British/English Iron Age 328 Jacobites 723 and Java 820 labour relations 896 , 897 and Macau 806 Malay Straits Settlements 822 and Malta 849 , 851 Mediterranean power and influence 851 and Melaka 818 merchant fleets/Merchant Navy 871 , 873 , 883 , 889 Merchant Shipping Act 861–2 and Morocco 657 , 838–9 , 840 naval tradition/power 418 , 826 , 881 see also Royal Navy Neolithic 309 , 313 and Nicaragua 851 and Nootka Sound 794 North-West Passage prize offer 813 and Norway 871 , 888 and Oman 831 ; Moresby Treaty 832 , 833 and the Pacific islands 810–11 , 812–13 and Panama Canal 851 and Penang 820 , 821 , 868 and the Portuguese 841 see also England/English: and Portugal and raiders 346–7 Roman Britannia 344 , 345 , 346–7 , 348 , 355–6 Royal Air Force 889 Royal Navy see Royal Navy and rubber 892 seamen’s strikes 896 , 897 and Second World War 887–91 shipbuilding 869 , 896 and Singapore see Singapore: and Britain/England and slavery 347 , 829 , 831 , 832 , 841 and Spain see Spain/Spaniards: and Britain/England and Suez Canal 848–9 , 850–51 , 896 and sugar trade see sugar: and Britain/England and the Swedes 725 and tea 724 , 725 , 726 tilting land 304 trade see trade: British and the USA see United States of America: and Britain and Vancouver Island 791 Britannic , RMS 870 British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (Cunard) 860–61 , 868–9 , 882 , 884–5 see also Cunard British Expeditionary Force 889 British India Steam Navigation Company 868 British Institute of Persian Studies 172 British Museum 50 , 55 , 174 , 812 British Overseas Airways Corporation see BOAC Brittany 301 , 302 Bronze Age 316 , 319 , 320 Celtic language 330 and Cornwall 328 fishermen 562 and Germanic raiders 345 , 346 Iron Age 326 , 328 Mesolithic 306 Neolithic 308–10 , 312 , 313 promontory forts 328 Brock’s 889 Broighter, County Derry 331 bronze 58 , 97 , 108 , 160 , 164–5 , 185 in Atlantic lands 316 in Bronze Age 314 , 317 , 319–20 Buddhist staffs 164 Chinese bronzes 141 figurines 58 , 326 , 332 ingots 320 payment in amber for bronze goods 338 weapons 316 , 317 , 319–20 brooches 326 , 353 Brookes, John 737 Brouwer, Hendrik 736 , 738 Bruges 343 , 355 , 433 , 438–9 , 440 , 441–2 , 465 , 469–70 , 674 and Maximilian of Austria 668–9 merchants moving to Antwerp 668–9 Brunei, Borneo 576 bubonic plague 123 , 403 , 405 , 432 Buddhism Avalokitesvara statue 159 Borobodur temple complex 164 bronze staffs 164 Buddha relics 263 Buddha statues 146 , 152–3 , 164 , 194 , 277 , 366 and Ceylon 166 , 257 , 263 and China 43 , 137 , 142 , 144–6 , 152 , 166 , 208–9 , 215 , 245 , 263 , 267 Far Eastern Buddhist desire for fundamental texts 152 and Funan 142 Great Collection of Buddhist Sutras 234 and Greek culture 90 Hinayana 203 Hinduism interwoven with 293 and the Indian Ocean 43–6 , 118 in Japan 43–6 , 146 , 198 , 199–200 , 202 , 215 , 229 , 649 , 654 ; and Ennin 202–9 , 210–11 ; and fisherfolk 213 ; and persecution 646 Korean 166 , 194 , 198 Lotus Sutra 199–200 , 215 Mahayana 199–200 , 203 and Majapahit 280 monasteries 118 , 128 , 163 , 205 , 208–9 , 218 , 235 , 236 , 245 , 646 and moneylending 214 persecution of Buddhists: in China 208–9 ; in Japan 646 Scripture of the Dragon-King of the Sea 205 and Socotra 128 spread along trade routes xx , 146 , 166 and Śri Vijaya 152 , 154 and tea 215 , 216 temples 154 , 164 , 642 , 647 , 649 trade encouraged by 236 and Vietnam 142 , 144 Zen see Zen Budomel, king 503 Bueno de Mesquita, Benjamin 772–3 Buenos Aires 700 Bugi pirates 819 , 823 Buka 11 Bukhara 258 Burgos, Laws of 531 burial see also tombs in boat-shaped graves 342 , 368 boat burials 348–9 , 350–51 , 364 , 368 , 369 goods 65 , 312 , 349 , 369 Herjólfsnes graves 404 , 405 , 406 mass 405 mounds 65 , 313 on Orkney and Shetland 372 practices 312 , 325 , 348–9 ; and cremation 317 in Ribeira Grande 491 rites 319 royal burials 287 of slaves 491 urn burials 317 Viking 368 , 372 Burma 121 , 706 , 708 Bushmen 539–40 butter 381 , 399 , 444 , 445 , 462 , 487 , 664 , 752 clarified 104 dishes 715 Butterfield and Swire 866 Buxhövden, Albert von 420 búzas 390–91 Buzurg 186 Byzantine Empire 167 , 601 Byzantine army 362 cables, intercontinental 864 , 877 , 907 Cabo Frio, Brazil 560 Cabot, John 464 , 517 , 522 , 523 , 525–6 , 532–5 discovery of North America 413 , 532–5 ; and Newfoundland 413 , 522 , 533 and Japan 532 Cabot, Sebastian 533–4 , 557 , 565 , 658 , 661 , 662 Cabral, Pedro Álvares 541–2 , 560 , 602 Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez 517 , 580–81 Cacheu-São Domingos 503 Cadamosto/Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise 484 , 485 , 488 , 502–3 Cádiz (Gadir) 81 , 83 , 322 , 323 , 332 , 335 , 370 , 617 , 764–5 and New Julfans 706 , 708 Caesar, Julius 328 , 330 , 331 Gallic Wars 328 caffeine 711 , 784 see also coffee ; tea Cai Jingfang 242–3 Cairo 171 , 173 , 175 , 265 , 500 , 898 Chinese ceramics in 174 as city of Babylon 88 Jews 124 , 536 Old Cairo see Fustat Teldo in 595–8 Caithness 373 , 376 , 379 Calafia, mythical queen 581 Calais 455 Calcutta (Kolkata) 707 , 832 Armenian printing house 708 Çaldıran, battle of 599 Caledonian Canal 848 Calicut 51 , 52 , 261 , 262 , 265 , 267 , 269 , 540–41 , 542 , 543 California 517 , 580–81 , 806 , 808 , 846 gold 852–3 Callao, Peru 729 Calvinists 660 , 693 , 708 , 741–3 , 769 , 825 Cambodia 140 , 244 , 648–9 , 653 Khmer kingdom see Khmer kingdom/kings Cambridge Economic History of Europe xxiv Cambridge University archaeologists 490 , 491 camel caravans 94 , 475 , 840 camels 99 , 266 cameralism 725 Camões, Luís de 276 Lusiads 276 , 296 , 479 Campbell, Colin 723–4 Campbell Clan 404 camphor 147 , 153 , 184 , 220 , 547 , 569 cloves 184 ships of camphor wood 227–8 Canaanites 81 Canada 399 , 408 , 565 , 661 , 845 , 874 , 882 boundary with USA 794 Canary Islands 465 , 471–4 , 481 , 488 , 501 , 502 , 518–19 , 527 , 593 and Castile 504 , 505 and Havana 592 slaves 473–4 , 486 , 497 , 499 sugar 589–90 suspected secret Jews in 697 wine 592 , 688 Canberra , SS 899 candelabra 194 Candish, Thomas see Cavendish, Thomas Canggu Ferry Charter 280 Cannanore 542 , 598 cannibalism 156 , 520 , 526 , 530 , 559 , 560 , 563 , 663 , 729–30 , 809 Canning, George 460 cannon 265 , 457 , 542 , 546 , 558 , 602 , 608 , 737 , 742 , 756 , 788 , 815 canoes Alaskan art of canoeing 797 fleet from Hawaiki 37 Māori 742 outrigger canoes of Torres Strait 9 , 10 Polynesian 24 , 731 , 810–11 ; Tahitian 21 Taíno 521–2 war canoes 21 , 342 Cansino, Diego Alonso 491 Cantabrians 455 , 470 Cantino Map 535 Canton see Guangzhou/Canton Canton 867 Canynges, William 460 Cão, Diogo 507 , 511–14 Cape Horn xv , 572 , 727 , 785 , 791–2 , 793 , 807 , 845 , 851 , 857 , 875 Cape of Good Hope 47 , 254 , 514 , 537 , 558 , 567 , 577 , 617 , 665 , 687 , 703 , 707 , 794 , 845 Cape Verde Islands xxi , 483 , 488–92 , 558 , 578 , 579 , 593 , 631 , 745 , 752–5 and Atlantic/global trading networks 752–5 and Brazil 752 and the Castilians 505 Columbia in 792–3 Creole 491 and the Dutch 683 , 753 and East Indies 752–3 , 754 horse-breeding 489 , 502 Moroccan Jewish settlers 841 mulatto population 748 New Christians 491 , 702 , 754 Nossa Senhora da Conceição 490 Nossa Senhora do Rosário 490–91 and the Portuguese 488–92 , 702 , 748 , 753 , 754 , 841 salt 489 , 683 , 752 and slavery see slavery/slaves: and Cape Verde and the Spanish 754 car ferries 899 Caramansa 509–10 Carausius 346 caravels 483–4 , 503 , 508–9 , 510–11 , 512 , 513 Carbon 14 dating 30 , 38 , 78 , 312 , 354 , 381 cardamom 99 , 153 , 157 , 178 Caribbean xxiii , 299 , 520–23 , 555–6 , 763–79 Antilles see Antilles and Bermuda 766 and Columbus 270 , 520 , 521–2 , 523–4 , 527–8 , 529 , 530–31 cotton 522 , 588 and the Danes 711–12 , 716 , 720–22 , 772 Dutch raids in 772 and the English 764–5 , 766–79 ethnic complexity of pre-Columbian 520–21 European migration to 766–7 gold 531 , 553 , 555 , 582 , 588–9 Jamaica see Jamaica Kettler in 719 , 720 pearls 701 pleasure cruises 868 , 899–900 privateers/buccaneers 763–5 , 772 , 773–6 , 778 , 779 slavery 490 , 491 , 583–5 , 592 , 593 , 720–21 , 767 , 769 , 777 and the Spanish 520 , 553 , 582–93 , 634 , 764–5 , 767 , 768 , 770–71 ; and gold 531 , 553 , 555 , 582 , 588–9 ; and Jamaica 771 , 773 sugar 582 , 589–90 , 766 , 768–9 Taínos see Taíno Indians Tobago conflict 719 trade network 520 , 527 see also trade: Caribbean treasure ships 763 , 764–5 and the USA 856 , 857 , 858 West Indies see West Indies Carleton, Mary 778 Carletti, Antonio 618–20 , 621 , 639 , 640 , 643 , 647 , 648–9 Carletti, Francesco 618–22 Carlsborg fort, Guinea 717 , 718 carnelian 54 , 57 , 59 , 64 Carolinas 17 , 761 Carolingian dynasty 354 carpets Indian 548 Persian 598 carracks 370 , 643 , 646–7 , 679 and galleons 641 Cartagena de las Indias, Colombia 697 , 701 , 753 Carthage/Carthaginians 81 , 91 , 115 , 323 , 331 , 335 Cartier, Jacques 661 cartographers/cartography 471 , 514 , 524 , 525 , 554 , 556 , 558 , 570 , 572 , 607–10 , 660 , 744 Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez 769 cash 178 see also coins Chinese 153 , 172 , 188 , 207 , 214 , 218 , 240 , 242 , 244 , 245 , 249 , 266–7 in Japan 214 Caspian Sea 364 cassava/manioc 521 , 588 , 752 , 756 bread 582 , 585 cassia 80 , 104 wood 99 Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de 512 Castile/Castilians 456–7 , 465 , 468 , 469 , 474 , 475 , 555 attack on Salé 471 and the Canaries 504 , 505 cloth 491 and the Genoese 528 and Morocco 477 navy 528 and the Portuguese 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 , 489 , 504–5 , 571 castration 832 see also eunuchs Catalans 415 , 429 , 454 , 471 , 473 , 474 , 491 , 609 , 669 world maps 500 catamarans 16 , 133 , 134 , 742 catfish 112 Cathay Company 662 , 664 Cathay Pacific 867 Catherine II, the Great 804 , 805–6 Catherine of Aragon 534 , 656 cattle 352 , 399 , 404 , 405 , 486 , 675 , 730 , 759 , 764 , 766 on Cuba 591 on Hispaniola 590–91 Moroccan 839 cauldrons 317 , 318 Cavendish, Thomas 687 , 727 , 756 caviar 682 Cavite 626 Cebu 575–6 cedar 73 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 122 , 259 Celtic languages 317 , 330 Celts 302 , 363 Celtic Christianity 379 , 380 ‘Celtic’ identity 329–30 in Iceland 386 mixed marriages between Scandinavians and 375–6 , 380 , 386 and Norwegian sovereignty 378–9 Vikings and Celtic armies 379 Central America 565 , 617 , 851–2 , 853 see also Costa Rica ; Guatemala ; Honduras ; Nicaragua ; Panama and gold 565 , 589 and Panama Canal xviii , 847–8 , 849 , 851–9 and Spain 577–8 Centurión, Gaspar 588 ceramics see pottery/ceramics Ceuta 431 , 468 , 470 , 471 , 474–9 , 701 , 839 and the Portuguese 476–9 , 501 Ceylon/Sri Lanka xxix , 46 , 111 , 118 , 122 , 185 , 254 , 261 , 724 Bosi in 147 and Buddhism 166 , 257 , 263 and China 262–3 and the Danes 713–14 and the Persians 147 and Ptolemy 118 , 119 , 727 and the Romans 102 , 103 , 727 and silk 147 and Śri Vijaya 152 as Taprobané 109 CGT (Compagnie Générale Transatlantique) 885 , 886 Chagres, River 855 , 858 Champa 239 , 245–6 , 249–50 , 260 Chancellor, Richard 658 , 659 , 666 Chang Pogo xxx , 204 , 208 , 209–11 Changan 199 Changle 268 Changsha 163 Charibaël 104 Charlemagne 354 , 365 Charles II of England 720 , 764 , 772 , 773 , 774 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain 453 , 556 , 569 , 570 , 575 , 577 , 578 , 579 , 590 , 611–14 and banks of Antwerp 673 Charles Martel 352 Charlotte, Queen 820 Châtillon, Reynaud de 187 Chauci 344–6 Cheddar 317 cheese 381 , 399 , 487 , 493 , 675 , 752 , 777 Chelmsford 345 Chen Zu-yi 261 Cheng Ho see Zheng He Cheng Hoon Teng temple, Melaka 258 chert 15 chicken 38 , 112 , 132 , 558 , 574 chickpeas 177 , 588 Chile 880 China/Chinese and Africa 265–7 books 215 , 245 , 246 and Britain see Britain: and China bronzes 141 and Buddhism 43 , 137 , 142 , 144–6 , 152 , 166 , 208–9 , 215 , 245 , 263 , 267 Bureau of Ortaq Affairs 249 ceramics see pottery/ceramics: Chinese and Ceylon 262–3 and Champa 239 , 245–6 Chin dynasty 239 , 248–9 and Christianity 627 , 640 , 645 , 695 cloths see cloth: Chinese coins/cash 138 , 153 , 172 , 188 , 207 , 214 , 218 , 221 , 229 , 240 , 242 , 244 , 245 , 249 , 266–7 Confucianism see Confucianism copper 238 , 242 cultural influences on neighbours 189 , 199–200 , 215 , 234 , 235 and the Danes 709 , 712 , 714 , 725 and the Dutch 823 and European chinoiserie 710 , 715 and European weapons 644 and France see France: and China and Funan 139–44 and furs 785–6 , 791 , 792–6 , 797 , 806 and gold 216 Grand Canal 254 Han dynasty 135–6 , 138–9 , 190 , 198 herbs 660 imperial court 142 , 154 , 163–4 , 189 , 198 , 215 , 216 , 233 , 236 , 239–40 , 241–2 , 244 , 248 , 250 incense 286 and India see India: and China industrial development 907–8 and Iraq 185 iron ore 242 and Japan see Japan/Japanese: and China and Java 163–4 , 188 , 244 , 260 , 262 , 268–9 , 280–81 , 286–7 Jesuits in 640 jewels 562 and Korea 189 , 191 , 192 , 198 , 210 , 236 , 239 , 244 , 245 , 287 , 650 luxury of elite 188 magnetic compass 243 , 256 , 370 and Malaya 135–6 , 138–9 , 144 , 147 and Manila 620–21 , 622–6 , 715 , 780 ; foundation story 618 medicine 278 and Melaka 254 , 286 , 293–4 , 295 , 636 men taking Filipino wives 625 Mercantile Shipping and Transportation Bureau 248 merchant fleets 248 merchants: Chinese merchants see merchants: Chinese ; foreign merchants in China 238 , 243–4 and Mexico see Mexico: and China Ming dynasty 213 , 219–20 , 229 , 238 , 251–71 , 278 , 281 , 286–7 , 289 , 293–4 , 617 , 624 , 643 , 650 ; voyages under Zheng He xvii , 254–5 , 256–69 , 280–81 , 293 , 622 , 636 and the Moluccas 574 and Mongols see Mongols: and China Muslim communities/mosques 244 , 258 naval wars 239 navy 136 , 238 , 239 , 245 , 260 , 261 and North America 780–96 and Norway 871 ‘One Belt, One Road’ project 908 and opium see opium paintings 230 Pax Sinica 293 People’s Republic of China 639 , 892–3 , 907–8 and Persian Gulf 171–2 and Philippines 574 , 614 , 617 , 618 , 620–21 , 622–6 piracy 293 , 625 , 867 porcelain see porcelain: Chinese port superintendents 154–5 and the Portuguese 606–7 , 627–8 , 636–7 , 638–42 , 643–4 , 652 pottery see pottery/ceramics: Chinese Qin Empire 136 Qing Empire 801 religious eclecticism 263 Republic of China 892–3 and Russia 800 , 801 , 802 , 806 and Ryukyu Islands 231–2 , 234 , 614 sailors 135 , 233 , 625 , 642 , 732 ‘Seven Warring States’ conflict 136 shipbuilding 247 , 259–60 ships see boats/ships: Chinese ; junks: Chinese and Siam 262 , 278 silk see silk: Chinese and the Silk Road xx , 135–6 and silver 220 , 623 , 624–5 , 643 , 696 and Singapore 286 , 288–9 , 822–3 skins 107 Song dynasty 149 , 154 , 165 , 213 , 221 , 224 , 228 , 239–50 , 273 , 622 ; Song culture 222 ; Southern 221 , 222 , 238 and South China Sea see South China Sea: and China Southern Song dynasty 221 , 222 , 238 and the Spanish 622–8 , 652 , 806 and spices 545 , 574 , 606 , 643 and Śri Vijaya 149–52 , 153–6 , 161 , 273 and sugar 238 superiority beliefs/claims 221 , 236 , 256 ; as a moral force 256 and Sweden 725 , 726 Tang dynasty 142 , 154 , 160 , 170 , 192 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 206–11 , 215 , 216 ; pottery 158 , 163 , 172 taxation see taxation: Chinese tea 215 , 246 , 768 , 781 , 790 trade see trade: Chinese and tribute 142 , 236 , 238 , 257 , 262 , 270 , 281 , 293 , 622 urban growth 242 and the USA 709 , 781 , 787–96 , 893 and Vietnam 136 , 139–44 , 245 , 257 voyages under Zheng He xvii , 254–5 , 256–69 , 280–81 , 293 , 622 , 636 Wu dynasty 136–7 , 142 Yuan dynasty 213 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 228 , 248–9 , 259 Yueh kingdoms 135–6 chinoiserie , European 710 , 715 Chios 872–3 Chirikov, Aleksei 803 Ch’oe (agent of Chang Pogo) 210 Ch’oe-I 222 Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de 812 Chola Tamils 174 , 273 Chōnen 215 Christian IV of Denmark 666 , 713 , 717 Christianity anchorites 381 , 413 Armenian 707 Augustinians 615 , 640 Britain’s Christianization 347 , 349 Calvinists 660 Celtic 379 , 380 and China 627 , 640 , 645 , 695 Christian trading republics emerging 173 Christians vs Muslims in Spain 423 , 468 , 477 Church in Norway 390 crusades see crusades Dominicans 554 , 582 , 640 , 652–3 in Faroe Islands 383 forced conversion of Jews to 537 Franciscans see Franciscans in Frisia 352 in Greenland 397 , 400 Iberian Christian-Muslim conflicts 467–8 in Iceland 386–7 incense use 71 and the Inquisition see Inquisition Irish monks 381–3 , 386–7 and Japan 628 , 630 , 632 , 640 , 643 , 644 , 645–6 , 648 , 653–4 , 692 , 693 , 694 , 695 ; Japanese converts on Kyushu 654 ; missionary activities 628 , 630 , 640 , 643 , 644 , 645–7 ; persecution of Christians 628 , 630 , 632 , 646 , 647 , 648 , 654 Jeronymites 589 Jesuits see Jesuits Karelian Christianization 422 and Korea 695 Lithuania’s Christianization 437 London Missionary Society 813 missionary activities 33 ; across North Sea 352–3 ; in China 640 , 645 ; in Hawai’ian islands 24 ; by Jesuits 628 , 640 , 643 , 644–7 ; and silk trade 645–6 Muslim governments’ relationship with Christians 836–8 Nestorians 160 and Orkney 375–6 papacy see papacy persecution of Christians see also Inquisition ; Protestants in Netherlands under duke of Alva 673 and piracy 761 Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin) 494 , 503 , 537 , 609 , 672 , 673 , 685 , 698 , 699–701 , 702–3 , 704–5 , 708 , 712 , 749 , 754 , 769–70 , 840 ; of Amsterdam, in Macau and Manila 693 ; in Cape Verde 491 , 754 ; on St Thomas Island 720 Protestant see Protestantism/Protestants Red Sea and Jewish–Christian confrontation 130 , 166–7 Russian Orthodox 420 , 427 , 437 and Ryukyu Islands 695 Scandinavia’s Christianization 361 and Socotra 129 , 130 Syrian Christians 841 and Vietnam 695 and the Vikings 367 Christiansborg fort 718 , 721 chronometers 16 , 731 , 812 Chrysé 110 , 134 , 135 Ch’üan-chou see Quanzhou Chulan 282–3 Chumash Indians 28 , 580 Churchill, Winston 891 Chuzan 229 , 231–4 Cidade Velha see Ribeira Grande cinnamon 92 , 99 , 194 , 542 , 543 , 569 bark 615 Cinque Ports 456–7 Cirebon wreck 162 cisterns 99 , 180 citron 178 Ciudad Trujillo 586 see also Santo Domingo, Hispaniola clams 14 Cleopatra II of Egypt 97 Cleopatra 816–17 climate change xxii global warming 908 cloak pins 319 , 324 Clontarf, battle of 379–80 cloth American 833 , 839 barafulas 754 bark-cloth 21 , 810 Castilian 491 Chinese 107 ; nankeen 790 , 809 , 816 ; silks see silk: Chinese coarse 588 cotton 106 , 109 , 128 , 184 , 504 , 540 , 624 , 715 , 724 see also cotton ; American 833 ; calico 635 , 690 , 714 , 717 ; Lancashire 866 ; Manchester 839 , 873 as currency 754 Dutch 678 ; broadcloth 631 Egyptian 104 English 451–2 , 459 , 461 , 669 , 749 , 750 , 839 ; and Bristol 457–8 ; and Ragusans 456 fine 58 , 107 , 363 , 454 , 457 , 588 see also silk Flemish 439 , 440 , 451 , 470 , 491 Florentine 453–4 French 470 hemp 194 Indian 107 , 635 , 715 ; calico 635 , 690 , 714 ; cotton 715 ; and the Danes 714 , 715 linen 373 , 444 , 457 , 540 , 548 , 624 at Lo Yueh 135 luxurious purple textiles 106 Mercers 669 and Norway 391 Okinawan 234 at Omana 106 Portuguese 754 and Ragusans 456 satin 233 silk see silk Ubaid 53 , 54 woollen 353 , 400 , 441 , 451 , 866 clothes 184 African 540 cotton 540 English 660 , 663 Greenland costumes at Herjólfsnes 404 linen 540 , 548 at Qusayr al-Qadim 178 cloves xix , 153 , 157 , 233 , 280 , 429 , 548 , 569 , 577 , 578 , 606 , 611 , 614 , 684 , 688 , 714 , 754 camphor 184 and Oman 829 , 833 Clydeside 869 , 891 , 899 Cnut 361 , 371 , 375 Co-hong guild 789 coal 824 , 841 , 846 , 860 , 861 , 884 , 888 depots/bunkers 841 , 846 , 865 , 884 supply ships 861 , 865 , 888 Welsh 884 cobalt 238 Cobh (Queenstown), Ireland 875 Cobo, Juan 652–3 Cochin 261 , 269 , 547 , 568 , 598 , 640 ships 543 cocoa 721 coconuts 12 , 20 , 29 , 114 , 132 , 178 , 185 , 493 , 574 cod 306 , 399 , 420 , 430 , 442 , 462 , 463 , 522 , 562 , 752 tax on 562 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 690 , 713 , 738 , 739 coffee 95 , 706 , 709 , 711 , 715 , 721 , 725 , 831 , 832 Mocca 831 cogs (ships) 354 , 426 , 428–9 , 451 , 456 , 460 , 484 Coimbra 467 coins see also cash Axumite 167 in Barus 160 billon 586 in Cape Verde 492 Chinese 138 , 153 , 172 , 188 , 207 , 214 , 221 , 229 , 240 , 242 , 249 , 266–7 copper 153 , 172 , 200 , 207 , 218 , 240 , 242 , 249 Frisian 353 , 354 gold 164 , 172 , 352 , 478 , 687 , 730 , 803 Greek 326 on Hispaniola 586 hoards 345 , 366 in Intan shipwreck 164 introduction to India 102 Islamic 364 , 366 Javanese 164 on Nanhai I 165 Newport finds 459 Norse 410 Peruvian 777 Portuguese white royal coins 476–7 for Rhineland wines 367 Roman 107 , 118 , 120–21 , 141 Ryukyu 232 of Sasanian kings of Persia 118 silver 184 , 200 , 352 , 353 , 364 , 448–9 , 730 , 754 ; American silver coins melted down for jewellery 754 ; billon alloy 586 ; dirhams 366 ; Maria Theresa silver dollars 833–4 ; and Port Royal 777 in Siraf 172 Spanish 586 Cologne 342 , 344 , 354 , 427 , 449 and Hansards 428 , 433 , 438 , 441 , 442 , 444 , 447 , 448 , 452 merchants of 449 , 450 Venice Company 441 Colombia 592 , 697 , 777 and Gran Colombia/New Granada 852 and Panama Canal 854 , 857–8 Colombo, Domenico 525 Colón, Diego 555 , 587 Colón, Luís de 771 Colón, Panama 854 , 855 , 858 Columba, St 382 Columbia 792 , 793 Columbus, Bartholomew 586 Columbus, Christopher xvii–xviii , 27 , 254 , 256, 463 , 464 , 483 , 514 , 517 , 525–6 , 533 , 537 Bobadilla’s arrest of 529 Book of Prophecies 729 in Bristol 524 and Cape Verde 490 and cotton 588 crusade strategy 523 and de la Cosa 554 earth size calculation 537 and gold 524 , 528 , 529 , 531 , 588 , 589 and Iceland 410 , 524 and Japan 524–5 , 537 lack of supplies hindering circumnavigation of world 523 and Madeira 486 and New World 46 , 517 , 521 , 582 , 585 , 586 , 588 , 589 ; 1st voyage 522 , 523–4 , 526–7 , 532 ; 2nd voyage 527–8 ; 3rd voyage 528–9 ; 4th voyage 529–31 ; and Bahamas 527 ; Caribbean islands 270 , 520 , 521–2 , 523–4 , 527–8 , 529 , 530–31 ; Hispaniola 520 , 521 , 527–8 , 529 , 530 , 531 , 582 , 585 , 769 ; and Taíno Indians 521–2 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 530–31 , 537 ; and the term ‘Indies’ 46 , 517 and Pané 521 and Perestrello family 524 , 525 and Piri Reis 610 and sugar trade 525 , 589 and transformation of Atlantic navigation 582 and Vespucci 526 Columbus, Diego (Diego Colón) 555 , 587 Columbus, Ferdinand 523 Columbus family see also Colón, Colombo 550–51 , 555 Comoros archipelago 131 compasses magnetic 243 , 256 , 370 sidereal 17 Conference System 866–7 , 868 Confucianism 200 , 208 , 256 and trade 236 Congo, River 512 , 513 Constans II, Byzantine emperor 172 Constantinople 115 , 485 fall to Turks 460 , 594 as Mikelgarð 362 Ottoman court 456 Venetian trade with 601 containerization 901–5 container ports 897 , 904–5 , 907 container revolution 880 container ships xviii , 880 , 895 , 897 , 901–5 , 908 Cook, Captain James 3 , 5 , 31–2 , 733 , 743–4 , 785–6 , 791 , 792 , 809 , 812–14 death 814 journals 791 , 807 and the Russians 804 Cook Islands 29 Copenhagen 701 , 712 , 713 , 714 , 715 , 718 , 721 , 724 Atlantic trade 721–2 Baltic trade 721–2 copper 47 , 58 , 106 , 135 , 164 , 477 and Africa 503 and Antwerp 672 Atlantic arc and copper ores 320–21 boilers 721 and China 238 , 242 coins 153 , 172 , 200 , 207 , 218 , 240 , 242 , 249 and Dilmun 65 , 69 and Indians 108 ingots 60 , 242 and Japan 692 , 847 keel sheathing 815 and Magan 57 , 67 , 68 Mycenaean axe 314 nickel content 58 and Oman 58 , 61 oxidized 217 plates 183 , 794 and the Portuguese 672 Sardinian 324 Sumatran 160 and Venice 672 Welsh 302 Copts 52 coracles 331 coral 153 , 754 Corcos, Abraham 837 , 838 Corcos family 836 , 837 cordage 178 Córdoba 170 , 175 Cormac ui Liatháin 382 Cornelisz, Jeronimus 739–41 Cornwall 302 , 308 , 322 , 326 , 330 , 336 and Brittany 328 promontory forts 328 tin 302 Corsica 331 Corte Real, Gaspar 534 Corte Real family 534–5 , 662 Cortés, Hernán 565 , 580 , 587 , 611 Cosa, Juan de la 553–4 Cossacks 801 Costa (cruise company) 900 Costa Rica 529 cotton 106 , 109 , 128 , 184 , 504 , 540 , 715 , 724 , 754 American cloth 833 calico 635 , 690 , 714 , 717 Caribbean 522 , 588 Chinese 624 and Columbus 588 Egyptian 185 Lancashire cloths 866 and Liverpool 865 and Manchester 839 , 873 and the Portuguese 635 Courthope, Nathaniel 690 Cousin, Jean 558 Couto, Diogo do 641 Coventry 458 Covilhã, Pero da 536 , 545 Cowasjee, Framjee 824 cowries 14 shells 495 , 506 , 511 Crawford, Harriet 61 cremation 317 Creole 491 Cresques family 480 Crete 70 , 83 Minoans 322 crocodiles 12 Croker Island 10 Cromwell, Oliver 691 , 719 , 756 , 764 , 769–70 , 772 , 773 Cromwell, Richard 756 Crosby, Alfred xxiii Crown Jewels 450 cruising and cruise lines/industry 868 , 879 , 899–900 , 907 crusades and economic warfare against Islam 501 , 523 , 537 , 546 and gold 481 Henry V’s crusading Military Order (Order of Christ) 481 , 485 , 497 , 501 , 749 northern 420–21 Second Crusade 423 , 468 Third Crusade 449 and trade 422 ; and Mediterranean trade centres 420 CSCL Globe 905 Cuba 521 , 527 , 554 , 555 , 565 , 587 , 591–3 , 769 , 774 American occupation 856 and Columbus 523 and the Dutch 683 , 772 Havana’s pre-eminence within Spanish Indies 591 sugar 591 and US war with Spain 856 Cunard 867 , 882 , 885–6 , 899 British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 860–61 , 868–9 , 882 , 884–5 joint transatlantic air service with BOAC 899 Second World War and Cunard ships 889–90 White Star merger 886 Cunard, Samuel 860 Cunliffe, Barry 307 , 335 Curaçao 709 , 766 , 772 Curonian raiders 422 currachs 331 , 382 currants 682 , 873 currents xv Gulf Stream xv Kuroshio xv down Labrador coast 464 Mediterranean 322 Pacific 16 Red Sea 51 South Equatorial 16 Cushing, John 790 Cutty Sark 866 Cyprus 70 , 83 , 91 , 323 , 324 and Britain 851 cloak pins 319 and Ottomans 604 Cyrus the Great 85 Da Mosto, Alvise see Cadamosto/Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise Da Qin 148–9 Däbrä Damo monastery 130 Đại Việt 228 Daia 58 Dair al-Bahri 76 dairy goods 66 , 308 , 432 , 442 , 487 , 593 , 675 , 749 Dalma 54 Damascus 170 , 423 Dana, Richard Henry Jr: Two Years before the Mast 791–2 Danegeld 362 Daniel, Glyn 312 Danish Asiatic Company 712 Danish East India Company 667 , 713 see also United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company) Danish West India Company 667 , 719 , 720 , 721 Dante Alighieri: Divine Comedy 472 Danzig xxii , xxix , 425 , 431 , 433 , 438 , 441 , 447 , 452 , 470 , 685 merchants of 453 Daoism 295 Dardanelles 857 Darien Company 722–3 Darien Scheme 722–3 Darius Hystaspis 88 , 95 Dartmouth 468 Dashi 153 , 162 , 266 date palms 53 dates 53–4 , 68 , 177 , 178 , 187 and the ‘Muscateers’ 831 Dauphin Map 734 Dávila family of Segovia 588 Davis, John 665–6 , 688 Davis Strait 655 Day, John 463 , 533 Dazaifu, Japan 197 de la Fosse, Eustache 506–7 , 511 Dee, John 664 deer 273 , 276 , 306 , 310 , 552 hides 278 Dehua 247 , 289 Delano, Warren 790 Delaware River 717 delftware 778 Delos 98 , 99 Denisovans 8 Denmark/Danes xxii , 306 , 339 , 342 , 343 African population ruled by 716 Angles 347 and Arctic Ocean 666–7 and the Atlantic 712 and the Baltic 421 , 713 , 714 , 715–16 , 721–2 boats/ships 339 , 343 and Brandenburg–Prussia 713 and the Caribbean 711–12 , 716 , 720–22 , 772 and Ceylon 713–14 and China 709 , 712 , 714 , 725 and Curonian raiders 422 Danish coastal empire 425 , 724 Danish siege of Stockholm 436 and the Dutch 685–6 , 713 , 718 East India Company see Danish East India Company ; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company) and the English 714 , 718 , 720 and the French 720 global trading network 709 and Guinea 712 , 716 , 721 and Hansards 424–5 and India 712 , 714 , 715 and Kurland 715–16 Lübeck and the Danes 424–5 merchant fleets 724 merchants 712 , 719 and Morocco 836 National Museum 398 and Norway 712 and the Portuguese 718–19 rock carvings 322 shipwrecks 357 and slavery 709 , 712 , 716 , 720 , 722 and Spain 685 and the Swedes 724 and Thirty Years War 714 trade see trade: Danish Vikings see Vikings and west Africa 712 , 716 , 717–22 West India Company 719 , 720 , 721 and West Indies 711–12 , 713 , 716 , 720–22 Dent, Thomas 824 Depression, Great 883–4 , 886 Deshima Island 197 , 691 , 692 , 693–4 , 695 , 808 , 846 Deutsche Lufthansa 898 Dezhnev, Semen 800 dhows 131 , 134 , 171 , 545–6 , 549 Oman’s ancestors of 68 Dhu Nuwas (Yūsuf) 166–7 diamonds 99 , 141 , 703 Dian Ramach of Madagascar 759–60 Dias, Bartomeu 514 , 536 , 537 , 538–9 Dicuil 337 , 381 , 386 Diderot, Denis 811 Dieppe 558 , 561 Ango family 562 maps 733–4 diesel engines 884 , 885 Dilmun 56–61 , 64–9 and copper 65 , 69 and Indus Valley 66–7 Dingler, Jules 855 Dinis of Portugal 469 , 470 Diodoros the Sicilian 111 , 338 and Pytheas 336 Disko Island 397 , 408 Disraeli, Benjamin 850 , 861 Diu, Gujarat 546 , 600 , 601 , 602 , 604–5 , 831 DNA analysis 12 , 26 , 27 , 132 , 317 , 347 , 386 , 491 Dominican Republic 583 dockworkers 901 dodo xxi Doggerland/Dogger Bank 303 dogs 12 , 38 hunting dogs 75 , 273 Dollinger, Philippe 419 Dolphin 810 , 811 Dominican Republic 527 , 583 , 586–8 see also Hispaniola DNA analysis 583 Dominicans 554 , 582 , 640 , 652–3 Dordrecht 439 Dorestad 353–4 , 355 Dorset Eskimos 398–9 Dorset Island 408 Dover Strait 321 , 346 Drake, Sir Francis 490 , 517 , 617 , 631 , 665 , 687 , 704 , 727 , 730 , 753 , 770 , 795 Drax, Sir James 768 Dreyer, Edward 254 , 259 Drummond Hay, John 838 Drumont, Édouard 855 dry-stone house foundations 321 Dublin 361 , 379 , 875 Dubrovnik and Ottomans 603 Ragusans 81 , 455–6 dugongs 9 , 10 , 112 Dunkirk 685 Dunkirk II Marine Transgression 345 Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch Dutch East India Company see VOC (United East India Company) Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683 , 686 Duyfken 736 dyes 50 , 194 , 323 , 473 see also sandalwood indigo 107 , 717 , 754 orchil 474 , 502 woad 455 , 459 , 488 Ea-nasir 60–61 , 65 , 68 Eanes, Gil 501 Earth Mother 312 East Anglia 304 East China Sea 198 , 250 East India Company, Danish 667 , 712 , 884 East India Company, Dutch see VOC (United East India Company) East India Company, English 688 , 689 , 691 , 723 , 755 , 760 , 761 , 780 , 781 , 817 , 820 , 824 , 831 and Boston Tea Party 784 and New Julfans 707 opium trade 825–6 and Singapore 819–20 , 821 tea export monopoly to America 784 East India Company, Swedish 723–6 East Indies xxi , 134 , 156 , 723–6 , 752 see also specific countries of south and south-east Asia Austronesians from xxi and Cape Verde 752–3 , 754 and Danish East India Company see Danish East India Company ; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company) Dias’s discovery of route to 514 , 536 , 537 and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the East Indies/Indonesia East Indian crew stop-overs: in Azores 751 ; in Cape Verde 752–3 and Egypt 88 , 98 , 99 , 116 see also India: and Egypt and the English 657 , 687–90 see also East India Company, English Indonesia see Indonesia/Indonesians Magellan’s attempt to reach 569–76 Malaya see Malaya/Malays and North America 780–96 Philippines see Philippines and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and East Indies/Indonesia and Russia 802 and south-east Africa 548–9 and the Spanish 567–81 ; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands spice trade see spices/spice trade and Swedish East India Company 723–6 wider area covered by term 46 , 781 Easter Island 3 , 27 , 29–31 ebony 47 , 57 , 76 , 78–9 , 106 , 122 , 233 , 265 Edo, Japan 644 , 652 , 653 , 693 , 695 , 807 , 846 see also Tokyo Edo Bay 846 Edward I of England 450 , 456 , 469 Edward II of England 450 Edward III of England 450 , 454–5 Edward IV of England 507 Edward VI of England 658 eels 14 Eendracht 736 Egbert of Wessex 360 Egede, Niels 405 Egeria 117 eggs 178 , 179 Egil’s Saga 389 Egypt/Egyptians 46 , 47 , 91 Alexandrian Egyptians 99 and Bereniké 111 and Chinese ceramics 174 , 266 and East Indies 88 , 98 , 99 , 116 see also India: and Egypt emeralds 174 Fatimid Empire 160 , 173 under Hatshepsut 75–6 , 78 and India 182–3 , 187–8 Mamluks see Mamluks merchants 181 , 182 , 265 and Mesopotamia 47 , 70 and Ottomans 601–2 , 603 and Persia 85 Ptolemies see Ptolemies and the ‘Sea Peoples’ 79 shipping on Nile 70 ships see boats/ships: Egyptian and Six-Day War (1967) 896 Suez see Suez Canal trade see trade: Egyptian unification of Upper and Lower Egypt 70 , 76 Eirík the Red 393 , 396–7 , 398 , 400 , 410 Eisai 216 El Dorado 553 El Piñal 627–8 Elcano, Juan Sebastian 569 , 570 , 571 , 577 , 578 , 579 , 581 , 617 Eleanor of Aquitaine 458 Eleanor 815 elephant birds 133 elephantegoi 111 elephants 59 , 64 , 93 , 96 , 104 , 111 , 170 , 266 , 278 , 365 , 542 , 833 ivory see ivory: elephant tusks 135 see also ivory: elephant Eliezer, son of Dodavahu 82 Elizabeth I 453 , 657 , 659 , 660 , 662 , 663–4 , 689 , 731 1600 charter 691 Ellesmere Island 407 , 408 Elliott, Charles 826 Elmina 493 , 495 , 508 , 510–11 , 560 , 561 , 584 , 585 , 686 Elsinore see Helsingør Elyot, Hugh 534 emeralds 99 , 174 , 238 Empire Flying Boats 898 Empress of China 785 , 786–90 , 791 Endo, Shusaku: The Samurai 632 Enfantin, Barthélemy-Prosper 848 England/English and Amboyna island 714 Anglo-Saxon 347 , 349 , 355–6 , 357–62 Anglo-Saxon literature 318 Antwerp trade decline 673 and Arctic Ocean 657–60 , 662–6 and Armenians 707 and Australia 737 and the Azores 750–51 and the Baltic 367 , 452–3 and Barbados 767–8 , 772 and Bermuda 766 Bronze Age 319 and the Caribbean 764–5 , 766–79 cloth see cloth: English Crown Jewels 450 and the Danes 714 , 718 , 720 Darien Scheme and Scottish union 722–3 delftware 778 and the Dutch 682 , 687–91 ; and Cromwell 769 ; Tobago conflict 719 and the East Indies 657 , 687–90 see also East India Company, English Englishmen in Prussia 451–2 and France see France: and Britain/England and Gambia 719 glassware 660 gold desired by 663–4 grain trade 389 , 391 , 444 , 458 and Guinea 716 and Hansards 419 , 447–53 , 456 , 458 , 463 house of Tudor 534 and Iceland 461–3 and India see India: and the British/English and Ireland 767 Italian bankers in 454 and Jamaica 765 , 768 , 769–79 and Jews 700 , 769–70 , 839 London see London and Madeira 484 , 748–50 Magnus Intercursus treaty with Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669 merchants in: English merchants see merchants: English; Frisian merchants 353 ; Greek merchants 872–3 ; Portuguese merchants 469 ; under protection of Crown 469 and Morocco 657 , 838–9 , 840 Navigation Act (1651) 780 , 784 navy: and the Anglo-Saxons 361 ; RN see Royal Navy Neolithic 309 , 310 ; descendants from 317 and the New World 557 , 766–7 ; and Manhattan Island/New Amsterdam 690 , 717 , 756 and the papacy 770 , 771 piracy 452 , 718 , 763–5 , 773–6 and Portugal 465 , 474 , 751–2 ; English merchants meeting Portuguese objections 464 ; and Madeira 484 ; Portuguese alliances 469 , 474 privateers 405 , 662 , 730 , 763 , 764 , 774–6 Protestant England 557 , 730 and raiders 346–7 raising English flag in new lands 533 Royal African Company 760 , 777 and Run 690 , 714 and Russia 659 ships see boats/ships: English silver 448–9 , 451 and Spain see Spain/Spaniards: and Britain/England and the spice trade see spices/spice trade: and the English and St George 697 steam packet between England and Alexandria 848–9 and sugar 657 , 768 trade see trade: English Viking raids 357–62 Virginia Company 766 wheat 389 , 391 , 444 wool 450 , 453 , 454 , 456 , 460 English Channel 299 , 319 , 321 , 322 car ferries 899 defence by Cinque Ports 456–7 and Edward III’s wars in 450 Germanic raids 346 piracy 456 souterrains both sides of 329 English language 838 pidgin English 790 Enki (god) 56 , 57 Enkidu 56 Ennin (Jikaku Daishi) 202–9 , 210–11 Enrique (Sumatran servant/interpreter) 568 , 570 , 574 , 575 environmental oceanic damage xxiii , 908 Eratosthenes 334 Eridu 56 Erie Canal 848 Erik of Pomerania 436–7 , 461–2 Erikson, Gustaf 874 , 876 Eritrea 71–3 , 79 , 122 , 182 ermine 427 , 428 Ertebølle 306 Eskimos Dorset 398–9 Inuit 398 , 399–400 , 404 , 405 , 406–7 , 408 , 411 Esmeralda 543–4 Esmerault, Jean de 486 Espoir 557–60 Essaouira see Mogador Essomericq, son of Arosca 559 Estonia 420 , 421 , 428 Estonian raiders 422 Ethiopia/Ethiopians 130 , 166–7 , 512 , 536 , 540 Axum see Axum Etruria 120 Etruria , SS 869 Etruscans 326 , 331 , 334–5 , 338 Etzion-Geber 80 , 82 , 83 Eudaimōn Arabia (Aden) 105–6 Eudoxos of Kyzikos 97–8 Euergetes II 97 Eugénie of France 859 eunuchs 99 , 255 , 258 , 267 , 268 , 270 , 293 , 832 Euphrates 50 , 52 European Union 419 Evans, James 766–7 Evans, Jeff 20 exoticism exotic animals 76 , 136 , 255 , 256 see also specific animals exotic goods, luxuries and foods xix , 68 , 114–15 , 136 , 174–5 , 186 , 215 , 236 , 238 , 278 , 280 , 366 , 617 , 649 , 660 , 682 , 693 , 716 , 780–81 see also aromatics ; carnelian ; ebony ; emeralds ; ivory ; lapis lazuli ; silk ; spices/spice trade ; sugar exotic information 322 Exquemeling, Alexandre 774 , 775 Ezekiel 81–2 Fabian, William 507 falcons 398 Faleiro, Rui 570 Falkland Islands 666 , 791 , 795 Falmouth, Cornwall 848–9 , 875 Fan-man/Fan Shiman 140 , 143 , 144 Fan Wenhu 226 fans 216 , 234 farming see agriculture/farming Faroe Islands 380–81 , 383 , 386 , 387 , 444 , 712 , 721 Farquhar, William 819 , 821 , 822 , 828 Fatimid Empire 160 , 173 Faxien (Shih Fa-Hsien) 144–6 Fei Xin 256–7 , 259 , 261 , 264 , 269 Felixstowe 880 , 904–5 , 907 feng shui 243 , 289 Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Castile 464 , 489 , 505 , 522 , 527 , 529 , 530 , 534 , 555–6 , 567–8 Fernandes, Valentim 493 , 494 Fernando de Noronha island 560 Ferrand, Gabriel 148 Ferrer, Jaume 474 , 500 , 501 Fetu people 718 Fez, Morocco 175 , 471 , 475 , 834 , 837 figs 470 , 491 , 493 , 756 Fiji 11 , 14 , 19 Filipino language 131 Finland 421 Finno-Ugrians 421–2 furs 428 Karelians 422 Finney, Ben 20 First World War 881–3 and Belfast 870 fish 11 , 28 , 35 , 39 , 66 , 68 , 74 , 91 , 112 , 180 , 213 , 303 , 306 , 352 , 381 , 429 , 431 , 502 , 803 bones 54 , 92 cod see cod deep-sea 34 dried 432 , 442 , 793 farms 26 , 280 flounder 306 freshwater 306 garfish 284 , 285 herring see herring hooks 9 , 15 , 24 , 28 , 39 Japanese diet of 196 Norwegian stokffish 463 parrot fish 14 pelagic 9 plastics in fishy food chain 908 pounded fish meal 92 raw 91 , 92 salmon 196 sauce, garum 112 , 116 , 120 shellfish see shellfish stock depletion 908 and Torres Strait islanders 9 , 10 traps 9 tuna/tunny see tuna fishing and Japanese ‘People of the Sea’ 213 Norway’s access to fishing grounds 712 overfishing 908 pelagic fishing from bark boats 9 tunny 54 Fitch, Ralph 598 , 640–41 Flanders 173 , 240 , 353 , 355 , 430 , 431 , 451 Antwerp see Antwerp and the Azores 481 , 488 cloth 439 , 440 , 451 , 470 , 491 and the Dutch 682 , 685 and grain trade 428 and Hansards 433 , 439 and Madeira 486 and Madeiran sugar 485 Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of 669 and Mina 506–7 and Portugal 469–70 , 474 ships 456 and sugar trade 486 flax 176 , 178 , 444 flesh-hooks 317 , 318 Flóki Vilgerðarson 384 Florence/Florentines 440 , 564 banks/bankers 450 , 454 and Bruges 438 businessmen backing long sea voyages 525 , 545 , 564 cloth/wool 453–4 , 460 merchants 618–22 Savonarola’s revolution 526 ships 456 Flores 7 Florida 554 , 565 , 592 , 857 Miami 899–900 , 902 Florida 580 flounder 306 flour 63 , 176 , 177 , 444 , 445 , 491 , 493 sago 15 wheat 620 , 624 , 648 Formosa Island see Taiwan Fortin, Mouris 559 Fowey, Cornwall 462 France anti-Semitism 855 Antwerp banking loans 673 and Brazil 557–60 , 561 and Britain/England: Edward III’s wars 450 , 454 ; and Henry VIII 557 ; Henry V’s wars 477 ; and Panama Canal 851 ; and Suez Canal 849 , 850 , 896 Brittany see Brittany Bronze Age 314 , 316–17 , 319 and China 709 ; Canton occupation 827 cloth 470 and the Danes 720 and the Dutch 818 and the Falklands 795 Franco-Ottoman alliance 603 and Germany, Second World War 888 and Guinea 561 Habsburg rivalry 672 Huguenots 676 , 696 , 697 Italy invaded by 526 and Madagascar 557 merchant navy 888 and Milan 559–60 and Morocco 561 and Naples 559–60 Napoleonic Wars 712 , 789 , 818 Neolithic 309 , 313 and Newfoundland 562 Normandy see Normandy/Normans and the Pacific islands 811–12 and Panama Canal 848 , 851 , 854–5 , 858 Pondicherry rulership/base 119 , 707 see also Pondicherry and the Portuguese 561–2 Scandinavian raids on northern France 348 and Second Crusade 423 and Second World War 888 and Spain 676 , 795 and St Thomas 720 and Suez Canal 848–50 , 896 tin 324 trade see trade: French trade routes affected by La Tène culture 332 , 334–5 wine 458–9 , 675 Francis I of France 562 , 563 , 661 Franciscans 537 , 640 , 645 , 648 , 653 , 731 , 838 and Jesuits 653 Francisco de Vitoria, archbishop of Mexico City 701 frankincense 47 , 71 , 76 , 80 , 104 , 106 , 107 , 153 , 243 duty 273 Japanese purchases of 194 Franklin, Sir John 565 , 845 Franks 345 , 346 , 348 , 352 , 354 , 361 and Vikings 360 Franz Joseph of Austria 859 Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 418 , 424 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 398 , 418 , 425 , 475 Frederick II of Denmark 666 Frederiksborg fort 718 , 721 Freneau, Philip 786–7 Freydis 412 Frisia/Frisians 344 , 348 , 351–5 , 674 Frisian language 352 and Haithabu 366 and Vikings 360 Vitalienbrüder in East Frisian islands 437 Frobisher, Martin 662–3 , 664–5 , 666 Frobisher Bay 663 Fuerteventura 472 , 473 Fuggers banking house, Augsburg 579 , 672 , 673 Fujiwara clan 217 Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 215 Fukoaka see Hakata (Fukoaka) Funan, southern Vietnam 137 , 139–44 and Buddhism 142 and China 139–44 ships 142–3 and Zhenla 146–7 Funchal, Madeira 484 , 749 , 750 Museum of Sacred Art 485 funerary barges 73–4 furs/fur trade 194 , 198 , 367 , 440 , 441 , 712 , 797 bear furs 408 in Canton 806 and China 785–6 , 791 , 792–6 , 797 , 806 ermine 427 , 428 Finnish 428 and Hawai’i 816 North American/US 785–6 , 791–6 , 816 Russian 365 , 420 , 422 , 423 , 427 , 428 , 786 , 804 , 806 ; and England 659 sea otter 785 , 786 , 806 , 808 , 809 and the Spanish 806 taxation 804 Fustat (Old Cairo) xx , 160 , 174 , 175 , 182 Ben Ezra synagogue 175 Chinese pottery at 179 Genizah documents 174 , 175–6 , 182 , 184 Jews of 176 merchants 175 , 181 , 184 , 187 Gabriel 662–3 Gadir see Cádiz Galápagos Islands 28–9 Galicia 301–2 , 304 , 459 , 461 , 470 Bronze Age 317 citânias 329 megalithic culture 312 Neolithic 312 rías 751 rock carvings 322 Galicians 455 galleons 29 , 771 , 777 and carracks 641 Manila see Manila galleons Santo André 751 Gallia Belgica 344–5 , 346 galliots 641 Galloway 328 Gama, Gaspar da 541–2 Gama, Vasco da xvii–xviii , 490 , 514 , 519 , 522 , 537–41 , 602 , 755 Gambia 719 Ganges 110 , 121 Gannascus 344–5 Gardar, Greenland 397 , 400 , 407 Garðar Svávarsson 384 garfish 284 , 285 garnets 141 garum sauce 112 , 116 , 120 Gascony 458 , 459 Gatun lake, Panama 858 Gaul/Gauls 115 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 335 , 336 , 345 , 346 Gaza 122 , 167 gazelle skins 323 Gdansk see Danzig Geer, Louis De 717 Genizah documents 174 , 175–6 , 182 , 184 Genoa/Genoese 188 , 415 , 420 , 461 , 465 , 470 , 471 , 525 , 703–4 bankers 590 , 703 and Bruges 438 and Castile 528 and Ceuta 475 , 478 East India Company funding attempts 704 and Indian Ocean 703–4 investors in sugar trade 589–90 and Lisbon 470 and London 455 and Madeira 481 , 486 merchants 470 , 475 , 682 and Mogador 836 and Portugal 470 , 485 ships 454 and silver from New World 611 and slave trade 503 , 588 , 777 and St George 697 and wool 454–5 George, St 697 George, Prince Regent, later George IV 820 George 463 Germaine de Foix 556 Germanic languages 347 , 352 Germanic raiders 344–7 Germany Antwerp and south German businessmen 672 bankers 450 , 579 , 590 , 672 , 673 , 675 , 703 Brandenburg see Brandenburg and Britain: and First World War 881–3 ; and naval power 418 , 881 ; and Second World War 887–91 Bronze Age 317 , 319 , 320 and First World War 881–3 and France, Second World War 888 German Democratic Republic 418–19 , 422–3 German Hansa see Hansa, German heavy industry exit points 880 internecine warfare in 1620s and 1630s 686 and Italy see Italy: and Germany and Japan, Second World War 887 , 888 Jews 422 , 886 Low German language see Low German language Luftwaffe 889 and Madeira 486 merchant navy 882 , 883 merchants see merchants: German Military Orders 420–21 mines 882 , 889 naval ambitions 418 , 881 , 887 Prussia see Prussia and Second Crusade 423 and Second World War 887–91 Slav wars with 423 and Thirty Years War 714 trade see trade: German transatlantic air service 898 and Urnfield Culture 317 and the USA: and First World War 882 ; and US immigration policy 885 Gerrha 94 , 95 Ghana 492 , 716 , 718 see also Elmina ghee 104 Ghent 355 Gibraltar 90 , 322–3 , 335 , 475 , 656 , 801 , 851 and Morocco 839–40 Strait of 323 , 324 , 454 , 467 , 470 , 475 , 477–8 , 857 Gilbert, Humphrey 662 Gilgamesh 55 , 56 ginger 12 , 99 , 118 , 188 , 429 , 542 , 574 , 615 , 640 ginseng 194 , 786 giraffes 255 , 259 , 265 , 266 , 269 glaciers 304 Glasgow 869 , 874 , 875 , 889 glass beads 288 , 521 , 554 , 754 Glob, P.

The Rise of the Network Society
by Manuel Castells
Published 31 Aug 1996

The integrated broadband networks (IBNs) envisioned in the 1990s could surpass substantially the revolutionary 1970s proposals for an integrated services digital network (ISDN): while the carrying capacity of ISDN on copper wire was estimated at 144,000 bits, the 1990s IBNs on optic fibers, if and when they can be realized, though at a high price, could carry a quadrillion bits. To measure the pace of change, let us recall that in 1956 the first transatlantic cable phone carried 50 compressed voice circuits; in 1995, optical fibers could carry 85,000 such circuits. This opto-electronics-based transmission capacity, together with advanced switching and routing architectures, such as the asynchronous transmission mode (ATM) and transmission control protocol/interconnection protocol (TCP/IP), are the foundation of the Internet.

Liberalism at Large: The World According to the Economist
by Alex Zevin
Published 12 Nov 2019

Yet when Arthur Balfour, the stand-in foreign secretary, issued a note in August 1922 making this plain and insisting that Britain was ready to ask of its Allies and Germany only what it was obliged to pay to the US, the Economist attacked him. It was ‘deplorable’ to insist that ‘Britain’s debt policy was contingent upon that of America’, and the transatlantic cables were already abuzz with the ‘unfortunate effect upon American opinion such insistence was bound to produce’.41 At the first Liberal Summer School put on by Layton and Ramsay Muir at Oxford, Keynes agreed Britain should demonstrate the leadership that creditor status gave it in Europe, forgiving its allies’ debts regardless of what the US did.42 Both praised the new Chancellor, Stanley Baldwin, another Conservative, who called for a ‘discussion as businessmen’ with the Americans, Keynes differing only when the repayment terms he obtained proved so miserly.

Winds of Change
by Peter Hennessy
Published 27 Aug 2019

No, said the General, ‘we are keeping to the decision that we have made: to construct and, if necessary, to use our own atomic force’.31 Disappointment verging on despair almost overwhelmed Macmillan in the aftermath of that press conference, and the personal resentment he felt towards de Gaulle flowed down the transatlantic cable when he telephoned Kennedy: Prime Minister: Well, I think it’s a very bad situation. I think this man has gone crazy – absolutely crazy. President Kennedy: Well, what do you think it is that’s made him crazy? Prime Minister: He’s simply inventing any means whatever to knock us out and the real simple thing is he wants to be the cock on a small dunghill instead of having two cocks on a larger one.32 In fact, de Gaulle’s performance in the Salle des Fêtes was magnificent, deadly and mortal, both to Macmillan’s hopes and to a dramatic shift in Britain’s place in the world.

GCHQ
by Richard Aldrich
Published 10 Jun 2010

In the early 1950s, communications between GCHQ and NSA were poor, due to insufficient cables and inadequate clear radio frequencies.19 In 1956, the transatlantic channels between the two agencies were suffering outages of over four hours a day.20 The main worry was enemy disruption in any future conflict. A secret study had concluded that the Soviets were likely to try a range of sabotage tactics in war, among the easiest of which was trawling up cables and cutting them. Transatlantic cables were at ‘trawl depth’ for long stretches, and the Soviets were expected to deploy specially modified nuclear submarines for the task. Other options were available, including the use of KGB agents to place ‘clandestine, low-powered jammers’ close to the relay stations.21 By the 1970s Britain would be overcoming some of these problems with its own military communications satellite, called ‘Skynet’.

America in the World: A History of U.S. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
by Robert B. Zoellick
Published 3 Aug 2020

Germany also urged Mexico to draw Japan into the new alignment. In return, “Mexico [would] reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.” (They seemed to have forgotten California, or perhaps had other plans for it!) Amazingly, the Germans had sent their coded message over the American transatlantic cable network, a courtesy granted by Washington. In an ironic twist, the British had tapped the U.S. cable and broken the German code. But London had to figure out how to relay the intercept without revealing how Britain had acquired it. The ingenious spymasters managed to steal a decoded copy of Zimmermann’s note from the German embassy in Mexico.

The Power Makers
by Maury Klein
Published 26 May 2008

The boilers supplying the paddle engines alone had more than an acre of heating surface; those for the screw engines were even larger. The ship could carry four thousand passengers, but hard luck dogged its entire career. The Great Eastern never earned its keep as a passenger vessel; its claim to fame rested largely on carrying and laying the huge transatlantic cable in 1866.33 As steam engines on land and sea alike grew larger and more powerful, they shared a common appetite for fuel. Both locomotives and marine engines first consumed wood at a voracious rate until even the seemingly inexhaustible American forests began to vanish from all the demands made on it.

The Fountainhead
by Ayn Rand
Published 1 Jan 1943

Roark stood before him at the rail; a tall white figure leaning back against black space, his head lifted as Wynand had seen it lifted in an unfinished building. His hands clasped the rail. The short shirt sleeves left his arms in the light; vertical ridges of shadow stressed the tensed muscles of his arms and the tendons of his neck. Wynand thought of the yacht’s engine, of skyscrapers, of transatlantic cables, of everything man had made. “Howard, this is what I wanted. To have you here with me.” “I know.” “Do you know what it really is? Avarice. I’m a miser about two things on earth: you and Dominique. I’m a millionaire who’s never owned anything. Do you remember what you said about ownership?

The Rough Guide to Ireland
by Clements, Paul
Published 2 Jun 2015

The Old Barracks oldbarrackscahersiveen.com The heritage centre in the fearsome, castle-like Barracks is currently undergoing major restoration work, with plans to refocus its exhibits on the life of Daniel O’Connell. The construction of these heavily fortified quarters for the Royal Irish Constabulary was prompted by the Fenian uprising of 1867, when local Republicans tried to cut the transatlantic cable at Valentia. ARRIVAL AND INFORMATION: CAHERSIVEEN By bus Buses stop on the main street, opposite the O’Connell Church. Tourist office The tourist office has been residing in the old library next to the church on the main street (June–Sept Mon–Fri 9.30am–1pm & 2–5pm, Sat 10am–4pm; Oct–May Mon–Fri 9am–1pm & 2–5pm; 066 947 1300) but may move back into the Old Barracks.

The First Tycoon
by T.J. Stiles
Published 14 Aug 2009

New York & Erie Rail Road Co., September 10, 1842, file 1842-#331, Superior Court, NYCC. 7 NYH, August 30, 1854. 8 NYT, August 30, September 4, 5, October 16, 1854; PS, September 7, 1854; RGD, NYC, 340:13; Mott, 115, 125. 9 NYT, October 4, 1854; NYH, February 13, 1855. 10 John Steele Gordon, A Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable (New York: Walker & Company, 2002), 18–27; CV to Cyrus W. Field, [December 2?], 1855, Cyrus W. Field Collection, Morgan Library. 11 Croffut, 113. 12 John A. Butler, Atlantic Kingdom: America's Contest with Cunard in the Age of Sail and Steam (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2001), 206–8. On the Arctic sinking, see NYT, October 12, 1854, and press coverage in general surrounding this date.

The Rough Guide to England
by Rough Guides
Published 29 Mar 2018

Accommodation is available in surprisingly modern en-suite rooms, some in an annexe (those with a view cost extra). Daily 11am–11pm; kitchen daily noon–­2.30pm & 6–8.30pm. £115 Porthcurno Eight miles west of Mousehole, one of Penwith’s best beaches lies at PORTHCURNO, sandwiched between cliffs. On the shore to the east, a white pyramid marks the spot where the first transatlantic cables were laid in 1880. On the headland beyond lies an Iron Age fort, Treryn Dinas, close to the famous rocking stone called Logan Rock, a seventy-ton monster that was knocked off its perch in 1824 by a gang of sailors, among them a nephew of writer and poet Oliver Goldsmith. Somehow they replaced the stone, but it never rocked again.

Stigum's Money Market, 4E
by Marcia Stigum and Anthony Crescenzi
Published 9 Feb 2007

A story told by a senior bank officer makes, tellingly, the point of how global communications have changed in a few short decades: “When I joined foreign exchange in 1957, there was in June–July a sterling crisis that had been going on since 1947. Everyone was focused on sterling. Unfortunately, on one trying day, sunspots disturbed the airwaves and thus cut out one of our lines of communication to London. Then, a Russian trawler dropped its anchor on the transatlantic cable putting it out of commission. Consequently, we spent a whole day trying to figure out whether we had or had not borrowed [a mere] 100,000 pounds in London.” Notable developments which have not only facilitated the movement of capital across borders but which have encouraged it through a reduction in the potential for systemic risks associated with key elements of the global payments infrastructure include the 1989 G-30 standards on clearance and settlements systems, the Lamfalussy Report, the launch of a Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) bank, and the paper on “Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S.

The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication From Ancient Times to the Internet
by David Kahn
Published 1 Feb 1963

Off Emden, where the Dutch coast joins the German, she dropped some grappling gear overboard with a dull splash, and shortly there rose dripping from the sea great snakelike monsters, covered with mud and seaweed. Grunts of men, chopping sounds—and soon they were returned, severed and useless, to the depths. These were Germany’s transatlantic cables, her chief communications lifelines to the world, and the vessel was the British cable ship Telconia. Though the Committee of Imperial Defence never dreamed of it when it planned the move in 1912, the cutting of these cables, England’s first offensive action of the war, forged the first link in a chain that helped to end it.