by James Ashton · 11 May 2023 · 401pp · 113,586 words
some of the awesome heat that large volumes of computer processing generated, and it was ideally located to connect the US with mainland Europe, via transatlantic cables and Dublin’s underground fibre ring. A recent study by Ireland’s Industrial Development Agency (IDA) found that the sector had contributed €7.1bn to
by Gillian Cookson · 19 Sep 2012 · 136pp · 42,864 words
Rigg and Abigail Wood of The History Press; and to Neil, Joe and Francis Cookson. 1 The Mystic Voice of Electricity Whose idea was the transatlantic cable? Once the scheme was a success, and even before that, there was no shortage of claimants. John Watkins Brett declared in 1857, as the first
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disputed this point. Morse was some years ahead of the Britons. Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, an eminent British telegraph engineer, later had no doubt that the transatlantic cable had originated in America: ‘It is indisputably clear that the idea of connecting the US with England practically originated in New York, that these American
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pioneer of land telegraphs in the United States. His experiments on submarine cables were well recorded, so his claim that he was thinking about a transatlantic cable early in the 1840s is convincing. Morse left an account of how his ideas at that time had developed, in letters written during 1854 to
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across the ocean. At that time, an Atlantic cable cannot have been much more than a theoretical prospect. But whether or not he put the transatlantic cable to them, the commissioners would not allow Gisborne to raise capital for the scheme, and he parted company with them in the summer of 1851
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moved in about 1852 has not survived, but there is still a plaque commemorating the role of this neighbourhood in advancing the cause of the transatlantic cable. Field’s new neighbours were rich and influential New Yorkers – newspapermen, politicians, artists and businessmen. Next door was Peter Cooper, a self-made industrialist who
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US brig Dolphin. It is clear from Maury’s reply to Field that the US government was already thinking on the same lines of a transatlantic cable. Deep-sea soundings were still a crude affair. A cannon ball was dropped on the end of a long line, an unreliable way to measure
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time re-crossing the Atlantic in a sometimes desperate attempt to keep the telegraph project alive, and ultimately gamble everything he owned. Even before the transatlantic cable was commissioned, there was much to organise on the American side of the ocean. It was no small undertaking to complete the land line across
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cable!’ This story has the ring of a myth about it. Henry Field, from whom the account originated, says in another context that once the transatlantic cable was a success, ‘a host’ had sprung up ‘to claim the honor’. Although Brunel was long dead by the time his great ship was converted
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the feasibility of successfully making and laying an Atlantic cable, a rapid rate of signalling may never be achieved. On the eve of the first transatlantic cable in 1857, scientists could attempt to describe the phenomenon but were no closer to a solution: When the wires are enclosed in a compact sheath
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night-time experiment in which ten gutta percha-insulated underground lines, each of more than 200 miles, would be linked. This trial would mimic the transatlantic cable as closely as possible, not only in length, but also because subterranean lines closely resembled submarine cables in their electrical properties. These underground cables were
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at San Francisco to collect the latest orders from home on where to go and what to buy. Finally, Field’s guiding principle, that the transatlantic cable would increase international understanding, also presented advantages to trade. He could cite the Trent incident, not eighteen months since, when ‘England nearly went to war
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returned to investors early in March, and the ‘great national enterprise abandoned at the very moment when it is ripe for success’. This meant no transatlantic cable for years to come, unless a national emergency demanded it, in which case the whole cost could fall to the government. But Gladstone was again
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. From this moment began a sense of shared experience, a convergence of cultures, between the two English-speaking nations. So dependent was Reuter on the transatlantic cable – and so increasingly irritated by the Anglo-American’s high charges for telegrams – that in 1869 he was instrumental in launching the first direct line
by Andrew Blum · 28 May 2012 · 314pp · 83,631 words
from Mumbai another Tata cable passed through the Suez to Marseille. From there, the routes went overland to London, and finally connected to the original transatlantic cable that connected Bristol, England, to New Jersey. Cooper made it sound like no big deal, but he’d built a beam of light around the
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Singapore to Japan is more direct than its competitors’, which also gives it the fastest travel times all the way to India. But Tata’s transatlantic cable is frustratingly slow. Tyco originally connected it to a landing station in New Jersey, close to its corporate headquarters. But compared with the
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transatlantic cables that landed on Long Island, by the time a bit went down the coast and back up to the city, the route effectively made London
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. “Now I get beaten up in meetings because there’s one millisecond extra compared to our competitors,” Cooper said, rubbing his brow. The first new transatlantic cable in a decade will be laid in 2012 by a small company called Hibernia-Atlantic. They designed it from scratch to be the fastest. The
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public ones. But the cable landing stations were quietly hidden away, and they rarely received visitors. But Global Crossing, then the operator of a major transatlantic cable known as Atlantic Crossing-1, finally responded to my entreaties—perhaps officials were pleased I was paying attention to something other than the company’s
by Simon Winchester · 27 Oct 2009 · 522pp · 150,592 words
, where the landlines to New York and London were already waiting to be hooked up, it was still in apparently perfect order. Cyrus Field, the transatlantic cable impresario, with Puck’s famous boast from A Midsummer Night’s Dream, slightly misquoted, beside him, dominates this Harper’s Weekly cartoon celebrating the successful
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. The Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador. London: Hutchinson, 2005. Gordon, John Steele. A Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable. New York: Walker, 2002. Graham, Gerald S. Empire of the North Atlantic: The Maritime Struggle for North America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950. Gruber
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liners of, 186 pirate warfare and, 226–29 radioactive waste of, 356–57 Roman invasion of, 211–12 slave trade and, 221–22, 230–39 transatlantic cable and, 305–10 War of 1812 of, 246–47 whaling by, 286–87, 383 World War I and, 251–56 World War II and, 257
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Atlantic Ocean exploration, 123–24 Naval Observatory, 130 rivers as Atlantic Ocean sources, 147–48 slave trade and, 221, 230–39 steel ships and, 257 transatlantic cable and, 305–10 War of 1812 of, 246–47 United States Exploring Expedition, 126–29 Ur supercontinent, 38 Uruguay, 257–60 van de Velde, Willem
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of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner Battle of Jutland Graf Spee Hanseatic League warehouses, Bergen, Norway A Nantucket whaler The clipper ship Challenge The transatlantic cable, engraving from Harper’s Weekly Atlantic Ocean: Commerce and Communication The Andrea Doria and Stockholm The sinking of the Torrey Canyon Aviators Jack Alcock and
by Neal Stephenson · 6 Aug 2012 · 335pp · 107,779 words
thinks that wild-ass high-tech venture capitalism is a late-20th-century California phenomenon needs to read about the maniacs who built the first transatlantic cable projects (I recommend Arthur C. Clarke’s book How the World Was One). The only things that have changed since then are that the stakes
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Network), which is a web of cables interconnecting Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, and the Philippines; and the latest TAT (Transatlantic) cable. So FLAG is part of a trend that will soon bring about a vast increase in intercontinental bandwidth. What is unusual about FLAG is not
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HACKER-VERSUS-SUIT DRAMA. HISTORICAL EXPLOITS OF THE FAMOUS WILLIAM THOMSON AND THE INFAMOUS WILDMAN WHITEHOUSE. THEIR RIVALRY, CULMINATING IN THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC CABLE. WHITEHOUSE DISGRACED, THOMSON TRANSMOGRIFIED INTO LORD KELVIN . . . 22˚ 15.745' N, 114˚ 0.557' E Silvermine Bay, Lan Tao Island,?b Hong Kong “Today, Lan
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only thing that showed up at the other end was noise. These problems were known, but poorly understood, in the mid-1850s when the first transatlantic cable was being planned. They had proved troublesome but manageable in the early cables that bridged short gaps, such as between England and Ireland. No one
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50 or 100 IQ points. But that didn’t stop Whitehouse. In 1856, he published a paper stating that Thomson’s theories concerning the proposed transatlantic cable were balderdash. The two men got into a public argument, which became extremely important in 1858 when the Atlantic Telegraph Company laid such a cable
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things around, for example, by closing an electromagnetic relay that would sound a buzzer. Moving things around requires power, and the bits on a working transatlantic cable embodied very little power. It was difficult to make a physical object small enough to be susceptible to such ghostly traces of current. Thomson’s
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Whitehouse burned it to a crisp had been detected using Thomson’s mirror galvanometer—though Whitehouse denied it. After the literal burnout of the first transatlantic cable, Wildman Whitehouse and Professor Thomson were grilled by a committee of eminent Victorians who were seriously pissed off at Whitehouse and enthralled with Thomson, even
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unit of measurement, an even more important law of physics, and a refrigerator named after him. Eight years after Whitehouse fried the first, a second transatlantic cable was built to Lord Kelvin’s specifications with his patented mirror galvanometers at either end of it. He bought a 126-ton schooner yacht with
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Ascension Island, where it forked: one side headed to South America while the other went to Cape Town and then across the Indian Ocean. Subsequent transatlantic cables terminated at Porthcurno as well. Many of the features that made Cornwall attractive to cable operators also made it a suitable place to conduct transatlantic
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thing we saw upon entering was a fully functional Kelvin mirror galvanometer—the exquisitely sensitive detector that sent Wildman Whitehouse into ignominy, made the first transatlantic cable useful, and earned William Thomson his first major fortune. Most of its delicate innards are concealed within a metal case. The beam of light that
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of different ways. This was true from the beginning. The telegraphy equipment of 1857 didn’t work when it was hooked up to the first transatlantic cable. Kelvin had to invent the mirror galvanometer, and later the siphon recorder, to make use of it. Needless to say, there were many other Victorian
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blow open bandwidth and weaken the telecom monopolies. In many ways it hearkens back to the wild early days of the cable business. The first transatlantic cables, after all, were constructed by private investors who, like FLAG’s investors, just went out and built cable because it seemed like a good idea
by Ron Chernow · 1 Jan 1990 · 1,335pp · 336,772 words
Sir John Franklin’s expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. But its most farsighted bet was a £100,000 investment in Cyrus Field’s transatlantic cable, which would unite Wall Street and the City. The scheme looked inspired on August 16, 1858, when Queen Victoria made the first cable call, to
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, 682 Tracy, Charles, 23, 73 Traders, 584–86, 656, 662, 665, 674 stigma attached to, 584, 586, 662 Transactional banking, 595 Trans Alaska Pipeline, 622 Transatlantic cable, 12 Trans World Airlines, 561 Treasury Department, U.S., 227, 252, 313, 420–21, 471; see also Mellon, Andrew Treaty of Versailles, 207–208, 231
by Christopher Andrew · 27 Jun 2018
been palpably opened by the bureau noir . . .’74 Most US secretaries of state were at least as naïve as Gladstone. After the opening of the transatlantic cable connecting America and Europe in 1866, the US minister in Paris, John Bigelow, warned the Secretary of State, William Seward, of the need for improved
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‘the Dormouse’ (‘very quiet and apparently asleep’), rivalled his fellow Old Etonian Dilly Knox as the ablest codebreaker in Room 40.81 After the Germans’ transatlantic cable was cut by the British at the outbreak of war, the officially neutral but pro-German Swedes allowed them to use the Swedish cable to
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North America. Bernstorff successfully argued that President Wilson’s peace initiatives would make speedier progress if the German embassy in Washington could use the American transatlantic cable to communicate with Berlin. This cable too went via Britain, and Room 40 was ‘highly entertained’ to discover German ciphers among the American diplomatic traffic
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territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona’. Because of its importance the telegram was transmitted from Berlin by both the ‘Swedish roundabout’ and the American transatlantic cable. By an unprecedented diplomatic impertinence, the United States had been hoodwinked into providing one of the channels through which Germany hoped to persuade Mexico to
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. Hall quickly recognized the potential risks as well as the advantages of publicizing the decrypt. If Washington realized that Britain had been tapping the US transatlantic cable and intercepting American as well as German diplomatic traffic, the Zimmermann telegram might lead not to a triumph for Room 40 but to a spectacular
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now ‘a little uncertain as to its authenticity’. Lansing reminded Wilson that Berlin had been allowed to communicate with its Washington embassy via the US transatlantic cable and explained how the telegram had been sent first to Bernstorff, then forwarded by him to Mexico City. Wilson several times exclaimed ‘Good Lord!’ during
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), 487–94 cryptanalysis during, 497–502, 504, 509–19, 529–30, 532, 533–4, 535–42, 563–4, 571, 603, 671, 747† cutting of German transatlantic cables, 509, 518 Dardanelles campaign, 515, 532 French Plan XVII, 494–5 French troop mutinies (1917), 550–51 German diplomatic telegrams decrypted, 516–17, 519 German
by Robert B. Zoellick · 3 Aug 2020
Arizona.” (They seemed to have forgotten California, or perhaps had other plans for it!) Amazingly, the Germans had sent their coded message over the American transatlantic cable network, a courtesy granted by Washington. In an ironic twist, the British had tapped the U.S. cable and broken the German code. But London
by Jon Gertner · 15 Mar 2012 · 550pp · 154,725 words
the mainland, and was susceptible to a range of stresses that didn’t affect ordinary underground phone cables. Buckley’s dream was to run a transatlantic cable from North America to Great Britain, a project that the Depression and various technological challenges had placed on an indefinite hold. Not long after Buckley
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, the voice signals then entered a shallow-water cable running to Clarenville, Newfoundland. At Clarenville, the signals entered the deepwater portion of the newly-completed transatlantic cable. All along the bottom of the ocean, the message flashed through fifty-two repeaters over 2,250 miles, before emerging in Oban, Scotland. At Oban
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. Occasionally, fishing trawlers near the shore would cause breaks in phone service via the first transatlantic cable. But for twenty-two years after it was first activated, its technology never failed once. BY THE TIME the transatlantic cable came online, only two of the four men most closely associated with the transistor—Mervin Kelly
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force in transforming the world in ways “yet undreamed.”18 One striking proof of this assertion was imminent. The capacity of the two-year-old transatlantic cables would soon be increased thanks to a transistorized technology developed at the Labs known as TASI, or Time Assignment Speech Interpolation. How this worked seemed
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very fragile. “If you’re going to send sound a long way, you have to send it through fifty amplifiers,” he explains, just as the transatlantic cable did. “The only thing that would work is if all the amplifiers in the path were designed and controlled by one entity, being the AT
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same might be said about any branch of the sciences, or about many of the large projects in the planning stages at Bell Labs. The transatlantic cable, for instance, which had been on the drawing boards for several decades until a variety of developments made it technologically feasible as well as cost
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magnified by Kelly’s opposition to the kind of innovation that might later be described as “discontinuous.”14 Bell Labs had just completed the successful transatlantic cable; the future of communications to Europe and beyond appeared to reside in new and better cables. These would be incremental innovations. In such a vision
by David Kahn · 1 Feb 1963 · 1,799pp · 532,462 words
, covered with mud and seaweed. Grunts of men, chopping sounds—and soon they were returned, severed and useless, to the depths. These were Germany’s transatlantic cables, her chief communications lifelines to the world, and the vessel was the British cable ship Telconia. Though the Committee of Imperial Defence never dreamed of
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