transatlantic slave trade

The Insatiable Machine

by Trevor Jackson  · 15 Mar 2026  · 270pp  · 104,133 words

gold, rather than being involved in a specialized slave trade as would be the case in later centuries. Portugal had a near monopoly on the Atlantic slave trade for a century, and although there are no reliable records of how many Africans they sold to other Africans for gold, they forcibly delivered

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early 19th century, after the closure of the transatlantic slave trade, slave raiding and trading continued throughout West Africa, sometimes dedicated to the production of new export commodities.110 Each of these slave trades affected, and was affected by, the considerably larger and distinct Atlantic slave trade. Focusing for a moment on the Gold

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Coast (in modern Ghana) illustrates how the internal African slave trade was intensified by the Atlantic slave trade, and vice versa. Before the arrival of European guns, it was difficult for any African polity to win a total, conquering victory over any

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the evidence of shipboard resistance suggests, and ignoring for the moment the activities of European consumers of plantation produce, there was far more shaping the transatlantic slave trade than just negotiation between elites.”122 The slave ports of West Africa, circa 1700 Follow for extended description Along the African coast, the capture

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in the local unit of account. All prime males would be bought at that price, and all others at settled fractions of it.125 The Atlantic slave trade was predominantly young and male: 64.5 percent male, according to the Slave Trade Database.126 And it emerged as the solution to the

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, but meant that there were economically superfluous young men, who might furthermore pose a rebellious danger to elites. In the most appalling possible form, the Atlantic slave trade was another method for wringing profit out of unproductive agricultural labor. By the 1730s, the demand for enslaved people began to outstrip the enslavers

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in the United States required a bloody civil war that ended in 1865, part of which very much included former slaves emancipating themselves. When the Atlantic slave trade ended, the price of African slaves fell, and suppliers reoriented.189 Some redirected toward North Africa and the Middle East, while slavery expanded in

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Spanish Migration,” 252. 7.Eltis, Rise of African Slavery, 5. 8.Haselby, “Muslims of Early America.” 9.Manning, Slavery and African Life, 30. 10.Klein, “Atlantic Slave Trade,” 208. 11.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 159. 12.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 161, 163. 13.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 164. And also Curtin, Rise and Fall, 43. 14.Klein

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, “Atlantic Slave Trade,” 208. 15.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 166, 175. 16.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 174. 17.Schwartz, “Commonwealth,” 166. 18.McCusker and Menard, “Sugar Industry,” 295; Klooster, Dutch Moment,

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173. 19.Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 20–24. 20.Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 34–38. 21.Klein, “Atlantic Slave Trade,” 209. 22.McCusker and Menard, “Sugar Industry,” 297. 23.Curtin, Rise and Fall, 82–83; Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 65. 24.For the economic explanation

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Negotiations, 111. 28.Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 18. 29.Curtin, Rise and Fall, 82. 30.Morgan, Slavery, Atlantic Trade and the British Economy, 21. 31.Klein, “Atlantic Slave Trade,” 209; Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 48. 32.Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 79. 33.Morgan, Slavery and Servitude, 36, 57. 34.Morgan, Slavery and Servitude, 40. 35

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the British Economy, 12. 103.Menard, Sweet Negotiations, 51. 104.Morgan, Slavery and the British Empire, 35. 105.Morgan, Slavery and Servitude, 30. 106.Klein, “Atlantic Slave Trade,” 215. 107.Morgan, Slavery and Servitude, 66. 108.Radburn, Traders in Men, 28–31. 109.Radburn, Traders in Men, 40. 110.Manning, Slavery and

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and the British Empire, 68. 136.Morgan, Slavery, Atlantic Trade and the British Economy, 23. 137.These numbers, and figure 6, are from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database at slavevoyages.org. 138.Eltis et al., “Slave Prices,” 677–78. 139.Manning, Slavery and African Life, 23. 140.Manning, Slavery and African

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History. Routledge, 1997. Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Eltis, David. “The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment.” William and Mary Quarterly 58, no. 1 (2011): 17–46. Eltis, David, Frank Lewis, and David Richardson. “Slave Prices, the African Slave

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University Press, 2022. Kishimoto-Nakayama, Mio. “The Kangxi Depression and Early Qing Local Markets.” Modern China 10, no. 2 (1984): 227–56. Klein, Herbert. “The Atlantic Slave Trade to 1650.” In Schwartz, Tropical Babylons. Klooster, Wim. The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World. Cornell University Press

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Development Review 32, no. 2 (2006): 199–232. Lovejoy, Paul, and David Richardson. “The Initial ‘Crisis of Adaptation’: The Impact of British Abolition on the Atlantic Slave Trade in West Africa, 1808–1820.” In Law, From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce. Lutter, Randall. “Valuing Children’s Health: A Reassessment of the Benefits

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Central Bank: A Monetary History of the Bank of Amsterdam. Cambridge University Press, 2024. Radburn, Nicholas. Traders in Men: Merchants and the Transformation of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Yale University Press, 2023. Ransom, Roger, and Richard Sutch. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. Cambridge University Press, 1977. Read, Charles

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. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study. Harcourt, Brace, 1926. Taylor, Eric. If We Must Die: Shipboard Insurrections in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Louisiana State University Press, 2006. Temin, Peter, and Hans-Joachim Voth. Prometheus Shackled: Goldsmith Banks and England’s Financial Revolution After 1700. Oxford University

The Abandonment of the West

by Michael Kimmage  · 21 Apr 2020  · 378pp  · 121,495 words

exploration occupy the first of the three history galleries. They are what enabled the fifteenth-century European encounter with Africa, which in turn fostered the transatlantic slave trade and the horrors of the Middle Passage, all of the history that the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair deliberately ignored. Another exhibition room depicts

Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms & a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories

by Simon Winchester  · 27 Oct 2009  · 522pp  · 150,592 words

it was an extraordinarily long-lived maritime cargo-carrying phenomenon, the memory of which now scars and shames the world: the unseemly business of the transatlantic slave trade. The Trial of Black Bart’s Men, as it came to be known, took place in 1722, in the dauntingly magnificent-looking, pure white

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of this dignified old man from Benin, a ninety-four-year-old named Cudjoe Lewis, so was severed history’s final living link to the transatlantic slave trade, which had begun with the French in Florida and the English in Virginia in the beginning of the sixteenth century and had endured for

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: HMSO, 1945. Amos, William H., and Stephen H. Amos. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. National Audubon Society Nature Guides. New York: Knopf, 1985. Anstey, Roger. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810. London: Macmillan, 1975. Archibald, Malcolm. Across the Pond: Chapters from the Atlantic. Latheronwheel, Caithness, UK: Whittles Publishing, 2001. Armitage

The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans

by David Abulafia  · 2 Oct 2019  · 1,993pp  · 478,072 words

of war, peasant farmers, women and children. Elmina itself had only limited holding facilities; but the Cape Verde Islands were the perfect base for a transatlantic slave trade, a collection point that lay astride one of the obvious routes to the Caribbean. Thus there was no need to go to the slave

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Portuguese Enterprise in West Africa (2 vols., London, 1942); Halikowski Smith, ‘Mid-Atlantic Islands’, pp. 73–4. 22. T. Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 95–115; T. Hall, ed. and transl., Before Middle Passage: Translated Portuguese Manuscripts of

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Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade , pp. 99–100; cotton: Hall, ed. and transl., Before Middle Passage , pp. 36, 149, 180, 213. 25. A. Carreira, Cabo Verde: Formação e Extinção

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Difference: Creolization and the Jewish Presence in Cabo Verde 1497–1672 (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Birmingham, 2007), p. 74; Green, Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade , p. 98; Evans et al., ‘An Early Christian Church in the Tropics’, pp. 175–6; Catalans in the Atlantic: I. Armenteros Martínez, Cataluña en

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, 1992, distributed by University Microfilms International, 1992), p. 234; Hall, ed. and transl., Before Middle Passage , pp. 266, 275–6; Green, Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade , p. 101. 30. I. Cabral, A primeira elite colonial atlântica: dos ‘homens honrados brancos’ de Santiago à ‘Nobreza da Terra’, finais do séc. V

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–início do séc. XVII (Praia, 2015); Z. Cohen, Os filhos da folha (Cabo Verde – séculos XV–XVIII) (Praia, 2007); Green, Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade , pp. 103–7. 31. História geral do Cabo Verde (Lisbon and Praia de Santiago, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 264–7, 276–9; Hall, ed

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, pp. 67–71, doc. 16. 16. Hall, ed. and transl., Before Middle Passage , p. 36. 17. Ibid., p. 39; T. Green, Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 (Cambridge, 2012), p. 248. 18. Hall, ed. and transl., Before Middle Passage , p. 227. 19. Ibid., pp. 5, 36

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III of 1523 in Newitt, ed., Portuguese in West Africa , pp. 96–7, doc. 23. 47. H. Thomas, The Slave Trade: a History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 (London, 1997), p. 73. 48. Vogt, Portuguese Rule , p. 57. 49. Ibid., p. 209. 50. Escudier, ed., Voyage d’Eustache Delafosse , pp

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, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800 (Baltimore, 2009), pp. 75–98. 2. D. Eltis and D. Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, 2010). 3. R. Smith, The Spanish Guild Merchant: a History of the Consulado, 1250–1700 (Durham, NC, 1940), pp. 103–4. 4

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, The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge, 2011). 17. T. Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 (Cambridge, 2012). 18. J. Boyajian, Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640 (Baltimore, 1993). 19. Ibid., pp

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– C. Verde 1533–1933 (Praia, 1933; new edn as Cidade velha: Ribeira Grande de Santiago , Praia, 2013). 23. T. Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 (Cambridge, 2012); A. Carreira, Cabo Verde: Formação e Extinção de uma Sociedade escravocrata (1460–1878) (3rd edn, Praia de

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. da Silva Horta, The Forgotten Diaspora Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge, 2011); Green, Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade ; Carreira, Cabo Verde , pp. 55–78, 146. 27. Duncan, Atlantic Islands , p. 215. 28. Ibid., pp. 219–24. 29. Ibid., pp. 207, 210. 30

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. 47. R. Allen, European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850 (Athens, Oh., 2014), p. 59; D. Eltis and D. Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, 2010), pp. 4–5, map 1; pp. 18–19, map 11; pp. 154–5, maps 107–9. 48. Allen, European Slave Trading

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. Rogoziński, Brief History of the Caribbean , p. 69; Higman, Concise History of the Caribbean , pp. 98–109; P. Jones, Satan’s Kingdom: Bristol and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (Bristol, 2007), pp. 12–13. 19. C. G. Pestana, The English Conquest of Jamaica: Oliver Cromwell’s Bid for Empire (Cambridge, Mass., 2017); L

Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness

by Simone Browne  · 1 Oct 2015  · 326pp  · 84,180 words

consideration has yet to be given to the racial subject in general, and to the role of surveillance in the archive of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade in particular. It is through this archive and that of black life after the Middle Passage that I want to further complicate understandings of

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promoting the ABOLITION of slavery.”89 Capitalization of all letters in “abolition” served an express purpose here, from the call for an end to the transatlantic slave trade to one for the abolition of slavery itself. Further, in this version the making of premature death through the stowage arrangements was described in

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biometric information technology and question its role in the racial framing of blackness as property. What I am suggesting here is that branding in the transatlantic slave trade was a biometric technology, as it was a measure of slavery’s making, marking, and marketing of the black subject as commodity. The first

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, provides a discussion of the practice of branding and its role in the making of the racial subject as commodity at the ports of the transatlantic slave trade. I do this by looking to narratives, some written by abolitionists, others by slave merchants and owners. As well, I look at the uses

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will you know me? How will you know me? Mark me, too,” I said. —SETHE IN TONI MORRISON’S Beloved What can branding during the transatlantic slave trade tell us about the production of racial difference? In her influential 1987 essay “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar Book,” Hortense

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Spillers emphasizes that the trafficking of humans in the transatlantic slave trade marked a violent “theft of the body,” rendering the captive body “a territory of cultural and political maneuver.”7 Branding was a practice through

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’s remaking of MasterCard’s Priceless campaign. With B®anded comes Thomas’s interrogation of advertising and the commodification of blackness, urban violence, and the transatlantic slave trade. In its appropriation of the signs and language of the popular MasterCard campaign, Priceless #1 instead gives us an image of a community in

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brand worked not only to identify or verify but also as a mark of the mass marketing of the black subject as commodity during the transatlantic slave trade, I was able to draw connections between this early instantiation of biometric information technology and the ongoing biometric surveillance of the racial body. The

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in the Black Atlantic Imagination (PhD diss., Yale University, 2002); Rediker, The Slave Ship; Walvin, Black Ivory; Wood, Blind Memory. 65. “List of Voyages,” Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed August 2, 2011, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/database/search.faces. 66. Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of

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Evidence of Sundry Persons, 77. 35. Ibid., 77. 36. Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 79. 37. Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade; Hartman, Lose Your Mother. 38. Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 368. 39. Ibid., 52–53. 40. Williams, Dessa Rose, 229. 41. Morrison, Beloved, 73. 42. Ibid. 43. In

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in June 1823, Clarkson, The Argument That the Colonial Slaves Are Better Off, writes that branding was not occasioned solely at the factories of the transatlantic slave trade, but took place in the colonies as a form of punishment and an identification practice by planters “that they may know them again” should

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Ship’s lower Deck with Negroes stowed in the Proportion of only One to a Ton. Plymouth, England, 1789. Postma, Johannes. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pugliese, Joseph. “In Silico Race and the Heteronomy of Biometric Proxies: Biometrics in the Context of Civilian

Dark Laboratory: On Columbus, the Caribbean, and the Origins of the Climate Crisis

by Tao Leigh. Goffe  · 14 Mar 2025  · 441pp  · 122,013 words

of hidden laboratories for Afro-Indigenous sovereignty. In many ways the warfare between West Africa and Europe is ongoing today—despite the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in 1807—because these Maroon and Amerindian communities still exist off the grid.[2] Maroon warriors include peoples fragmented across the hemispheres, from Virginia

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that many of these scientific principles and disciplines of science emerged in the Victorian era. This was also the era of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, with emancipation following across the Western Hemisphere. Race science and eugenics have never been far from these advances in scientific knowledge and engineering. In

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Biblical allusion to Exodus (“unto the third and fourth generation”). He is part of the infinite number of generations living in the wake of the transatlantic slave trade. As an institution, racial indenture is a part of that wake of unfreedom. Jackson describes the kidnap as though he were there: he lives

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, xvi, xxx, 22, 62–63, 89, 95–98, 106, 108–9, 151, 159, 169, 190, 232, 244–47, 261, 269–71. See also Middle Passage; transatlantic slave trade; and specific regions enslaved, xvi, xxvii, 8–9, 12, 26, 59–63, 71, 76–79, 83, 89, 90, 100, 117, 119, 122–23, 142

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Town Maroons, 252 chattel slavery, xv–xvi, xxi, 64, 89, 96, 101, 106, 114, 151–53, 158, 168, 171, 207, 271. See also Africans, enslaved; transatlantic slave trade Chauvin, Derek, 83, 162 Chelsea Physic Garden, 76, 241 Chesapeake Bay, 100 Cheyenne, xxxv Chicago Bird Alliance, 187 Chile, 238 China, xxxiii, 3, 10

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the Scleractinian Families” (Owens), 116 Middle East, xxiv, xxx, 255 Middle Passage, 4, 60, 95–97, 102, 106, 109, 117, 142, 152, 276. See also transatlantic slave trade Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 58 Mignolo, Walter, 104 Miller, George, 195 Milwaukee, 156, 282 mining, xix, xx, 8, 11, 19, 27, 29

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, 257 Tongs, 157 Torabully, Khal, 121 Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), 11 Tosh, Peter, xxviii, 98 “Towards the Sociogenic Principle” (Wynter), 29 Trafalgar Falls (Dominica), 52 transatlantic slave trade, xv, xxxvii, 8, 60, 62, 78, 95–96, 100, 102, 106, 109, 117, 123, 127, 141–42, 151, 173. See also Middle Passage Trinidad

Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future

by Ian Goldin, Geoffrey Cameron and Meera Balarajan  · 20 Dec 2010  · 482pp  · 117,962 words

2010022368 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Figure 2.1 taken with permission from David Eltis and David Richardson, An Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Endpapers of Ian Goldin's maternal and paternal ancestors © 2010 National Geographic Society, https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic

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, the past two centuries have been characterized by “almost continuous raising of the threshold of acceptable labor conditions.”39 The Rise and Fall of the Transatlantic Slave Trade In the early fifteenth century, chattel slavery became a key component of an increasingly global economy. Slaves were another “commodity” bought and sold by

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Ocean, and to China and the Pacific Rim (see table 2.1 and figure 2.1). Whereas men accounted for over 60 percent of the transatlantic slave trade, the trade within Africa itself and from northeast Africa to the Middle East and Arabia was predominantly female—African women were sold as domestics

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and moved or were freed, occasionally finding passage to Africa, but more often establishing independent settlements in Brazil and elsewhere. The dramatic escalation of the transatlantic slave trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was related to other movements connected to Europe's ascendance. Economic growth in Europe drove colonizer migrations; these

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steady and increasing supply of slaves. Figure 2.1. African slave trade routes, 1500-1900. David Eltis and David Richardson. 2009. An Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Once slave shipments started in the early seventeenth century, the high profitability of tobacco, cotton, and sugar plantations

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2.2. Estimates of slave exports to America from Africa, I 662-1867. Herbert S. Klein. 1999. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 208, appendix table A. I. The transatlantic slave trade was one element of a trade network that European powers used to ensure a balance of payments—that

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the comparative advantage of slave labour over free labour in the production of certain tropical crops.”46 The economic impacts of the transatlantic slave trade were devastating for Africa. The transatlantic slave trade moved more than 10 million African slaves to the Americas, making it the largest in history; the Roman Empire comes a

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Northrup. 2003. “Free and Unfree Labour Migration, 1600–1900: An Introduction,” Journal of World History 14(2): 125–130. 40. Herbert S. Klein. 1999. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 41. Ibid.: 140, table 6.2. 42. Manning, 2005: 135. 43. See Harzig, Hoerder, and Gabaccia, 2009: 35. 44

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Essay: The Economics of the African Slave Trade,” Journal of American History 70(4): 854–861. 45. Hogondorn, 1984. 46. Barbara L. Solow. 2001. “The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A New Census,” The William and Mary Quarterly 58(1): 9–16. 47. Scheidel, 1997, cited in Nathan Nunn. 2008. “The Long-Term Effects

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and Asian Migrations to Brazil,” in Robin Cohen (ed.), The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208-214. ———. 1999. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Klein, Sidney, ed. 1987. The Economics of Mass Migration in the Twentieth Century. New York: Paragon Books. Kloss, Katharina

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,” in William H. McNeill and Ruth Adams (eds.), Human Migration: Patterns and Policies. London: Indiana University Press, pp. 146-166. Solow, Barbara L. 2001. “The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A New Census,” The William and Mary Quarterly 58(1): 9-16. Soroka, Stuart, Keith Banting, and Richard Johnston. 2006. “Immigration and Redistribution in

To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750-2010

by T M Devine  · 25 Aug 2011

. Duffill, ‘The Africa Trade from the Ports of Scotland 1706–66’, Slavery and Abolition, 24 (December, 2004), pp. 102–22; D. Eltis et al., The Transatlantic Slave Trade. A database on CD-ROM (Cambridge, 1999). This low rate of participation was not caused by any ethnic or moral opposition to the trade

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(Edinburgh, 1988). Anon., ‘Demographic Trends in Scotland: A Shrinking and Ageing Population’. ESRC Seminar Series, Mapping the Public Policy Landscape (2004). Anstey, Roger I., The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810 (London, 1965). Anthony, Richard F., Herds and Hinds: Farm Labour in Lowland Scotland, 1900–1939 (Edinburgh, 1997). Armitage, David

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Historical Journal, 47 (2002). Inikori, Joseph E., Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England (Cambridge, 2002). Inikori, Joseph E. and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., The Atlantic Slave Trade (Durham, N. C., 1992). Irving, Washington, Astoria or Anecdotes of an Enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains (Norman, Okla., 1964 edn). Jackson, Gordon and Charles

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, 2006). Richardson, David, ed., Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade to America, Vol. 3 (Bristol, 1991). Richardson, David, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807’, in P. J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998). Richter, Daniel K

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British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A comment on the Williams Thesis’, Business History Review, 46 (1972), pp. 430–43; Roger I. Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810 (London, 1965), pp. 38–57; R. P. Thomas and N. Bean, ‘The Fishers of Men: The Profits of the

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and D. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1981), p. 131. 4. David Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807’, in P. J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998), p. 461. 5

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and British Growth. The Eric Williams Hypothesis’, Journal of Development Economics, 17 (1985), pp. 99–115; Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., The Atlantic Slave Trade (Durham, N. C., 1992); R. Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery (London, 1997); Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., British Capitalism

Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible

by William N. Goetzmann  · 11 Apr 2016  · 695pp  · 194,693 words

of the company, Robert Harley—envisioned it as a means to extend Britain’s commercial presence in the Atlantic. The asiento not only gave the transatlantic slave trade to the company, it provided cover to set up factories in South America that could become colonies. The award of the asiento must have

Civilization: The West and the Rest

by Niall Ferguson  · 28 Feb 2011  · 790pp  · 150,875 words

Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago, 1968) Elliott, J. H., Empires of the Atlantic World (New Haven, 2006) Eltis, David, ‘The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment’, William and Mary Quarterly, 58, 1 (January 2001), 17–46 Emmer, P. C. (ed.), Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour before and after

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Latin American History (New York/London, 1999), 175–92 ———, Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (Champaign, IL, 1995) Thomas, Hugh, The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 (London, 1997) Thornton John and Linda Heywood, Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585 (Cambridge, 2007) Tomlins, C

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