transclusion Concepts

Pro AngularJS

by Adam Freeman · 25 Mar 2014 · 671pp · 228,348 words

hide elements. Use the ng-show and ng-hide directives. 1, 2 Remove elements from the DOM. Use the ng-if directive. 3 Avoid the transclusion problem when generating elements that can’t have an intermediate parent element. Use the ng-repeat directive with a filter. 4, 5 Assign elements to

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>{{item.complete}}</td> </tr> ... 269 Chapter 11 ■ Using Element and Event Directives Both the ng-repeat and ng-if directives rely on a technique called transclusion, which I describe in Chapter 17 but which essentially means that both directives want to modify the child elements and AngularJS doesn’t know how

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to an element, you will see an error similar to this one in the JavaScript console: Error: [$compile:multidir] Multiple directives [ngRepeat, ngIf] asking for transclusion on:  This is a rare example where you can’t wire up multiple AngularJS features to solve a problem. But that

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I describe fully in Chapter 14 but which you can see demonstrated in Listing 11-5. Listing 11-5. Using a Filter to Resolve the Transclusion Problem in the directives.html File ... <table class="table table-striped"> <thead> <tr><th>#</th><th>Action</th><th>Done</th></tr> </thead> <tr ng

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complex and fluid directives. Table 17-1 summarizes this chapter. Table 17-1. Chapter Summary Problem Solution Listing Wrap elements. Create a directive that uses transclusion. 1 Repeat transcluded content. Use a compile function. 2 Communicate between directives. Use directive controllers. 3–5 Create custom form elements. Use the ngModel controller

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Chapter 16. I’ll add new HTML files to demonstrate features in each section of this chapter. 447 Chapter 17 ■ Advanced Directive Features Using Transclusion The term transclusion means to insert one part of a document into another by reference. In the context of directives, it is useful when you are creating

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example application shown in Listing 17-1. Listing 17-1. The Contents of the transclude.html File <!DOCTYPE html> <html ng-app="exampleApp"> <head> <title>Transclusion</title> <script src="angular.js"></script> <link href="bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="bootstrap-theme.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="text/ng-template" id

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panel and used the restrict definition property to specify that it can be applied only as an element (this isn’t a requirement for using transclusion but rather a convention I use when I write directives that wrap other content). I want to take content like this: ... <panel> The data value

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class="panel-heading"> <h4>This is the panel</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> The data value comes from the: controller </div> </div> ... The term transclusion is used because the content that is inside the panel element will be inserted into the template. Two specific steps are required to apply

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transclusion. The first is to set the transclude definition property to true when creating the directive, like this: ... transclude: true ... The second step is to apply

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the panel element will be inserted into the highlighted div element, and you can see the result in Figure 17-1. Figure 17-1. Using transclusion to wrap arbitrary content You will notice that I included an inline data binding in the content that I transclude: ... The data value comes from

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the: {{dataSource}} ... I did this to show an important aspect of the transclusion feature, which is that expressions in the transcluded content are evaluated in the controller’s scope, not the scope of the directive. I defined values

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going to be transcluded doesn’t need to try to work out which scope its data is defined in; you just write expressions as though transclusion were not an issue and let AngularJS work it out. However, if you do want to take the directive scope into account when evaluating transcluded

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expression is the one defined in the link function. 450 Chapter 17 ■ Advanced Directive Features Figure 17-2. The effect of sharing a scope during transclusion Using Compile Functions In Chapter 16, I explained that directives that are especially complex or deal with a lot of data can benefit by using

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I’ll explain how compile functions work. Aside from performance, there is one advantage to using compile functions, and that is the ability to use transclusion to repeatedly generate contents, much as ng-repeat does. You can see an example in Listing 17-2, which shows the content of the compileFunction

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> </tr> </tbody> </table> <button class="btn btn-default text" ng-click="changeData()">Change</button> </body> </html> This example contains a directive called simpleRepeater that uses transclusion to repeat a set of elements for each object in an array, like a simple version of ng-repeat. The real ng-repeat directive goes

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for each product object, so I have set the transclude definition property to element, which means that the element itself will be included in the transclusion, as opposed to its contents. I could have applied my directive to the tbody element and set the transclude property to true, but I wanted

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; the reason that I used a compile function is solely so I can get a link function that has a scope and can call the transclusion function. As you’ll see, that’s the key combination to creating a directive that can repeat content. Understanding the Compile Function Here is the

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the data objects. You can see the result of my directive and of clicking the Change button in Figure 17-3. Figure 17-3. Using transclusion and a compile function to duplicate content Using Controllers in Directives Directives can create controllers, which can then be used by other directives. This allows

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}}</td></tr> </table> </div> </div> </body> </html> This example is based around two directives. The productTable directive is applied to a table element and uses transclusion to wrap a series of tr elements, one of which contains an inline binding for a value called totalValue. The other directive, productItem, is applied

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In this section, I finished describing custom AngularJS directives by showing you the most advanced features. I showed you how to wrap content using transclusion, how to use transclusion and a compile function to generate repeating content, how to create directives that communicate with one another using controllers, and—my favorite feature

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, 463 initial state, 462 internal changes handling, 464 ng-model controller, 464, 469 ng-model directive, 463 parser functions, 469–470 setSelected, 462 project, 447 transclusion compile function, 453–454 compileFunction.html file, 451 contents, 448 DOM modification, 453 inline data binding, 450 ng-transclude directive, 449 scope sharing effect, 451

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ng-hide directives, 267 odd and even classes, 274 striped tables filters, 270 inconsistent striping, 269 ng-hide, Table Rows, 269 ng-if directive, 269 transclusion, 270 Event directives in AngularJS, 278 Boolean attributes dataValue, 282 definition, 280 directives, 281, 283 in directives.html File, 281–282 ng-disabled directive, 282

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Each Directive Instance Its Own Scope�� 432 Creating Isolated Scopes�� 435 Summary��445 ■■Chapter 17: Advanced Directive Features��447 Preparing the Example Project��447 Using Transclusion��448 Using Compile Functions�� 451 Using Controllers in Directives��454 Adding Another Directive�� 458 Creating Custom Form Elements��460 Handling External Changes�� 463 Handling Internal

Memory Machines: The Evolution of Hypertext

by Belinda Barnet · 14 Jul 2013 · 193pp · 19,478 words

audience, here. Please, I want to say: isn’t it enough you’ve given us bidirectional linking and hypermedia, and at least plausible visions of transclusion, an open-source, universal archive, and a life without files? Whatever the Web has become (‘diving boards into the darkness’ still fits), wasn’t the

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– would ‘drive my work to the edge of madness’ (Nelson 2010c, 104). It would later become the kernel of Nelson’s most innovative idea: transclusion.10 Transclusion, and also the ability to visually compare prior or alternative versions of the same document on screen (‘intercomparison’) were integral to the design of Xanadu

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on paper and publish it for the first time. This revised design combined two key ideas: side-by-side intercomparison and the reuse of elements (transclusion). He thought about the architecture of the system and decided to have sequences of information that could be linked sideways. As with his first design

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eventuate in a ‘deliverable’ 30 years later ZigZag. The zippered list essentially became ZigZag, and the transclusion relationship which comes up as an equals sign [in the diagram in that paper] is essentially the xanological transclusion. (Nelson 2010c) THE MAGICAL PLACE OF LITERARY MEMORY: XANADU 73 Vassar College Lecture Invitation, 1965. This

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vision by 1965 (Nelson maintains these were present for him by 1960, and merely published in 1965) were historical backtracking, links and transclusion. He did not use the term ‘transclusion’ in print, however, until he published Literary Machines in 1980 (I refer to a 1993 reprint here, which is not exactly the

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writing. Nelson wanted true hypertext, which cannot be printed. As he sees it, This very, very clearly led to today’s web […] They left out transclusion, left out multiple windows […] This trivialization became people’s notion of hypertext. (Nelson 1999a) We explore this issue further in the next chapter. For now

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author who owns it and is the only one who may change it – though this authorial token may be passed – and anyone may make a transclusive copy or enhance it with links. Materials should be reusable by anyone, with credit and payment going to the original author. In other words, the

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backtrack and intercomparison imply the ability to transcend change, to recall and control the different stages in the evolution of a document. In addition to transclusion (though he did not use that word back then), these concepts have been integral to Nelson’s projects for over forty years. But how does

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where they are, but by what they are ‘over a vast address space’ navigable by links. These concepts ground Nelson’s more recent idea of transclusion, which is at the heart of Xanadu’s most innovative commercial feature: transcopyright, a ‘system for registered and owned content’. I will then discuss the

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same document, but most important, they are reusable by reference outside of the document. Interestingly, Nelson points out that Vannevar Bush’s Memex actually used transclusions: ‘He created a new trail on which you put things that were on old trails’ (Nelson 2011). This approach is more economical than making multiple

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and place links inside that content. As a result, the text is festooned with markup, like a tattoo of anchor tags, which obviously interferes with transclusive reuse. It also means that bivisible and bifollowable links outside your own document are impossible; linking to someone else’s URL dumps you at the

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impossible. With respect to the technical infeasibility of Xanadu at least, Wolf was wrong. Nelson claims this is because he ‘seriously garbled the idea of transclusion’ (Nelson 1995b). I contend it is because Wolf thought the Xanadu system required vast quantities of data to be moved in and out of computer

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, the article was written in 1995 – and it was not entirely clear in 1995 that the web would scale. As Mark Bernstein points out (2012), transclusion can also be computationally expensive, arguably outstripping the capabilities of machines from 1995 (though not, I would argue, from 2012). Regardless, history has proven Nelson

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this idea of pointing at bits of a document rather than storing multiple copies of it in memory is the concept of transclusion. An author who wishes to quote uses transclusion to ‘virtually include’ the passage in the author’s own document. As Nelson is fond of saying, all this means is

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allow reuse?’ As with all copyright, 88 Memory Machines permission is needed to republish. Copyright holders choosing to publish on a system with Xanadu-like transclusion automatically grant permission for others to transclude their material, provided it is purchased by the recipient. Necessarily, a mechanism must be put in place to

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is Nelson’s economic infrastructure. The Web has actually evolved to incorporate numerous micropayment systems, but they neither work according to Nelson’s system of transclusion, nor acknowledge Xanadu in any way. W3C even has a markup system for web micropayment on a pay-per-view basis (see W3C 1999). The

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dual structure of links and transclusion has not been incorporated into the Web either. As Nelson puts it: The web is a universal, world-wide, anarchic publishing system. It completely vindicated

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to make ‘multiple’ fictions – fictions that literally change based on where you have been.2 I am not suggesting that we implement guard fields or transclusion on the Web, or that two-way links will solve your research problems. I am not suggesting we turn everything into a wiki. I want

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computer – ‘if I become very rich it could still happen’ (2012). 10 ‘Actually’, Nelson wrote in 2012 in response to this chapter, ‘it WAS the transclusion idea, right then in 1960.’ 11 I believe this appeared a few weeks before the ACM conference, but it had much less impact – smaller conference

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, 80, 83, 99–101; Whorf as influence on 143n1 (chap. 3); writing of 48, 144n6 (chap. 4), 144n8; zippered lists of 72, 108; see also ‘transclusion’, Nelson’s concept of; Xanadu network culture era xxii networked literature 130, 135 network relationships among concepts 38, 41–2; see also acquired knowledge neuronal

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Tools for Thought (Rheingold) 121 ‘tool system’ in capability infrastructure 38–41 torque amplifier 15 ‘trailblazing’ 28 ‘trails’, concept of 28, 35 transcending death 34 ‘transclusion’, Nelson’s concept of: Berstein’s criticism of 87; concept of storage differing in 87; functionality of 84–5; trails and 28; using in designs

Intertwingled: The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson (History of Computing)

by Douglas R. Dechow · 2 Jul 2015 · 223pp · 52,808 words

12 Ted Nelson Frode Hegland 13 History Debugged Daniel Rosenberg 14 We Can and Must Understand Computers NOW Noah Wardrip-Fruin 15 The Future of Transclusion Robert M. Akscyn 16 Ted Nelson: A Critical (and Critically Incomplete) Bibliography Henry Lowood Part IV The Last Word 17 What Box? Theodor Holm Nelson

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iterations, which are best explained in Literary Machines. They varied in their details, but all contained intercomparison or the re-use of elements (later dubbed transclusion) in some form. I’ll talk about how these ideas evolved briefly here. The vision started in 1960, and Nelson tends to get cranky at

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sequence. This led to another idea, which Nelson drafted as an academic paper while teaching sociology at Vassar College in 1965. That would become the transclusive relationship—and eventually ZigZag. It also got him published for the first time, which is why historians like to use that date. In his 1965

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of another – known as “intertextuality” in semiotics and literary studies. Relationships also can be explicit, when one document cites another, includes portions of other documents (“transclusions”), or makes any other direct link. These explicit relationships are the basis for hypertext and hypermedia, terms coined by Ted in the 1960s. The body

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-vandesompel Footnotes 1See in this volume Wendy Hall, Chap. 11: Making Links: Everything Really is Deeply Intertwingled and Rob Akcsyn, Chap. 15: The Future of Transclusion. © The Author(s) 2015 Douglas R. Dechow and Daniele C. Struppa (eds.)IntertwingledHistory of Computing10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_11 11. Making Links

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book became my hypertext bible. I taught from it. I learned about hypertext and Ted’s definition of the link and everything about Xanadu, tumblers, transclusions, micropayments and much, much more. They were all such exciting ideas, so much ahead of their time. Ideas that the world still hasn’t fully

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is being pointed at does not know what is pointing at it. There is no linking, there is no connection, and there is certainly no transclusion! So let’s praise the web for being a connector 1.0. And now we need to accept that, as much as information itself is

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Author(s) 2015 Douglas R. Dechow and Daniele C. Struppa (eds.)IntertwingledHistory of Computing10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_15 15. The Future of Transclusion Robert M. Akscyn1 (1)Knowledge Systems, Las Vegas, NV 89135, USA Robert M. Akscyn Email: rakscyn@gmail.com 15.1 Introduction

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Transclusion, a term coined by Ted Nelson [5, 6, 9], is a powerful concept, that like hypertext, offers users considerable benefits. In Ted’s words:In

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from various sources (local and remote). The content portions thus brought in may remain visibly connected to their origins. This is an important case of transclusion, which we define as the same content knowably in more than one place (For instance, being able to see a quotation or excerpt and its

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original context in another document.) [8] Yet, like the term hypertext, the basic concept of transclusion is today so commonly encountered (implicitly, mainly via the web) that it has become as inconspicuous as electricity, or the inner workings of internal combustion

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engines. As advantageous as inconspicuousness can be (after all, who maintains their own car these days?), this “out-of-sight, out-of-mind” quality of transclusion has an unfortunate flip-side: not thinking much about it leads to not fully appreciating its future potential as much as we might, if only

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we thought about it more. The purpose of this note is to make a rapid fly-by of the concept of transclusion, in order to expound opportunities for further capitalizing on its potential. 15.2 Background My experience with the concept of

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transclusion comes mainly from the development of a series of hypertext systems over the past 36 years, beginning with a project in the Computer Science Department

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ZOG (CMU 1978–1985) [10], KMS (Knowledge Systems 1981–2006) [1], and Expeditee (University of Waikato 2006–2014) [2]. All three of these systems have transclusion at their core. This is done primarily by chunking the components of an artifact, such as a document or program, into screen-sized portions (called

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other knowledge development purposes is highly-unconventional relative to existing development environments and practices. Ironically, much of what is actually done in such a hypertext-transclusion world—to expedite the production of knowledge artifacts—can’t be done at all in most systems of today. 15.4 The Value of

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as examples, benefits, costs, trade offs, and opportunities for expanding the functionality of the concept beyond mere inclusion of original material. Existing examples of transclusion include:Images, scripts, and style sheets for web pages (invariably these are not in the base page of the webpage) Include files (and/or classes)

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programs Components stored in and dynamically accessible from a database (many web pages are database-based) 15.4.1 Benefits and Costs of Transclusion The principal benefits of transclusion are reuse of existing material (versus re-inventing the wheel), and currency (access to the latest, greatest version of material). The principal costs

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of transclusion include finding desired/appropriate transcludeable material (an instance of “the research problem”), as well as effecting the transclusion, which might involve subsetting existing material, or transforming the transcluded material. To the extent that such subsetting

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and transforming involves sophisticated knowledge (because the interface mechanisms are complex) the less attractive using transclusion will be. Benefits of transclusion can also be viewed through a cost-reduction lens, in the sense that transcluding existing material obviates having to create a facsimile from

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of software, the costs of re-developing components that are already stress-tested by time can be extreme (assuming we wish the same quality). Thus transclusion offers the benefits of creating artifacts that otherwise wouldn’t be done. Naturally there is a trade-off between benefits and costs constantly in play

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that produces Fig. 15.1 Fig. 15.2Visually complex mathematical equation generated from transcluded LaTeX markup 15.4.2 How Can Opportunities for Transclusion Be Expanded? Opportunities for transclusion can be expanded via several dimensions:Expanding the sources of accessible material that is permissibly transcludable (i.e., does not violate copyright as

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) Expanding the set of transformations that can be performed on the transcluded material Decreasing the size of the smallest grain size of transcludeable material Making transclusions recursive 15.4.3 Expanding the Source of Accessible Material Naturally having more to choose from is better than having less. But such a capability

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, is too high. As the saying goes, “In theory, theory is sufficient; in practice it isn’t.” Thus, the efficiency of every step of the transclusion ecosystem is critical to the degree transcludable material will be used. Factors such as how well collections of material are organized will likely dramatically affect

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expanding the set of transformations that can be performed on the transcluded material beyond exact copying—is a way of expanding the design space for transclusion. This in turn admits for higher ‘value’ peaks that greatly increase the ROI of effort invested. But in addition to accessibility is the issue of

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expanding the set of transformations that can be performed on the transcluded material beyond exact copying—is a way of expanding the design space for transclusion. This in turn allows for higher ‘value peaks’ that greatly increase the ROI of effort invested. 15.4.4 What Are the Types of Transformation

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of Transclusions? Some easily-envisioned transformations of material include:Subsetting (e.g., clipping out just a portion of a source image) results in more flexibility to get

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displaying it using any base color) Rotation (e.g., any of the 360°) Associating a script to be activated when users interact with the displayed transclusion One could, for example, create an artistic rendering of a Christmas tree, one with the decorative balls all being the same size and color. But

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of animation of a GIF image Overlaying multiple animations on top of one another In short, the ability to specify transformations as part of the transclusion reference, turns the source material into an abstraction—one whose generality spans all the combinations of the transformation dimensions. Thus, for example, size (say 50

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that linked item down in the relevant frame of the set I’m using to author this chapter. Two such transclusions were made—both to the one-and-only frame—one transclusion for showing the verbatim LaTeX source (Fig. 15.1) and the other to be interpreted by LaTeX to show the

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the fact that such upsteam-of-WYSIWIG files are generally not publically-accessible to begin with, the hassle of figuring out how to effect the transclusion would likely deter all but the most persevering of re-users. Indeed, many applications can’t even transclude their own handiwork, even from artifacts created

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is a powerful mechanism for reuse (i.e., by avoiding embedded markup, as Ted has argued for decades [7]). 15.4.6 Making Transclusions Recursive Finally, making the transclusions themselves be constellations of transcludable material further adds to the panoply of material that users can selectively reuse. 15.5 Conclusions In summary

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, here are some take-home messages about transclusion:Since the fastest way to do something is to not have to do it at all, the ability to reuse an existing, well-crafted, extensively

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-tested existing artifact (or portion thereof) is one way to avoid having to spend time and money developing that component. Transclusion offers a powerful mechanism for reusing material and thus expanding the volume of material that can be created over time. Such volume is critical to

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design space makes the original material inherently more reusable. Potential reuse of transcludable material is further fostered by the ability of transcluded material to contain transclusions of their own. In other words, by having the concept be fully recursive. This enables repositories of transcludable material to themselves be multi-level–enabling

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in practice as it sounds in theory. A recommendation: the more developers might collaborate to create common models of transclusion, as opposed to the endless one-upmanship now practiced—the more transclusion can come out of the closet, and be seen as a core capability that helps all knowledge workers lift their

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M (2003) Collage, composites, construction. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth ACM conference on hypertext and hypermedia. ACM, p 122 4. Krottmaier H, Maurer H (2001) Transclusions in the 21st century. J Univ Comput Sci 7(12):1125–1136 5. Nelson TH (1965) A file structure for the complex, the changing and

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the indeterminate. In: Proceedings of the ACM 20th national conference, pp 84–100 6. Nelson TH (1995) The heart of connection: hypermedia unified transclusion. Commun ACM 38(8):31–33CrossRef 7. Nelson TH (1997) Embedded markup considered harmful. In XML: principles, tools and techniques. World Wide Web J 2

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ONE BBSCON in August 1994 concerning his ideas for handling rights management in electronic publishing Nelson TH (1995) The heart of connection: hypermedia unified by transclusion. Commun ACM 38(8):31–33. doi:10.1145/208344.208353 Nelson TH (1996) Issues in applicative hyperization of unwitting systems. In: ACM proceedings of

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. Nelson TH (2007) Toward a deep electronic literature: the generalization of documents and media. April 4. http://xanadu.com/XanaduSpace/xuGzn.htm Nelson TH (2007) Transclusion: fixing electronic literature. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9kAW8qeays. Streamed video of Google Tech Talk, 29 January Nelson TH (2008) A very general lecture

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so that the same note could combine with others in different ways, the different combinations visible side by side. This meant indirect addressing, now called transclusion, which I believe was one of my earliest ideas. And I immediately imagined the document structure of the future, including the jump-links of today

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in 1999 (Fig. 17.8). It shows (and scrolls) two versions of Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Fed by the Xanadu Green server, it shows transclusions but no xanalinks. Fig. 17.8The Ping Demo: Interactive xanalogical implementation by Ka-Ping Yee The most recent instantiation of xanalogical structure is OpenXanadu, implemented

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by Nicholas Levin in April 2014 (Fig. 17.9). It runs in a browser, and it also shows only transclusions but no xanalinks. The document illustrated is “Origins,” by Moe Juste. Note that the entire King James Bible is in the left-hand column. Fig

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demonstration shows connected, parallel pages in a 3D space (Fig. 17.10). The document illustrated is again, “Origins,” by Moe Juste. This version shows both transclusions and xanalinks. Fig. 17.10Parallel connected pages in the XanaduSpace demo, implemented by Robert Adamson Smith, 2014 Another version of transpointing windows is CosmicBook from

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intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom. Theodor H. Nelson, Swarthmore 4. Nelson TH (1995) The heart of connection: hypermedia unified transclusion. Commun ACM 38(8):31–33CrossRef 5. Nelson TH (1985) Literary machines, (85.1 technical edn). Mindful Press, Swarthmore 6. Nelson TH (1987) Computer Lib

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Object Model inside the browser, Cascading Style Sheets, tarballs and Zipfiles, LDAP, and much more. 2In brief: Indirection, assembling a document from designated portions; visible transclusion, meaning the origin context of each portion available next to the new context; links as first-class, addressable objects; links attached to contents by their

Possiplex

by Ted Nelson · 2 Jan 2010

decent electronic document—a Xanadu document of parallel pages with visible connections-- HOW THIS DOCUMENT OUGHT TO LOOK WHEN IT OPENS (links not shown, only transclusions). A proper parallel hypertext in a possible opening view. The reader is able to read the full build (right), corresponding to this assembled book, or

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separate narratives and threads. Visible beams of transclusion show identical content among separate pages (stories, threads, and full build). Where are the visible beams of connection in Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat, the World

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have still not got decent documents working and deployed. (Part of the problem is that people don’t understand why they need parallelism, let alone transclusion and multiway links.) Trapped here on paper, I am simulating this parallelism clumsily. indentations and headings to thread the different stories, for example— I’m

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it. * Or in Doug Engelbart’s terminology, a statement. Of course, you would also want to see (from each entry) its different contexts—its different transclusions-- and compare them side by side. This perfectly reasonable premise—being able to see all the contexts of re-use-- was to drive my work

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have created the World Wide Web, in rather the same way that the assassination of Julius Caesar brought about Augustus. This concept is now called transclusion., referring to-- re-use by pointer - the same thing in many contexts, with access to the original - content re-use with path back to the

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the original. It has many uses. No conventional document systems (like Microsoft Word or the Web) will support transclusion.* * di Iorio and Lumley have done an excellent technical analysis of alternative methods of transclusion for the World Wide Web, and why they don’t work. See Angelo Di Iorio and John Lumley

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, "From XML Inclusions to XML Transclusions," Proceedings of conference, ACM. the Hypertext 2009 • Editing by Pointer If you could have a list of pointers to file cards, you could cut it

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the idea of fine-grain editing by pointer. • this meant full text documents could be compared side by side, to see what contents they shared (transclusion). BILL DUVALL TRIES IT AND DISCOVERS-EDITING BY POINTERS IS EFFICIENT! ca 1975 Much later (in the 1990s) I heard from Bill Duvall, a pioneer

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to every quotation (see 1999). That would be impossible and just as ridiculous as he seems to think. The way to do it is through transclusion of the quoted content, so it is delivered to the user from the original and the transaction of paying for the quotation is with the

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in two different places. It was still my 1961 design, not well thought out. It was just text units on chains, with sideways links or transclusions between the units. The ELF design was fairly useless and incomprehensible. I can say now with embarrassment that it was a very bad design, perhaps

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my worst ever, but at least it got me prestigiously published. And yet it led in two directions— • to the proper Xanadu designs (it had transclusion, though my other defining paper of the time did not) • to multidimensional irregular list structures (hyperthogonal structure, or ZigZag). In other words, somehow it represented

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different structural concepts deep inside me that were later clarified separately. This is one of the Mysteries of Life. TRANSCLUSION IMPLIED. Slide from my oral presentation to the ACM, Cleveland, 1965 (not in the paper as published). === Summer 1965 (I turned 28) Real Downtowners, August

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called the text system Vortext.* * This is now someone else’s trademark. VORTEXT The snazzy text system I designed for Datapoint would support links and transclusions. It was based on parallel streams with pointers between them, a continuation of my 1970 parallel-stream design. Vortext was bundled in a big package

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on control of the publishing system wasn't about greed, of course. My central concern was to create a publishing system with universal quotability by transclusion, a concept I saw as vital, in the face of a great deal of shallow and dimwitted incomprehension. This seemed to me as vital for

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Xanadu was going to have competition, but we couldn’t imagine what. After all, we knew more about transclusion than anyone else. If you were going to have worldwide hypertext, wouldn’t transclusion be the center? We did not recognize the competition at first because it was just too stupid. When the

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. Where were annotation and marginal notes? Where was version management? Where was rights management? Where were multiended links? Where were third-party links? Where were transclusions? This “World Wide Web” was just a lame text format and a lot of connected directories. Xanadu veterans considered the World Wide Web to be

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galling omissions. Since then I’ve been deconstructing the basic Xanadu system into a lean, mean simple version that doesn’t bother with far-flung transclusions. Of course it’s what we should have done all along, but it didn’t occur to us, and we reached way too far. In

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mine (visible, unbreaking n-way links by any parties, all content legally reweavable by anyone into new documents with paths back to the originals, and transclusions as well as links-- as in Vannevar Bush's original vision). 4. Going back to the original must not be done by links but must

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be done by deeper transclusive means. The link mechanism, particularly the embedded link of the Web, cannot do this correctly. 5. "Futuristic" is one of those words which implies that

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, the "Semantic Web", much more difficult to achieve than hypertext documents. 8. No, not a link; a transclusive pathway. The two mechanisms are entirely different. A link connects two things which are different. A transclusion connects two things which are the same. 9. Not authors, rightsholders. Sometimes the author is a rightsholder

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XanaduSpace actually enacts successfully all the main Xanadu functions. • it sends for content portions • it assembles content portions into pages • it finds transclusions by addresses • user can step along transclusions • it overlays xanalinks • user can step along xanalinks and more. ZIGZAG FOR SOFTWARE INTERNALS In 2006, we at last made ZigZag the

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, not an idle musing, but the fight for civilization itself. My central concern with Xanadu was to create a publishing system with universal quotability by transclusion, a concept I saw as vital, in the face of a great deal of shallow and dimwitted incomprehension. This seemed to me as vital for

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3D (in the XanaduSpace prototype, a full-- though stalled-- implementation). Eleven pages of the xanadoc are shown, with visible connections between them (both links and transclusions). This does not have the slightest resemblance to any conventional electronic documents, and in particular it has no resemblance to the World Wide Web. (A

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information, for example specifying whirling snippets of text that are supposed to whirl in 3D •• templates to be connected to the content and much more • TRANSCLUSIONS, which show the identities of content—the same content in more than one place. These are found by address comparison amongst EDLs

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. Transclusion allows— •• connection of a quotation to its source •• comparison of different pages side by side, showing the exact differences •• binding of parallel pages by identical

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headings and much more. Both xanalinks and transclusions may be shown as visible beams, which may be turned on and off for clarity. THE FULL DOCUMENT A full document is then represented as

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change, hypertime editing allows going back, forward and sideways among versions. (And of course any two versions may also be compared side by side, with transclusion beams showing which parts are the same. So, indeed, may any other pair of documents.) HOW IT WORKS INSIDE: INTERNAL OPERATIONS OF A PAGE Xanadu

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— xanalogical • Bring in the content portions according to the EDL • Concatenate the content portions, retaining their original addresses • Find the shared addresses among local pages (transclusions) • Bring in the xanalinks according to the EDL The rest is user selection, viewing and animation. Also editing (see below). (Note: all these steps are

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may have numerous terminals, or prongs, unlike weblinks, which are mashed into the contents and have only a beginning and an end. • Xanadu optionally shows transclusions (identities of content) made visible-- as paths between different occurrences of the same content. This can not only be used to show original context, but

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kept as a list of pointers, and the content is delivered separately. That new document has a new name but may be easily compared with transclusion to its original. • a web page is basically a whole file brought in (though often decorated with numerous banners and intrusions brought and assembled in

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processing’— I did not know that Engelbart was doing it already) • lists of items pointing to a stored original (transclusion, edit decision list) • referential editing (editing by transclusion, now used by Wikipedia) • fine-grained transclusion based on fine-grained referential editing • “mashups” of content from different sources, but each portion connected to its

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original— a simple use of transclusion • “wikis,” or ever-changeable documents revised by many parties— a simple use of transclusion • links, of course (Engelbart had ‘em already) • VISIBLE links between pages (still not generally accepted) • side-by-side

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keys [OPERATIONAL, in Flapdoodle, ca. 1977] • typeahead [OPERATIONAL], ca. 1977 in Superlanguage • HYPERTHOGONAL STRUCTURE (ZigZag®) (not yet generally accepted), 1983-present [OPERATIONAL IN SEVERAL VERSIONS] • transclusion-over-time diagrams, ca. 1978; rediscovered by IBM-MIT team, 1990s. • “pivot browsing” (somebody else’s new term, intrinsic to ZigZag) [OPERATIONAL IN SEVERAL VERSIONS

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Miller, Stuart Greene, Roland King, Eric Hill): overall paradigm and specs for world-wide Xanadu system, designed for millions of servers, billions of documents and transclusion following of arbitrary content among millions of documents. [The full Tumbler Design of Xanadu* with three enfilades was theirs, completed in the months that followed

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Forth, ca. 1982-3 (partly implemented) • by 1988-92 XOC team: REdesign of world-wide Xanadu system (for millions of servers, billions of documents and transclusion following of arbitrary content among millions of documents), this time based on K. Eric Drexler’s Ent structure. Design by Mark S. Miller, Dean Tribble

The Transhumanist Reader

by Max More and Natasha Vita-More · 4 Mar 2013 · 798pp · 240,182 words

Input Make Response and Restitution Proportionate Revisit and Revise 27 The Open Society and Its Media Improving Society Media Matter Xanadu Links Hyperlinks Emergent Properties Transclusion Remembering the Past: Historical Trails Preparing for the Future: Detectors The WidgetPerfect Saga Permissions Reputation-Based Filtering Hypertext + Multimedia = Hypermedia External

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Transclusion Conclusions Part VII Biopolitics and Policy 28 Performance Enhancement and Legal Theory 29 Justifying Human Enhancement Rationalizing Medical Interventions on a Slippery Slope Life as

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make better decisions. Written during the very early days of the Web, this essay forms a historical observation of the use of hyperlinks, emergent properties, “transclusion,” historical trails, detectors, permissions, and reputation-based filtering. 25 Idea Futures Encouraging an Honest Consensus Robin Hanson Introduction Are you fascinated by some basic questions

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plans discussion, but the body of this presentation will only cover what is implemented and running. First, I will discuss the four fundamental features – links, transclusion, versioning, and detectors. Marc Stiegler will then present an example using them. Then I will describe the remaining four features – permissions, reputation-based filtering, multimedia

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, and external transclusion, followed by some concluding remarks. Links Hypertext links are directly inspired by literary practice. Literature has many different kinds of links connecting documents into a

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greatest challenges to their own school. Bidirectional links also enable them to find the most telling criticisms of the ideas they are inclined to accept. Transclusion Before there were modem economies, there were many little villages, each with their own little manufacturers having to go through a large amount of the

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existing good explanations, and incorporate them (with automatic credit where due), your efforts could be spent stating what is new. We introduce the concept of transclusion to separate the arrangement of a document from its content. There is an underlying shared pool of contents, and all documents are just arrangements of

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, John’s revision detector went off. He followed the revision detector up to the technical plan, used the hypertextual version compare capabilities based on the transclusion relations, compared the new version of the plan to the old, and found that the change was deleting duralum and replacing it with titanalum. He

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a variety of other media (such as sound, engineering drawings, Postscript images, and compressed video). In all cases, one can make fine-grained links, edits, transclusions, and version compares (even if the data is block-compressed or block-encrypted). Although the implementation has some optimizations targeted at text, in no way

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does the architecture make any special cases for text. Documents can, of course, be composite arrangements in which several media are mixed together. External Transclusion No software system is an island. We do not imagine that once the product is available, everyone will instantly take all information to which they

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want access and transfer it into Xanadu. We have to coexist with many other systems for many good reasons. We handle that with external transclusion. Our documents are able to transclude into arrangements that are within the system. These, in turn, are able to represent

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transclusions of materials that are stored elsewhere. By perceiving other systems through the window of Xanadu, you can see those other systems as if all those

AngularJS

by Brad Green and Shyam Seshadri · 15 Mar 2013 · 196pp · 58,122 words

to concatenate all the templates into a single file, and load it in a new module that you then reference from your main application module. Transclusion In addition to replacing or appending the content, you can also move the original content within the new template through the transclude property. When set

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the original content, but make it available for reinsertion within your template through a directive called ng-transclude. We could change our example to use transclusion: appModule.directive('hello', function() { return { template: '<div>Hi there <span ng-transclude></span></div>', transclude: true }; }); applying it as: <div hello>Bob</div> We would

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transclude function as a property. Here, you have an opportunity to write a function that programmatically transcludes content for situations where the simple template-based transclusion won’t suffice. Lastly, compile can return both a preLink and a postLink function, whereas link specifies only a postLink function. preLink, as its name

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Templates ng-src, Considerations for src and href Attributes ng-style, CSS Classes and Styles ng-submit, Form Inputs, The Templates, The Templates ng-transclude, Transclusion ng-view, The Templates ngPluralize, Internationalization and Localization ngResource, Unit Test the ngResource number filter, Formatting Data with Filters number localization, Internationalization and Localization O

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then() functions, Services third-party libraries, How Many Modules Do I Need? throw operator, Expressions time zones, Common Gotchas tokens, XSRF transclude property, API Overview, Transclusion transformations, Transformations on Requests and Responses transitive changes, Performance Considerations in watch() U UIs (User Interfaces) creating dynamic, Data Binding separating responsibilities in, Separating UI

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It

by Jonathan Zittrain · 27 May 2009 · 629pp · 142,393 words

’ understanding of where the information they see is coming from. This approach would shadow the way that Theodor Nelson, coiner of the word “hypertext,” envisioned “transclusion”—a means not to simply copy text, but also to reference it to its original source.124 Nelson’s vision was drastic in its simplicity

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. See Miguel.Mora.Design, http://www.miquelmora.com/idps.html (last visited July 28, 2007). 124. TED NELSON, LITERARY MACHINES (1981); Wikipedia, Transclusion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclusion (as of June 1, 2007, 10:30 GMT). 125. Consider, for example, the Internet Archive. Proprietor Brewster Kahle has thus far avoided what

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, 103–4, 107, 108 tolerated uses, 119–22, 190–91 traffic lights: cameras at, 116–17; and verkeersbordvrij, 127–28 tragedies of the commons, 158 transclusion, use of term, 226–27 transferability, 73 transmission speed, irregularity of, 32 trial and error, learning by, 236 Trumpet Winsock, 29 trust: assumptions of, 20

This Is for Everyone: The Captivating Memoir From the Inventor of the World Wide Web

by Tim Berners-Lee · 8 Sep 2025 · 347pp · 100,038 words

between these two. Ted’s proposed Xanadu technology would create a new relationship between the Reader and the Writer. It included a property he called ‘transclusion’: every time you quoted one document in another document, there should be a bidirectional link between the original and the quotation, allowing you to switch

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of the web ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 TPAC (Technical Plenary Advisory Committee) conferences ref1 trains ref1 Transactions on Computer Systems (journal) ref1 transatlantic cables ref1 transclusion ref1 transformers ref1 transistors ref1 travel agencies ref1, ref2 tree structures ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 trust ref1, ref2, ref3 TTL chips ref1 Tunisia ref1, ref2

The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future

by Kevin Kelly · 6 Jun 2016 · 371pp · 108,317 words

of transferring authorship back to creators and tracking payments as readers hopped along networks of documents, in what he called the “docuverse.” He spoke of “transclusion” and “intertwingularity” as he described the grand utopian benefits of his embedded structure. It was going to save the world from stupidity! I believed him

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in the past three decades, it is that the impossible is more plausible than it appears. Nowhere in Ted Nelson’s convoluted sketches of hypertext transclusion did the fantasy of a virtual flea market appear. Nelson hoped to franchise his Xanadu hypertext systems in the physical world at the scale of

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Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate,” in ACM ’65: Proceedings of the 1965 20th National Conference (New York: ACM, 1965), 84–100. “transclusion”: Theodor H. Nelson, Literary Machines (South Bend, IN: Mindful Press, 1980). “intertwingularity”: Theodor H. Nelson, Computer Lib: You Can and Must Understand Computers Now (South

Intertwingled: Information Changes Everything

by Peter Morville · 14 May 2014 · 165pp · 50,798 words

Nelson imagined a vertically integrated system that managed everything from code and interface to copyright and micropayment. Xanadu’s transpointing windows would support bidirectional links, transclusion, and side-by-side comparison. It would elevate the work of scholars and advance Doug Englebart’s dream to augment human intellect, so we might

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limits of paths, the myths of maps, and the serendipity of ourselves to make sense. We will also need a remembrance of things past, from transclusion to transpointing windows, since meaning is lost in translation, and memory isn’t nearly as reliable as seeing connections side by side. In the futures