description: program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay
336 results
by Ray C. Anderson · 28 Mar 2011 · 412pp · 113,782 words
enough? My right brain seemed inadequate for the challenge. Fortunately, our guest speaker that night, Majora Carter, a visionary voice in city planning who views urban renewal through an environmental lens, had a lot to say to us about some of these things. Carter was awarded a 2005 MacArthur “genius” grant after
by J. K. Lasser Institute · 19 Oct 2015
loan under the Disaster Relief Act is treated as a partial reimbursement of the loss and reduces the amount of the loss. Payments from an urban renewal agency to acquire your damaged property under the Federal Relocation Act of 1970 are considered reimbursements reducing the loss. Insurance payments for the cost of
by J K Lasser Institute · 30 Oct 2012 · 2,045pp · 566,714 words
loan under the Disaster Relief Act is treated as a partial reimbursement of the loss and reduces the amount of the loss. Payments from an urban renewal agency to acquire your damaged property under the Federal Relocation Act of 1970 are considered reimbursements reducing the loss. Insurance payments for the cost of
by Polly Toynbee and David Walker · 3 Mar 2020 · 279pp · 90,888 words
had lost 50 per cent of its government grant, and yet he felt he needed to talk positively about the social programmes, housebuilding, growth and urban renewal. Duality marked Rees’s own story as a mixed-race Bristolian. ‘When I was growing up, there was plenty of abuse,’ he remembers. But now
by Kees Van der Pijl · 2 Jun 2014 · 572pp · 134,335 words
his successor to win final congressional approval. In his own lifetime, Kennedy succeeded in having passed an improved minimum wage, low-cost housing projects and urban renewal, as well as a $900 million public works programme.78 Employment was still recovering from the 1958 and 1959/60 recessions when Kennedy came to
by Ashoka Mody · 7 May 2018
grants for first- time home buyers, mortgage- interest deduction, and tax breaks 178 e u r o t r a g e d y on urban-renewal schemes and capital gains.93 In 1996, the IMF had noted the disturbingly rapid increase in property prices and had warned against policy measures to
by Jeremy Rifkin · 27 Sep 2011 · 443pp · 112,800 words
, Albuquerque, and Almeda. The basic idea is that the province would use the revenue generated from property taxes in the newly developed areas to finance urban renewal projects in the older sectors of the city. However, because the end goal of these initiatives is economic, the programs often receive criticism for being
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too much like a Robin Hood scheme—stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. But if the notion of urban renewal also included energy savings and environmental protection for the whole region, “energy financing” would ultimately benefit both the rich and the poor. The property tax
by Jon C. Teaford · 1 Jan 2006 · 395pp · 115,753 words
the remaining dwelling units for middle-class occupants. In 1955 demolition began, and the following year the commission secured approval for $26 million in federal urban renewal funds. The neighborhood was not to be lily-white; middle-class blacks were not excluded. But Hyde Park was to remain a bastion against
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newspaper, “hooted, shouted and screamed its protest amid tears, accusations and charges of collusion.” Dolores Rubillo, a leader of the Eastwick forces, called “this urban-renewal program as used in Philadelphia a socialistic move against the many for the capitalistic gain of the few. We revolt against it.”63 During the
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seconded these sentiments, for they were likewise proposing the destruction of black slums located too near downtown. Protesting the exclusion of blacks from Tampa’s urban renewal decision making, a Florida civil rights leader observed that “the practice here has been to plan for rather than with local minority groups.”73
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means for reversing these figures was to redevelop West Oak-land, the center of black population in the city. Oakland’s renewal plan emphasized that “urban renewal in West Oakland … should reinforce the vitality of the downtown area, creating new job opportunities and a new tax base.” Some West Oakland blacks,
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in which to live and work” was middle class and overwhelmingly white. In a number of cities of the trans-Mississippi West, federally financed urban renewal proved so unacceptable that it never was implemented. Although business leaders in Omaha’s chamber of commerce were eager to apply federal dollars to that
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Committee for Protection of Property Rights led the crusade against government condemnation of blighted properties. In a 1966 referendum, Fort Worth conservatives decisively consigned urban renewal to oblivion when voters rejected it by a 4 to 1 margin.77 Nearby Dallas was equally offended by the prospect of federal assistance and
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and a handful of drab townhouses looking for occupants.”82 Unfortunately, the West End was not an isolated instance of the heartlessness of urban renewal. By early 1963, federal urban renewal projects had already evicted approximately 609,000 people, and federal authorities anticipated displacing over 3 million more by 1972.83 Renewal agencies were
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West End residents were not the only ones who suffered socially from the penurious relocation program. A 1966 study of those displaced by the Southwest urban renewal project in Washington, D.C., found that in the five years since relocation one-quarter of the evicted had not made one new friend
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notion that renewal produced grief, higher rents, and substandard housing for a substantial number of the poor could only add to growing doubts about the urban renewal crusade. Small businesses likewise bore an undue burden in the fight to preserve a single central focus to the metropolis. By the close of
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1961, federal urban renewal projects had already evicted 21,439 businesses, and authorities were predicting the dislocation of 300,000 firms by 1970.87 A study of businesses displaced
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by highway or urban renewal projects in Providence, Rhode Island, from 1954 through 1959 found that about 40 percent of the firms in renewal areas and 30 percent in
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light plane pilots to assume the city was constructing a landing strip for them next to its busiest retail area.”93 FIGURE 3.7 Vacant urban renewal site in the center of Detroit, 1950s. (Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University) By the early 1960s, private investors in renewal projects were
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-subsidized effort to reinforce the urban core. During the second decade after World War II, New Haven, Connecticut, was a much admired showcase of urban renewal with plans for redevelopment that were the envy of public officials and downtown leaders throughout the nation. Yet in 1962, the primary private developer of
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for new apartments, excessive red tape, delays owing to political meddling, and the cumbersome review process mandated by federal officials all meant that an urban renewal project was a risky investment at best. One could make more money with less hassle by building shopping malls in suburbia. The most notable foe
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from the renewal bulldozers. In February 1961, New York’s mayor, Robert Wagner, proposed that the West Village be designated a blighted area targeted for urban renewal. Confronting this threat, Jacobs assumed leadership of the Committee to Save the West Village. “The aim of the committee is to kill this project
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?”88 In the working-class Charlestown district of Boston, the opposition was virtually as intense. Charlestown whites had earlier fought the physical engineering plots of urban renewal authorities to disrupt their enclave, and now they mobilized against the social engineers of busing. In fact, whites throughout the city opposed busing, and
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the early twentieth century. A grimy assortment of ramshackle structures, Pike Place was saved from destruction in 1971 when Seattle’s voters rejected a proposed urban renewal project for the market’s site. During the 1970s, Pike Place was carefully rehabilitated, its original down-at-the-heels ambience being preserved. Unlike
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and through the building of sleek, new office towers that supplanted the grimy remnants of the Victorian era. Desiring to erase the dirty past, these urban renewal schemes had aimed at breakneck modernization. But this strategy had failed. The central city lost its unchallenged preeminence and became simply the oldest and largest
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not as bad off as Detroit. Yet the adverse signs of decentralization marked many other inner cities and downtowns. By the late 1990s, the urban renewal shopping mall that was intended to revive central New Haven was largely empty, Macy’s having vacated its anchor store in 1993. In 2004 the
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: The City that Quick-Changed from Unbelievable Ugliness to Shining Beauty in Less than Half a Generation,” Holiday, March 1959, p. 80. 10. Report on Urban Renewal in Cleveland (Cleveland: Cleveland Advertising Club, 1955), p. 3. See also Teaford Rough Road to Renaissance, p. 48. 11. Katharine Lyall, “A Bicycle Built
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Highway Politics, 1939–1989, rev. ed. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990), p. 65. 18. Thomas H. O’Connor, Building a New Boston: Politics and Urban Renewal, 1950–1970 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993), pp. 82–88. 19. John W. Stamper, “Making the Mile Magnificent,” Chicago History 30 (2001): 19. 20.
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), p. 12; William B. Dickinson, This Is Greater Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Bulletin Company, 1954), p. 25. 29. Martin Anderson, The Federal Bulldozer: A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949–1962 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), p. 98. 30. Rose, Interstate, p. 65; “Can the Big Cities Come Back?” p. 77. 31. Teaford,
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Twentieth-Century Atlanta, p. 83. 48. Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis, pp. 84–85. 49. William D. Jenkins, “Before Downtown: Cleveland, Ohio, and Urban Renewal, 1949–1958,” Journal of Urban History 27 (2001): 488–89. 50. Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940–1960
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Ibid., p. 207; James H. Andrew, “Leisure Power,” Planning, November 1999, pp. 4, 6–7. 63. Guian A. McKee, “Liberal Ends Through Illiberal Means: Race, Urban Renewal, and Community in the Eastwick Section of Philadelphia, 1949–1990,” Journal of Urban History 27 (2001): 556–57. 64. Chicago Tribune, 14 February 1961, pt
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the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 121, 122; Thomas H. O’Connor, Building a New Boston: Politics and Urban Renewal, 1950–1970 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993), p. 219. 66. O’Connor, Building a New Boston, pp. 220–21. 67. Joseph A. Rodriguez, City
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American West (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993), p. 45. 79. Adde, Nine Cities, p. 181. 80. Chester Hartman, “The Housing of Relocated Families,” in Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, ed. James Q. Wilson (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966), p. 306. 81. Marc Fried, “Grieving for a Lost Home:
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Psychological Costs of Relocation,” in Urban Renewal, ed. Wilson, p. 360. 82. Wolf Von Eckardt, “Bulldozers and Bureaucrats,” New Republic, 14 September 1963, p. 15. 83. Martin Anderson, The Federal Bulldozer:
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, “Housing of Relocated Families,” pp. 305, 310, 318–20. 87. Anderson, Federal Bulldozer, pp. 68–69. 88. Basil Zimmer, “The Small Businessman and Relocation,” in Urban Renewal, ed. Wilson, p. 382. 89. Frieden and Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc., p. 35. 90. Anderson, Federal Bulldozer, p. 70. 91. Ibid., pp. 73, 90. 92.
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., pp. 192–93. 97. New York Times, 27 February 1961, p. 29; 4 March 1961, p. 11. 98. J. Clarence Davies III, Neighborhood Groups and Urban Renewal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 88. 99. Ibid., p. 94. 100. New York Times, 19 October 1961, p. 1. 101. Davies, Neighborhood
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Groups and Urban Renewal, p. 104. 102. New York Times, 7 December 1962, p. 32. 103. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random
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gentrification; and housing discrimination; in new towns; population of, in cities; in public housing; and racial violence; and school integration; and segregation; in suburbs; and urban renewal Akron, Ohio Allegheny Conference on Community Development Allen, Frederick Lewis Anaheim, Calif. Anderson, Marion Anderson, Martin antisprawl measures antisuburban literature Arlington, Tex. Arlington, Va. Arlington
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in; highways in; manufacturing in; North End; office employment in; office space in; parking in; population of; pornography in; retailing decline in; school integration in; urban renewal in Bradley, Tom Bronxville, N.Y. Brookline, Mass. Brooklyn, Ill. Brown, Les Brown v. Board of Education Buffalo, N.Y. Burger, Warren Byrne, Jane
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race relations in; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; railroad station in; shopping mall near; sports facilities in; suburbs of; theaters in; University of Chicago; urban renewal in Churchill, Henry S. Cicero, Ill. Cincinnati, Ohio; African American population of; African American suburb of; downtown living in; downtown shoppers in; foreign born in
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of; boomburbs near; department stores in; edge city near; gated communities near; hotels in; office buildings in; postwar planning in; racial discrimination in; suburbs of; urban renewal in Daly City, Calif. Davis, Mike Day, Doris Dayton, Ohio Dearborn, Mich. Denver, Colo.; African American population of; boomburbs near; department stores in; downtown
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living in; Hispanics in; hotels in; office buildings in; rehabilitation of old commercial areas in; sprawl in; urban renewal in Des Plaines, Ill. Detroit, Mich.; abandoned property in; African American district of; African American employment in; African American empowerment in; African American population of
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in; population of; postwar planning in; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; school integration in; shopping malls near; sports teams in; suburbs of; theaters in; urban renewal in; Wal-Mart in Didion, Joan Dinkins, David Duany, Andres East Los Angeles, Calif. East Saint Louis, Ill. Easterbrook, Greg edge cities: Arlington, Va.;
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discrimination at; in suburbs Houston, Tex.; African American population of; downtown living in; new town near; racial discrimination in; shopper preferences in; shopping mall near; urban renewal in Hoyt, Homer Hsieh, Frederic Hubbard, Orville Huxtable, Ada Louise Ice Cube Indianapolis, Ind. Irvine, Calif. Irving, Tex. Jackson, Leola Jackson, Maynard Jacksonville, Fla.
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-African American relations in; office buildings in; parking in; race relations in; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; railroad station in; suburbs of; theaters in; urban renewal in; welfare recipients in Louisville, Ky. Mamaroneck, N.Y. Mandela, Nelson Manhasset, N.Y. manufacturing Maple Heights, Ohio Marietta, Ga. Mayfield Heights, Ohio Mayweathers,
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Moore; new town near; office buildings in; population of; pornography in; retailing decline in; shopping malls near; sports facilities in; suburbanization of corporate headquarters near; urban renewal relocatees in Mobile, Ala. Monterey Park, Calif. Montgomery, Ala. Moore, Mary Tyler Moscone, George Moses, Robert New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. new towns:
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; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; railroad stations in; retailing in; Rockefeller Center; Stuyvesant Town; suburbanization of corporate headquarters near; suburbs of; theater district in; urban renewal in; welfare recipients in Newark, N.J. Newport Beach, Calif. Newport News, Va. Norfolk, Va. Oak Brook, Ill. Oak Park, Ill. Oakland, Calif. office
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; manufacturing decline in; municipal finances of; population of; postwar planning in; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; revitalization boosters in; shopping mall near; suburbs of; urban renewal opponents in Phoenix, Ariz. Pike Place (Seattle, Wash.) Pittsburgh, Pa.; African American population of; air pollution in; foreign born in; Gateway Center; highways in;
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; population of; postwar planning in; public housing in; racial discrimination in; railroad station in; retailing decline in; revitalization boosters in; sports facilities in; suburbs of; urban renewal in Saint Paul, Minn. Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Tex. San Bernardino, Calif. San Clemente, Calif. San Francisco, Calif.; African American population of;
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opponents in; homosexuals in; office buildings in; postwar planning in; public housing in; racial discrimination in; racial violence in; shopping mall near; and Silicon Valley; urban renewal in; and War on Poverty San Juan Capistrano, Calif. San Marino, Calif. San Mateo, Calif. Sanders, Harland Scala, Florence Scarsdale, N.Y.; building restrictions
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Act (1949) Title VII, of Housing and Urban Development Act (1970) Toledo, Ohio Tysons Corner, Va. Underground Atlanta Union City, N.J. University of Chicago urban renewal: and African Americans; business support for; legislation for; newspaper support for; opposition to; planning for; projects for; as response to blight; shortcomings of Utt,
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population, share of; new towns near; newspaper support for renewal of; racial discrimination in; racial integration in; railroad station in; shopping mall near; suburbs of; urban renewal critics in Waters, Ethel Webb, Del Wellesley, Mass. West Hollywood, Calif. West Miami, Fla. West New York, N.J. West Palm Beach, Fla. Westminster,
by Tony Roshan Samara · 12 Jun 2011 · 252pp · 13,581 words
Journal of Southern African Studies 31, no. 1 (March 2005): 209–27. Portions of chapters 3 and 4 were previously published as “Policing Development: Urban Renewal as Neoliberal Security Strategy,” Urban Studies 47, no. 1 (January 2010): 197–214. Cartography by Steve McClure, George Mason University Copyright 2011 by the Regents
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Crime Prevention and the Reintegration of Offenders NIS National Intelligence Service NNP New National Party Nodoc National Operations Coordinating Mechanism NP National Party NURP National Urban Renewal Programme PAGAD People Against Gangsterism and Drugs POCA Prevention of Organized Crime Act POPCRU Police and Prison Civil Rights Union RDP Reconstruction and Development
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perceived relationship between security and socioeconomic development and the role of this perception in shaping governance. Second, they provide a glimpse of the meaning of urban renewal in the imaginations of urban elites and the myriad ways in which young people—young men in particular—be they students, workers, gangsters, or
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or neoliberal economic development, but in fact is essential to this approach. Neoliberal governance and its definition of development and related security requirements shape urban renewal in both the sprawling townships and the concentrated downtown–suburban core, though in quite distinct ways that link each of them to rich and poor
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many cities, and a narrowing range of options as a consequence of changes at the national and global scales. Here, as elsewhere, development and urban renewal have been subsumed under and articulated through neoliberalism, which, although appearing in many guises, means for all cities under its sway renewed and reinvigorated tensions
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the merging of specific security and development agendas under a pervasive logic of neoliberalism that is global in scope and varied in its many manifestations. Urban renewal in Cape Town is one case of this global phenomenon, whereby certain challenges linked to failed or underdeveloped states 8╇ ·â•‡ Introduction are coded
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see, the governance of these two areas is part of a coherent and rational governing ideology expressed through the language of development or, more specifically, urban renewal, but there are stark differences between them in the actual meaning and practice of security. The differences are rarely, if ever, mutually exclusive, and
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relationship with the history and development of Cape Town, their relative size, and their central position in public debates and personal nightmares around crime and urban renewal in the city, are the focus of this study. Through their participation in the area’s Introduction╇ ·â•‡ 21 economy, their pervasiveness in
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poor communities, and their mobilization of many young people, the gangs of the Cape Flats coloured communities figure prominently in existing urban renewal efforts and have become a convenient and popular scapegoat on which to pin both the crime crisis and the failure of meaningful socioeconomic development. Coloured
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international legitimacy, financing, and expertise. The second section of the chapter addresses these issues with regard to Cape Town specifically and demonstrates how neoliberal urban renewal and the war on crime have come to underpin governance in the postapartheid city. Chapter 2 is focused on street children in the affluent, disproportionately
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the transition and the emergence of crime as a governmental category through which to represent marginalized young people of color. As the chapter reveals, urban renewal is central to this process, functioning as a dominant discourse and mechanism through which security governance is conceived and implemented. It does so by
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, white collar crime, gender/ child violence, intergroup violence, vehicle theft and hijacking, and corruption in the criminal justice system. The NCPS and the National Urban Renewal Programme (NURP), introduced three years later, were the two primary national initiatives intended to address the twin challenges of crime reduction and social development, and
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how through categories and vocabularies of neoliberal governance, the black threat is rearticulated in ways more appropriate to a democratic era. The emergent narrative of urban renewal and revitalization—and threats to them—contains embedded, locally understood racial codes that remain central to maintaining tight control over urban space. The state
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mission would be. From the very beginning, city authorities insisted that establishing security had to precede redevelopment, setting the tone for the following years of urban renewal. The turnaround process was institutionalized through the formation of the Cape Town Partnership in 1999, the same year as the ill-fated Operation Reclaim.
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as new ways to talk about old problems, interests, and conflicts in ways that reflect new sensibilities, a concern that frequently appears in criticisms of urban renewal by NGOs, researchers, and community groups. One Cape Town parastatal organization, the Western Cape Provincial Development Council (WCPDC), commenting on the draft Integrated Development
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old. What is noteworthy, however, are the ways these patterns of panic and repression are becoming intertwined within discourses and practices of social crime prevention, urban renewal, and development in a city committed to urban entrepreneurialism and a country committed to multiracial democracy. There emerges a “split personality” of sorts, as
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NCPS. As the following discussion details, however, even in the early stages signs emerged that what had been conceived of as an integrated, multipronged urban renewal approach was slipping into a narrowly focused crime control and security campaign that did not adequately address the developmental needs of the communities generally and
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point secure, and could in fact weaken if police have access to resources to “go straight and . . .” The implications for urban renewal on the Cape Flats is significant, as urban renewal is steadily becoming a process of disciplining youth who have been largely abandoned by other, more supportive state initiatives. The police become
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of youth workers I spoke with, as we will see in the next chapter, indicating a potentially counterproductive consequence of aggressive policing in anticrime and urban renewal programs that, in theory, are meant to center social crime prevention and development. The prevalence of conflict between poor communities and police and the
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and the wave of urban terror were brought under control, they survived, morphing into the anticrime and antigangsterism initiatives that continue to structure current urban renewal strategies on the Cape Flats. The four operations carried out during the Cape War are described in a monograph published by the Institute for Security
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discourses newly available with the opening of the country to the global marketplace, all within the complex and contradictory contexts of criminal justice reform and urban renewal, the pressure to end the violence and the legacy of apartheid policing, and fractured relationships between communities and the police. At the same time,
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as integral elements social development and social crime prevention measures to soften its hard edge and harmonize the operation with the principles of the new urban renewal program. In this sense it was a bridge of sorts, linking the antiterror operations to the increasingly central anticrime operations. The last major operation
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of criminality that still infuse South African society, legitimated by their basis in “international” law enforcement practice and operationalized in the antigangsterism focus of urban renewal. Not only does a war on crime funnel more young black men into the prison system, the antigangsterism crackdowns also mean that more youth in
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operations conducted against the antiapartheid movement. De Kock also figures in another interesting case of apartheid-era holdovers who were linked to recent anticrime and urban renewal efforts on the Cape Flats. In his testimony before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, he detailed a long list of counterinsurgency operations in which
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this form of security governance has survived the transition from apartheid to neoliberalism, how it produces insecurity, and the consequences for communities and the broader urban renewal agenda. In this final chapter we turn to the other piece of the governance equation, the relationship of the local neoliberal state to underdevelopment.
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provincial leaders to fortify the neoliberal core and simultaneously impose a form of neoliberal discipline in the townships. This securitization of development has subsequently generated urban renewal initiatives that produce criminality and reproduce insecurity. 153 154 ╇ ·â•‡ The Production of Criminality on the Urban Periphery We have examined the role
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the Kennedy Road settlement in Durban the next year—but they are especially relevant here because they are between the formal governance structures responsible for urban renewal in their official capacity and township communities.1 Mirroring the response to remobilized communities across the nation, the local state has not only been
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townships. Chaos and Community: Policing Underdevelopment The contradictions between social development, fiscal austerity associated with municipal neoliberalism, and the central role of law enforcement in urban renewal came to a head in September 2001: They [police] went about shooting at women and children without an ounce of remorse, and then one
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benefit from the demise of the apartheid system when they organize to demand change and accountability. The Tafelsig water war underscores the extent to which urban renewal is an often bitterly contested ground over which the state and communities regularly conflict, sometimes violently. It also suggests that the issue of police
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relations is not limited by the issues of crime and gangsterism but, as the renewal strategies implicitly acknowledge, is in fact central to the entire urban renewal and development project. It is not difficult to believe that the frequent clashes between communities and security forces, whether public or private, around socioeconomic
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With the exception of responses related to the campaign itself, including questions about how representative the sample is, the areas covered the whole range of urban renewal and development challenges and problems facing the city’s residents. The four most common responses, in descending order of priority, were: availability and upgrading
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and authorities over development issues. However, although the rift between communities and the state over service delivery constitutes the biggest fault line beneath the urban renewal process and the most intense expression of conflict generated by neoliberal governance, there are also a number of administrative and political problems in the actual
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contend. The distinction may appear semantic but it is a difference of emphasis that too often is absent in practice in anticrime and urban renewal strategies. An urban renewal strategy whose primary focus was comprehensive youth development rather than the arrest of gang leaders would not only cut the legs out from under
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of basic changes to address the many facets of youth involvement with gangsterism has yet to emerge. Tensions between the state and the communities around urban renewal, as discussed previously, are provoking conflict pitting residents against the state, and in key renewal communities, a number of these are specific to youth
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Whereas clashes between the government and residents around socioeconomic development occur all too frequently, gangs continue to provide youth with many of the services that urban renewal has yet to deliver, and in a sustained and multipronged manner. Although on the one hand conflicts between residents and the state over the
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like “Ready to Govern.” In the townships of the Cape Flats, this is most evident in the steady morphing of counterterrorist operations into anticrime/urban renewal operations under the guise of democratic police reform as defined in large part internationally by the United States, and the complementary underdevelopment of sustained socioeconomic
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police, paramilitary police, intelligence gatherers, or accomplices of the gangs they are meant to fight. Conclusion Apartheid, Democracy, and the Urban Future Policing and urban renewal in Cape Town today are part of a lineage of governance strategies bound up with unresolved social tensions that have evolved over decades. These tensions
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without substantial resistance at times, and rearticulated; taken for granted injustices of the “past” are imbued with new meanings through overlapping discourses of crime, urban renewal, and world class cities, which are then deployed to manage them in ways that acknowledge this past while ignoring it. Economic and political leaders continue
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Americans gang leader that committing crime in the CBD has become more difficult and the campaign against street children both speak to the success of urban renewal initiatives in operationalizing these politics and simultaneously naturalizing outcomes that are produced only through great effort and great neglect. The danger and anxiety that
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:// www.tomdispatch.com/post/1386/mike_davis_on_the_pentagon_s_urban_war_ planning (accessed November 11, 2010). 36.╯Tony Roshan Samara, “Policing Development: Urban Renewal as Neoliberal Security Strategy,” Urban Studies 47 no. 1 (2010): 197–214; Samara, “Development, Social Justice and Global Governance”; Michel Foucault, “Governmentality,” in The
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South Africa’s Metropolitan Cities (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, December 2002), 9, 12. 33.╯Western Cape Provincial Development Council, Urban Renewal Strategy for the Cape Town Unicity: 33. 34.╯Ibid., 35. 35.╯Clifford Shearing, “Toward Democratic Policing: Rethinking Strategies of Transformation,” from the
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Transformation 1.╯Judy Damon, “Urban Terror Slashed, Now for Gangsters,” Cape Times, March 29, 2001. 2.╯Janine Rauch, Thinking Big: The National Urban Renewal Programme and Crime Prevention in South Africa’s Metropolitan Cities (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, December 2002), 23. A skepticism toward
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International Affairs 2001, 171. 45.╯Law Enforcement and the Criminal Justice System, Goedgedacht Forum for Social Reflection. 46.╯Western Cape Provincial Development Council, Urban Renewal Strategy for the Cape Town Unicity, 43. 47.╯Interview, July 2002. 48.╯Ben Roberts, “Between Trust and Skepticism: Public Confidence in Institutions,”
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28, 2002. 20.╯Ibid., July 8, 2002. 21.╯Ntabazalilia, “Frustration Fuels Anti-Eviction Campaign.” 22.╯Janine Rauch, Thinking Big: The National Urban Renewal Programme and Crime Prevention in South Africa’s Metropolitan Cities (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, December 2002), 18. 23.╯Interview
by J. K. Lasser · 5 Oct 2013 · 1,845pp · 567,850 words
loan under the Disaster Relief Act is treated as a partial reimbursement of the loss and reduces the amount of the loss. Payments from an urban renewal agency to acquire your damaged property under the Federal Relocation Act of 1970 are considered reimbursements reducing the loss. Insurance payments for the cost of
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by Richard Rhodes · 28 May 2018 · 653pp · 155,847 words
by Matthew Carmona, Tim Heath, Steve Tiesdell and Taner Oc · 15 Feb 2010 · 1,233pp · 239,800 words
by Don Watkins and Yaron Brook · 28 Mar 2016 · 345pp · 92,849 words
by Jennifer Burns · 18 Oct 2009 · 495pp · 144,101 words
by Richard J. Evans · 31 Aug 2016 · 976pp · 329,519 words
by Alan Greenspan · 14 Jun 2007
by Philippe van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght · 20 Mar 2017
by Stewart Brand · 15 Mar 2009 · 422pp · 113,525 words
by Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman · 2 Jan 1980 · 376pp · 118,542 words
by Witold Rybczynski · 7 Sep 2015 · 342pp · 90,734 words
by Edward L. Glaeser · 1 Jan 2011 · 598pp · 140,612 words
by Nandan Nilekani · 25 Nov 2008 · 777pp · 186,993 words
by Ray Oldenburg · 17 Aug 1999
by Henry Sanderson and Michael Forsythe · 26 Sep 2012
by Simon Jenkins · 7 Nov 2024 · 364pp · 94,801 words
by Bench Ansfield · 15 Aug 2025 · 366pp · 138,787 words
by Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh
by Keach Hagey · 25 Jun 2018 · 499pp · 131,113 words
by Ian Kumekawa · 6 May 2025 · 422pp · 112,638 words
by Brian Goldstone · 25 Mar 2025 · 512pp · 153,059 words
by Edward Rutherfurd · 10 Nov 2009 · 1,169pp · 342,959 words
by Richard Florida · 22 Apr 2010 · 265pp · 74,941 words
by Tom Clancy and Scott Brick · 2 Jan 2002
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by James Traub · 1 Jan 2004 · 341pp · 116,854 words
by Mike Davis · 1 Mar 2006 · 232pp
by Manuel Castells · 31 Aug 1996 · 843pp · 223,858 words
by Alvin Toffler · 1 Jun 1984 · 286pp · 94,017 words
by Lonely Planet and Shawn Low · 1 Apr 2015 · 3,292pp · 537,795 words
by Mark Pendergrast · 5 May 2017 · 425pp · 117,334 words
by Dale van Atta · 14 Aug 2019 · 520pp · 164,834 words
by Hunter S. Thompson · 6 Nov 2003 · 893pp · 282,706 words
by Andrew Ross · 25 Oct 2021 · 301pp · 90,276 words
by J. H. Elliott · 20 Aug 2018 · 811pp · 160,872 words
by Beth Macy · 17 Oct 2016 · 398pp · 112,350 words
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by Ray Oldenburg · 30 Nov 2001 · 215pp · 71,155 words
by John Boughton · 14 May 2018 · 325pp · 89,374 words
by Christopher Lasch · 16 Sep 1991 · 669pp · 226,737 words
by Ellen Dunham-Jones and June Williamson · 23 Mar 2011 · 512pp · 131,112 words
by Henry Grabar · 8 May 2023 · 413pp · 115,274 words
by Jake Bittle · 21 Feb 2023 · 296pp · 118,126 words
by Parag Khanna · 4 Mar 2008 · 537pp · 158,544 words
by Leo Hollis · 31 Mar 2013 · 385pp · 118,314 words
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by P. D. Smith · 19 Jun 2012
by Stephen Graham · 30 Oct 2009 · 717pp · 150,288 words
by David Friedman · 2 Jan 1978 · 328pp · 92,317 words
by Melissa Bruntlett and Chris Bruntlett · 27 Aug 2018 · 230pp · 71,834 words
by James Howard Kunstler · 31 May 1993
by Elizabeth Becker · 16 Apr 2013 · 570pp · 158,139 words
by George Gilder · 30 Apr 1981 · 590pp · 153,208 words
by Diarmaid Ferriter · 15 Jul 2009
by Isabella Noble and Regis St Louis · 15 Nov 2022 · 541pp · 135,952 words
by Mehrsa Baradaran · 14 Sep 2017 · 520pp · 153,517 words
by Sara C. Bronin · 30 Sep 2024 · 230pp · 74,949 words
by Gabriel Winant · 23 Mar 2021 · 563pp · 136,190 words
by Quinn Slobodian · 16 Mar 2018 · 451pp · 142,662 words
by Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck · 14 Sep 2010 · 321pp · 85,267 words
by Jeff Faux · 16 May 2012 · 364pp · 99,613 words
by Benjamin Roth, James Ledbetter and Daniel B. Roth · 21 Jul 2009 · 408pp · 94,311 words
by Mohammed Abdul Qadeer · 10 Mar 2016
by Patricia Schultz · 13 May 2007 · 2,323pp · 550,739 words
by Steven Pinker · 1 Jan 2002 · 901pp · 234,905 words
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by Ellen Ruppel Shell · 22 Oct 2018 · 402pp · 126,835 words
by Jeff Goodell · 23 Oct 2017 · 292pp · 92,588 words
by Rick Perlstein · 17 Mar 2009 · 1,037pp · 294,916 words
by Sarah Williams · 14 Sep 2020
by Norman Davies · 27 Sep 2011
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by David Harvey · 1 Jan 2010 · 369pp · 94,588 words
by Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince · 25 Aug 2008
by Anthony M. Townsend · 29 Sep 2013 · 464pp · 127,283 words
by Douglas Rushkoff · 1 Jun 2009 · 422pp · 131,666 words
by Norman Davies · 30 Sep 2009 · 1,309pp · 300,991 words
by Tony Horwitz · 1 Jan 2008
by Rick Steves · 8 Nov 2016 · 920pp · 237,085 words
by Eric Klinenberg · 11 Jul 2002 · 440pp · 128,813 words
by William Julius Wilson · 1 Jan 1996 · 399pp · 116,828 words
by Janette Sadik-Khan · 8 Mar 2016 · 441pp · 96,534 words
by Witold Rybczynski · 1 Jan 1999
by Kurt Andersen · 4 Sep 2017 · 522pp · 162,310 words
by Kurt Andersen · 14 Sep 2020 · 486pp · 150,849 words
by Simon Jenkins · 28 Jul 2017 · 253pp · 69,529 words
by Alec Nevala-Lee · 1 Aug 2022 · 864pp · 222,565 words
by Kurt Andersen · 5 Sep 2017
by Ryan Gravel · 2 Feb 2016 · 259pp · 76,797 words
by Lonely Planet · 1,236pp · 320,184 words
by Laverne Ferguson-Kosinski and C. Darren Price · 8 Jan 2023 · 570pp · 186,017 words
by Premilla Nadasen · 10 Oct 2023 · 288pp · 82,972 words
by Mark Honigsbaum · 8 Apr 2019 · 529pp · 150,263 words
by David Else and Fionn Davenport · 2 Jan 2007
by Fred Turner · 31 Aug 2006 · 339pp · 57,031 words
by Noam Chomsky · 1 Sep 2014
by Stephen Pimpare · 11 Nov 2008 · 468pp · 123,823 words
by Yanis Varoufakis and Paul Mason · 4 Jul 2015 · 394pp · 85,734 words
by Stephen Graham · 8 Nov 2016 · 519pp · 136,708 words
by Brian Ladd · 1 Jan 1997
by Christopher Lasch · 1 Jan 1978
by Geoffrey West · 15 May 2017 · 578pp · 168,350 words
by David Sim · 19 Aug 2019 · 211pp · 55,075 words
by Ken Auletta · 14 Jul 1980 · 407pp · 135,242 words
by Carl Honore · 29 Jan 2013 · 266pp · 87,411 words
by Adrian Shirk · 15 Mar 2022 · 358pp · 118,810 words
by Justin McGuirk · 15 Feb 2014 · 246pp · 76,561 words
by Rough Guides · 21 May 2018
by Vicky Spratt · 18 May 2022 · 371pp · 122,273 words
by Jason M. Barr · 13 May 2024 · 292pp · 107,998 words
by Tao Leigh. Goffe · 14 Mar 2025 · 441pp · 122,013 words
by Korina Miller · 1 Mar 2010
by Richard Florida · 9 May 2016 · 356pp · 91,157 words
by G. Charlesworth · 1 Jan 1984
by Lonely Planet · 27 Sep 2012
by Christopher Hilton · 15 Dec 2011 · 306pp · 92,704 words
by Lonely Planet · 22 Apr 2012
by Alan Ehrenhalt · 23 Apr 2012 · 281pp · 86,657 words
by David Levinson and Kevin Krizek · 17 Aug 2015 · 257pp · 64,285 words
by Andrew Yang · 2 Apr 2018 · 300pp · 76,638 words
by Deyan Sudjic · 1 Sep 2010
by Lonely Planet, James Bainbridge, Brett Atkinson, Steve Fallon, Jessica Lee, Virginia Maxwell, Hugh McNaughtan and John Noble · 31 Jan 2017 · 2,313pp · 330,238 words
by David Graeber and David Wengrow · 18 Oct 2021
by Gary Gerstle · 14 Oct 2022 · 655pp · 156,367 words
by Sudhir Venkatesh · 11 Sep 2013 · 318pp · 92,257 words
by Martin Dunford · 2 Jan 2009
by Kate van Der Boogert · 24 Sep 2012
by Ayn Rand · 15 Aug 1966 · 400pp · 129,841 words
by Mark Hiss · 2 Jan 2007
by Joyce Appleby · 22 Dec 2009 · 540pp · 168,921 words
by David Kynaston · 12 May 2008 · 870pp · 259,362 words
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by Nicola Williams · 14 Oct 2010
by Mark Penn and E. Kinney Zalesne · 5 Sep 2007 · 458pp · 134,028 words
by Tom Masters, Steve Fallon and Vesna Maric · 31 Jan 2010
by Steve Inskeep · 12 Oct 2011 · 364pp · 102,225 words
by Sharon Rotbard · 1 Jan 2005 · 351pp · 94,104 words
by Lisa Gitelman · 25 Jan 2013
by Robert A. Caro · 8 Apr 2019 · 182pp · 64,847 words
by Arthur Herman · 27 Nov 2001 · 510pp · 163,449 words
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by Daniel Knowles · 27 Mar 2023 · 278pp · 91,332 words
by Binyamin Appelbaum · 4 Sep 2019 · 614pp · 174,226 words
by M. Nolan Gray · 20 Jun 2022 · 252pp · 66,183 words
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by David Harvey · 2 Jan 1995 · 318pp · 85,824 words
by Nick Edwards and Mark Ellwood · 2 Jan 2009
by Studs Terkel · 1 Jan 1974 · 926pp · 312,419 words
by Selina Todd · 9 Apr 2014 · 525pp · 153,356 words
by James C. Scott · 8 Feb 1999 · 607pp · 185,487 words
by Monica L. Smith · 31 Mar 2019 · 304pp · 85,291 words
by Malcolm Harris · 14 Feb 2023 · 864pp · 272,918 words
by Sudhir Venkatesh · 13 Aug 2010
by Anne Kim · 384pp · 112,825 words
by Jules Brown and Rough Guides · 2 Feb 2009 · 344pp · 161,076 words
by Robert Sullivan · 8 May 2009 · 307pp · 96,974 words
by David Else · 14 Oct 2010
by Cory Doctorow · 11 May 2010 · 624pp · 180,416 words
by Virginia Eubanks · 294pp · 77,356 words
by Lonely Planet and Donna Wheeler · 1 Apr 2015 · 1,510pp · 218,417 words
by Andrea Schulte-Peevers · 20 Oct 2010 · 638pp · 156,653 words
by Nancy Isenberg · 20 Jun 2016 · 709pp · 191,147 words
by Clements, Paul · 2 Jun 2015
by Richard Sennett · 9 Apr 2018
by Amy Lang and Daniel Lang/levitsky · 11 Jun 2012 · 537pp · 99,778 words
by Fionn Davenport · 15 Jan 2010
by Taras Grescoe · 8 Sep 2011 · 428pp · 134,832 words
by Carolyn McCarthy, Greg Benchwick, Joshua Samuel Brown, Alex Egerton, Matthew Firestone, Kevin Raub, Tom Spurling and Lucas Vidgen · 2 Jan 2001
by Joseph E. Stiglitz · 15 Mar 2015 · 409pp · 125,611 words
by Deyan Sudjic · 17 Feb 2015 · 335pp · 111,405 words
by Laurie Garrett · 15 Feb 2000
by Rough Guides · 1 Mar 2023 · 919pp · 252,171 words
by Tom McGrath · 3 Jun 2024 · 326pp · 103,034 words
by Ali Winston and Darwin Bondgraham · 10 Jan 2023 · 498pp · 184,761 words
by Sarah Goodyear, Doug Gordon and Aaron Naparstek · 21 Oct 2025 · 330pp · 85,349 words
by Evan Friss · 6 May 2019 · 314pp · 85,637 words
by Tyler Cowen · 24 Jan 2011 · 76pp · 20,238 words
by Fodor's · 5 Nov 2013 · 1,540pp · 400,759 words
by Earl Swift · 8 Jun 2011 · 423pp · 129,831 words
by Michael Pollan · 15 Jan 1997 · 317pp · 107,653 words
by Martin Gurri · 13 Nov 2018 · 379pp · 99,340 words
by Anna Wiener · 14 Jan 2020 · 237pp · 74,109 words
by Greg Bear · 2 Jan 1985 · 641pp · 153,921 words
by Deyan Sudjic · 27 Nov 2006 · 441pp · 135,176 words
by Richard Maxwell · 15 Jan 2001 · 268pp · 112,708 words
by Virginia Postrel · 5 Nov 2013 · 347pp · 86,274 words
by Elly Blue · 29 Nov 2014 · 221pp · 68,880 words
by John Grindrod · 2 Nov 2013 · 578pp · 141,373 words
by Neil Gibb · 15 Feb 2018 · 217pp · 63,287 words
by Beth Macy · 4 Mar 2019 · 441pp · 124,798 words
by Chris Stedman · 19 Oct 2020 · 307pp · 101,998 words
by Rachel Slade · 9 Jan 2024 · 392pp · 106,044 words
by Nicholas Wapshott · 2 Aug 2021 · 453pp · 122,586 words
by Lonely Planet · 342pp · 93,950 words
by Lonely Planet and Carolyn McCarthy · 30 Jun 2013
by Bruce Sterling · 24 Feb 2009 · 387pp · 105,250 words
by Megan Kimble · 2 Apr 2024 · 430pp · 117,211 words
by Fodor's · 6 Oct 2011
by Simon Sebag-Montefiore · 27 Jan 2011 · 1,364pp · 272,257 words
by Sam Roberts · 22 Jan 2013 · 219pp · 67,173 words
by William Easterly · 4 Mar 2014 · 483pp · 134,377 words
by Mike Davis · 27 Aug 2001
by Bhaskar Sunkara · 1 Feb 2019 · 324pp · 86,056 words
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by Rashid Khalidi · 31 Aug 2006 · 357pp · 112,950 words
by Lonely Planet, Peter Dragicevich, Mark Baker, Stuart Butler, Anthony Ham, Jessica Lee, Vesna Maric, Kevin Raub and Brana Vladisavljevic · 1 Oct 2019 · 990pp · 250,044 words
by Scott. Branson · 14 Jun 2022 · 198pp · 63,612 words
by Joel Kotkin · 11 Apr 2016 · 565pp · 122,605 words
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by Fodor's · 5 Apr 2011
by Jeff Speck · 13 Nov 2012 · 342pp · 86,256 words
by Jill Lepore · 14 Sep 2020 · 467pp · 149,632 words
by Lonely Planet, Mark Baker, Tamara Sheward, Anita Isalska, Hugh McNaughtan, Lorna Parkes, Greg Bloom, Marc Di Duca, Peter Dragicevich, Tom Masters, Leonid Ragozin, Tim Richards and Simon Richmond · 30 Sep 2017
by Geert Mak · 15 Sep 2004
by Conor Dougherty · 18 Feb 2020 · 331pp · 95,582 words
by The Passenger · 8 Jun 2021 · 199pp · 63,724 words
by Jonathan Mahler · 11 Aug 2025 · 559pp · 164,804 words
by Stross, Charles · 1 Jan 2002
by Peter H. Diamandis and Steven Kotler · 3 Feb 2015 · 368pp · 96,825 words
by Mike Rose · 17 Sep 2012 · 225pp · 55,458 words
by John T. Cacioppo · 9 Aug 2009 · 327pp · 97,720 words
by James Patrick Kelly and John Kessel · 30 Sep 2007 · 571pp · 162,958 words
by Pamela Barrus and Dk Publishing · 2 Jan 2007 · 135pp · 53,708 words
by Nile Rodgers · 17 Oct 2011 · 296pp · 94,948 words
by Dk Eyewitness
by Steven Pinker · 10 Sep 2007 · 698pp · 198,203 words
by Matthew Poole, Erika Lenkert and Kristin Luna · 4 Oct 2011
by Lonely Planet
by Nicole Aschoff · 10 Mar 2015 · 128pp · 38,187 words
by Laura Spinney · 31 May 2017
by Lonely Planet · 31 May 2012
by Timothy Sandefur · 16 Aug 2010 · 399pp · 155,913 words
by Sara Benson · 23 May 2010 · 941pp · 237,152 words
by Peter D. Norton · 15 Jan 2008 · 409pp · 145,128 words
by Rough Guides · 550pp · 151,946 words
by Lonely Planet · 1,410pp · 363,093 words
by Samuel I. Schwartz · 17 Aug 2015 · 340pp · 92,904 words
by Carlton Reid · 14 Jun 2017 · 309pp · 84,038 words
by Lonely Planet Publications and Damien Simonis · 14 May 1997
by Jamie Bronstein · 29 Oct 2016 · 332pp · 89,668 words
by Fodor's Travel Guides · 23 Aug 2022
by Carrie-Marie Bratley · 15 Mar 2021 · 743pp · 193,663 words
by Nick Turse · 15 Jan 2013 · 460pp · 129,159 words
by Frances Stroh · 2 May 2016 · 200pp · 60,314 words
by Ayn Rand, Leonard Peikoff and Peter Schwartz · 1 Jan 1989 · 411pp · 136,413 words
by Christopher B. Leinberger · 15 Nov 2008 · 222pp · 50,318 words
by Sebastian Junger · 30 Sep 1999
by Helen Lovekin and Phil Lee · 29 Apr 2006 · 257pp · 56,811 words
by Dom Nozzi · 15 Dec 2003 · 282pp · 69,481 words
by Milton Friedman · 1 Feb 1993 · 25pp · 7,179 words
by Brian Greene · 1 Jan 2003 · 695pp · 219,110 words
by Sam Williams · 16 Nov 2015
by Laurie Garrett · 31 Oct 1994 · 1,293pp · 357,735 words
by Phil Lapsley · 5 Feb 2013 · 744pp · 142,748 words
by David Rakoff · 20 Sep 2010 · 181pp · 62,775 words
by Tracy Kidder · 14 Jun 1989 · 327pp · 102,361 words
by Jordan Ellenberg · 14 May 2021 · 665pp · 159,350 words
by Tom Wolfe · 1 Jan 1979 · 417pp · 147,682 words
by Dk Eyewitness · 167pp · 33,213 words
by Peter Lunenfeld · 31 Mar 2011 · 239pp · 56,531 words
by Tom Wolfe · 2 Jan 1981 · 98pp · 29,610 words
by Antonio Garcia Martinez · 27 Jun 2016 · 559pp · 155,372 words
by Lonely Planet · 1 Mar 2017
by Andrew Lih · 5 Jul 2010 · 398pp · 86,023 words
by Lonely Planet and Andrea Schulte-Peevers · 31 Aug 2012 · 277pp · 41,815 words
by Sasha Issenberg · 1 Jan 2007 · 534pp · 15,752 words
by Penny Harvey and Hannah Knox · 22 Jun 2015 · 262pp · 73,439 words
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by Simone Browne · 1 Oct 2015 · 326pp · 84,180 words
by Novella Carpenter · 25 May 2010 · 306pp · 94,204 words
by Lucy Corne · 1 Sep 2015 · 1,203pp · 124,556 words
by Ted Conover · 15 Jan 2010 · 366pp · 123,151 words
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by Karl Samson · 26 Apr 2010 · 389pp · 210,632 words
by Daniel Brook · 18 Feb 2013 · 489pp · 132,734 words
by Lisa McKenzie · 14 Jan 2015 · 212pp · 80,393 words
by Samuel R. Delany · 1 Jan 1999
by Steven Johnson · 329pp · 88,954 words
by Angela Garcia · 30 Apr 2024 · 271pp · 85,246 words
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