wikimedia commons

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123 results

pages: 124 words: 38,034

Journey to Crossrail
by Stephen Halliday

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the most famous and energetic of Victorian engineers. (Carlo Marochetti, by Tagishsimon via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) Farringdon station, an early beneficiary of the development of the Thameslink service connecting the north and south of the Thames. (Mattbuck via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) Canary Wharf (Ryan Tang on unsplash.com) Canary Wharf roof garden, Crossrail Place, by Jason Williams. (Jayflux via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) Crossrail Canary Wharf. (Tony Hisgett, via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) Crossrail tunnel, December 2013. (Matt Brown via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) Crossrail construction shaft, December 2013.

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This remaining fragment is in the vicinity of the Tower of London. (Adam Bishop via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) The site of Tyburn, scene of executions until 1783, when they were moved to Newgate, is marked by this plaque at Marble Arch. (Quodvultdeus via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) The London Stone, set behind a grill at 111 Cannon Street, supposedly set by the Trojan Prince Brutus when he founded the city. (Lonpicman via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) The Roman site of the Temple of Mithras, discovered in the city in the 1950s, is now within the Headquarters of Bloomberg in Queen Victoria Street. (Oxyman via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.0) HAPPY ARCHAEOLOGISTS So when the Crossrail engineers proposed to remove 3 million tons of earth from beneath London and rather more than that in building new stations and other essential works on the surface, a smile crossed the faces of London’s archaeologists, based at the Museum of London.

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The remainder of her apparatus will then be connected to her so that she can begin work. (Marcus Rowland via Wikimedia Commons) This photograph gives an impression of the equipment behind the cutting face, which processes and removes the material extracted by Ada from the tunnel at Royal Oak. (Marcus Rowland via Wikimedia Commons) The teeth on the cutting face that Sophia and Mary have been using to proceed from Plumstead, beneath the Thames, to North Woolwich. (DarkestElephant via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) The machines were made to two separate designs. Sophia and Mary, which drove the tunnels beneath the Thames between North Woolwich and Plumstead, were smaller slurry machines, designed to deal with the chalk, sand and gravel beneath the river, while the remaining machines were earth pressure balance machines, which are better suited to the London clay and gravel through which they had to bore.

pages: 317 words: 79,633

Buzz: The Nature and Necessity of Bees
by Thor Hanson
Published 1 Jul 2018

No other group of insects has grown so close to us, none is more essential, and none is more revered. FIGURE 1.1. The human fear of arthropods features heavily in our storytelling, from biblical locusts to Kafka’s beetle to the horrors pictured on these pulp magazine covers from the 1920s. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. The human fascination with bees took root deep in our prehistory, when early hominins sought out the sugary blast of honey at every opportunity. As ancient peoples migrated around the globe, they continued searching for that sweetness, robbing the honeybees as well as scores of lesser-known species.

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Yet, oddly, it’s one that people didn’t begin to understand—let alone appreciate—until the seventeenth century. FIGURE 1.4. According to one Greek and Roman myth, this is where it all began, with Dionysus (Bacchus) capturing the first swarm of bees in a hollow tree. Piero di Cosimo, The Discovery of Honey by Bacchus (c. 1499). WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. When German botanist Rudolf Jakob Camerarius first published his observations on pollination in 1694, most scientists found the whole notion of plant sex absurd, obscene, or both. Decades later, Philip Miller’s description of bees visiting tulip flowers was still deemed too racy for his best-selling The Gardeners Dictionary.

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This sweat bee (Oligochlora semirugosa, top) shows clearly visible wing veins, leg hairs, and antennae, while the stingless bee (Proplebeia dominicana, bottom), retains tidy balls of resin (collected for nest building) attached to its hind legs. Both specimens come from deposits in the Dominican Republic and are approximately 15 million to 25 million years old. TOP IMAGE COURTESY OF MICHAEL ENGEL VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BOTTOM IMAGE COURTESY OF OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY. For bees, amber provides the perfect medium, preserving all the fine anatomical details of a pollen-gathering lifestyle (and sometimes the pollen itself). Even in photographs, the fossils look startlingly lifelike and often quite beautiful, backlit and glowing in their translucent tombs.

pages: 79 words: 24,875

Are Trams Socialist?: Why Britain Has No Transport Policy
by Christian Wolmar
Published 19 May 2016

By Smalljim (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Twyford Down cutting’ (page 43). By Jim Champion (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Nottingham tram’ (page 57). Malc McDonald [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘The driverless car: a game changer?’ (page 68). By Grendelkhan (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Cycling in Amsterdam’ (page 97).

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By Grendelkhan (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Cycling in Amsterdam’ (page 97). By Steven Lek (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Zurich: rampant socialism’ (page 102). By © Roland Fischer, Zürich (Switzerland) – Mail notification to: roland_zh(at)hispeed(dot)ch / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25610112.

Driverless Cars: On a Road to Nowhere
by Christian Wolmar
Published 18 Jan 2018

By Grendelkhan (own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by‑sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Uber’s self-driving car test driving in downtown San Francisco’ (page 21). By Diablanco (own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecom mons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Levels of automation’ (page 38). Created for this book by the publisher. ‘In 100 metres turn left (but only if you are on foot)’ (page 47). By David Stowell (from geograph.org.uk) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘431ch twin turbo 3.0 550N.m 1572kg 0-100 en 4.1sec à partir de 82 300 €’ (page 60).

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By David Stowell (from geograph.org.uk) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘431ch twin turbo 3.0 550N.m 1572kg 0-100 en 4.1sec à partir de 82 300 €’ (page 60). By Falcon® Photography from France [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons. ‘Looking northeast as bicyclers go down 5th Avenue after a snowfall’ (page 79). By Jim Henderson (own work) [CC0 1.0 Universal (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons. Photo credits ‘A massive pothole in Carisbrooke Road, Newport, Isle of Wight, so big it had to be sectioned off to prevent cars getting damaged by driving over it’ (page 86). By Editor5807 (own work) [GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 (https://commons.wikimedia. org/w iki/C ommons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License,_version _1.2)] via Wikimedia Commons. 120 PERSPECTIVES Centennial Scholar are at essays the Brookings Institution, and co-author of The Perspectives on big ideas by leading writers, each given Revolution free rein and a modest word limit to reframe an issue of Metropolitan great contemporary interest.

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By Editor5807 (own work) [GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 (https://commons.wikimedia. org/w iki/C ommons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License,_version _1.2)] via Wikimedia Commons. 120 PERSPECTIVES Centennial Scholar are at essays the Brookings Institution, and co-author of The Perspectives on big ideas by leading writers, each given Revolution free rein and a modest word limit to reframe an issue of Metropolitan great contemporary interest. Diane Coyle, Series Editor ‘This is just what the robot evangelists don’t want you to read: a rational, levelheaded, compelling yet cheerful analysis of why the driverless car‘s route to success is so uncertain.

pages: 370 words: 97,138

Beyond: Our Future in Space
by Chris Impey
Published 12 Apr 2015

Figure 5 A Treatise of the System of the World by Isaac Newton, published in 1728. Figure 6 NASA Great Images. Figure 7 Wikimedia Commons and Fastfission. Figure 8 Wikimedia Commons and Lokilech. Figure 9 Wikimedia Commons and Russian Federation. Figure 10 Mark Wade/Astronautix .com. Figure 11 U.S. Government/USAF. Figure 12 Roel van der Hoorn/NASA. Figure 13 NASA. Figure 14 Wikipedia Commons and David Kring/USRA. Figure 15 Wikimedia Commons and NOAA/Mysid. Figure 16 Chris Impey. Figure 17 Chris Impey. Figure 18 Wikimedia Commons and Kelvin Case. Figure 19 “Countdown Continues on Commercial Flight,” Albuquerque Journal. Figure 20 NASA/Regan Geeseman.

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Figure 45 Biosphere 2, College of Science, University of Arizona. Figure 46 NASA. Figure 47 NASA/JSC. Figure 48 Javiera Guedes. Figure 49 U.S. Government/LLNL. Figure 50 NASA. Figure 51 NASA. Figure 52 Wikimedia Commons and Picoquant. Figure 53 H. Schweiker/WIYN and NOAO/AURA/NSF. Figure 54 NASA. Figure 55 Wikimedia Commons and Fastfission. Figure 56 Chris Impey. Figure 57 Wikimedia Commons and Bibi Saint-Pol. Figure 58 Andrei Linde. Figure 59 Wikimedia Commons and Was a bee. Index Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

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Figure 19 “Countdown Continues on Commercial Flight,” Albuquerque Journal. Figure 20 NASA/Regan Geeseman. Figure 21 SpaceX. Figure 22 NASA. Figure 23 U.S. Government/FAA. Figure 24 Wikimedia Commons and Nasa.apollo. Figure 25 NASA/Kennedy Space Center. Figure 26 Andrew Ketsdever. Figure 27 NASA/JPL. Figure 28 NASA. Figure 29 Wikimedia Commons and Aldaron. Figure 30 Matthew R. Francis. Figure 31 Planetary Habitability Laboratory/University of Puerto Rico. Figure 32 Postage stamp, Chinese State. Figure 33 Wikimedia Commons and Dave Rajczewski. Figure 34 Data source reports of Satellite Industry Association. Figure 35 Patrick Collins. Figure 36 NASA/Dennis M. Davidson. Figure 37 NASA.

pages: 345 words: 84,847

The Runaway Species: How Human Creativity Remakes the World
by David Eagleman and Anthony Brandt
Published 30 Sep 2017

Müller [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons National Football Stadium of Brasilia, Brazil (No attribution required) Stadion Miejski, Poznan, Poland By Ehreii – Own work, CC BY 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10804159 Stadium of SC Beira-Mar at Aveiro, Portugal CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139668 Saddledome, Calgary, Alberta, Canada By abdallahh from Montréal, Canada (Calgary Saddledome Uploaded by X-Weinzar) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Brain activity measured by magnetoencephalography showing diminishing response to a repeated stimulus Courtesy of Carles Escera, BrainLab, University of Barcelona Skeuomorph of a digital bookshelf By Jonobacon Apple Watch By Justin14 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Chapter 2 An advertisement for the Casio AT-550-7 © Casio Computer Company, Ltd.

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Young Research Library, UCLA Frank Gehry and Vladu Milunic: Dancing House, Prague, Czechoslovakia Photo by Christine Zenino [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Frank Gehry: Beekman Tower, New York City (No attribution required) Frank Gehry: Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada Photo by John Fowler [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Volute conforming tank Courtesy of Volute Inc., an Otherlad company Claes Oldenburg: Icebag – Scale B, 16/25, 1971. Programmed kinetic construction in aluminum, steel, nylon, fiberglass.

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Roberts and Mary Nooter Roberts Image © courtesy Fowler Museum at UCLA. Photography by Don Cole, 2007 Ruppy the Puppy in daylight and darkness Courtesy of CheMyong Jay Ko, PhD Human skeleton Photo by Sklmsta [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons Joris Laarman bone rocker Image courtesy of Friedman Benda and Joris Laarman Lab. Photography: Steve Benisty Kingfisher bird Photo by Andreas Trepte Shinkansen series N700 bullet train By Scfema, via Wikimedia Commons Girl (Simone Leigh + Chitra Ganesh): My dreams, my works must wait till after hell, 2012 Single-channel HD video, 07:14 min RT, Edition of 5 Courtesy of the artists Sewell family photo Courtesy of Jason Sewell HDR photograph of Goldstream Provincial Park Photo by Brandon Godfrey Louvre Pyramid (No attribution required) Frida Kahlo: La Venadita Formerly in the collection of Dr.

The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World
by Catherine Nixey
Published 20 Sep 2017

Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite, from the Parthenon East Pediment © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons, via Wikimedia Commons 17. The left-hand group of surviving figures from the East Pediment of the Parthenon, exhibited as part of the Elgin Marbles © Andrew Dunn, 3 December 2005 via Wikimedia Commons SECTION TWO 1. A green basanite bust of Germanicus Caesar, Roman, Egypt © The Trustees of the British Museum 2. Saint Apollonia Destroys a Pagan Idol by Giovanni d’Alemagna, c. 1442–5 © by Daderot (own work) [Public domain or CC0], via Wikimedia Commons 3. A photograph of a cult statue of the deified Augustus at the Ephesus museum in Selçuk, Turkey by QuartierLatin1968 (own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)] via Wikimedia Commons 4.

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Marie-Lan Nguyen (own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons 7. The Allegory of the Deadly Sins by Vincent de Beauvais, historical mirror, Paris, 1463 © Paris, BNF, Department of Manuscripts, French 50, fol. 25 8. A bust of Epicurus (341–270 BC) in stone © Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy / Bridgeman Images 9. A bust of Lucretius the Roman philosophical poet (96?–55 BC) © Granger / Bridgeman Images 10. Emperor Constantine and the Council of Nicaea with the burning of Arian books illustrated below, Italian manuscript, 9th century AD by James Steakleym, artwork: unknown [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons 11. A fresco of the raising of Lazarus, catacombs of Via Latina, Rome, 4th century AD © Catacomb of Via Latina, Rome, Italy / Bridgeman Images 12.

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A photograph of a cult statue of the deified Augustus at the Ephesus museum in Selçuk, Turkey by QuartierLatin1968 (own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)] via Wikimedia Commons 4. Theophilus standing on the Serapeion, Goleniscev Papyrus, 5th century, unknown [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons 5. A photo of a Byzantine Chapel in Roman amphitheatre, Duresi, Albania © Julian Chichester / Bridgeman Images 6. A portrait of Hypatia by Charles William Mitchell, 1885, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK / © Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums / Bridgeman Images 7. The Archimedes palimpsest, c. 10th–13th century, Private Collection / Photo © Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images 8.

Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models
by Gabriel Weinberg and Lauren McCann
Published 17 Jun 2019

All rights reserved. 36: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Martinowsky and Chiswick Chap, “Natural selection in action: light and dark morphs of the peppered moth, Biston betularia,” Wikimedia Commons, February 18, 2007, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg. 37: Cartoon by Larry Lambert. 38: “Inertia - Demotivational Poster,” Fake Posters, July 22, 2009, www.fakeposters.com/posters/inertia. 39: Communic@tions Management Inc., “Sixty Years of Daily Newspaper Circulation: Canada, United States, United Kingdom,” (May 6, 2011), http://media-cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf. 40: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Birmingham Museums Trust, “Richard Trevithick’s 1802 steam locomotive,” Wikimedia Commons, August 11, 2005, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel#/media/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Trevithick_Locomotive(1).jpg. 41: Adapted from public domain image. Damian Yerrick, “Illustration of a roly-poly toy viewed from the side. The red and white bullseye represents the figurine’s center of mass (COM).” Wikimedia Commons, August 15, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poli_Gus_N_rocked.svg. 42: “How does a Nuclear Bomb work?” Figure 1: The Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction, guernseyDonkey.com, February 24, 2012. 43: Peter Leyden, “Historical Adoption Rates of Communication Technologies,” infographic. 44: Justin McCarthy, “Record-High 60% of Americans Support Same-Sex Marriage,” Gallup (May 19, 2015). 45: Adapted from a Creative Commons image.

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Ron Howard (Imagine Entertainment, 1995). 3: Based on a meme from “What is the next step with our MVP?” Gerry Claps, Quora, September 10, 2015, www.quora.com/what-is-the-next-step-with-our-mvp. 4: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Ghiles, “Somewhat noisy linear data fit to both a linear function and to a polynomial of 10 degrees,” Wikimedia Commons, March 11, 2016, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Overfitted_Data.png. 5: Cartoon by Wiley Miller. 6: Headlines from August 31, 2015, on foxnews.com and cnn.com. Both early headlines have since been altered, though the final stories from the following day are still available: “Atlanta-Area Police Officer Shot after Responding to Wrong Home,” Fox News, September 1, 2015, www.foxnews.com/us/atlanta-area-police-officer-shot-after-responding-to-wrong-home; Eliott C.

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Penney, “Chilling Effects: Online Surveillance and Wikipedia Use,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 31, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 148. 23: Cartoon by Greg Perry. 24: Based on a meme tweeted by Kristian Hellang, “Just tried to explain technical debt to a customer, had to pull this out again . . . ,” Twitter, July 30, 2015, 4:29 A.M., https://twitter.com/khellang/status/626716128379830273. 28, 29, and 25: Cartoons by Tom Fishburne. 26: Cartoon by Mark Godfrey. 27: Adapted from Craig Brown, “The Little Dipper and the Earth’s Tilt and Rotation,” Craig’s Sense of Wonder: Into a Curious Mind, November 17, 2012, https://craigssenseofwonder.wordpress.com/tag/insolation. 28: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Ashley Dace, “Star Trail above Beccles, near to Gillingham, Norfolk, Great Britain,” Wikimedia Commons, May 13, 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Star_Trail_above_Beccles_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1855505.jpg. 29: Cartoon by Roy Delgado. 30: Adapted from U.S. Congressional Budget Office, “The Federal Budget in 2015,” infographic, January 6, 2016, www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/images/pubs-images/50xxx/51110-Land_Overall.png. 31: Adapted from National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation, “Concentration of Health Spending Among Highest Spenders,” infographic, 2013. 32: Angela Liao, “A Field Guide to Procrastinators,” Twenty Pixels, September 6, 2013, www.20px.com/blog/2013/09/06/a-field-guide-to-procrastinators. 33: Eric Johnson and Daniel Goldstein, “Do Defaults Save Lives?”

The Atlas of Disease
by Sandra Hempel
Published 15 Sep 2018

145 U Urbani, Carlo 62 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 63, 77, 166, 185, 197, 200, 214 V vaccination 8 diphtheria 19 measles 47 polio 179 smallpox 75 tuberculosis (TB) 89 typhoid 116 yellow fever 158 Variola virus 72, 77 Verdi, Giuseppe 82 Vibrio cholera 94 Victoria 113 Voltaire, François 209 W Wakefield, Andrew 47 Walpole, Horace 122 war fever 144 War of Jenkins’ Ear 154 Warren, Charles 113 waterborne infections cholera 92 dysentery 102 typhoid 108 whooping cough 46 William and Mary 73 Wolbachia pipientis 167 Wood, Anthony à 104 World Health Assembly 179 World Health Organization (WHO) 19, 37 AIDS 202, 203 cholera 101 dysentery 104 ebola 185, 189, 202 malaria 127 measles 47, 49, 51 polio 179 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) 62, 68 smallpox 77 tuberculosis (TB) 89 typhoid 117 yellow fever 158 zika 163, 166 Y yellow fever 8, 63, 126, 150, 163, 166, 167, 184 Areas with risk of yellow fever transmission in 2017 156 Confirmed cases of yellow fever during the Angola outbreak December 2015 to June 2016 159 from African rainforests to the New World 153 transmission in different habitats 155 yellow fever in the twenty-first century 158 Yersin, Alexandre 141 Yersinia pestis 134, 141 Z Zaire ebolavirus 185 zika 160 complacency leads to outbreaks 166 emergence of new strain 162 First recorded incidence of Zika virus around the globe 164 Spread of zika virus during 2013 outbreak 168 spreading through Latin America 163 still a lot to learn 167 zika linked to microcephaly 163 zika reaches Brazil 163 Credits 7 ‘A map taken from a report by Dr. John Snow’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 13 Wikimedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Lazarillo_de_Tormes_de_Goya.jpg; 14 Melba Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo; 15 ‘Symptoms of diptheria, in Koplik’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 19 Mary Evans/Library of Congress; 23 ‘Charles Kean, ill with flu. Coloured etching’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 24 ‘Drawing of the 1918 Influenza: Lymph sinus’ by John George Adami, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 28 ‘A monster representing an influenza virus hitting a man over the head as he sits in his armchair’, pen and ink drawing by Ernest Noble, c. 1918, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 33 ‘28 year old woman with leprosy, from the title “Om spedalskhed … Atlas/udgivet efter foranstaltning of den Kongelige Norske Regjerings Department for det Indre.

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Watercolour (by Jane Jackson), 1921/1950, after a (painting) by Ernest Muir, c. 1921’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 39 ‘Leprosy poster, India, 1950s’ by Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 43 VintageMedStock/Alamy Stock Photo; 44 Scott Camazine/Alamy Stock Photo; 45 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo; 46 CCI Archives/Science Photo Library; 47 Australian War Memorial/Wikimedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Dido_(1869)_AWM_302178.jpeg; 49 ‘Four children, two with measles, in the same bed: their mother tells the district nurse that there is no risk of infection’, wood engraving by Starr Wood, 1915, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 53 VintageMedStock/Alamy Stock Photo; 54 Gado Images/Alamy Stock Photo; 55 © Florilegius/Getty Images; 58 ‘A country vicar visiting a family where a child has been suffering from scarlet fever’, wood engraving by Claude Alin Shepperson, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 61 Scott Camazine/Alamy Stock Photo; 62 Phanie/Alamy Stock Photo; 68 Luis Enrique Ascui/Stringer/Getty Images; 69 Iain Masterton/Alamy Stock Photo; 71 ‘Edward Jenner vaccinating patients against smallpox’ by James Gillray, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 73 ‘Smallpox, textured illustration, Japanese manuscript, c. 1720’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 74 ‘Ships used as smallpox isolation hospitals’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 75 ‘Gloucester smallpox epidemic, 1896: a ward in the isolation hospital’, photograph by H.C.F., 1896, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 77 ‘St Pancras Smallpox Hospital, London: housed in a tented camp at Finchley’, watercolour by Frank Collins, 1881, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 81 ‘A health visitor holding a small child, promoting a campaign against tuberculosis and infant mortality’, colour process print by Jules Marie Auguste Leroux, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 82 Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images; 89 ‘Liverpool’s x-ray campaign against tuberculosis’, lithograph, c. 1960, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 93 ‘John Bull defending Britain against the invasion of cholera; satirizing resistance to the Reform Bill’, coloured lithograph, c. 1832, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 94 ‘A cholera patient experimenting with remedies’, coloured etching by Robert Cruikshank, c. 1832, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 95 ‘Actual & supposed routes of Cholera from Hindoostan to Europe’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 97 ‘John Snow, 1856’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 98 ‘A map taken from a report by Dr.

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John Snow’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 103 ‘Soldier suffering from dysentery’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 106 Universal History Archive/Getty Images; 109 ‘Man suffering from typhoid’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 110 Shutterstock; 111 ‘The angel of death (a winged skeletal creature) drops some deadly substances into a river near a town; representing typhoid’, watercolour, 1912, by Richard Tennant Cooper, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 112 Science & Society Picture Library/Getty Images; 113 Mary Evans Picture Library; 117 ‘Anti-typhoid vaccination in World War I’, photograph, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 121 ‘Lady suffering from malaria’, Abb 7, page 82, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 122 ‘Illustrations of parasites that cause malaria, 1901’, by Giovanni Battista Grassi, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 124 ‘Map of the world, showing positions of malaria’, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 125 ‘The malaria mosquito forming the eye-sockets of a skull, rep’, by Abram Games, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 126 ‘World Health Organisation Interim Committee on malaria’, photograph, 1947, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 133 ‘A physician wearing a seventeenth-century plague preventive costume’, watercolour, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 134 ‘The dance of death’, lithograph after A. Dauzats, 1831, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 135 Wikimedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Triumph_of_Death_-_WGA3389.jpg; 139 ‘A cart for transporting the dead in London during the great’, by George Cruikshank, Wellcome Collection, CC BY; 143 ‘Soldiers suffering from typhus, lying in the streets’, lithograph by E.

pages: 312 words: 93,504

Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia
by Dariusz Jemielniak
Published 13 May 2014

Market closure and the conflict theory of the professions. In M. Burrage & R. Torstendahl (Eds.), Professions in theory and history: Rethinking the study of the professions. London: Sage. Commons talk:Sexual content. (2013, August 17). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual _content/Archive_4 Commons:Deletion requests/file:Jimmy Wales by Pricasso.jpg. (2013, August 20). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia .org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Jimmy_Wales_by_Pricasso.jpg 2 4 6 R e f e r e n c e s Community Logo/Request for consultation. (2013, October 29).

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From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. User talk:Jimbo Wales/Archive. (2010, May 9). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales/Archive 2 7 6 R e f e r e n c e s User talk:Jimbo Wales/Archive/2010/5. (2010, June 5). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved November 8, 2013, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo _Wales/Archive/2010/5 User talk:Jimbo Wales/Difference between revisions. (2011, August 24). Wikipedia. Retrieved November 6, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

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The debate, held at Wikiversity but also partly on Meta-Wiki6 and on the discussion lists, exceeded sixty thousand words and stimulated another L e a d e r s h i p T r a n s f o r m e d 1 6 7 debate, started on Wikimedia on March 25, 2010, on whether Wales should have his founder flag removed because of his transgressions (see “Requests for Comment,” 2013). Toward the end of March votes favored Wales: eighteen supporting removal, twenty-six against, three abstaining. Then another unfortunate event took place. Child Pornography? In April 2010 Larry Sanger sent a letter to the FBI accusing Wikimedia Commons of hosting child pornography (Metz, 2010) and other hard pornographic images. The message, aimed at the media, was clear: Wikipedia, though positioning itself as an educational and knowledge-sharing website, contained explicit, potentially offensive, or even illegal images. The topic was eagerly picked up by FoxNews.com (Winter, 2010c).

From Peoples into Nations
by John Connelly
Published 11 Nov 2019

But second, if they did not do something about Hungary’s wretched economic backwardness, the land would never stand as an equal to the great nations of Western Europe. FIGURE 4.1. Count Széchényi donates a year’s income to found the Hungarian Academy (1825). Source: Drawing by Vinzenz Katzler. Via Wikimedia Commons. The nobles traveled to England and envied everything they saw, from the gentry and its affluent and self-confidant lifestyle, to the busy factories that could produce thousands of shoes in a day. In 1822 the patriot Baron Miklós Wesselényi described his impressions to a friend. “One glass factory, coal mine, and iron works next to the other,” he wrote, “The entire area is covered by fire and smoke like the scenery of the last judgment.”

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By the late nineteenth century, they owned substantial sectors of Bohemian industry and commerce and on the eve of World War I had more than two billion crowns in banks and savings accounts (in all of Austria, there were 6.3 billion crowns in savings accounts).59 FIGURE 4.2. Laying Down the Foundation at the National Theatre in Prague (May 16, 1868). Source: Zlatá Praha 33 (1908), 378. Via Wikimedia Commons. This campaign for economic equality accompanied the struggle for control of political and cultural institutions. In Prague there were German and Czech casinos, but from the 1850s, the latter came to overshadow the former.60 In 1868 ground was finally broken for the Czech National Theater, but unlike the Hungarian, it was built not with state money, but from donations of uncounted Czechs.

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Through the spring and summer, Kościuszko worked to fortify the capital and created a National Governing Council, staffing it with moderates. However, radicals predominated in the city government, and they publicly hanged Poles suspected of assisting the partitioning powers.17 FIGURE 5.1. Hanging traitors in effigy (1794). Source: Jean-Pierre Norblin de la Gourdaine, National Museum, Warsaw. Via Wikimedia Commons. By June, Polish forces had engaged Russian, Prussian, and Austrian armies, but were falling back. First the Austrians took Kraków, Sandomierz, and Lublin; then Russian forces seized Wilno and placed Warsaw under siege, with Prince Poniatowski leading the defense. Poles in Prussian territories to the northwest provided relief by liberating towns and drawing away Prussian forces, but from the east, a new and huge Russian army descended, scoring a decisive victory south of Warsaw on October 10.

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Space 2.0
by Rod Pyle
Published 2 Jan 2019

Once past the extended suburbs of Palmdale and Lancaster, one passes through sun-bleached housing developments and generic industrial parks until the city runs out, as if it simply lost the will to go on. Only the occasional cluster of gas stations and fast-food outlets break the desolation. The drive to the city of Mojave, California. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons/Theschmallfella Then you cross into the historic city of Mojave, which began life as a railroad town in 1876 and later became a stopover on the main highway between Southern California and the old gold-rush country to the north. In 1964, the construction of Highway 58 largely bypassed the town.

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Rutan won the multimillion-dollar cash award in 2004 for flying SpaceShipOne twice in one week to the edge of space. He subsequently merged his efforts with Branson, though Rutan later left the company to pursue other space ventures. But his unique and innovative rocketplane design concepts live on. Entrance to Mojave Spaceport. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons/Californiacondor Virgin’s assembly facility fills a vast modern building amid smaller, older hangars. The only way you would know that anything special takes place here is the large sign across the single glass protrusion out front bearing the word FAITH in tall white letters—an acronym for Final Assembly, Integration, and Test Hangar.

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If it weren’t for the magnificent rocketplane and its carrier craft sitting boldly in the middle of the shop, gleaming white and chrome under the bright lights, it could be any midsized machine shop. To someone used to the vast spaces and precise, Germanic layouts of NASA facilities, this looks almost casual—just a couple dozen workers on any given shift, enthusiastically fabricating the future. Virgin Galactic’s Mojave facility. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons/Ed Parsons The author inside Virgin Galactic’s fabrication and assembly facility, in front of the carrier airplane Eve. This twin-fuselage jet carries Virgin’s rocketplane Unity to altitude before it detaches and begins its rocket-powered climb to space. Image credit: Rod Pyle A group of engineers—three men and two women—are collected underneath Unity’s left wing.

pages: 1,048 words: 187,324

Atlas Obscura: An Explorer's Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders
by Joshua Foer , Dylan Thuras and Ella Morton
Published 19 Sep 2016

Creative Commons: The following images from Wikimedia Commons are used under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) and belong to the following Wikimedia Commons user: Dppowell p. 313 (top). Public Domain: Federal Aviation Administration/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain p. 290 (top); U.S. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, “Built in America” Collection/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain p. 315 (top); The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Healing Devices (FDA 138)/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain p. 370; US Army Corps of Engineers/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain; U.S.

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Matteo Bertolino/matteobertolino.com: p. 200. fotolia: demerzel21 p. 214 (top); dpreezg p. 215; luisapuccini p. 209 (top); piccaya p. 201. Getty Images: DigitalGlobe/ScapeWare3d p. 202. naturepl.com: Ian Redmond p. 210 (inset). William Clowes: p. 207. Courtesy Photos: NLÉ p. 203. Creative Commons: The following images from Wikimedia Commons are used under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) and belong to the following Wikimedia Commons user: Santa Martha p. 213. OCEANIA agefotostock: Auscape/UIG pp. 231 (btm), 237; Joe Dovala/WaterFra p. 247; Jim Harding p. 251; Jean-Marc La-Roque p. 239 (pineapple); Keven O’Hara p. 241 (btm). Alamy Stock Photo: Bill Bachman p. 236 (btm); Robert Bird p. 242 (top); Jan Butchofsky p. 252; chris24 p. 238 (guitar); Christine Osborne Pictures p. 238 (banana); Iconsinternational.com p. 239 (Big Ned); John White Photos p. 239 (Big Galah); Martin Norris Travel Photography 2 p. 232; National Geographic Image Collection p. 239 (koala); Stefano Ravera p. 238 (mango); Andrew Sole p. 242 (btm); Steve Davey Photography p. 253; Jack Sullivan p. 239 (prawn); Wiskerke p. 238–239 (merino); ian woolcock p. 233; Zoonar GmbH p. 238–239 (crocodile). fotolia: Tommaso Lizzul p. 230.

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Martin Rietze/mrietze.com: p. 243. Courtesy Photos: Patrick J Gallagher p. 235 (btm); David Hartley-Mitchell p. 240 (top); Malcolm Rees p. 244; National Library Australia/Trove p. 236 (top). Creative Commons: The following images from Wikimedia Commons are used under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) and belong to the following Wikimedia Commons user: Peter Campbell p. 234. Atlas Obscura Contributors: Jonatan Jansson p. 226; Céline Meyer p.240 (btm); Amanda Olliek p. 235 (top). CANADA Alamy Stock Photo: 914 Collection p. 258 (btm); All Canada Photos pp. 260, 261, 263 (center right), 267; Alt-6 p. 274 (top); blickwinkel p. 265; Yvette Cardozo pp. 262 (btm), 273 (top); Cosmo Condina p. 269; INTERFOTO p. 264 (btm); Andre Jenny pp. 259 (btm), 273 (btm); Lannen/Kelly Photo p. 274 (btm); Ilene MacDonald p. 266; Mary Evans Picture Library p. 268; Susan Montgomery p. 271 (btm); Radharc Images p. 264 (top); Randsc p. 272; Michael Wheatley p. 257.

I You We Them
by Dan Gretton

Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Map of Berlin Day One Walk Darren Bennett T4 building, Tiergartenstrasse Landesarchiv Berlin Heydrich letter Public domain Georg Leibbrandt Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Wilhelm Stuckart Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Josef Bühler Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Alfred Meyer Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Rudolf Lange Bundesarchiv Roland Freisler Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Gerhard Klopfer Bundesarchiv Friedrich Kritzinger Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Erich Neumann Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Martin Luther Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Map of Berlin Day Two Walk: (1) Darren Bennett Map of Berlin Day Two Walk: (2) Darren Bennett Foreign Ministry, Berlin Wikimedia Commons. Bundesarchiv. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Führer Chancellery, Berlin Wikimedia Commons.

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Used under license: CC-BY-SA 2.5 Karl Dove Public domain Paul Rohrbach Public domain Eugen Fischer Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Captain Cook, from The Story of Captain Cook by L. du Garde Peach/John Kenney Penguin Random House Governor Sir George Arthur, Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Truganini Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Sir Charles Trevelyan Universal History Archive/Getty Images Karl Marx Roger Viollet/Getty Images Willy Brandt in Warsaw, December 1970 Getty Images Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul and Namibian Public domain officials Namibia 2004 Turkish migrant worker in Germany, © Jean Mohr, Musée de 1973, from A Seventh Man by Berger/Mohr l’Elysee, Lausanne The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp, Public domain via Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632 Wikimedia Commons Self-Portrait with Velvet Beret, Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Rembrandt van Rijn Farmhouse in Suffolk Author photograph Will of Sir Herbert Waterhouse Author collection Map of Weimar/Buchenwald walk Darren Bennett Goethe’s Gartenhaus, Weimar Wikimedia Commons 2014.

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I You We Them: List of Illustrations Book One: Map of Fitzrovia to Soho walk Joff Winterhart Map of old Highbury area Darren Bennett Map of Suffolk 1753 Robert Morden Map of Oswiecim today Darren Bennett Für das kind, Kindertransport memorial Flor Kent, 2003; image by Jams O’Donnell Author and J. in 1984 Author collection Author on Germany walk Author collection Saurer logo Adolph Saurer AG Rauff/Just memorandum Public domain Saurer logo at Arbon Author photograph Saurer sheds Author photograph Adolph Saurer memorial Author photograph Saurer offices Author photograph Saurer lorry Author photograph Saurer van Adolph Saurer AG Saurer assembly plant Adolph Saurer AG Saurer apprentices Adolph Saurer AG Saurer designer Adolph Saurer AG Former Saurer factory Author photograph China execution van AFP Gas flaring in Nigeria Both images Lionel Healing/AFP/Getty Images Ken Saro-Wiwa Times Newspapers/Shutterstock Meeting of RSW at Platform Emma Sangster Remember Saro-Wiwa bus memorial Platform collection Mark Moody-Stuart Gianluigi Guercia/AFP/Getty Images Shell Centre, London Wikimedia Commons 2004. Przemyslaw ‘BlueShade’ Idzkiewicz. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 1.0 Old Shell HQ, St Helen’s Place, London James Norton Henri Deterding Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Map of Berlin (overview) Darren Bennett Spanish Embassy, Berlin Wikimedia Commons 2008. Sargoth. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Map of Berlin Day One Walk Darren Bennett T4 building, Tiergartenstrasse Landesarchiv Berlin Heydrich letter Public domain Georg Leibbrandt Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Wilhelm Stuckart Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Josef Bühler Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Alfred Meyer Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Rudolf Lange Bundesarchiv Roland Freisler Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Gerhard Klopfer Bundesarchiv Friedrich Kritzinger Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Erich Neumann Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Martin Luther Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Map of Berlin Day Two Walk: (1) Darren Bennett Map of Berlin Day Two Walk: (2) Darren Bennett Foreign Ministry, Berlin Wikimedia Commons.

pages: 302 words: 112,390

Everyday Utopia: What 2,000 Years of Wild Experiments Can Teach Us About the Good Life
by Kristen R. Ghodsee
Published 16 May 2023

Bradford, 178 Wilkinson, Richard, 196 Wisconsin Phalanx (Ceresco), 42 Woman Under Socialism (Bebel), 211–12, 246 women: adverse affects of private property on, 152–53 in ancient Greece, 110, 203–4 Bebel’s views on, 210–11 in beguinages, 37–38, 39 in Bruderhof community, 157 children vs. career as conflict for, 21, 70–75; see also childcare; child-rearing domestic violence against, see domestic violence economic independence of, 197, 216 gender pay gap and, 20–21, 73, 215 as historically subjugated by men, 8, 11, 18–19, 22, 38, 44, 137, 145, 185, 197, 207, 209–10, 212–13, 216, 249 husbands’ surnames taken by, 18, 19 Industrial-era working-class, 78–80, 91–95, 211 Kollontai’s advocacy for, 212–15 life expectancy of men vs., 57, 61 More’s vision for, 5, 111, 206 in Mosuo community, 22 Plato’s vision for, 5, 77–78, 110, 122, 202–3 in polygynous societies, 194–95 pressured by governments to have children, 152, 217 in Saint-Simonian community, 208–9, 250 in Shaker communities, 154 socialist policies and, 10, 47–49, 91–96 as unpaid caregivers, 10, 20–21, 25, 31, 56, 59, 73–74, 78, 94 utopian visions for, 8, 9, 17, 40, 77, 110, 145 viewed as equal by Bogomils, 142 viewed as equals by Cathars, 142–44 women’s rights, in US, 216 women’s suffrage, in US, 19 Wonder Woman (char.), 1, 2, 9, 26, 27, 232 Worden, Harriet, 83 “Working Woman and Mother” (Kollontai), 92–93 World Bank, 96 World Habitat Awards, 58 XPRIZE, 14 Yale Divinity School, 80 Yale University, 127 Yoga Sutras, 141 Young, Brigham, fifty-plus wives of, 187 “Young Children Develop in an Environment of Relationships” paper, 74 Zachrisson, Henrik, 98 Zetkin, Clara, 24, 91–92 Zinn, Howard, 258–59, 262 Žižek, Slavoj, 250 List of Figures Figure 1.1. A map of Thomas More’s Utopia (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 1.2. Portrait of Thomas More (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 1.3. Portrait of Tommaso Campanella (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 2.1. “Reconstruction of the buildings of the abbey of Saint Gall according to the historical plan from the early 9th century” (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 2.2. Perspective view of Charles Fourier’s Phalanstère (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 2.3. Sketch of the Familistère at Guise (Public Domain, American Artisan) Figure 2.4. Bloc 23 in New Belgrade in 2021 (Author’s Photo) Figure 2.5.

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The Infant School at the Oneida Community (Library of Congress) Figure 3.2. A Postcard from the Oneida Mansion in 1907 Figure 3.3. The Kibbutz Degania with the Sea of Galilee (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 3.4. Portrait of Alexandra Kollontai (Library of Congress) Figure 4.1. Portrait of Anton Makarenko (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 4.2. Students at the Gorky Colony with Anton Makarenko in 1928 (Makarenko.edu.ru) Figure 4.3. Portrait of Julius Nyerere (Wikimedia Commons) Figure 4.4. Setting up for the 2021 Festival of Philosophy in Modena (Author’s Photo) Figure 4.5. A wall poem in Oostende, Belgium, in 2021 (Author’s Photo) Figure 5.1.

pages: 290 words: 85,847

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next
by Tom Standage
Published 16 Aug 2021

“The Supermarket and the Changing Retail Structure.” Journal of Marketing, vol. 5, no. 4 (April 1941): 402–409. IMAGE CREDITS here City Museum of Ljubljana here Wikimedia Commons here Courtesy of the author here Wikimedia Commons here Wikimedia Commons here Courtesy of the author here Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris here Bildagentur-online / Getty Images here DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / Getty Images here Wikimedia Commons here Wikimedia Commons here Ullstein Bild Dtl / Getty Images here Mercedes-Benz Classic here Universal History Archive / Getty Images here Stock Montage / Getty Images here The Saturday Evening Post here GM Heritage Center here The New York Times Article Archive here Bettmann / Getty Images here Wikimedia Commons here © FLC / ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2021 here LIFE Magazine Archives here Grey Villet / The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images here George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-22846 here Advertising Archive / Courtesy Everett Collection here © Cognata Ltd.

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IMAGE CREDITS here City Museum of Ljubljana here Wikimedia Commons here Courtesy of the author here Wikimedia Commons here Wikimedia Commons here Courtesy of the author here Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris here Bildagentur-online / Getty Images here DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / Getty Images here Wikimedia Commons here Wikimedia Commons here Ullstein Bild Dtl / Getty Images here Mercedes-Benz Classic here Universal History Archive / Getty Images here Stock Montage / Getty Images here The Saturday Evening Post here GM Heritage Center here The New York Times Article Archive here Bettmann / Getty Images here Wikimedia Commons here © FLC / ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2021 here LIFE Magazine Archives here Grey Villet / The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images here George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-22846 here Advertising Archive / Courtesy Everett Collection here © Cognata Ltd. INDEX Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures. accidents involving cars alternative anti-car traffic laws and, here campaign to require speed governors, here early lack of laws and rules and, here, here early pedestrian fatalities, here, here early safety campaigns blaming cars, here high number of children killed in, here and memorials for killed children, here pedestrian safety campaigns, here anti-jaywalking campaign, here as car industry response to blame, here and pedestrian rights, loss of, here public outrage about, here, here rises in fatalities, here, here, here Africa, and wheeled vehicles, here, here, here, here African Americans cars as means of avoiding segregation, here and jitneys, here travel guides for motorists, here Alexander the Great, here American Automobile Association (AAA), here American Dream, here assembly line production of cars, and parts manufacture, here critics of, here and democratization of ownership, here history of, here See also Ford Model T automobile, as term, here, here automobiles.

pages: 174 words: 56,405

Machine Translation
by Thierry Poibeau
Published 14 Sep 2017

ISBN: 978-0-262-53421-5 eISBN 9780262342438 ePub Version 1.0 Table of Contents Series page Title page Copyright page Series Foreword Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 The Trouble with Translation 3 A Quick Overview of the Evolution of Machine Translation 4 Before the Advent of Computers… 5 The Beginnings of Machine Translation: The First Rule-Based Systems 6 The 1966 ALPAC Report and Its Consequences 7 Parallel Corpora and Sentence Alignment 8 Example-Based Machine Translation 9 Statistical Machine Translation and Word Alignment 10 Segment-Based Machine Translation 11 Challenges and Limitations of Statistical Machine Translation 12 Deep Learning Machine Translation 13 The Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems 14 The Machine Translation Industry: Between Professional and Mass-Market Applications 15 Conclusion: The Future of Machine Translation Glossary Bibliography and Further Reading Index About Author List of Tables Table 1 Example of possible translations in French for the English word “motion” List of Illustrations Figure 1 The Necker cube, the famous optical illusion published by Louis Albert Necker in 1832. (Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg.) Figure 2 Vauquois’ triangle (image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, via WikiMedia Commons). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg. Figure 3 An extract from the Hansard corpus aligned at sentence level. Figure 4 Two texts of different length. Each cell with a number n corresponds to a sentence of length n.

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Thanks to the communication context, the brain probably directly activates the “right” meaning, without even considering alternate solutions. A parallel has sometimes been proposed with the Necker cube, the representation of a cube seen in perspective with no depth cue (figure 1). Figure 1 The Necker cube, the famous optical illusion published by Louis Albert Necker in 1832. (Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg.) The drawing is “ambiguous” in that no cue makes it possible to determine which side of the cube is in front and which side is at the back. However, it was noticed by Necker (and others before him) that humans naturally select one of the representations so that it makes sense and is coherent with the image of a cube in nature.

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These three kinds of approaches can be considered to form a continuum, going from a strategy that is very close to the surface of the text (a word-for-word translation) up to systems trying to develop a fully artificial and abstract representation independent of any language. These varying strategies have been summarized in a very striking figure called the “Vauquois triangle,” from the name of a famous French researcher in machine translation in the 1960s (figure 2). Figure 2 Vauquois’ triangle (image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, via WikiMedia Commons). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Direct_translation_and_transfer_translation_pyramind.svg. Direct transfer, represented at the bottom of the triangle, corresponds to word-for-word translation. In this framework, there is no need to analyze the source text and, in the simplest case, a simple bilingual dictionary is enough.

pages: 489 words: 106,008

Risk: A User's Guide
by Stanley McChrystal and Anna Butrico
Published 4 Oct 2021

twentieth-century fashion icon: General Stanley McChrystal, Jeff Eggers, and Jason Mangone, Leaders: Myth and Reality (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2018), 70–90. Image Credits 1: Library of Congress (LC-DIG-ds-01290) 2: via Wikimedia Commons 3 (left): Copyrighted 1941. AP. 2184324:0221PF. Used by permission of Wright’s Media 4: via Wikimedia Commons 5: Flickr, Tangi Bertin, via CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) 6: Library of Congress (LC-DIG-ppmsc-03521) 7: Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Raymond Piper, via DVIDS 8: by Sarfa, via Wikimedia Commons 9: photo by Cville dog, Wikmedia Commons, via CC BY-SA 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode) 10: Department of Defense photo by Helene C.

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Used by permission of Wright’s Media 4: via Wikimedia Commons 5: Flickr, Tangi Bertin, via CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode) 6: Library of Congress (LC-DIG-ppmsc-03521) 7: Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Raymond Piper, via DVIDS 8: by Sarfa, via Wikimedia Commons 9: photo by Cville dog, Wikmedia Commons, via CC BY-SA 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode) 10: Department of Defense photo by Helene C. Stikkel 11: U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Sabrina Johnson 12: Photo by Anders Hellberg. Wikimedia Commons via CC BY-SA 4.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode) 13: U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Corporal Shawn M. Statz/Released 14: Photo by Oldmobil, Wikimedia Commons via CC BY-SA 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode) 15: by MrJARichard, Wikimedia Commons via CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), remixed 16: Courtesy US Army Center of Military History 17: Photo by Capt.

pages: 509 words: 142,456

Empire of the Scalpel: The History of Surgery
by Ira Rutkow
Published 8 Mar 2022

Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 7. Wikimedia Commons 8. Structurae/Jacques Mossot 9. Author’s collection 10. Wikimedia Commons 11. Wikimedia Commons 12. Library of Congress 13. Author’s collection 14. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, July 26, 1856 15. National Library of Medicine 16. United States World War One Centennial Commission 17. Author’s collection 18. Wikimedia Commons 19. Wikimedia Commons 20. AP Photo/Charles Tasnadi 21. Author’s collection 22. Wikimedia Commons 23. Getty Images/Bettman 24. Wikimedia Commons Scribner An Imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2022 by Ira Rutkow Excerpt from “Negro Hero” by Gwendolyn Brooks.

pages: 346 words: 92,984

The Lucky Years: How to Thrive in the Brave New World of Health
by David B. Agus
Published 29 Dec 2015

Images courtesy of the Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke University. Used with permission. Page 33: Undated photo of Élie Metchnikoff. Wikimedia Commons, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Dr_Metchnikoff_in_his_Laboratory.jpg. Page 35: Caricature of Metchnikoff. Reprinted with permission of the Institut Pasteur—Musée Pasteur. Page 39: “End of History” illustration. Courtesy of author. Page 42: The Hydra image comes from Wikimedia Commons, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Hydra_magnipapillata.jpg. Page 44: The killifish image comes from Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothobranchius_furzeri#/media/File:Nothobranchius_furzeri_GRZ_thumb.

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Dewhirst, et al., “Modulation of Murine Breast Tumor Vascularity, Hypoxia and Chemotherapeutic Response by Exercise,” JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107, no. 5 (2015): djv040 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv040. Page 203: Illustration by Habib M’henni, via Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Obstruction_ventilation_apn%C3%A9e_sommeil.svg. Page 226: Photo of the Kouros by Dorli Burge, via Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Kouros_Real_or_Fake.jpg. Page 230: Photo of me courtesy of Sydney Agus. INTRODUCTION Destiny of the Species Welcome to the Lucky Years O wonder!

pages: 540 words: 119,731

Samsung Rising: The Inside Story of the South Korean Giant That Set Out to Beat Apple and Conquer Tech
by Geoffrey Cain
Published 15 Mar 2020

Puzzled by the inaction of the global powerhouse, Samsung’s carrier partners started abandoning the company’s products. AT&T announced on October 9, four days after the evacuation of the Southwest Airlines flight, that it was discontinuing all sales and exchanges of the Galaxy Note 7. Other carriers followed suit. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS, USED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE The Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Samsung announced that day it was “temporarily pausing” shipments of the Galaxy Note 7 to an Australian carrier. But the messages from the company were still hazy and unclear. Tens or possibly hundreds of thousands of people were still tapping away on these potentially explosive devices in their purses and pockets.

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Looking back even now, it was a name that brimmed with drive,” he wrote in his memoir. “The ‘sam’ [‘three’] in ‘Samsung’ symbolizes the big, the many, and the strong, and is a number that our people like the most. ‘Sung’ [‘star’] means to shine brightly, high above, its light pristine for all of eternity. Be big, strong, and eternal.” WIKIMEDIA COMMONS B.C. Lee in 1950. A year later he expanded to buy a Japanese-founded beer brewery, Chosun, which he later sold off for a small fortune. B.C. was probably eyeing the success of Mitsubishi (“Three Diamonds”), the Japanese carmaker, given the company’s remarkably similar name and early “three diamonds” logo.

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“The Koreans…are the cruellest, most ruthless people in the world,” James Bond’s nemesis Goldfinger says in the Ian Fleming novel (but not the film adaptation), explaining why he hired Korean henchman Oddjob, whose famous top hat could slice through a marble statue. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS An aged Korean woman pauses during her search for salvageable materials in Seoul, South Korea, 1950. For much of its history, South Korea was a poor nation with low prospects for development, devastated by the Korean War of 1950 to 1953. B.C. built his first fortune using political savvy, and by playing into a sudden postwar boom.

Yoga Nidra: The Art of Transformational Sleep
by Kamini Desai
Published 7 Mar 2017

They grip our attention to the degree that we have a very hard time noticing the screen of silence behind them. Figure 1: Beta Brainwaves 13-100 cycles per second. Beta is associated with the normal waking state. Image Attribution: By Hugo Gamboa (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ legalcode/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEeg_Beta.svg) Beta Brainwaves are Associated with the Waking State: Jagrat (Vaishvanara in the Mandukya Upanishad) Most identified with the character Least still Most driven by ego programming In the waking state, we are most identified with the character and its unique programming.

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Similarly, we interact with the feelings, emotions, reactions and thoughts that come and go in the waking state as equally real and consistent with the one character with which we have identified. Figure 2: Gamma Brainwaves 40-70 cycles per second. Gamma is associated with concentration and high IQ Image Attribution: By Hugo Gamboa (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eeg_Gamma.svg) In scientific journals, the definition and range of Beta and Gamma vary. Beta is said to range from 13-100 cycles per second, with Gamma as a subset of Beta (at 40-70 cycles per second). Regardless of range, simply note that Beta and Gamma cover the largest range of brainwave activity while awake.

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Relaxation, super learning, relaxed focus, light trance, increased serotonin production (intense feeling of well-being), beginning of access to subconscious (Prana body). Greater Alpha activity boosts the immune system. It has to do with ability to slow down and fall asleep. Image Attribution: By Hugo Gamboa (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eeg_Alpha.svg) Alpha and Theta are Associated with the Dream State: Svapna (Taijasa in the Mandukya Upanishad) More malleable identification with character. Identification changes and shifts from dream to dream More distance and greater disengagement than waking consciousness.

Atomic Accidents: A History of Nuclear Meltdowns and Disasters: From the Ozark Mountains to Fukushima
by James Mahaffey
Published 15 Feb 2015

, 279 Z Zero Energy Experimental Pile (ZEEP), 90-94, 91, 101, 106 Zewe, Bill, 343-348, 350 Zinn, Walter, 114-119, 129-134, 207 Illustration Credits Illustration credits are listed in the order the images appear in the art inserts Tho-Radia ad (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/Rama) Undark ad (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) Daghlian mock-up (Courtesy of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives) Slotin mock-up (Courtesy of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives) Slotin setup table (Courtesy of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives) The Castle Bravo bomb (Courtesy of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives) NRX reactor, Chalk River, 1955, after rebuild (Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada) NRX reactor, ports to the core (Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada) NRU reactor, Chalk River, under construction (Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada) BORAX-I (Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory) SL-1 accident (Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory) SL-1 poster (Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory) Reactor refueling face, Oak Ridge (Photo courtesy of the author) Windscale, tight shot from the rear (Copyright © Nuclear Decommissioning Authority) Windscale, wider shot (Copyright © Nuclear Decommissioning Authority) Windscale Unit 1, aerial shot (Copyright © Daily Mail/Rex/Alamy) Santa Susana Field Laboratory (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) Damaged fuel rod, SRE (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) Americium extraction hood, Hanford (Courtesy of AP Photo) Room 180, Building 771 (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) HEPA filter room, Building 771 (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) Workers evaluating radiation at JCO, 1999 (Courtesy of AP Photo/JCO Co.) H-bomb being unloaded from B-52 (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) President Carter at TMI, April 1, 1979 (Copyright © ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy) Chernobyl-4, aerial shot after smoke has cleared (Copyright © Igor Kostin/Sygma/Corbis) Chernobyl-4 burning (Courtesy of Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images) The author running the SPDS at Hatch (Photo courtesy of the author) The next three photos are all of the inside of a BWR/4 (Photos courtesy of the author) Diagram of Mark I containment (Courtesy of United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission) The Fukushima plant, March 24, 2011 (Courtesy of Air Photo Service/EPA/Landov) All interior images first appeared in Nuclear Power by James Mahaffey, published by Facts on File, and have been modified by originating artist Bobbi McCutcheon, for this book.

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pages: 562 words: 177,195

Flight of the WASP
by Michael Gross

Page 6, image 1: Courtesy of the Boston Athenaeum; image 2: Wikimedia Commons; image 3: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum. Page 7, image 1: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; image 2: Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession number 49.4; image 3: Wikimedia Commons; image 4: Museum of the City of New York, accession number 40.108.134. Page 8: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “Ward McAllister.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. Page 9, image 1: Wikimedia Commons; image 2 and 3: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; image 4: Bettmann / Getty Images; image 5: Courtesy of Rutherfurd Hall.

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Saints and Strangers: Lives of the Pilgrim Fathers and Their Families. London: Routledge, 2017. Woodford, Frank B. Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1950. IMAGE CREDITS Credits for the insert section are as follows: Page 1, image 1 and 2: Wikimedia Commons; image 3: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Page 2, image 1: Wikimedia Commons; image 2: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Page 3, image 1: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; image 2: Anne (“Nancy”) Cary Randolph Morris (1774–1837), after 1810, unidentified artist, after James Sharples; pastel and gouache on brown paper; overall: 10 x 7 3/4 inches.

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Page 9, image 1: Wikimedia Commons; image 2 and 3: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; image 4: Bettmann / Getty Images; image 5: Courtesy of Rutherfurd Hall. Page 10, image 1: National Park Service; image 2: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; image 3: Wikimedia Commons. Page 11, image 1: Photograph by Marina Cicogna, courtesy of Oak Brook Historical Society; image 2 and 3: Courtesy of Adam and Michelle Butler. Page 12, image 1 and 2: Courtesy of Adam and Michelle Butler. Page 13, image 1: Gertrude Sanford Legendre papers, Special Collections, Addlestone Library, College of Charleston; image 2: Wikimedia Commons; image 3: Courtesy of Whitney Tower, Jr. Page 14, image 1: Courtesy of Penelope Tree; image 2: AP Images. Page 15, image 1: Courtesy of George Biddle; image 2: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.

pages: 720 words: 197,129

The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson
Published 6 Oct 2014

Kleinrock: Courtesy of Len Kleinrock Cerf and Kahn: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis Kesey: © Joe Rosenthal/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis Brand: © Bill Young/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis Whole Earth Catalog cover: Whole Earth Catalog Engelbart: SRI International First mouse: SRI International Brand: SRI International Kay: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum Dynabook: Courtesy of Alan Kay Felsenstein: Cindy Charles People’s Computer Company cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum Ed Roberts: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum Popular Electronics cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum Allen and Gates: Bruce Burgess, courtesy of Lakeside School, Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Fredrica Rice Gates: Wikimedia Commons/Albuquerque, NM police department Microsoft team: Courtesy of the Microsoft Archives Jobs and Wozniak: © DB Apple/dpa/Corbis Jobs screenshot: YouTube Stallman: Sam Ogden Torvalds: © Jim Sugar/Corbis Brand and Brilliant: © Winni Wintermeyer Von Meister: The Washington Post/Getty Images Case: Courtesy of Steve Case Berners-Lee: CERN Andreessen: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis Hall and Rheingold: Courtesy of Justin Hall Bricklin and Williams: Don Bulens Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons Brin and Page: Associated Press Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images Vitruvian Man: © The Gallery Collection/Corbis TIMELINE CREDITS (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER) Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images Hollerith: Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons Bush (first image): © Bettmann/Corbis Vacuum tube: Ted Kinsman/Science Source Turing: Wikimedia Commons/Original at the Archives Centre, King’s College, Cambridge Shannon: Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Atanasoff: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University Bletchley Park: Draco2008 via Wikimedia Commons Zuse: Courtesy of Horst Zuse Mauchly: Apic/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University Colossus: Bletchley Park Trust/SSPL via Getty Images Harvard Mark I: Harvard University Von Neumann: © Bettmann/Corbis ENIAC: U.S.

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PHOTO CREDITS Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images Lord Byron: © The Print Collector/Corbis Babbage: Popperfoto/Getty Images Difference Engine: Allan J. Cronin Analytical Engine: Science Photo Library/Getty Images Jacquard loom: David Monniaux Jacquard portrait: © Corbis Bush: © Bettmann/Corbis Turing: Wikimedia Commons/Original at the Archives Centre, King’s College, Cambridge Shannon: Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images Stibitz: Denison University, Department of Math and Computer Science Zuse: Courtesy of Horst Zuse Atanasoff: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis ENIAC in 1946: University of Pennsylvania Archives Aiken and Hopper: By a staff photographer / © 1946 The Christian Science Monitor (www.CSMonitor.com).

pages: 253 words: 69,529

Britain's 100 Best Railway Stations
by Simon Jenkins
Published 28 Jul 2017

Photographic Credits Bridgeman Images (Dennis Gilbert) Getty Images (SSPL) Getty Images (SSPL) Getty Images (SSPL) Railway & Canal Historical Society, Jeoffry Spence Collection © Historic England Archive Bridgeman Images (Royal Holloway, University of London) Getty Images (SSPL) © Punch Limited David Burrows/Blue Pelican Alamy (Ange) Alamy (Tim Gainey) CRJennings.com Nigel Regden/Re-Format Bridgeman Images (Museum of London) Alamy (Archimage) VIEW Pictures (© Hufton + Crow) Alamy (Jon Ratcliffe) Railway Heritage Trust Bridgeman Images (Mark Fiennes) Wikimedia Commons Getty Images (Alberto Toledano) Getty Images (Simon Dawson) Getty Images (Oli Scarff) Alamy (Brian Anthony) Alamy (Johnny Jones) Paul Childs/Railway Heritage Trust Construction Photography (© Rail Photo) Alamy (Avpics) Alamy (Brian Anthony) Getty Images (SSPL) Construction Photography (© Rail Photo) Alamy (Arcaid) Alamy (Exflow) Bridgeman Images (Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection) Getty Images (Maico Presente) © Richard D.

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Allen Paul Childs/Railway Heritage Trust © Edwin Jones CRJennings.com CRJennings.com Transport for London/Mike Garnett © Edwin Jones Alamy (Stockimo) James Beard VIEW Pictures (© Dennis Gilbert) Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust Getty Images (Howard Kingsnorth) Getty Images (SSPL) Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust Michael Turnbull Alamy (Janzig England) Railway Heritage Trust Colin Smith Amanda Russell Rex Shutterstock Martin Horne Roger Marks Alamy (Greg Balfour Evans) Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust Wikimedia Commons Science & Society Picture Library/NRM Alamy (Alex Ramsay) Alamy (MSP Travel) Paul Childs/Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Colin Palmer) Courtesy Brunel’s Old Station (photo: Zach Podd) Alamy (Eye35.pix) Jim Knight Lucy Runge Lucy Runge Lucy Runge Private Collection Railway Heritage Trust John Llewellyn/Flickr Creative Commons Alamy (Steve Frost) Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust Greater Anglia Trains Alamy (Clint Garnham) Alamy (Richard Osbourne) Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust © Colin Spalding Bridgeman Images (© Lucinda Lambton) Bridgeman Images (© Neil Holmes) Getty Images (SSPL) Paul Childs/Railway Heritage Trust Alamy Sony Music Roger Marks Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Paul Weston) C.

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Construction Photography (© Rail Photo) Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Robert Wyatt) © Urban 75 Jim Knight Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Neil McAllister) Phil Beard / Flickr Creative Commons CHECK Railway Heritage Trust Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Graeme Peacock) © Kristen McCluskie www.kristenmccluskie.com (project architect: Ryder Architecture) Nexus (photo: Sally Ann Norman) © John M Hall Construction Photography (© Rail Photo) Alamy (James Walsh) Railway Heritage Trust Paul Childs/ Railway Heritage Trust Paul Childs/Railway Heritage Trust Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Elton Trust Alamy (Brinkstock) Alamy (Keith Morris) Jane Baker Alamy (Steve Taylor ARPS) Alamy (Chris Poole) Ben Brooksbank/Wikimedia Commons Alamy (Powys Photo) Alamy (Landscape) Alamy (D. Newbould/Photolibrary Wales) Bridgeman Images (National Railway Museum, York) Alamy (Andrew Wilson) Alamy (Christoph Lischetzki) Alamy (Quillpen) Andrew Lee Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Neale Elder Paul Childs / Railway Heritage Trust Alamy (Karen Appleyard) © Nick McGowan-Lowe © Graham McKenzie-Smith / Alpiglen Getty Images (VWB Photos) Acknowledgements Sir John Betjeman features strongly in this book as it was time spent driving him round London in the 1970s that bred in me an early affection for stations (as for churches).

pages: 431 words: 106,435

How the Post Office Created America: A History
by Winifred Gallagher
Published 7 Jan 2016

Illustration credits Chapter openers: National Postal Museum: here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Wikimedia Commons: here; Rural Free Delivery © 1996. United States Postal Service. All rights reserved. Used with permission: here; Forever Stamp © 2007. United States Postal Service. All rights reserved. Used with permission: here. Insert: Office of War Information, Wikimedia Commons: here; Wikimedia Commons: here, here; Library of Congress: here, here, here; The U.S. Democratic Review, 1838: here; Thomas Nast, Wikimedia Commons: here; Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library: here; National Postal Museum, Curatorial Photographic Collection: here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; National Postal Museum: here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Harry T.

The Ages of Globalization
by Jeffrey D. Sachs
Published 2 Jun 2020

The steam engine gave birth to the Industrial Age and the modern economy. While the steam engine is not solely responsible for economic modernity, without the steam engine most of the other technological breakthroughs of the past two centuries would not have been possible.2 7.1 James Watt’s Steam Engine, c. 1776 Source: Wikimedia Commons contributors, “File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg,” Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg&oldid=362051513 Newton had declared “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Watt too made his great breakthroughs by building on the innovations of worthy predecessors.

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Depictions of the conference show a roundtable of European diplomats, a map of Africa on the wall, but no Africans in sight. Imperialism was a one-way affair. By 1913, all of Africa, with the notable exceptions of Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa and Liberia in the west, was under European imperial control, as seen in figure 7.5. 7.5 Africa Divided Among European Empires, 1913 Source: Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg&oldid=367487165 (accessed October 27, 2019). Anglo-American Hegemony By the end of the nineteenth century, Britain was first among the imperial powers, with Queen Victoria reigning over the British Isles, India, Burma, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malaya, much of Africa (“Cape to Cairo”), New Guinea, and dozens of islands and smaller possessions around the world.

pages: 426 words: 83,128

The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality
by Oded Galor
Published 22 Mar 2022

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8 Diamond (1997). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9 Morelli et al. (2010). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10 Jedwab et al. (2019). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11 Photo © José Luiz Bernades Ribeiro / CC BY-SA 4.0 / Source: Wikimedia Commons BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12 Data sources: Clark (2007); Clark (2016); Wrigley et al. (1997). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13 McNeill (1949); Fukayama (2006). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14 Ó’Gráda (1979). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15 Woodham-Smith (1962).

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BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36 Ibid. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37 Galor and Moav (2006). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38 Galor et al. (2009). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39 Ibid. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40 Photo by Lewis Hine. Source: Library of Congress. Wikimedia Commons. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41 Basu (1999). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42 Hazan and Berdugo (2002); Doepke and Zilibotti (2005). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43 Nardinelli (1980). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44 Data source: https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor.

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BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17 Matthews et al. (1982). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18 Basu (1974). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19 Morris (2010). Chapter 8: The Fingerprints of Institutions BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20 Produced by NASA. Source: Wikimedia Commons. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1 Data source: Maddison Project Database (2020); The World Factbook (2020). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2 North (1990). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3 Greif (1993). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4 Acemoglu and Robinson (2012).

The Eternal City: A History of Rome
by Ferdinand Addis
Published 6 Nov 2018

Section 2: p. 1 Jean-Christopher Benoist/Capitoline Museums; Alinari/Getty Images; p. 2 Tupungato/Alamy Stock Photo; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images; p. 3 Galleria Subauda, Turin/Bridgeman Images; Heritage Images/Getty Images; p. 4 Graphica Artis/Getty Images; PDArt/Wikimedia Commons, p. 5 Museo Pio-Clementino/Wikimedia Commons; p. 6 Daniel Hopfer/Wikimedia Commons; Bettman/Getty Images; p. 7 Galleria Borghese/Wikimedia Commons; Vedute di Roma/Wikimedia Commons; p. 8 Erik Tham/Alamy Stock Photo. Section 3: p.1 Vedute di Roma/Wikimedia Commons; Lisa Noble/Getty Images; p. 2 Southampton Art Gallery/Bridgeman Images; Google Art Project; p. 3 ullstein bild/Getty Images; p. 4 Reda&Co/Getty Images; Collection of Riccardo and Magda Jucker, Milan, Italy/Bridgeman Images; p. 5 Vintage Corner/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 6 Mondadori/Getty Images; p. 7 SeM.

pages: 578 words: 168,350

Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies
by Geoffrey West
Published 15 May 2017

(Schrödinger), 84 wheat and chessboard problem, 218–20, 219 Whitfield, John, 431–32 Whole Earth Catalog, 212 wide-gauge railway, 64–65 Wilson, Colin, 179 Wired (magazine), 434, 442 world energy consumption, 234, 235 World War II, 133–34, 290, 292, 301 X-ray crystallography, 437 Yale University, 132, 301, 382 Youn, Hyejin, 364 Young, Thomas, 125–26 Yule, Udny, 369–70 Yule-Simon process, 368–71 Yun, Anthony “Joon,” 184 Zahavi, Yacov, 332–34, 335 “zeroth order,” 109–10, 117 Zhang Jiang, 389–90 Zimbardo, Philip, 301–2, 303–4 Zipf, George Kingsley, 310–14 Zipf’s law, 310–14, 311–12, 389 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Here: Public.Resource.Org/CC BY 2.0 Here: (mitochondrion): Blausen.com staff, “Blausen gallery 2014” from Wikiversity Journal of Medicine; (ant): Katja Schulz/CC BY 2.0; (ants’ nest): Natural History Museum: Hymenoptera Section/CC BY 2.0; (Dubai): Henrik Bach Nielsen/CC BY 2.0 Here: (circulatory system of the brain): OpenStax College/CC BY 4.0; (cell network): NICHD/CC BY 2.0; (tree): Ales Kladnik/CC BY 2.0 Here: (Romanesco cauliflower): Jon Sullivan/PDPhoto.org; (dried-up riverbed): Courtesy of Bernhard Edmaier/Science Source; (Grand Canyon): Michael Rehfeldt/CC BY 2.0 Here: (ant): Larry Jacobsen/CC BY 2.0; (shrew): Marie Hale/CC BY 2.0; (elephant): Brian Snelson/CC BY 2.0; (blue whale): Amila Tennakoon/CC BY 2.0; (Paraceratherium): Dmitry Bogdanov/Wikimedia Commons Here: Courtesy of YAY Media As/Alamy Here: (tumor network): Courtesy of JACOPIN/BSIP/Alamy Here: (aging woman): Courtesy of Image Source/Alamy; (marathon runner): Courtesy of Sportpoint/Alamy Here: (long-term real growth in U.S. GDP): Data courtesy of Catherine Mulbrandon/VisualizingEconomics.com Here: (Earth, on left): NASA Here: (São Paulo): Francisco Anzola/Wikimedia Commons; (Sana’a): Rod Waddington/Wikimedia Commons; (Seattle): Tiffany Von Arnim/CC BY 2.0; (Melbourne): Francisco Anzola/CC BY 2.0 Here: (Los Angeles): Courtesy of Aerial Archives/Alamy; (New York subway map): CountZ/English Wikipedia/CC BY-SA 3.0 Here: (Masdar city center): Courtesy of Laboratory for Visionary Architecture (LAVA); (Le Corbusier’s designs): Courtesy of © FLC/ARS, 2016 Here: (central place theory, Mexico): Courtesy of Tony Burton/Geo-Mexico Here: (Paris): Lincoln Institute of Land Policy; (bacterial colony): Courtesy of Microbeworld user Tasha Sturm/Cabrillo College Here: (flow of trucks to and from Texas): U.S.

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Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Freight Management and Operations Here: (social network, left): Martin Grandjean/CC BY-SA 3.0; (social network, right): Courtesy of Maxim Basinski/Alamy Here: (Liverpool fast lane): Courtesy of PA Images/Alamy Here: (GM): Carol M. Highsmith’s America/Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division; (“Going Out of Business”): timetrax23/CC BY 2.0; (Lehman Brothers): Courtesy of Yuriko Nakao/Reuters/Alamy; (TWA): Ted Quackenbush/Wikimedia Commons Graph art by Jeffrey L. Ward Geoffrey West is a theoretical physicist whose primary interests have been in fundamental questions in physics and biology. West is a Senior Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory and a distinguished professor at the Sante Fe Institute, where he served as the president from 2005 to 2009.

pages: 250 words: 64,011

Everydata: The Misinformation Hidden in the Little Data You Consume Every Day
by John H. Johnson
Published 27 Apr 2016

But Mercator figured out how to do it, and enjoyed the fame and fortune that followed.1 FIGURE 6-1 A Mercator projection. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Created by user $200inaire on Wikimedia Commons. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_Blank_Map_World.png#filelinks) FIGURE 6-2 For comparison purposes, here’s a Winkel tripel projection. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Created by user Hellerick on Wikimedia Commons. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1937_world_map_%28Winkel_tripel_projection%29.svg) Unfortunately, while the new map helped ocean-faring navigators, it also drastically misrepresented the size of countries and continents around the globe.

pages: 244 words: 69,183

Squid Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Cephalopods
by Danna Staaf
Published 14 Apr 2017

While all the other animals of the time continued to burrow in or grovel on or cruise over the seafloor, the far-distant ancestors of today’s squid filled their shells with gas and floated up through the water. FIGURE 1.3 The cut shell of a modern nautilus displays a logarithmic spiral. Wikimedia Commons user Chris 73 They were slow swimmers, but they had no need for speed. They could drift over the bottom-dwelling buffet like deadly dirigibles, selecting their prey at leisure. Two hundred and fifty million years before the first dinosaur, cephalopods became the planet’s primary predators, and it was all thanks to their buoyant shells.

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The mass extinction we are in the midst of creating poses a different kind of threat than all the mass extinctions nautiluses have survived thus far. FIGURE 7.1 A living nautilus swims in the water near Palau, displaying its many specialized tentacles, fleshy hood, pinhole eye, and countershading stripes. Wikimedia Commons user Manuae Closing Time Over the course of the Cenozoic, the continents moved into the positions they occupy today—though of course only temporarily, as they are still and forever on the move. As various bits of ocean were separated by land, Panthalassa finished fragmenting into the “seven seas.”

pages: 274 words: 63,679

Right of Way: Race, Class, and the Silent Epidemic of Pedestrian Deaths in America
by Angie Schmitt
Published 26 Aug 2020

In 2014, for example, BMW unveiled a bulletproof version of its X5 sport utility vehicle, which it described as “AK-47 proof.”58 By late 2019, one newspaper reported that “the market for bulletproof vehicles is exploding.”59 The 1997 RAV4 weighed as little as twenty-six hundred pounds. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons) The 2019 RAV4 Hybrid is much larger and heavier than its original design. It weighs about eleven hundred additional pounds and has a much more aggressive—meaner-looking—front end. Those kinds of features help sell SUVs, but they kill pedestrians. Excluding pickup trucks, the RAV4 was the best-selling car in the United States in 2018. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons) Safety researchers call these kinds of features on a car or truck—how likely a particular model is to kill or injury occupants of other vehicles when there is a crash—aggressivity.

pages: 50 words: 15,155

Women & Power: A Manifesto
by Mary Beard
Published 2 Nov 2017

Proof of an illustration designed by for the Kelmscott chaucer, p. 441, ‘The Legend of Goode Wimmen’, 1896. Photo: The British Museum Online collection/Wikimedia 12. Fulvia With the Head of Cicero, painted in oils by Pavel Svedomsky, c. 1880, held at Pereslavl-Zalessky History and Art Museum. Photo: Wikimedia Commons 13. cover of Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, originally published in 1915 by The Forerunner (magazine) and published in book form in the USA by Pantheon Books, April 1979 14. German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Chancellory in Berlin, Germany, 9 November 2009.

pages: 661 words: 185,701

The Future of Money: How the Digital Revolution Is Transforming Currencies and Finance
by Eswar S. Prasad
Published 27 Sep 2021

Credits Photographs Page 4 INSADCO Photography / Alamy Stock Photo Page 67 Benedicte Desrus / Alamy Stock Photo Page 73 dpa picture alliance / Alamy Stock Photo Page 85 Pixeljoy / Shutterstock Page 139 R3BV / Shutterstock Page 141 Andrey Rudakov / Bloomberg / Getty Images Page 151 StreetVJ / Shutterstock Page 183 John Phillips / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0 Page 220 This page: Tokyo Currency Museum / PHGCO / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 Facing page: US colonial currency, National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution / Gogot13 / Wikimedia Commons; Swedish banknote, Tekniska museet, Stockholm / Daderot / Wikimedia Commons / CC0 1.0 Page 261 dpa picture alliance / Alamy Stock Photo Page 280 Florence McGinn / Alamy Stock Photo Page 314 Clockwise from top left: US Federal Reserve, Orhan Cam / Shutterstock; People’s Bank of China, Shan-shan / Shutterstock; Bank of Japan, Takashi Images / Shutterstock; European Central Bank, EQRoy / Shutterstock Epigraphs Chapter 1 Excerpt from Roberto Calasso, The Celestial Hunter translated by Richard Dixon.

pages: 276 words: 78,094

Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty
by David Kadavy
Published 5 Sep 2011

I have superimposed such a spiral over half of a nautilus shell. There are likely variations seen from shell to shell, but to find one that actually followed the golden ratio would be a very unusual departure from the norm. Figure 5-13 The spiral of the shell of a nautilus comes nowhere near the golden ratio spiral. Chris 73 / Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73) The golden ratio in psychology Much of the claims that the golden ratio is beautiful by some aesthetic imperative are based upon research done by Gustav Fechner in the 1860s. He presented subjects with only ten different rectangles of varying proportions and concluded that since 90 percent of the subjects chose one of the rectangles that was either 0.57, 0.62 (the golden ratio), or 0.67, the golden ratio was the most pleasing ratio.

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Subdividing both of those golden-ratio rectangles with squares creates lines that align convincingly with the pectoral fin and the end of the second fin. A further subdivision of the subdivision that lines up with the pectoral fin aligns perfectly with the fish’s eye. Figure 5-17 A logarithmic spiral that decays by a factor of 0.75 fits perfectly over this spiral from the cutaway of the Nautilus shell. Chris 73 / Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73) Figure 5-18 The clownfish has some interesting proportional relationships with the golden ratio. Fir0002/Flagstaffotos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fir0002), licensed under http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License_1.2 The powder blue tang also shows some proportional relationships with the golden ratio, although its proportions are different from those of the clownfish.

A Natural History of Beer
by Rob DeSalle
Published 14 Jun 2019

Like the popchartlab.com poster it has cousin connections, but there are fewer of them and only cream ale and Baltic porter are shown as difficult to place among lagers or ales. Some beer genealogies, such as the cratestyle.com version, don’t attempt to show these cousin, or “hybrid,” relationships. Yet other genealogies are much simpler, and do not attempt to show relationships beyond the major styles such as IPA or stout. Two of them (from Wikimedia Commons and MicroBrews USA at https://microbrewsusa.wordpress.com/2013/07/17/beer-family-tree/) don’t even try to connect lagers with ales in their diagrams, and give only the bare outlines of beer relationships. And one of our evolutionary biologist colleagues, Dan Graur, prefers a more treelike diagram, with no connections between ales and lagers.

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References for the French and U.S. water hardness maps can be found online. Biello, D. 2006. “Fact or Fiction? Archimedes Coined the Term ‘Eureka!’ in the Bath.” Scientific American, December 8, 2006. Fazekas, A. 2014. “Mystery of Earth’s Water Origin Solved.” National Geographic, October 30, 2014. French water hardness data from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duret%C3%A9_de_l%27eau_en_France.svg (accessed June 7, 2018). U.S. Water Hardness Map. Fresh Cup Magazine, July 19, 2016. http://www.freshcup.com/us-water-hardness-map (accessed June 7, 2018). Water Hardness and Beers: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/443112050818231146 (accessed June 7, 2018).

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The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
by David Abulafia
Published 4 May 2011

Cornice from the synagogue at Ostia, second century (Photograph: Setreset/Wikimedia Commons) 37. Inscription from the synagogue at Ostia (akg-images) 38. Panel from the Pala d’Oro, St Mark’s Basilica, Venice (akg-images/Cameraphoto) 39. View of Amalfi, 1885 (Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin. Photograph: akg images) 40. Majorcan bacino (Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa) 41. Khan al-‘Umdan, Acre, Israel (Photograph: Ariel Palmon/Wikimedia Commons) 42. The Venice quadriga (Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS) 43. Late-medieval map, after Idrisi (Wikimedia Commons) 44. Majorcan portolan chart, early fourteenth century (British Library) 45.

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Genoa, as depicted in Hartmann-Schedel’s 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle (by permission of the Master and Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge) 48. Dubrovnik (Photograph: Jonathan Blair/Corbis) 49. Manises bowl (Victoria and Albert Museum, London) 50. Votive model of a cargo ship, c. 1420 (Maritime Museum, Rotterdam) 51. The Exchange in Valencia (Photograph: Felivet/Wikimedia Commons) 52. Early manuscript copy of the Consulate of the Sea (Album/Oronoz/akg-images) 53. Portrait of Mehmet II by Giovanni Bellini (akg-images/Erich Lessing) 54. French miniature of the siege of Rhodes (detail) (The Granger Collection, New York) 55. Portrait of Admiral Khair-ed-din, 1540, by Nakkep Reis Haydar (Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/The Bridgeman Art Library) 56.

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Portrait of Ferdinand von Hompesch by Antonio Xuereb (attrib.), Presidential Palace, Valletta (Malta) (Photograph by and courtesy of Heritage Malta) 65. Portrait of Stephen Decatur, c. 1814, by Thomas Sully (Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia/courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library) 66. Port Said, 1880 (Wikimedia Commons) 67. Lloyd’s quay, Trieste, c. 1890 (adoc-photos) 68. The Grand Square, or Place Mehmet Ali, Alexandria, c. 1915 (Werner Forman Archive/Musees Royaux, Brussels/Heritage-Images/Imagestate) 69. The Italian occupation of Libya, 1911 (akg-images) 70. The attack on the French warships moored at Mers el-Kebir, October 1940 (Photograph: Bettmann/Corbis) 71.

pages: 398 words: 86,023

The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia
by Andrew Lih
Published 5 Jul 2010

But if Wikipedia is getting close to some level of being done, then the “community” and “wikiness” can be turned toward other useful endeavors. Wikisource, Wikibooks, and Wikiversity, for example, are other projects started within the WMF and inspired by Wikipedia. One of the more successful offshoots is Wikimedia Commons, a repository for photos and multimedia that can be shared across all Wikimedia projects. These will no doubt become more important, but it’s not clear if they will garner the same passionate crowds as Wikipedia. That’s because Wikipedia was the remarkable beneficiary of some very special dynamics and uncanny timing.

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L., 169 211 Merel, Peter, 62 editorial process of, 37–41, 43, 63, 64 meta-moderation, 68–69 GNUpedia and, 79 metaphors, 46–47 rules of, 36–37 242_Index Nupedia ( continued ) radio, amateur ham, 45–46 structure of, 37–38 Ramsey, Derek (Ram-man), 99–104, 108, Wikipedia and, 64–65, 88, 136, 109, 111, 177 171, 172 Rand, Ayn, 32 wiki software and, 61–65 Raul654 (Mark Pellegrini), 180–81 Nupedia Advisory Board, 37, 38, 64 Raymond, Eric S., 43, 85, 172–73, 175 Nupedia-L, 63 Reagle, Joseph, 82, 96, 112 Nupedia Open Content License, 35, 72 Rec.food.chocolate, 84–85 RickK, 120, 185–88 rings, Web site, 23, 31 objectivism, 32, 36–37 robots, software, 88, 99–106, 145, 147, OCR (optical character recognition), 35 177, 179 Open Directory Project (ODP), 30–31, Rosenfeld, Jeremy, 45 33, 35 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 15 Ota, Takashi, 146 Russell, Bertrand, 13, 81 Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 70–72 Russian language, 152 peer production, 108–9 Sandbox, 97, 115 Pellegrini, Mark (Raul654), 180–81 Sanger, Larry, 6–7, 32–34, 36–38, Perl, 56, 67, 101, 140 40–41, 43–45, 61–65, 67, 88, 89, Peul language, 158 115, 184, 202, 210–11 phantom authority, 175–76 boldness directive and, 91, 113 Philological Society, 70 Citizendium project of, 190, 211–12 PHP, 74, 101 Essjay and, 197 Pike, Rob, 144 memoir of, 174, 190, 225 piranha effect, 83, 106, 109, 113, 120 resignation from Wikipedia, 174–75, Plautus Satire, 181 210 Pliny the Elder, 15 on rules, 76, 112 Poe, Marshall, 171 Spanish Wikipedia and, 9, 136–38 Polish Wikipedia, 146, 147 trolls and, 170–75, 189–90 Popular Science, 126 Wikipedia license and, 72 Portland Pattern Repository, 59 Y2K bug and, 32–33 Portuguese language, 136 San Jose Mercury News, 126 PostScript, 52 Schechter, Danny, 8–9 “Potato chip” article, 136 Schiff, Stacy, 196 Professor and the Madman, The Schlossberg, Edwin, 46 (Winchester), 70, 71 schools, 177–78 Project Gutenberg, 35 Scott, Jason, 131, 189 public domain content, 26, 111 search engines, 11, 22, 34 Pupek, Dan, 58 Google, see Google Seigenthaler, John, 9–10, 191–94, 200, 220 Quickpolls, 126–27 Senegal, 158 Quiz Show, 13 Serbian Wikipedia, 155–56 Index_243 servers, 77–79, 191 Tagalog language, 160 Sethilys (Seth Anthony), 106–11 Taiwan, 150, 151, 154 Shah, Sunir, 59–60, 64 “Talossan language” article, 120 Shaw, George Bernard, 135 Tamil language, 160 Shell, Tim, 21–22, 32, 36, 66, 174, Tawker, 177, 179, 186 184 Tektronix, 46, 47, 50, 55, 56 sidewalks, 96–97 termites, 82 Sieradski, Daniel, 204 Thompson, Ken, 143–44 Signpost, 200 Time, 9, 13 Silsor, 186 Torvalds, Linus, 28–29, 30, 173, 175 Sinitic languages, 159 Tower of Babel, 133–34 see also China tragedy of the commons, 223 Skrenta, Rich, 23, 30 Trench, Chenevix, 70 Slashdot, 67–69, 73, 76, 88, 205, trolls, 170–76, 179, 186, 187, 189–90 207, 216 Truel, Bob, 23, 30 Sanger’s memoir for, 174, 190, 225 2channel, 145 Sneakernet, 50 Snow, Michael, 206–7 Socialtext, 207 “U,” article on, 64 sock puppets, 128, 178–79 Unicode, 142, 144 software, open-source, 5, 23–28, 30, 35, UTF-8, 144–45 62, 67, 79, 216 UTF-32, 142, 143 design patterns and, 55, 59 UNIX, 27, 30–31, 54, 56, 143 Linux, 28–30, 56, 108, 140, 143, 173, Unregistered Words Committee, 70 216, 228 urban planning, 96–97 software robots, 88, 99–106, 145, 147, URL (Uniform Resource Locator), 53, 54 177, 179 USA Today, 9, 191, 220 Souren, Kasper, 158 UseModWiki, 61–63, 66, 73–74, 140–41 South Africa, 157–58 Usenet, 35, 83–88, 114, 170, 190, 223 spam, 11, 87, 220 Usenet Moderation Project (Usemod), 62 Spanish Wikipedia, 9, 136–39, 175, 183, USWeb, 211 215, 226 squid servers, 77–79 Stallman, Richard, 23–32, 74, 86, 217 vandalism: GNU Free Documentation License of, on LA Times Wikitorial, 207–8 72–73, 211–12 on Wikipedia, 6, 93, 95, 125, 128, GNU General Public License of, 27, 72 176–79, 181, 184–88, 194, 195, GNU Manifesto of, 26 202, 220, 227 GNUpedia of, 79 Van Doren, Charles, 13–14 Steele, Guy, 86 verein, 147 Stevertigo, 184 VeryVerily, 128 stigmergy, 82, 89, 92, 109 Vibber, Brion, 76 Sun Microsystems, 23, 27, 29–30, 56 Viola, 54 Sun Tzu, 169 ViolaWWW, 54–55 Swedish language, 140, 152 Voltaire, 15 244_Index WAIS, 34, 53 Wik, 123–25, 170, 180 Wales, Christine, 20–21, 22, 139 Wikia, 196, 197 Wales, Doris, 18, 19 Wiki Base, 62 Wales, Jimmy, 1, 8, 9, 18–22, 44, 76, Wikibooks, 216 88, 115, 131, 184, 196, 213, 215, Wikimania, 1–3, 8, 146, 147–48 220 WikiMarkup, 90 administrators and, 94, 185 Wikimedia Commons, 216 background of, 18–19 Wikimedia Foundation, 146, 157, 183–84, at Chicago Options Associates, 20, 196, 199, 213–15, 225–26, 227 21, 22 Wikipedia: Cunctator essay and, 172 administrators of, 67, 93–96, 119, 121, and deletion of articles, 120 125, 127, 148, 178, 185–86, dispute resolution and, 179–80, 181, 195–96, 224–25 223 advertising and, 9, 11, 136–38, 215, Essjay and, 197, 199 226 languages and, 139, 140, 157–58 amateurs and professionals in, 225 neutrality policy and, 6, 7, 113 Arbitration Committee of, 180–81, 184, objectivism and, 32, 36–37 197, 223 Nupedia and, 32–35, 41, 43–45, “assume good faith” policy in, 114, 187, 61–63 195, 200 on piranha effect, 83 blocking of people from, 93 role of, in Wikipedia community, 174–76, boldness directive in, 8, 91, 102, 179–80, 223 113–14, 115, 122, 221 Seigenthaler incident and, 192, 194 categories in, 97–98, 221 Spanish Wikipedia and, 137, 175 “checkuser” privilege in, 179, 196, 199 Stallman and, 30–32 database for, 73–74, 77, 78, 94 three revert rule and, 127–28 discussions in, 7–8, 65–66, 75–76, 89, Wikimania and, 146 121–22 Wikipedia license and, 72 DMOZ as inspiration for, 23 Wikitorials and, 206–7 five pillars of, 113, 216 Wales, Jimmy, Sr., 18 future of, 213–17, 219–29 Wall Street Journal, 126 growth of, 4, 9, 10, 77, 88–89, 95–97, “War and Consequences” Wikitorial, 99–100, 126, 184, 215, 219, 220 206–7 how it works, 90–96 wasps, 82 influence of, 201–212 Weatherly, Keith, 106 launch of, 64, 69, 139, 171 Web browsers, 51–55 legal issues and, 94, 111, 186, 191–92, Weblogs Inc., 215 227; see also copyright; libel WebShare, 209 linking in, 66–67, 73 Webster, Noah, 70, 133 mailing list for, 89, 95 Web 2.0, 68, 111, 114, 201 main community namespace in, 76 Wei, Pei-Yan, 54–55 main page of, 95 Weinstock, Steven, 202–3 MeatballWiki and, 60, 114, 119, 187–88 “Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its mediation of disputes in, 180, 181, 195 Anti-Elitism” (Sanger), 189–90 meta pages in, 91 Index_245 name of, 45 “diff” function and, 74, 75, 93, 99 namespaces in, 75–76 edit histories of, 64–65, 71, 82, 91–93 number of editors in, 95–96 editing of, 3–4, 6, 38, 64–66, 69, 73, Nupedia and, 64–65, 88, 136, 171, 172 88, 114–15, 131, 194 openness of, 5–6, 9 edit wars and, 95, 122–31, 136, 146 origins of, 43–60 eventualism and, 120–21, 129, 159 policies and rules of, 76, 112–14, first written, 64 127–28, 170, 171, 192, 221, flagged revisions of, 148–49, 215–16, 224–25 227 popularity of, 4 inclusion of, 115–21 Quickpolls in, 126–27 inverted pyramid formula for, 90 Recent Changes page in, 64–65, 82, license covering content of, 72–73, 98, 104, 109, 176–77 211–12 schools and, 177–78 locking of, 95 servers for, 77–79, 191 maps in, 107, 109–11 Slashdot and, 69, 73, 76, 88 neutral point of view in, 6–7, 82, 89, 111, sock puppets and, 128, 178–79 112–13, 117, 140, 174, 203–4, 217, SOFIXIT directive in, 114–15, 122, 221 228 software robots and, 88, 99–106, 145, news and, 7 147, 177, 179 original research and, 112–13, 117, 174 spam and self-promotion on, 11, 220 protection and semi-protection of, 194, talk pages in, 75–76, 89, 93, 98 216 templates in, 97–98, 113, 221 reverts and, 125, 127–28 trolls and, 170–76, 179, 186, 187, single versions of, 6 189–90 spelling mistakes in, 104–5 user pages in, 76, 89 stability of, 227–28 vandalism and, 6, 93, 95, 125, 128, stub, 92, 97, 101, 104, 148 176–79, 181, 184–88, 194, 195, talk pages for, 75–76, 89, 93, 98 202, 220, 227 test edits of, 176 watchlists in, 74, 82, 98–99, 109 “undo” function and, 93 wiki markup language for, 221–22 uneven development of, 220 wiki software for, 64–67, 73, 77, 90, 93, unusual, 92, 117–18 140–41, 216 verifiability and, 112–13, 117 Wikipedia articles: watchlists for, 74, 82, 98–99, 109 accuracy of, 10, 72, 188–89, 194, 208 Wikipedia community, 7–8, 81–132, 174, attempts to influence, 11–12 175, 183–200, 215–17, 222–23 biographies of living persons, 192, Essjay controversy and, 194–200 220–21 Missing Wikipedians page and, 184–85, census data in, 100–104, 106 188 citations in, 113 partitioning of, 223 consensus and, 7, 94, 95, 119–20, 122, Seigenthaler incident and, 9–10, 222–23 191–94, 220 consistency among, 213 stress in, 184 creation of, 90–93, 130–31, 188–89 trolls and, 170 deletion of, 93–94, 96, 119–21, 174 Wales’s role in, 174–76, 179–80, 223 246_Index Wikipedia international editions, 12, 77, Wikitorials, 205–8 100, 131–32, 133–67 Wikiversity, 216 African, 157–58 WikiWikiWeb, 44–45, 58–60, 61, 62 Chinese, 10, 141–44, 146, 150–55 Willy on Wheels (WoW), 178–79 encoding languages for, 140–45 Winchester, Simon, 70, 71 French, 83, 139, 146, 147 Wizards of OS conference, 211 German, 11, 139, 140, 147–49, 215, Wolof language, 158 220, 227 Wool, Danny, 3, 158, 199 Japanese, 139, 140, 141–42, 144, World Book, 16–19 145–47 World Is Flat, The (Friedman), 11 Kazakh, 155–57 World Wide Web, 34, 35, 47, 51–55 links to, 134–35, 140 Web 2.0, 68, 111, 114, 201 list of languages by size, 160–67 WYSIWYG, 222 Serbian, 155–56 Spanish, 9, 136–39, 175, 183, 215, 226 Yahoo, 4, 22, 23, 30, 191, 214 Wikipedia Watch, 192 “Year zero” article, 117 Wikipedia Weekly, 225 Yeats, William Butler, 183 wikis, 44, 51 Yongle encyclopedia, 15 Cunningham’s creation of, 2, 4, 56–60, “You have two cows” article, 118 62, 65–66, 90 YouTube, 58 MeatballWiki, 59–60, 114, 119, 175, Y2K bug, 32–33 187–88 Nupedia and, 61–65 Wikisource, 216 ZhengZhu, 152–57 About the Author Andrew Lih was an academic for ten years at Columbia University and Hong Kong University in new media and journalism.

pages: 261 words: 87,663

And Away...
by Bob Mortimer
Published 15 Sep 2021

Plate section credits: © Kevin Cummins/Getty Images, © Dave J Hogan/Getty Images; © Dave J Hogan/Getty Images; © Comic Relief/Getty Images; © PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo; © AA Film Archive/Alamy Stock Photo; © Lisa Clark/Owl Power; © BBC Photo Library; © Christopher Baines; © Pifco; © Blakey’s; © Jerry/British Listed Buildings; © Wikimedia Commons; ©TudorTulok/Wikimedia Commons. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Hardback ISBN: 978-1-3985-0529-2 Trade Paperback ISBN: 978-1-3985-0802-6 eBook ISBN: 978-1-3985-0530-8

Green Economics: An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice
by Molly Scott Cato
Published 16 Dec 2008

Table 6.1 offers a compari- GREEN BUSINESS 99 Figure 6.1 The carbon cycle Note: The figure shows the natural transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between plants and animals and other systems of CO2 circulation. It is the burning of fossil fuels that has disrupted this cycle. Source: Image provided free of charge by Wikimedia commons. son of those sectors likely to increase and decrease in size as we make the transition to a low-carbon economy. This is the most basic cycle that we must rebalance to achieve sustainability – the carbon cycle – but beyond that we must also learn to use resources in a way that does not exceed nature’s ability to replenish them.

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First, most people in the UK do not live in new homes (for example, 97 per cent of London’s housing was built before 1995);7 second, because of the progressive tightening-up of energy efficiency requirements in the building regulations over the years, new homes are already massively more energy efficient than older homes.8 Solar thermal collector (optional) Super insulation Supply air Triple pane double low-e glazing Extract air Supply air Extract air Ventilation system with heat recovery Ground heat exchanger Figure 7.1 The Passivhaus Source: The Passivhaus has the highest levels of insulation; uses natural air flows for ventilation; windows face south to maximize solar gain. Source: Image provided free of charge by Wikimedia commons. THE POLICY CONTEXT 109 BOX 7.1 THE EUROPEAN UNION PACKAGING DIRECTIVE Following the introducing of a ‘packaging ordinance’ by Germany in 1991 the EU adopted a Packaging Directive in 1994 to prevent obstacles to EU trade. It included targets of 50–65 per cent for recovery of packaging waste and recycling rates of 15–45 per cent of such waste.

pages: 490 words: 146,259

New World, Inc.
by John Butman
Published 20 Mar 2018

Insert credits and copyright information Here: John Dee, by unknown artist; c. 1594 (© Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford); John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (© National Trust Images/John Hammond); Map by Martin Waldseemüller, printed in Universalis Cosmographia; 1507 (Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress); Title page of The Commonwealth of England, by Thomas Smith, 1609; Sebastian Cabot, engraving after Hans Holbein, 1824 (© National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London) Here: Martin Frobisher by Cornelis Ketel, c. 1577 (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford); William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, by unknown artist (© National Portrait Gallery, London); Anne, Countess of Warwick, attributed to The Master of the Countess of Warwick, 1566–1569 (From The Woburn Abbey Collection); Matthew Baker, an image from Fragments of Ancient English Shipwrightry (By permission of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College Cambridge) Here: A chart showing Frobisher’s straits and surrounding area, from A True Discourse of the late voyages of discouerie…, 1578 (© British Library Board/Robana/Art Resource, NY); An image from Accounts, with subsidiary documents, of Michael Lok, treasurer, of first, second and third voyages of Martin Frobisher to Cathay by the north-west passage, 1576–1578 (© The National Archives, UK); Mining in Potosí, engraving by Theodor de Bry in Historia Americae sive Novi Orbis; 1596 (Image & Sound Collections, International Institute of Social History [Amsterdam]) Here: LONDON, c. 1560, Engraving from Civitates Orbis Terrarum, by Frans Hogenberg, 1572 (Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. In the collection of the Universitätsbibliothek, Heidelberg); Portrait of Sir Thomas Gresham, by Anthonis Mor, c. 1560–c. 1565, (Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. In the collection of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam); The Royal Exchange, London, by Frans Hogenberg; c. 1569 (Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://wellcomeimages.org) Here: GILBERT’S MAP OF THE WORLD, 1576, A general map, made onelye for the particuler declaration of this discovery, by H.

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Jhones, 1576 (British Library/Granger, NYC—All Rights Reserved); Sir Francis Walsingham, possibly after John De Critz the Elder; based on a work of circa 1587 (© National Portrait Gallery, London); Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by an unknown artist, c.1584 (National Trust Photo Library/Art Resource, NY) Here: Sir Walter Ralegh (Raleigh), by Nicholas Hilliard, circa 1585 (© National Portrait Gallery, London); WHITE’S DRAWINGS OF INDIANS AT ROANOKE, 1585 [The Flyer, left; Woman and Child, right], Native Indian Conjurer, by Theodor de Bry, in America, after a drawing by John White, 1590 (© The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY); An Indian woman and child of Pomeiooc in Virginia, by John White, 1585 (© The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY) Here: Sir Francis Drake, by an unknown artist; circa 1581 (© National Portrait Gallery, London); Elizabeth I, attributed to George Gower, c. 1588 (From The Woburn Abbey Collection); Portrait of Philip II, by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1565 (Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. In the collection of the Prado Museum, Madrid.) Here: TREATY OF LONDON CEREMONY, 1604, The Somerset House Conference, 19 August 1604, by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, circa 1604 (© National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London); Sir Thomas Smythe, by Simon de Passe, John Woodall, 1616 (© National Portrait Gallery, London); King James I of England and VI of Scotland, after John De Critz the Elder, c. 1605 (© National Portrait Gallery, London); Image of John Smith, from A Description of New-England, by an unknown artist, possibly after Simon de Passe, c. 1617 (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution); Portrait of Pocahontas, aged 21, by Crispin van de Passe, 1616 (© The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY) Notes THE PREQUEL TO THE PILGRIMS 1 “Pilgrim Fathers,” Oxford English Dictionary; definition C2. 2 John Stowe and Edmund Howes, Annales, or a General Chronicle of England, begun by John Stow: continued and augmented with matters Forraigne and Domestique, Ancient and Moderne, unto the end of this present yeere (London, 1631), 605. 1.

pages: 321 words: 89,109

The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon!
by Joseph N. Pelton
Published 5 Nov 2016

Thus it would seem that higher energy intensities would likely be required for the economics of solar power satellites to work. Figure 5.2 below provides a basic schematic of a large rectenna for receiving a continuous flow of energy from space in a desert area. Fig. 5.2Giant ground rectenna for receiving power from a solar power satellite (Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power.) It is, of course, possible to conceive of systems that would distribute smaller amounts of power to smaller rectennas at different locations, but even if we were to think of sites that received just 250 MW of energy this would still require rectennas that were about 2.5 km2 (1 sq. mile) in area.

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There are indeed design studies that indicate that if we proceed with space mining it might be possible to fabricate solar power satellites from materials obtained from the Moon or asteroids. Figure 5.3 below represents such a solar power system derived from space mining, processing and fabrication operations in space [3]. Fig. 5.3Artist’s conception of a solar power system fabricated from materials mined from an asteroid (Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power#/media/File:Solar_power_satellite_from_an_asteroid.jpg.) This analysis, which was admittedly undertaken as part of the rationale in support of space mining ventures, argues that if space mining and space-based fabrication using 3D printing technology are all taken amazing results can be achieved—perhaps by or even before 2050.

The Map of Knowledge: How Classical Ideas Were Lost and Found: A History in Seven Cities
by Violet Moller
Published 21 Feb 2019

To L, E and S, my three little stars Contents List of Illustrations Maps PREFACE ONE: THE GREAT VANISHING TWO: ALEXANDRIA THREE: BAGHDAD FOUR: CÓRDOBA FIVE: TOLEDO SIX: SALERNO SEVEN: PALERMO EIGHT: VENICE 1500 AND BEYOND Acknowledgements Select Bibliography Notes Index List of Illustrations COLOUR PLATES 1.Raphael’s School of Athens (Vatican Museums / Alamy) 2.The Doric columns of the Greek temple of Athena, incorporated into the walls of Syracuse Cathedral (Wikimedia Commons) 3.A thirteenth-century Arabic depiction of Aristotle teaching a pupil (Or. 2784, ff.101-101v., British Library, London, UK © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images) 4.The oldest surviving fragment of Euclid’s Elements (Wikimedia Commons) 5.Pages from the copy of The Elements discovered by Peyrard (Vat.gr.190.pt.1 fols. 13v–14r © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved) 6.Pages from a Greek copy of Ptolemy’s Almagest (Vat.gr.1594, fols. 79v–80r © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, reproduced by permission, with all rights reserved) 7.A rose from Dioscorides’ De materia medica (Science & Society Picture Library / Getty Images) 8.A detailed depiction of an Arabic library from al-Hariri’s the Maqamat (AKG Images) 9.Another image from the Maqamat showing a doctor treating a patient (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo) 10.A sixteenth-century image of astronomers in the Galata Observatory, Istanbul (World History Archive / Alamy Stock Photo) 11.A gold Abbasid dinar, struck during the reign of Caliph al-Mamun (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo) 12.The interior of the Mezquita in Cordoba (imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo) 13.A fourteenth-century copy of The Almagest in Arabic (The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS.

pages: 700 words: 160,604

The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race
by Walter Isaacson
Published 9 Mar 2021

Barrington Brown/Science Photo Library 25 (left to right): Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images; Courtesy Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University Libraries 27: Historic Images/Alamy 30: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna 36: Natl Human Genome Research Institute 42: Jim Harrison 52: YouTube 62: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna 70 (top to bottom): Courtesy of BBVA Foundation; courtesy of Luciano Marraffini 78: The Royal Society / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) 82: Mark Young 88: (top to bottom): Marc Hall/NC State courtesy of Rodolphe Barrangou; Franklin Institute/YouTube 96: Courtesy of Genetech 104: Roy Kaltschmidt/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 112: Courtesy of Caribou Biosciences 120: Hallbauer & Fioretti/Wikimedia Commons 130: Berkeley Lab 133: MRS Bulletin 138: Miguel Riopa/AFP via Getty Images 142 (clockwise): Edgaras Kurauskas/Vilniaus universitetas; Heribert Corn/courtesy of Krzysztof Chylinski; Michael Tomes/ courtesy of Martin Jinek 152: Andriano_CZ/iStock by Getty Images 158: (top to bottom): Justin Knight/McGovern Institute; Seth Kroll / Wyss Institute at Harvard University; Thermal PR 162: Justin Knight/McGovern Institute 168: Seth Kroll / Wyss Institute at Harvard University 176: Wikimedia Commons 188: Anastasiia Sapon/The New York Times/Redux 196: Courtesy of Martin Jinek 204: Courtesy Rodger Novak 214: BBVA Foundation 222: Casey Atkins, courtesy Broad Institute 230: Courtesy of Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C. 244: Amanda Stults, RN, Sarah Cannon Research Institute/The Children’s Hos 252: Courtesy of The Odin 258: Susan Merrell/UCSF 266: (top to bottom): National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Peter Breining/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images 282: Pam Risdom 298: (top to bottom): Courtesy He Jiankui; ABC News/YouTube 314: (top and bottom): Kin Cheung/AP/Shutterstock 325: Courtesy of UCDC 334: Tom & Dee Ann McCarthy/Getty Images 340: Wonder Collaborative 366: Isaac Lawrence/AFP/Getty Images 372: Nabor Godoy 384 (top to bottom): Lewis Miller; PBS 396: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna 400: Irene Yi / UC Berekely 406: Fyodor Urnov 412: Courtesy of Innovative Genomics Institute 420 (top to bottom): Mammoth Biosciences; Justin Knight/McGovern Institute 426: Omar Abudayyeh 448 (top to bottom): Paul Sakuma; courtesy of Cameron Myhrvold 458 (top to bottom): Wikimedia Commons; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives 468: Brittany Hosea-Small/UC Berkeley E103 476: Gordon Russell Simon & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2021 by Walter Isaacson All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.

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Beautiful Visualization
by Julie Steele
Published 20 Apr 2010

SVG stands for scalable vector graphics and is an open standard for vector images maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It is a popular vector image standard, particularly for free images and maps, and many vector manipulation applications support it. Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org) has a number of free, high-quality maps in vector format. These maps scale very well and are excellent for this kind of project. Some of the countries that are hard to find can also be pulled from vector maps of the world that are available on Wikimedia Commons. These files can be opened as editable vector files in Adobe Illustrator or Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org) or as bitmaps in GIMP. From Illustrator, the vector objects can be copied and pasted directly into Photoshop.

pages: 321 words: 113,564

AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications
by Sonja Thiel and Johannes C. Bernhardt
Published 31 Dec 2023

To enable such networks to perform certain tasks, they are not programmed, but instead trained on data that specify the desired task. 4 5 There is no question that Noll’s experiments and particularly his re-creation of Mondrian’s Composition fall short here, as he himself also concluded only a few years later (Noll 1970, 10f.). The perpetuation of traditional aesthetics along this path in the field of literature is scrutinized in Hannes Bajohr 2021. Arno Schubbach: AI and Art Figure 5: Jason M. Allen, Théâtre d’opéra Spatial, 2022. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Figure 6: Obvious, Portrait of Edmond de Belamy, 2018. Source: Wikimedia Commons. 49 50 Part 1: Reflections In the case of the generation of pictures, they must therefore be trained on many pictures so that the trained network should eventually be able to produce analogue pictures in turn. In recent years, various methods have been developed in this framework and two types of ANNs in particular have become established.

pages: 122 words: 37,785

Mongolia - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture
by Alan Sanders
Published 1 Feb 2016

ISBN 978 1 85733 717 4 This book is also available as an e-book: eISBN 978 1 85733 718 1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library First published in Great Britain by Kuperard, an imprint of Bravo Ltd 59 Hutton Grove, London N12 8DS Tel: +44 (0) 20 8446 2440 Fax: +44 (0) 20 8446 2441 www.culturesmart.co.uk Inquiries: sales@kuperard.co.uk Series Editor Geoffrey Chesler Design Bobby Birchall Cover image: Traditional Mongolian ger, felt-covered round tent, in winter. © Alamy Images on the following pages reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license: this page © Arabsalam; this page, this page, this page, this page (bottom), this page (top) © Photo: Hons084 / Wikimedia Commons /; this page © “John Stampfl”; this page © Chinneeb; this page © PIERRE ANDRE LECLERCQ; this page © Anand.orkhon. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license: this page © Altaihunters; this page © Steffen Wurzel; this page, this page, this page, this page © Chinneeb; this page © JoelPatto; this page, this page © Yaan; this page © Mizu_Basyo; this page © Harald Krichel; this page © Аркадий Зарубин; this page (bottom) © Taylor Weidman/The Vanishing Cultures Project; this page © Shoyuramen.

pages: 393 words: 115,217

Loonshots: How to Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries
by Safi Bahcall
Published 19 Mar 2019

Launch of Sputnik: By permission of the Marcus family. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ds-04944. The DARPA team prepares: DARPA. Shredding the Dead Sea Scrolls: Antar Dayal, AntarWorks LLC. Richard Feynman: Tamiko Thiel, via Wikimedia Commons. Einstein and Kepler: Antar Dayal, AntarWorks LLC. Shen Kuo: Antar Dayal, AntarWorks LLC. Hooke, Boyle, and air pump: Rita Greer, via Wikimedia Commons. Papin’s discovery: Public domain. SOURCE NOTES Because sources mostly do not overlap between chapters, a bibliography is provided for each chapter, to make it easier for the reader to browse related subjects.

pages: 789 words: 207,744

The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity's Search for Meaning
by Jeremy Lent
Published 22 May 2017

Lipták, © University of Tübingen, Germany) 3.2b. “Venus” figurine (Photo: Hilde Jensen, © University of Tübingen, Germany) 3.2c. Lion-man (Thilo Parg/Wikimedia Commons. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported) 3.2d. Bone flute (Photo: Hilde Jensen, © University of Tübingen, Germany) Figure 3.3. Ochre with cross-hatching from Blombos Cave (Image Courtesy of Christopher Henshilwood) Figure 3.4. Spandrels in St. Mark's Cathedral, Venice (Joanbanjo/Wikimedia Commons. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported) Figure 4.1. Megafauna extinctions by continent Figure 6.1. Harappan seal showing a seated yoga posture (© J.

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The PIE homeland, according to the Kurgan hypothesis (After David Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel and Language, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007, Figure 13.1) Figure 7.1. The extent of the Persian Empire around 500 BCE (Department of History, United States Military Academy, West Point/Wikimedia Commons) Figure 9.1. The classic Chinese symbol of yin and yang Figure 9.2. Examples of I Ching hexagrams (Frater5. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike) Figure 10.1. “Which two go together?” Figure 14.1. Major Neo-Confucian philosophers Figure 14.2. Key Neo-Confucian terms Figure 15.1.

pages: 562 words: 201,502

Elon Musk
by Walter Isaacson
Published 11 Sep 2023

See Musk, Justine Wilson Wilson, Vivian Jenna (EM’s daughter), 217 birth of, 169 family gatherings (2022) and, 588 gender transition of, 343, 418–19, 467 rift with EM, 344, 408–9, 419, 467 Wood, Lin, 290 Woods, James, 567 Woodward, Bob, 573 Woolway, Mark, 92 World War II, 123 Wozniak, Steve, 7, 56, 133 Wright, Ian, 129, 130, 134 Wyche, Vanessa, 475 X.AI, 244, 605–6 X.com, 73, 74–79, 81, 87, 447, 507, 509, 560 Xi Jinping, 314 Yaccarino, Linda, 613 Yelp, 85 Young Frankenstein, 485 Zaman, Tim, 499 Zambia, 13 Zaslav, David, 580 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr, 428, 432 Zeroth Law, 31 Zilis, Shivon (EM’s co-parent), 412 Autopilot project and, 333, 334 business principles and, 426–27 EM’s Austin home plans and, 472 EM’s children with, 412, 413–15, 467–68, 599, 603 on EM’s personality, 441–42 Neuralink and, 400–401, 402, 414, 468, 497, 562, 563 pregnancy of, 413–14, 416 twins name change and, 467 Twitter and, 427 video games and, 425, 426, 427 work strategy setting and, 426–27 Zip2, 61–67, 70 development of, 61–62 EM’s management style and, 64–65 EM’s nostalgia for, 498 idea for, 58–59 investor meetings, 62–63 marketing of, 63–64, 65 sale of, 60, 65, 70 Sorkin as CEO, 63, 65 Zubrin, Robert, 92 Photo Credits Page 1 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 9 Top and bottom left: Courtesy of Maye Musk Right: Courtesy of Elon Musk Page 15 Photos courtesy of Maye Musk Page 21 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 22 Top left: Courtesy of Maye Musk Top right Courtesy of Peter Rive Bottom: Courtesy of Kimbal Musk Page 28 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 29 Photos courtesy of Maye Musk Page 35 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 40 Photos courtesy of Maye Musk Page 43 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 44 Photos courtesy of Maye Musk Page 49 Top: Courtesy of Robin Ren Bottom: Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 54 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 59 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 60 Top: Courtesy of Maye Musk Bottom: CNN/YouTube.com Page 68 Photos courtesy of Maye Musk Page 72 Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 73 Paul Sakuma/AP Page 82 Top: Robyn Twomey/Redux Bottom left: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images Bottom right: Simon Dawson/Bloomberg via Getty Images Page 90 Photos courtesy of Adeo Ressi Page 97 Photos courtesy of Adeo Ressi Page 102 Courtesy of Kimbal Musk Page 106 Gregg Segal Page 111 Courtesy of SpaceX Page 118 Courtesy of Gwynne Shotwell Page 124 Top: Steve Jurvetson/Wikimedia Commons Bottom: Erin Lubin Page 131 Courtesy of Tesla Page 144 Photos courtesy of Hans Koenigsmann Page 149 Photos courtesy of Hans Koenigsmann Page 155 Courtesy of Tim Watson Page 162 Nicki Dugan Pogue/Wikimedia Commons Page 168 Lauren Greenfield/Institute Page 172 Nick Harvey/WireImage/Getty Images Page 175 Courtesy of Hans Koenigsmann Page 178 Courtesy of Hans Koenigsmann Page 182 Photos courtesy of Hans Koenigsmann Page 190 Courtesy of Navaid Farooq Page 195 Left and right: Steve Jurvetson/Wikipedia Commons Page 203 Official White House Photo by Chuck Kennedy Page 209 Courtesy of Christopher Stanley Page 213 Courtesy of Talulah Riley Page 217 Top: Courtesy of YouTube.com Bottom: Courtesy of Sam Teller Page 223 Courtesy of Trung Phan/Twitter Page 229 Courtesy of Jehn Balajadia Page 235 Photos courtesy of Navaid Farooq Page 239 YouTube.com Page 260 Top left and right: Courtesy of Amber Herd Bottom left: Gianluigi Guercia/AFP via Getty Images Bottom right: Brendan Smialowski /AFP via Getty Images Page 267 Courtesy of Omead Afshar Page 275 Courtesy of Sam Teller Page 276 Top left: courtesy of Omead Afshar Top right and Bottom left: courtesy of Sam Teller Bottom right: Courtesy of Jehn Balajadia Page 286 Courtesy of Omead Afshar Page 287 Photos courtesy of Sam Teller Page 295 Top: YouTube.com Bottom: Ryan David Brown/The New York Times/Redux Page 305 Left: Courtesy of Grimes Right: Amy Sussman/WWD/Penske Media/Getty Images Page 312 Courtesy of Robin Ren Page 315 Courtesy of Sam Teller Page 325 Right: Courtesy of Bill Riley Page 340 Top left: Courtesy of Maye Musk Bottom: Martin Schoeller/August Page 347 Top: Courtesy of SpaceX Bottom: Courtesy of Jehn Balajadia Page 353 Left: Courtesy of Blue Origin Right: Courtesy of Elon Musk Page 358 Top left: Courtesy of Andy Krebs Bottom left: Courtesy of Lucas Hughes Right: Nic Ansuini Page 376 Left: Will Heath/NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images Right: courtesy of Grimes Page 382 Top: Courtesy of SpaceX Bottom: Courtesy of Kim Shiflett /NASA Page 387 Bottom: Nic Ansuini Page 393 Courtesy of Tesla Page 398 Courtesy of Neuralink Page 435 Imagine China/AP Page 440 Left: Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images Right: Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg via Getty Images Page 466 Bottom: Courtesy of Jared Birchall Page 482 Photos courtesy of Tesla Page 488 Top: The PhotOne/BACKGRID Bottom: Marlena Sloss/Bloomberg via Getty Images Page 500 Courtesy of Milan Kovac Page 501 Top: Courtesy of Omead Afshar Page 506 Top: Courtesy of Elon Musk/Twitter Bottom: Courtesy of Jehn Balajadia Page 511 Right: Courtesy of Jehn Balajadia Page 523 Top left: Elon Musk/Twitter Top right: Courtesy of Twitter Bottom left: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images Bottom right: Duffy-Marie Arnoult/WireImage/Getty Images Page 532 Top: Courtesy Elon Musk/Twitter Bottom: Courtesy of Maye Musk Page 546 Top: Courtesy of Christopher Stanley Page 561 Top: Courtesy of Neuralink Bottom: Courtesy of Jeremy Barenholtz Page 565 Top: Wikimedia Commons Bottom: Samantha Bloom Page 581 Photos courtesy of James Musk Page 592 Courtesy of Dhaval Shroff Front Endpaper: Courtesy of SpaceX Back Endpaper: Courtesy of Tesla, Inc.

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When Computers Can Think: The Artificial Intelligence Singularity
by Anthony Berglas , William Black , Samantha Thalind , Max Scratchmann and Michelle Estes
Published 28 Feb 2015

Darwin understood that the real heresy was that natural selection did not just explain man’s body. Natural selection also explained man’s mind and his soul. 1870s cartoon of Darwin. Public Expired Creationists should reject natural selection Creationist evolution. Public Jacoba Werther, Wikimedia Commons. Creationists are right to reject evolution by natural selection. Not because it conflicts with the creation myths found in the old testament. Those wonderful lines in Genesis are poetic in nature, only the most narrow minded would be unwilling to accept the more rational model that science provides.

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The peacock’s tail particularly upset Darwin because it was so obviously counter productive to carry such a useless dead weight just to satisfy some abstract desire for beauty. Darwin correctly postulated that the tail was in fact used by peahens to select their mate, and so was driven by sexual selection. Peacock displaying its expensive tail. Public Wikimedia Commons Unlike many birds, a peacock does not help raise their chicks, and so they can mate with many peahens. Peahens prefer peacocks that have fine tails, so a peacock without a tail will not produce grandchildren, even if it would be otherwise fitter to survive without the burdensome tail. Being able to survive with a long and cumbersome tail provides an easy metric for peahens to assess their mates.

pages: 331 words: 47,993

Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind
by Susan Schneider
Published 1 Oct 2019

Autonomous AI could be quite useful, because if a ship is near Alpha Centauri, communicating with Earth at light speed would take eight years—four years for Earth to receive a signal and four years for the answer from Earth to return to Alpha Centauri. To have real-time decision-making capacities, civilizations embarking on interstellar voyages will either need to send members of their civilizations on intergenerational missions—a daunting task—or put AGIs on the ships themselves. A solar sail spacecraft begins its journey (Wikimedia Commons, Kevin Gill) Of course, this doesn’t mean that the AGIs would be conscious; as I’ve stressed, that would require a deliberate engineering effort over and above the mere construction of a highly intelligent system. Nonetheless, if Earthlings send AGIs in their stead, they may become intrigued by the possibility of making them conscious.

pages: 469 words: 132,438

Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet
by Varun Sivaram
Published 2 Mar 2018

Commercial and industrial installations typically are smaller than 2 MW. Residential installations are typically below 50 kW. Off-grid installations, which are deployed where the central power grid does not reach, can be as small as a single panel. Figure 2.5 Solar PV upstream production and downstream markets. Source: Images from Wikimedia Commons. As figure 2.5 shows, the solar power sector can be divided into the downstream deployment of solar panels in these four markets and their upstream manufacturing. Manufacturing a solar panel starts with mining and refining polysilicon, which is then melted into long, cylindrical ingots and sliced into thin wafers.

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These networked microgrids connect to the superstructure of HVDC lines that connect disparate regions and enable access to faraway renewable resources. Important note: This schematic is not exhaustive—that is, many other resources, like conventional power plants, can plug into this hybrid grid, though they are not shown owing to space constraints. Source: DESERTEC map obtained from Wikimedia Commons. Achieving a hybrid grid would be the pinnacle of systemic innovation. But steep barriers stand in the way. Almost everywhere, clumsy regulations and conservative utilities are unwilling to move beyond the twentieth-century paradigm of the power system—even in such pioneering states as New York and California, progress is slow.

pages: 161 words: 49,972

The Bomber Mafia: A Dream, a Temptation, and the Longest Night of the Second World War
by Malcolm Gladwell
Published 26 Apr 2021

LeMay in 1954 Photo credit: Photo by A. Y. Owen/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images/Getty Images The Center of the Tokyo Raids and War Damage is located in an unassuming building in Tokyo, Japan. Photo credit: Nick-D, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture
by Orlando Figes
Published 7 Oct 2019

The Théâtre Italien, engraving after a drawing by Eugène Lami, c. 1840. (New York Public Library) Here. Alfred de Musset, satire on Louis Viardot’s courtship of Pauline, cartoon, c. 1840. Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France, Paris. (Copyright © RMN-Grand Palais (Institut de France)/Gérard Blot) Here. Giacomo Meyerbeer, photograph, 1847. (Wikimedia Commons) Here. Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, Turgenev’s mother, daguerreotype, c. 1845. (I. S. Turgenev State Memorial Museum, Orel) Here. Clara and Robert Schumann, daguerreotype, c. 1850. (adoc-photos/Getty Images) Here. The Leipzig Gewandhaus, engraving, c. 1880. (akg-images) Here. Pauline Viardot, drawing of the château at Courtavenel, in a letter to Julius Rietz, 5 July 1858.

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Cham (Amédée Charles Henri, Comte de Noé), Impressionist painters can double the effect of their exhibition on the public by having Wagner’s music played at it, cartoon in Le Charivari, 22 April 1877. (Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg) Here. Anon., The Obsequies of Victor Hugo at the Arc de Triomphe, Paris, 31 May 1885, photograph, 1885. (Wikimedia Commons) Here. Anon., portrait of Auguste Rodin standing next to his sculpture of Victor Hugo, photograph, 1902. (ullstein bild/Getty Images) Here. Guigoni and Bossi, Funeral procession of Giuseppe Verdi in Foro Bonaparte, Milan, 30 January 1901, from L’illustrazione Italiana, Year XXVIII, No, 9, 3 March 1901.

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Anon., Entrance to the Exposition Universelle, Paris, photograph, 1900. (Bibliothèque de Genève, Centre d’iconographie genevoise) PLATES 1. Ary Scheffer, portrait of Pauline García, oil on canvas, 1840. Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris. (Roger-Viollet/TopFoto) 2. Anon., portrait of Manuel García as Otello, engraving, c. 1821. (Wikimedia Commons) 3. Louis Viardot, engraving, c. 1839. (Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy) 4. Henri Decaisne, Maria Malibran as Desdemona in Otello, oil on canvas, 1830. Musée Carnavalet, Paris. (Granger Historical Collection/Alamy) 5. Josef Weninger, portrait of Ivan Turgenev, daguerreotype, 1844. (Copyright © State Historical Museum, Moscow) 6.

Science...For Her!
by Megan Amram
Published 4 Nov 2014

Interior design by Brian Chojnowski Jacket Design by Tal Gorersky Jacket Photograph by Matthias Clamer for StocklandMartel.com Cover photograph and photos on pages xxiv and 101 by Matthias Clamer for StocklandMartel.com Photos on pages xxv, 1, 19, 36, 81, 84, 85, 121, 130, 143, 158, 164, and 189 ©Liz Bretz Photos on pages 19 and 51 ©Alamy Photo of white dwarf on page 71 ©NASA, ESA, H. Bond (STScl), and M. Barstow (University of Leicester) Photo of neutron star on page 71 ©NASA Photos on pages 51, 68, and 127 ©Gettyimages Photo on page 128 ©Shutterstock Photo of Rachel Carson on page 172 from Library of Congress Photos via Wikimedia Commons on pages 66, 71, 79, 112, and 173 Illustration on page 128 by Alexandra Rushfield Library of Congress Control Number: 2014017574 ISBN 978-1-4767-5788-9 ISBN 978-1-4767-5790-2 (ebook)

pages: 221 words: 61,146

The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets
by Alan Boss
Published 3 Feb 2009

The problem for stars is that the relevant standard of comparison is the speed of light, which is about 186,000 miles per second, or 670,000,000 mph. Thus 30 mph is practically stationary by comparison. FIGURE 2. Christian Johann Doppler [1803- 1853], the Austrian physicist who showed that sound waves shift in wavelength by an amount that depends on the velocity of their source. [Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.] The star’s speed is compared this way because Walker and Campbell planned to find planets by measuring it through the Doppler effect. Christian Johann Doppler, an Austrian physicist, hypothesized in 1842 that light waves emitted by a moving star behave exactly the same way as sound waves emitted by a moving train.

pages: 235 words: 62,862

Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-Hour Workweek
by Rutger Bregman
Published 13 Sep 2014

Fifty-eight boxes were brought ashore in mere hours, and a day later the vessel was making its way back with another full load of cargo. Before the invention of the steel box, ships might spend four to six days at port, fully 50% of their time. A couple years later, just 10%. Moore’s Law The number of transistors in processors, 1970–2008 Source: Wikimedia Commons The advent of the chip and the box made the world shrink as goods, services, and capital circled the globe ever more rapidly.9 Technology and globalization advanced hand in hand and faster than ever. Then something happened – something that nobody had imagined possible. Labor vs. Capital Something happened that, according to the textbooks, could not happen.

Exploring Everyday Things with R and Ruby
by Sau Sheong Chang
Published 27 Jun 2012

S1 (lub) is caused by the sudden blockage of reverse blood when the triscuspid and mitral valves shut at the beginning of the contraction. S2 (dub) is caused by the sudden blockage of reverse blood when the aortic and pulmonary valves shut at the end of the contraction. See Figure 6-6 for a picture of the human heart. Figure 6-6. The human heart (adapted from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license) The heart sounds waveform looks pretty good; I seem quite healthy. But what’s my heart rate? How can we get the heart rate from the heart sounds? Finding the Heart Rate Finding the heart rate from the heart sounds turns out to be a bit trickier than we initially thought.

pages: 239 words: 64,812

Geek Sublime: The Beauty of Code, the Code of Beauty
by Vikram Chandra
Published 7 Nov 2013

Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries, Cambridge, MA Figure 5.1: Rules from the Ashtadhyayi (Vedic Literature Collection, Maharishi University of Management) Figure 6.1: Dependency diagram (TheDailyWTF, www.thedailywtf.com) Figure 6.2: “Hello, world!” in brainfuck Figure 6.3: “Hello, world!” in Malbolge Figure 6.4: Gartner, Inc.’s Hype Cycle (Jeremy Kemp, Wikimedia Commons) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has been supported by the University of California, Berkeley. Thanks to Martin Howard for the images of the LEGO logic gates (http://www.randomwraith.com/logic.html); and to Alex Papadimoulis of TheDailyWTF.com for the dependency diagram. For inspiration, aid, and insight, I’m grateful to Jennie Durant; Janet Miller; Maura Finklestein; Wendy James, for the loan of that PCjr; Margo True; David Harvey, with fond memories of “the rapture of the freeways” and AH&AJ Computing; Balaji Venkateswaran; Jeff Kowalski; Sumeet Shetty; S.

pages: 247 words: 64,986

Hive Mind: How Your Nation’s IQ Matters So Much More Than Your Own
by Garett Jones
Published 15 Feb 2015

“IQ and Economic Growth: Further Augmentation of Mankiw-Romer-Weil Model.” Economics Letters 94, no. 1 (2007): 7–11. Ramsey, Frank P. “A Mathematical Theory of Saving.” The Economic Journal (1928): 543–559. Raven Matrix. User: Life of Riley. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons in Wikipedia. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_Matrix.svg#mediaviewer/File:Raven_Matrix.svg. Reyes, Jessica Wolpaw. “Environmental Policy as Social Policy? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime.” The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 7, no. 1 (2007). Rindermann, Heiner.

Secrets of the Autistic Millionaire: Everything I Know Now About Autism and Asperger's That I Wish I'd Known Then
by David William Plummer
Published 14 Sep 2021

Believe it not, for someone like myself, that’s way bigger than a stadium of cheering fans. So, if you’re running Windows, press CTRL-SHIFT-ESC and “Say Hello to my Little Friend!” 315 Sources Photo of Steve Jobs, page 11 Credit: Date: Source: Modifications: Matthew Riegler 17 June 2007 Wikimedia Commons Subject masked and mirrored Photo of David Plummer, page 97 Credit: Date: Janet Plummer 1969 Central Coherence Illustration, page 157 Credit: Temple Grandin. Ph.D. Source: TED Talk Used with Permission Ikigai Illustration, page 306 Credit: Date: Modifications: Eric Plummer 4 Oct 2021 Text callouts added About the Author According to Wikipedia, “David William Plummer is a Canadian-American programmer and entrepreneur.

pages: 634 words: 185,116

From eternity to here: the quest for the ultimate theory of time
by Sean M. Carroll
Published 15 Jan 2010

First printing, January 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Sean Carroll All rights reserved Photograph on page 37 by Martin Röll, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License, from Wikimedia Commons. Photograph on page 47 courtesy of the Huntington Library. Image on page 53 by the NASA/WMAP Science Team. Photograph on page 67 courtesy of Corbis Images. Image on page 119 courtesy of Getty Images. Figures on pages 147, 153, 177, 213, 270, 379, and 382 by Sean Carroll. Photograph on page 204 courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution. Photograph on page 259 courtesy of Professor Stephen Hawking. Photograph on page 267 courtesy of Professor Jacob Bekenstein. Photograph on page 295 by Jerry Bauer, from Wikimedia Commons. Photograph on page 315 courtesy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

pages: 603 words: 182,826

Owning the Earth: The Transforming History of Land Ownership
by Andro Linklater
Published 12 Nov 2013

Gunter’s chain; twenty-two yards, one hundred links. The instrument that measured out the United States and the British Empire. COURTESY OF WIKIMEDIA COMMONS, PHOTO BY USER ROSEOHIORESIDENT. Patent for land ownership in Ohio in 1805, signed by President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. A combine harvester in an Idaho wheat field. COURTESY OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Edward Gibbon Wakefield. COURTESY OF THE WIKIMEDIA COMMONS AND THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA. Henry George. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Like a European feudal knight, a samurai owed his standing to the peasants who worked his land.

pages: 619 words: 177,548

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

© British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images 3. The Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 4. North Wind Picture Archives/ Alamy Stock Photo 5. Courtesy of Science History Institute 6. DrMoschi, CC BY-SA 4.0, <https://creativecommons.org/licenses /by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg 7. akg-images / Florilegius 8. akg-images / WHA / World History Archive 9. GRANGER 10. SSPL/Getty Images 11. Heritage Images / Historica Graphica Collection/akg-images 12. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ggbain-09513 13.

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Jeffrey Isaac Greenber 3+/Alamy Stock Photo 28. NOAH BERGER/AFP via Getty Images 29. Thorsten Wagner/Bloomberg via Getty Images 30. Qilai Shen/Bloomberg via Getty Images 31. akg-images / brandstaetter images/Votava 32. ASSOCIATED PRESS 33. Dgies, CC BY-SA 3.0, <https://creativecommons.org/licenses /by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons; https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:Ted_Nelson_cropped.jpg 34. Benjamin Lowy/Contour by Getty Images Cody O’Loughlin DARON ACEMOGLU is Institute Professor of Economics at MIT, the university’s highest faculty honor. For the last twenty-five years, he has been researching the historical origins of prosperity and poverty, and the effects of new technologies on economic growth, employment, and inequality.

pages: 659 words: 190,874

Deep Nutrition: Why Your Genes Need Traditional Food
by Catherine Shanahan M. D.
Published 2 Jan 2017

Klitschko: Sven Teschke; Samuelson: Frankie Fouganthin; Kahn: Fanghong; all other images in public domain Old-Fashioned Breakfast, courtesy Imam MP Heijboer Profiles in Genetic Wealth, Thai woman: courtesy David Miller, Flickr Creative Commons; Danish barmaid: ©Bill Bachman Eight Historical Studies of Human Anatomy, Le-Courbusier: Wasily Wikimedia Commons; all other images in public domain The Golden Rectangle, Cate Shanahan Beauty Emerges From Math, ©2001 Stephen R. Marquardt Blueprint for Beauty, Stephen Marquardt, Marquardt Beauty Analsysis, courtesy of Dr. Marquardt, www.beautyanalysis.com Price Meets Marquardt, photos © Price Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, www.PPNE.org; Marquardt Mask © Stephen Marquardt, www.beautyanalysis.com Why Attractive People Entrance Us, Cate Shanahan An Average Face, Cate Shanahan Number One Son—Why So Lucky? Matt Dillon: Wikimedia Commons, Festival International de Cine en Guadalajara; Kevin Dillon: Flickr Creative Commons, Allistair McMannis Different Geometry, Paris Hilton: Pad Schafermeier; Nicky Hiton: Eduardo Sciämmarello Biradial Symmetry Can Be a Pain in the Neck, courtesy of Dan Shanahan Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Modern Pharmacology, vol. 6, 1977.

pages: 193 words: 19,478

Memory Machines: The Evolution of Hypertext
by Belinda Barnet
Published 14 Jul 2013

When Nelson was a keynote speaker at the 2001 Digital Arts and Culture conference, van Dam introduced him with the comment that he’s ‘known [Ted] longer than anyone else in my adult life – literally since my freshman week in 1956 at Swarthmore College’ (Lloyd 2001). They had some catching up to do. SEEING AND MAKING CONNECTIONS 99 Andries van Dam, Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under a Creative Commons License. Passionate and eloquent, Nelson told van Dam about what he’d been doing since he left Swarthmore: hypertext. ‘He had nothing to show for this idea, no prototypes or work in the sense that computer scientists talk about work – i.e. software, algorithms, things that are concrete’, recalled van Dam (1999).

pages: 257 words: 80,100

Time Travel: A History
by James Gleick
Published 26 Sep 2016

Credit 1.2: Courtesy of the New York Public Library. Credit 2.1: Still image from episode 41 of Rocky & Bullwinkle & Friends, copyright © 2004 by DreamWorks Animation LLC. Used by permission. Credit 2.2: From A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court by Mark Twain. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1889. Credit 2.3: From Wikimedia Commons. Credit 3.1: Still image from Felix the Cat Trifles with Time, copyright © DreamWorks Animation LLC. Used by permission. Credit 3.2: From Science and Invention in Pictures, July 1925. Credit 5.1: Courtesy of the Robert A. and Virginia Heinlein Archives and the Heinlein Prize Trust. Credit 9.1: From The Story of the Westinghouse Time Capsule.

pages: 299 words: 79,739

Enemy of All Mankind: A True Story of Piracy, Power, and History's First Global Manhunt
by Steven Johnson
Published 11 May 2020

Classification: LCC G537.A9 J64 2020 (print) | LCC G537.A9 (ebook) | DDC 910.4/5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019022493 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019022494 Map by Jeffrey L. Ward Cover design: Gregg Kulick Cover images: (flag, crossbones, hourglass) Culture Club / Hulton Archive / Getty Images; (depiction of Henry Every’s pirate flag) Unknown author via Wikimedia Commons pid_prh_5.5.0_c0_r0 For Alexa CONTENTS Introduction I. THE EXPEDITION 1. Origin Stories 2. The Uses of Terror 3. The Rise of the Mughals 4. Hostis humani generis 5. Two Kinds of Treasure 6. Spanish Expedition Shipping 7. The Universe Conqueror 8.

pages: 1,136 words: 73,489

Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software
by Nadia Eghbal
Published 3 Aug 2020

(draft), University of Miami School of Law, April 6, 1997, http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/newecon.htm. 237 Ben Thompson, “AWS, MongoDB, and the Economic Realities of Open Source,” Stratechery, January 14, 2019, https://stratechery.com/2019/aws-mongodb-and-the-economic-realities-of-open-source/. 238 Bill Gates, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” February 3, 1976, via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg. 239 David Friedman, Price Theory: an Intermediate Text (Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing Co, 1986), 20. 240 Ben Lesh (@BenLesh), “Open Source is such a strange thing . . .,” Twitter, November 30, 2017, 1:26 p.m., https://twitter.com/BenLesh/status/936300388906446848. 241 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 433. 242 Timothy Patitsas, Nadia Eghbal, and Henry Zhu, “City as Liturgy,” Hope in Source, podcast audio, March 21, 2019, https://hopeinsource.com/city/. 243 Randall W.

pages: 271 words: 79,367

The Switch: How Solar, Storage and New Tech Means Cheap Power for All
by Chris Goodall
Published 6 Jul 2016

I owe the greatest debt to my wife Charlotte Brewer and daughters Alice Brewer, Mimi Goodall and Ursula Brewer. Images Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following sources for providing images: Page 2 (Roger Easton) NASA; p. 13 (diagram data) BP; p. 69 Chris Case; p. 72 Nina Klein; p. 81 Oxford Photovoltaics; p. 85 Heliatek; p. 87 Heliatek; p. 95 Wikimedia Commons; p. 118 Solar Reserve; p. 121 Helio100; p. 129 Spinetic; p. 136 Tropical Power; p. 140 Tropical Power; p. 169 Energiesprong; p. 175 Getty Images; p. 177 Tesla; p. 180 24M; p. 182 Sonnen; p. 186 Facebook; p. 203 Eos; p. 209 Highview Power; p. 239 Doris Hafenbradl; p. 242 LanzaTech; p. 247 University of California, Berkeley; p. 251 Climeworks.

pages: 230 words: 71,834

Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality
by Melissa Bruntlett and Chris Bruntlett
Published 27 Aug 2018

“In the juxtaposition between Amsterdam and Rotterdam, that is the identity of the city: dynamic, changeable, and resilient.” Figure 1-1: Once the German bombs had stopped falling, the fires were extinguished, and the debris was cleared, little was left of Rotterdam’s city center. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons) Aided by US president Harry S. Truman’s Marshall Plan—which provided the Netherlands with over $1.1 billion (USD) in financial aid to rebuild the roads, railroads, bridges, and factories that had been destroyed—the rebuilding necessitated by this “gift from God” proved in some ways to be fortuitous.

Mastering Structured Data on the Semantic Web: From HTML5 Microdata to Linked Open Data
by Leslie Sikos
Published 10 Jul 2015

person dbo:deathDate ?death . FILTER (?birth < "1901-01-01"^^xsd:date) . } ORDER BY ?name Wikidata Wikidata is one of the largest LOD databases that features both human-readable and machine-readable contents, at http://www.wikidata.org. Wikidata contains structured data from Wikimedia projects, such as Wikimedia Commons, Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, as well as from the once popular directly editable Freebase dataset, resulting in approximately 13 million data items. In contrast to many other LOD datasets, Wikidata is collaborative—anyone can create new items and modify existing ones. Like Wikipedia, Wikidata is multilingual.

pages: 275 words: 84,980

Before Babylon, Beyond Bitcoin: From Money That We Understand to Money That Understands Us (Perspectives)
by David Birch
Published 14 Jun 2017

At this time, the Bank came up with a wonderful British compromise: they would switch to paper but they would keep the tallies as a backup (who knew whether the whole ‘printing’ thing would work out, after all) until the last person who knew how to use them had died. Medieval tally sticks. (Source: Winchester City Council Museums (Flickr), via Wikimedia Commons.) Thus, tally sticks like the ones shown in figure 6 were then taken out of circulation and stored in the Houses of Parliament until 1834, when the authorities decided that the tallies were no longer required and that they should be burned. As it happened, they were burned rather too enthusiastically and in the resulting conflagration the Houses of Parliament were razed to the ground (Shenton 2012), which is why they are now the Victorian Gothic pile designed by Sir Charles Barry, built from 1840 onwards, rather than the original mediaeval palace.

Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything
by Lydia Kang and Nate Pedersen
Published 16 Oct 2017

Credits COVER: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images (poison bottle) INTERIOR: Alamy Stock Photo: Lordprice Collection p. 102; PNC Collection p. 48; Rich Wheater/Aurora Photos p. 228. AP Photo: John W. Liston p. 42. Creative Commons: The following images from Wikimedia Commons are used under Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 3.0, Author: Bullenwächter pp. 227 (all), 230. Courtesy: “Ad for the Keeley Institute, Greensboro, N.C.” The Edward Merritt McEachern Jr. Collection. Courtesy of East Carolina University Digital Collections, https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/15393 p. 41; Division of Medicine & Science, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution pp. 132 (bottom), 137; Lydia Kang p. 6; Margaret Thatcher Foundation p. 279; “Mrs.

pages: 304 words: 85,291

Cities: The First 6,000 Years
by Monica L. Smith
Published 31 Mar 2019

Image credits: 1: The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo; 2: GL Archive / Alamy Stock Photo; 3: Vincenzo Dragani / Alamy Stock Photo; 4: The Excavation of an Obelisk from the Campo Marzo, by Jean Barbault, ca. 1749, The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Creative Commons, The Elisha Whittelsey Collection, The Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1962; 5: © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved; 6: Santa Maria in Trastvere. Detail of Map of Rome by Giovanni Maggi, 162, Wikimedia Commons; 7: 19th era / Alamy Stock Photo; 8: Abandoned Antique Stacked Amphoras, Furkan Darici / EyeEm; 9: © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved; 10: The Fall of the Magician, by Pieter van der Heyden, 1565, The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Creative Commons, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1928; 11: PRISMA ARCHIVO / Alamy Stock Photo; 12: Biblioteca Histórica de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

pages: 277 words: 86,352

Waco Rising: David Koresh, the FBI, and the Birth of America's Modern Militias
by Kevin Cook
Published 30 Jan 2023

Reno announced naming former senator Danforth as special counsel to look into Waco’s “dark questions” at a September 9, 1999, news conference; a transcript can be seen at Justice.gov. The Washington Post (July 22, 2000) and other outlets reported Danforth’s findings, which were dissected by the libertarian Cato Institute’s Policy Analysis (April 9, 2001). Danforth’s report can be read at Wikimedia Commons. Thibodeau discusses Peter Gent’s actions on February 28, 1993, and Gent’s death in Waco: A Survivor’s Story. He emphasized that Gent had been unarmed, a widely held belief among current and former Davidians, in a talk with me. Gent’s autopsy, describing the hollow-point round that killed him, recovered “53 inches above the heel,” was performed in the Tarrant County morgue on May 5, 1993.

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks
by Keith Houston
Published 23 Sep 2013

Figure 3.4 Fred Zimmerman, publisher of Nimble Books LLC. Figure 4.1 Burgerbibliothek Bern, Cod. 668, f. 5 verso. Figures 4.2, 4.4. and 4.7 The Tschichold family. Figure 4.3 Courtesy of Hoefler & Frere-Jones. Figure 4.5 Author’s collection. Figure 4.6 Public domain image taken by Adrian Pingstone and courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Figure 4.8 Courtesy of Stan Carey (http://www.stancarey.com). Figure 4.9 Courtesy of Felix O. Figure 4.10 Courtesy of the Michigan State University Libraries. Figures 5.1 and 5.2 Courtesy of David Gesswein at pdp8online.com. Reprinted with permission of Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc. Figure 5.3 Florence State Archives, V Serie Strozziane, n. 1207.

pages: 209 words: 81,560

Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World
by Joshua Paul Dale
Published 15 Dec 2023

The Border between Wild and Tame 2.1 Antique kimono showing a fox wedding. Photo by author. 2.2 Close encounter with a domesticated Siberian fox. Photo by author. 3. Cuteness in the West 3.1 Raphael’s cherubs from the Sistine Madonna (1513–14): ‘The Angels from the Sistine Madonna’, copper engraving, Charles Gottfried Schultz, c.1890. Photo: CC0 A. Wagner / Wikimedia Commons. 4. Kawaii in the Hermit Kingdom 4.1 Puppy on a fan by Nagasawa Rosetsu. Courtesy of the Homma Museum of Art. 4.2 Puppies by Maruyama Ōkyo. Courtesy of the Fuchu City Museum. 4.3 Close-up of Ōkyo’s puppies. Courtesy of Fuchu City Museum. 4.4 The cover of Bunkio Matsuki’s Catalogue of Japanese Artists’ Materials, 1904. 4.5 The white-rabbit logo of Bunkio Matsuki’s Boston shop, from Bunkio Matsuki’s Catalogue of Japanese Artists’ Materials, 1904. 4.6 In Junichi Nakahara’s 1941 cover illustration for the magazine The Shōjo’s Friend, a young girl with a dreamy expression wears a traditional yukata along with a Western hairstyle and bow.

pages: 502 words: 82,170

The Book of CSS3
by Peter Gasston
Published 14 Apr 2011

If, in the examples, I refer to a “default” or “untransformed” element, I am referring to this reference element with these transformations applied and no others. Figure 14-2. A reference element used in many examples in this chapter Again, I encourage you to visit the website that accompanies this book (http://www.thebookofcss3.com/) to take a look at the example files. * * * [5] This image is from Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coord_system_CA_0.svg). Transform Style The first new property is very simple but very important; if you don’t change it from the default value, you won’t be able to view your transformations in three dimensions. The property is called transform-style, and here’s the syntax: E { transform-style: keyword; } The keyword value can be either flat (the default) or preserve-3d.

pages: 292 words: 92,588

The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities, and the Remaking of the Civilized World
by Jeff Goodell
Published 23 Oct 2017

They found evidence that Black Lake/Sea water levels rose only about half as much as Ryan and his colleagues proposed and would have drowned only about 800 square miles of land (about half of Rhode Island), rather than the 25,000 square miles (more than the entire state of West Virginia) that Ryan and Pitman suggested. “The Deluge,” from 19th-century French artist Gustave Doré’s illustrated edition of the Bible. (Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) However serious the Black Sea flood may have been, researchers will likely never know for sure whether or not it inspired the flood stories in Gilgamesh or the Bible. But it is certainly true that flooding was a frequent and destructive occurrence in the ancient world and a common metaphor for political and social dissolution.

The Wood Age: How One Material Shaped the Whole of Human History
by Roland Ennos
Published 18 Feb 2021

eye35.pix/Alamy; At 280 feet high, the eighteen-story Mjøstårnet mixed-use tower in Brumunddal, Norway, is currently the world’s tallest wooden building. It is supported internally by a framework of glulam and CFL beams rather like medieval halls and balloon-framed houses. Nina Rundsveen/Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons Notes Most of the information set out in this book, particularly historical facts and statistics, is freely available online, through websites such as Wikipedia. However, facts are just the building blocks of real knowledge and understanding. The references set out below present more useful information in the form of original research articles, reviews, and books that have aimed to link such information to tell stories about what we know, how we know it, and why we believe it is true.

pages: 417 words: 97,577

The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition
by Jonathan Tepper
Published 20 Nov 2018

If we look at Maslow's hierarchy of needs, most workers are not asking to find their true calling at their jobs, as Weber suggested, but are simply asking to get paid a living wage and have certainty they'll have a job next week. Workers are asking for their most basic needs to be met; they're not asking for Porsches or even personal enlightenment (Figure 4.6). Figure 4.6 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs SOURCE: Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg. Used under CC BY-SA 3.0. One company that understands the needs of workers is Costco. Costco continuously ranks among the world's most beloved companies – and not only because of the free samples. They continue to outperform industry competitors, pay workers well, offer great benefits to close to 90% of staff, and have very low turnover as a result.

pages: 337 words: 103,522

The Creativity Code: How AI Is Learning to Write, Paint and Think
by Marcus Du Sautoy
Published 7 Mar 2019

Here Plotting paintings by Picasso and Van Gogh in two-dimensional space. Here The Wundt Curve. Here A simple three-part canon. Here The Alberti bass pattern, from Mozart’s piano sonata in C, K545. Here David Cope’s analysis of Scriabin’s Prelude No.1, Op. 16. Here Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow. Oliverbeatson / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain. Here Diagram demonstrating that if you add together N consecutive odd numbers, you will get the Nth square number. FURTHER READING Machine Learning: The Power and Promise of Computers That Learn by Example. The report by the Royal Society that Margaret Boden, Demis Hassabis and I helped prepare.

The Art of SEO
by Eric Enge , Stephan Spencer , Jessie Stricchiola and Rand Fishkin
Published 7 Mar 2012

Don’t store the image in a sidebar column with your ads or inside the header/footer navigation elements; otherwise, the search engine algorithms will ignore the image as irrelevant, just as they ignore page decor and navigation graphics. Have a proper copyright license! You need to have a proper license to display the images found on your site so that you don’t get sued. Be careful about trying to use images from Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) or other public stock photo sites, since you cannot be sure that those images really are in the public domain. If you are using images that may also be displayed on other websites, store/display them at different sizes from how they were provided to you.

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, Web Analytics, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume most requested pages report, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume unique visitors report from, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume web browsers, Glossary (see also browsers) web bugs, RSS Feed Tracking and Measurement Web CEO, Ranking web hosting, Server and Hosting Issues, Search engine–friendly navigation guidelines issues affecting SEO, Server and Hosting Issues issues for search engines, Search engine–friendly navigation guidelines web page for this book, How to Contact Us web pages, An analogy, AJAX and JavaScript, Root Domains, Subdomains, and Microsites, Measuring the value of a link PageRank value for, Measuring the value of a link search engine metrics on, Root Domains, Subdomains, and Microsites similarities to file cabinets, An analogy static, AJAX and JavaScript Webalizer, Basic Overview webinars on SEO, Basic low-budget SEO ideas Webmaster Guidelines, link building tactics that push the limits or ignore them, Gray Hat/Black Hat, NoFollow uses and scams Webmaster Tools, Google and Bing Webmaster Tools, Benchmarking Current Indexing Status, The Two Major Approaches, Bing Webmaster Tools and Google Webmaster Tools, Search engine–supplied tools, Ranking, Tools from the search engines, Google Webmaster Tools, Reinclusion/Reconsideration Requests, Search Engine Webmaster Tools, Bing Webmaster Tools, Google Webmaster Tools, Google Webmaster Tools, Bing Webmaster Tools, Bing Webmaster Tools Bing, Bing Webmaster Tools, Bing Webmaster Tools crawl error diagnostics, Tools from the search engines geotargeting option in Google Webmaster Central, The Two Major Approaches Google, Benchmarking Current Indexing Status, Google Webmaster Tools, Google Webmaster Tools crawl data from, Benchmarking Current Indexing Status link metrics from, Search engine–supplied tools rankings data from Google Webmaster Tools, Ranking reinclusion/reconsideration requests to Bing and Google, Reinclusion/Reconsideration Requests site indexing data from, Bing Webmaster Tools and Google Webmaster Tools spider activity report from Google, Google Webmaster Tools WebmasterWorld Forums, Leveraging User-Generated Content website development, The Major Elements of Planning, Identifying the Site Development Process and Players, Defining Your Site’s Information Architecture, Technology Decisions, Structural Decisions defining site's information architecture, Defining Your Site’s Information Architecture, Technology Decisions, Structural Decisions structural decisions, Structural Decisions technology decisions, Technology Decisions identifying process and players, Identifying the Site Development Process and Players planning and incorporating SEO strategy, The Major Elements of Planning website traffic, Website Traffic, SEO for Raw Traffic, Uncovering Their Secrets, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume, What the Traffic Estimator provides, Measuring Search Traffic, Common analytics mistakes, Search Engine Robot Traffic Analysis, Web Traffic Comparison, Google Trends for Websites, Alexa, Compete, Quantcast, Glossary assessing for competitors, Uncovering Their Secrets benchmarking current sources and volume, Benchmarking Current Traffic Sources and Volume comparison with other sites, Web Traffic Comparison, Google Trends for Websites, Alexa, Compete, Quantcast Alexa, Alexa Compete, Compete Google Trends for Websites, Google Trends for Websites Quantcast, Quantcast Google's AdWords Traffic Estimator, What the Traffic Estimator provides measuring search traffic, Measuring Search Traffic, Common analytics mistakes search engine robot traffic analysis, Search Engine Robot Traffic Analysis SEO for, Website Traffic SEO for raw traffic, SEO for Raw Traffic websites, How to Contact Us, Understanding Your Audience and Finding Your Niche, Mapping Your Products and Services, Auditing an Existing Site to Identify SEO Problems, Types of Site Changes That Can Affect SEO, Review your website assets, User Engagement as a Measure of Search Quality, Voting Mechanisms, Optimizing Your Website for Local Search Engines, Setting up a mobile subdomain, Common considerations for a mobile site, Maintaining Search Engine Visibility During and After a Site Redesign, Content Theft, The Impact of Site Complexity on SEO Workload auditing site for SEO problems, Auditing an Existing Site to Identify SEO Problems companion site for this book, How to Contact Us complexity of, impact on SEO workload, The Impact of Site Complexity on SEO Workload copies of, over time (Wayback Machine), Content Theft maintaining search engine visibility during and after site redesign, Maintaining Search Engine Visibility During and After a Site Redesign mobile subdomain, Setting up a mobile subdomain mobile, common considerations for, Common considerations for a mobile site optimizing for local search engines, Optimizing Your Website for Local Search Engines reviewing your site's assets for link building, Review your website assets types of changes that affect SEO, Types of Site Changes That Can Affect SEO understanding audience and finding your niche, Understanding Your Audience and Finding Your Niche, Mapping Your Products and Services mapping products and services, Mapping Your Products and Services user engagement as measure of quality, User Engagement as a Measure of Search Quality, Voting Mechanisms Webtrends, Basic Overview, Search Engine Robot Traffic Analysis white hat SEO, Glossary widgets, syndicating content to third-party sites, Giveaways WiFi service, free, How Google and Bing Collect Engagement Metrics Wikimedia Commons, Image Optimization Tips Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Temporal Link Growth Measurements tremendous growth in pages and links, Temporal Link Growth Measurements using for link building, Wikipedia wikis, using for link building, Wikis Windows Phone 7, How Google and Bing Collect Engagement Metrics Woopra analytics solution, Basic Overview Word, use for web development or SEO, Basic low-budget SEO ideas WordPress, Selecting a CMS, Spammy giveaways, Blog Optimization, Structural blog optimizations, Basic low-budget SEO ideas Clean Trunks plug-in, Structural blog optimizations reporting tools, Basic low-budget SEO ideas “sponsored” WordPress templates with embedded links, Spammy giveaways WordPress Codex, Wikis Wordstream, tools for keyword research, Wordstream Wordtracker, Segmenting Your Site’s Audience, Things to Keep in Mind, Wordtracker, Mining Keyword Research Tools extracting long-tail data from, Mining Keyword Research Tools top shoe-related search terms, Segmenting Your Site’s Audience World Wide Web Consortium, Basics of search engine friendliness (see W3C) Wurman, Richard Saul, The Importance of a Logical, Category-Based Flow X Xenu, Link Sleuth, Third-party tools to check for crawl errors, Basic low-budget SEO ideas XML, Schema.org and Microformats, Glossary defined, Glossary marking up content, Schema.org and Microformats XML Sitemaps, XML Sitemaps, Updating your Google Sitemap, Layout of an XML Sitemap, Layout of an XML Sitemap, Where to upload your Sitemap file, Managing and updating XML Sitemaps, Syntax of the robots.txt file, Image Optimization Tips, Optimizing Through Flickr and Other Image Sharing Sites, Video Search Optimization, What is crawl efficiency and why is it important?

pages: 768 words: 252,874

A History of Judaism
by Martin Goodman
Published 25 Oct 2017

(BibleLandPictures.com/Alamy) 18. Floor mosaic depicting David, from a synagogue in Gaza, sixth century CE. (BibleLandPictures.com/Alamy) 19. Bronze magic bowl from Babylonia, fifth–sixth century CE. (Zev Radovan/Bridgeman Images) 20. Halakhic mosaic floor inscription from Rehov synagogue, sixth century CE. (Amirki/Wikimedia Commons) 21. Marble table in the synagogue at Sardis, fourth century CE. (BibleLandPictures.com/Alamy) 22. Lid of the sarcophagus of Faustina, a Jewish woman buried in Rome, probably in the late third century CE. (Ryan Baumann) 23. Maimonides’ autograph draft of a section of his Mishneh Torah, found in the Cairo Genizah, c. 1180. (© Bodleian Library, University of Oxford) 24.

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(Reproduced by kind permission of The Syndics of Cambridge University Library) 25. The synagogue of El Transito in Toledo, fourteenth century. (Frédéric Reglain/Getty Images) 26. Stucco work in the interior of the El Transito synagogue, Toledo. (age fotostock/Alamy) 27. The Altneuschul in Prague, 1270. (Oyvind Holmstad/Wikimedia Commons) 28. The New Synagogue in Oranienburger Strasse, Berlin, painting by Emile Pierre Joseph de Cauwer, c. 1866. (Art Collection4/Alamy) 29. The Portugese Esnoga in Amsterdam, undated painting. (Zev Radovan/Bridgeman Images) 30. Bevis Marks synagogue, London, 1701. (Grant Smith/Alamy) 31. Image of the Pesach Seder from the Sarajevo Haggadah, mid-fourteenth century.

pages: 371 words: 108,105

Under the Knife: A History of Surgery in 28 Remarkable Operations
by Arnold van de Laar Laproscopic Surgeon
Published 1 Oct 2018

For centuries, these were inspected with the light of the sun or a candle. The first organ to be reached by artificial light was the stomach, with a metal tube the size of a Roman sword that had to be swallowed in its entirety. On the tip there was a small electric lightbulb, illuminating the organ from the inside. (Wikimedia Commons) King Louis XIV was France’s magnificent seventeenth-century monarch known as the Sun King, but this didn’t prevent him from falling victim to a painful anal fistula. The fact that he dared to undergo an operation – and survived – would have given the reputation of his surgeon’s profession a tremendous boost.

pages: 403 words: 111,119

Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist
by Kate Raworth
Published 22 Mar 2017

© Mark Segal/Panoramic Images, Chicago. © McGraw-Hill Education. Dreamstime (© Roman Yatsnya). Getty Images: (© Yale Joel/The LIFE Picture Collection), (© Hulton Archive/Stringer), (© Lucas Oleniuk), (© urbancow), (© Matt Champlin), (© Kurt Hutton/Stringer). LSE Library. New York Public Library. Wikimedia Commons. Diagrams designed by: Christian Guthier: 11, 44, 51. Marcia Mihotich: 26, 39, 47, 54, 64, 71, 96, 108, 127, 132, 140, 168, 207, 212, 220, 257, 251, 259. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologises for any errors or omissions in the above list and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book.

pages: 415 words: 114,840

A Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age
by Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman
Published 17 Jul 2017

Laughlin Papers, Special Collections Department, Pickler Memorial Library, Truman State University: 12 Photographer unknown. From the Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA: 13 Public Domain: 14, 19 Nokia Bell Labs: 15, 16, 21, 26 NASA: 17 Courtesy of the Hartley Family/Wikimedia Commons: 20 Library of Congress: 28 Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images: 30 Courtesy of Edward Thorp: 39 Steve Hansen/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images: 41 We hope you enjoyed reading this Simon & Schuster ebook. * * * Get a FREE ebook when you join our mailing list.

A People’s History of Computing in the United States
by Joy Lisi Rankin

Warren quoted in Levy, Hackers, 235. Notes to Pages 236–241 293 24. Bill Gates, oral history interview by David Allison, National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution), http://americanhistory.si.edu /comphist /gates.htm#tc3. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. 27. The letter is now available on Wikimedia Commons via the DigiBarn Computer Museum, which notes that it was published not only in the Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter but also in Computer Notes, People’s Computer Com pany, and Radio-Electronics. “File: Bill Gates Letter to Hobbyists.jpg,” https:// commons.w ikimedia.org/w iki/ File:Bill_G ates_ Letter_to_ Hobbyists.jpg. 28.

Time of the Magicians: Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Cassirer, Heidegger, and the Decade That Reinvented Philosophy
by Wolfram Eilenberger
Published 14 Sep 2020

Frith Collection) ullstein bild: 15 (ullstein bild—akg), 16, 17, 18 (all: ullstein bild—ullstein bild), 19 (Photo 12) Dokumentationsbibliothek Davos: 20, 21 22 (all: private archive Dr. Henning Ritter), 23, 24 (both: Fotosammlung Müller) Akademie der Künster (adk) / Walter Benjamin Archiv, Berlin: 25 (Photograph: Joel Heinzelmann), 26 (Asja Lacis, ca. 1924) Wikimedia Commons / Galerie Bassenge (www.bassenge.com): 27 HarperCollins Publishers: Excerpt from pp. 232, 234 from Being and Time by Martin Heidegger, translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Copyright © 1962 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated. Used by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

pages: 480 words: 123,979

Dawn of the New Everything: Encounters With Reality and Virtual Reality
by Jaron Lanier
Published 21 Nov 2017

Right: Photograph by Kevin Kelly, used with permission. © Linda Jacobson. Photograph by Walter Greenleaf, used with permission. TK Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 1987 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. Photograph by Dan Winters. Courtesy of Scientific American. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. © REX / Shutterstock. Drawings by Ann Lasko Harvill, photographed by Kevin Kelly, used with permission. © George MacKerron, used with permission. Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 1984 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. © MixPix / Alamy Stock Photo.

pages: 433 words: 124,454

The Burning Answer: The Solar Revolution: A Quest for Sustainable Power
by Keith Barnham
Published 7 May 2015

Roy Porter and Marilyn Ogilvie, The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, Vols I & II, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition (2000). 4. C.W.F. Everitt, James Clerk Maxwell, Physicist and Natural Philosopher, Charles Scribner’s Sons (1975). 5. Gerard Cheshire, Electricity and Magnetism (Science Essentials – Physics), Evans Brothers Ltd (2010). 6. Wikimedia commons, ‘File:Magnet0873.png’ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet0873.png, accessed 5 February 2014. 7. Wikibooks, ‘GCSE Science/Magnetic effects of a current’ http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science/Magnetic_effects_of_a_current, accessed 5 February 2014. 8. GCSE Physics, ‘Electromagnetism’, http://www.gcse.com/energy/electromagnetism.htm, accessed 6 January 2014. 9.

Checkmate in Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World
by Giles Milton
Published 26 May 2021

AP/Shutterstock: 14 above and below right. Courtesy of the Hinde Collection: 1 below left and below right, 6, 7. Northcliffe Collection/ANL/Shutterstock: 8 centre. © Private Collection/German Resistance Memorial Center: 13 below left. SLUB Dresden/Deutsche Fotothek: 13 below right/photo Abraham Pisarek/df_pk_0000196_025. Wikimedia Commons/‘Raising a flag over the Reichstag 2 jpg’: 3 below/Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)/photo Yevgeny Khaldei/Attribution: Mil.ru. Frontispiece: Alamy Stock Photo/Granger Historical Picture Archive. Notes and Sources Prologue 1. Cited in Laurence Rees, World War Two: Behind Closed Doors, Stalin, the Nazis and the West, BBC Books, 2008, p. 333. 2.

pages: 1,993 words: 478,072

The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans
by David Abulafia
Published 2 Oct 2019

(Photo: Chowells/Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0) 68. The Bund, Shanghai, 2017. (Photo: Luriya Chinwan/Shutterstock) 69. The Black Ball Line clipper ship Ocean Chief reducing sail on her Australian run , painting by Samuel Walters, c.1850s. (Photo: Christie’s/Bridgeman Images) 70. Arrival of the RMS Queen Mary , New York, 1938. (Photo: Imagno/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) 71. MS Allure of the Seas , sailing towards the Storebaelt Bridge, Denmark, 2010. (Photo: Simon Brooke-Webb/Alamy) 72. The container ship MV CSCL Globe arriving at Felixstowe, 2015. (Photo: Keith Skipper/Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 2.0) Preface In the making of connections between human societies, the role of the sea is particularly fascinating.

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(Photo: Miguel Ángel Otero) 24. Viking ship, c.820, found at Oseberg. Kulturhistorisk Museum, Oslo, Norway. (Photo: © 2019 Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO / CC BY-SA 4.0) 25. Detail of a sail from a Viking memorial stone from Gotland, Sweden, 8th-9th century. Gotland Museum, Visby, Sweden. (Photo: W. Carter/Wikimedia Commons) 26. Coin from Haithabu in southern Denmark found in Birka in central Sweden. (Photo: Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy) 27. Inuit carvings from Greenland. (Photo: National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen) 28. Crozier of Bishop Olafur of Gardar, 13th century. (Photo: National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen) 29. 15th-century clothing from Greenland, reflecting current European fashions.

pages: 482 words: 125,429

The Book: A Cover-To-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time
by Keith Houston
Published 21 Aug 2016

Adrian Bullock, Book Production (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 164–69. Illustration Credits Page 5: Domenico Cirillo. Cyperus Papyrus, 1796. Image courtesy of Álvaro Pérez Vilariño. Page 7: Norman de Garis Davies. The Tomb of Puyemrê at Thebes, Volume I, Plate XV. Image courtesy of University of Glasgow Library. Page 12: Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user “Aethralis.” CC Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Original at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papyrus_sheet.svg; published version at http://www.keithhouston.co.uk/?attachment_id=395. Page 15: Author’s collection. Pages 26–27: Photo Shai Halevi. Full Spectrum Color Image. Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

pages: 459 words: 138,689

Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives
by Danny Dorling and Kirsten McClure
Published 18 May 2020

Devezas, “Specifying Technology and Rebound in the IPAT Identity,” Procedia Manufacturing 21 (2018): 476–85, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978918301860. 17. Unsurprisingly, there is more than you might ever want to read about Moore’s law ever so easily available: see Wikipedia, accessed 2 September 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law. 18. Wgsimon, “Microprocessor Transistor Counts 1971–2011 & Moore’s Law,” Wikimedia Commons, 13 May 2011, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg. 19. The Internet of Things is a term that is itself going through a rapid slowdown in use and usefulness. It may mean nothing to you, depending on when you read this book. So much that we hyped as new and amazing at the start of the twenty-first century was, in hindsight, simply hype.

pages: 643 words: 131,673

How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler
by Ryan North
Published 17 Sep 2018

RIVERHEAD BOOKS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2018 by Ryan North Illustrations © 2018 by Lucy Bellwood. Public domain images of The Last Supper, The School of Athens, and the mill painting were found on Wikimedia Commons. And yes, our trigonometric values were verified with NASA. We’re not messing around here. Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission.

pages: 556 words: 141,069

The Profiteers
by Sally Denton

Johnson Library. 13) Courtesy: Greg Mello. 14) Courtesy: J. Gary Gwilliam. Insert Two: 15) Photographer Robert Knudsen. Courtesy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 16) Creative Commons. 17) Creative Commons. 18) Creative Commons. 19) No Credit Listed. 20) Photo by Tamerian. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons. 21) Leonard McCombe/The LIFE Picture Collection/ Getty Images. 22) Photographer Richard Sheinwald/Bloomberg via Getty Images. 23) Photo by Deborah Coleman/Getty Images. 24) Joe Klamar/AFP/Getty Images. 25) Photo by Getty Images. 26) Photo Courtesy: Grant Samuel. 27) Photo Courtesy: Grant Samuel.

pages: 457 words: 143,967

The Bank That Lived a Little: Barclays in the Age of the Very Free Market
by Philip Augar
Published 4 Jul 2018

John Quinton (Trevor Humphries/Rex Shuttestock) 10. BZW Trading Floor (Mike Abrahams/Alamy) 11. Harry Enfield as Loadsamoney (ITV/Rex Shutterstock) 12. Andrew Buxton and Martin Taylor (UPP/TopFoto) 13. Matthew Barrett and Sir Peter Middleton (Sean Dempsey/PA Images) 14. New York Racquet and Tennis Club (BeyondMyKen/Wikimedia Commons) 15. Bob Diamond playing golf (Getty Images) 16. Carol Vorderman advertises FirstPlus (The Advertising Archives) 17. John Varley and Rijkman Groenink (EPA/Rex Shutterstock) 18. Gordon Brown on holiday (Darren Staples/PA Images) 19. Lord Myners (Mark Harrison/Camera Press, London) 20. Baroness Vadera (Charlie Bibby/Financial Times, 2016.

pages: 502 words: 132,062

Ways of Being: Beyond Human Intelligence
by James Bridle
Published 6 Apr 2022

Reproduced with permission of National Savings and Investments (NS&I). 36. The first page of the RAND Corporation’s book A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates, 1955. A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2001). 37. Hexagram 52 of the I Ching: 艮 (gèn): ‘keeping still, mountain’. Wikimedia Commons / Ben Finney. 38. John Cage’s score for A Dip in the Lake: Ten Quicksteps, Sixty-Two Waltzes, and Fifty-Six Marches for Chicago and Vicinity, 1978. Collection Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, restricted gift of MCA Collectors Group, Men’s Council, and Women’s Board; and National Endowment for the Arts Purchase Grant, 1982.19.

Thomas Cromwell: A Life
by Diarmaid MacCulloch
Published 26 Sep 2018

Thomas Cromwell, portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1532–3. © Copyright The Frick Collection 4. Thomas Cromwell, portrait by English school, late 1530s. Private collection. Christie’s / Bridgeman Images 5. Coat of arms of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, KG/6. Chevron Tango/Wikimedia Commons 6. Coat of arms of Thomas Wolsey (also the arms of Christ Church College Oxford) Chevron Tango/Wikimedia Commons 7. Silver-gilt medallion of Cromwell, 1538. © The Trustees of the British Museum, M.6792 8. The arms of Cromwell as augmented in 1537. College of Arms, MS Num Sch 6/40. Reproduced by permission of the Kings, Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms 9.

pages: 629 words: 142,393

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It
by Jonathan Zittrain
Published 27 May 2009

For example, General Barnstars are awarded to describe “contributions or editing along a specific theme.” The Barnstar of High Culture, Epic Barnstar, and Ancient Ruin History Barnstar are examples of barnstars awarded “in recognition of excellent contributions” that are within one of seven major categories listed on the Main Page. Wikimedia Commons, Barnstar, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Barnstar (as ofJUNE 1, 2007, 08:30 GMT) (describing different barnstars awarded to Wikipedia contributors). 36. Wikipedia, English Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia (as of June 1, 2007, 08:25 GMT). 37. See Eric S. Raymond, Release Early, Release Often, in THE CATHEDRAL AND THE BAZAAR: MUSINGS ON LINUX AND OPEN SOURCE BY AN ACCIDENTAL REVOLUTIONARY (2001), available at http://www.catb.org/-esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ ar01s04.html. 38.

pages: 744 words: 142,748

Exploding the Phone: The Untold Story of the Teenagers and Outlaws Who Hacked Ma Bell
by Phil Lapsley
Published 5 Feb 2013

Well until mid-century the operators’ hands, arms, and brains were the workhorses of long-distance telephone switching. Photo courtesy National Archives The inner workings of a bank of Strowger switches showing the ratchets and pawls and assorted mechanical clockwork required to automate telephone switching in the early 1900s. Photo courtesy Túrelio/Wikimedia Commons A portion of the magnificent 4A toll crossbar switch, 1957. The brains of the long-distance network, the 4A would enable truly automated long-distance telephone calls that customers could dial themselves. Photo courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center A 1950 magazine ad describing the multifrequency signaling system; the ad even went so far as to give the musical equivalents of the MF digits.

pages: 585 words: 151,239

Capitalism in America: A History
by Adrian Wooldridge and Alan Greenspan
Published 15 Oct 2018

Library of Congress. 11: The room in the McLean House, at Appomattox Court House, in which General Lee surrendered to General Grant. Lithograph. Major & Knapp, Library of Congress. 12: Library of Congress via Corbis Historical/Getty (left); Photo 12/Alamy Stock Photo (right). 13: Photograph of prospector by L. C. McClure, 1850. Wikimedia Commons. 14: Advertisement for the Pony Express, then owned by Wells, Fargo & Company, 1861. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. 15: Artist W. H. Jackson; photo MPI via Getty. 16: American Progress by John Gast, 1872. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. 17: Photograph of Engine No. 133, U.S.

pages: 661 words: 156,009

Your Computer Is on Fire
by Thomas S. Mullaney , Benjamin Peters , Mar Hicks and Kavita Philip
Published 9 Mar 2021

Randy Bush, “Fidonet: Technology, Tools, and History,” Communications of the ACM 36, no. 8 (1993): 31. 27. The BBS Corner, “The Fidonet BBS Network,” The BBS Corner (February 10, 2010), http://www.bbscorner.com/bbsnetworks/fidonet.htm. 28. Bush, “Fidonet.” 29. Data source: FidoNet nodes by year, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fidonodes.PNG. 30. Mitra Ardron and Deborah Miller, “Why the Association for Progressive Communications Is Different,” International Communications Association (1988): 1. 31. Karen Higgs, ed., The APC Annual Report 2000: Looking Back on APC’s First Decade, 1990–2000 (Johannesburg, South Africa: Association for Progressive Communications, 2001), 13. 32.

What We Cannot Know: Explorations at the Edge of Knowledge
by Marcus Du Sautoy
Published 18 May 2016

Illustration adapted from images generated by the One Zoom Tree of Life Explorer: http://www.onezoom.org/index.htm 4. Magnetic fields © Joe McLaren 5. Four graphs describing the behaviour of the dice. Illustration adapted from M. Kapitaniak, J. Strzalko, J. Grabski and T. Kapitaniak. ‘The three-dimensional dynamics of the die throw’, Chaos 22(4), 2012 EDGE 2 6. Atoms inside a dice. Yikrazuul / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain 7. Jean Baptiste Perrin’s Les Atomes. J. B. Perrin (SVG drawing by MiraiWarren) / Public Domain EDGE 3 8. Reprinted graph with permission from the American Physical Society as follows: C.G. Shull, ‘Single-Slit Diffraction of Neutrons’. Physical Review. 179, 752, 1969.

pages: 469 words: 149,526

The War Came to Us: Life and Death in Ukraine
by Christopher Miller
Published 17 Jul 2023

Shevchenko) here censorship, press here, here, here, here Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) here, here champagne, Ukrainian here chanson music here Chazin, Natan here checkpoints, Kyiv here checkpoint run-ins, CM’s here Chernichkin, Kostya here, here Chernov, Mstyslav here Chernyshov, Oleksiy here child exploitation and propaganda here children’s hospital attack, Mariupol here China here Chornovol, Tetyana here, here Chubarov, Refat here Churchill, Winston here CNN here coal industry, Ukrainian here Communist Party of Ukraine here Cossacks here, here, here, here, here, here, here Covid-19 global pandemic here Crimea here, here, here Belbek air force base here forced referendum on secession (2014) 134-here invasion and annexation of (2014) here, here, here, here, here, here, here Kerch Strait bridge here, here Privolnoye infantry base here pro-Kyiv activists here pro-Moscow militia forces here, here, here, here, here, here pro-Russia and pro-Ukraine demonstrations here relationship with the Ukraine here Sevastopol port here takeover of parliament at Simferopol here Tatars here, here cyberwarfare here Daily Telegraph here, here, here Danilov, Oleksiy here, here, here Debaltseve army base here Debaltseve (2015), Battle of here, here Debaltseve city here, here, here Demchenko, Captain Oleksandr here, here, here Denisova, Lyudmila here Derevyanko, Borys here ‘dictatorship laws’ here Dnipro Battalion here Dnipropetrovsk here Dolgopolov, Alexandr here Dombrovsky Quarry here the Donbas here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here civilian front line devastation here escalation of fighting pre-2022 war here executions by firing squad here, here lack of evacuation programs (2014) here Moscow ‘Russifying’ here presidential election (2014) here pro-Kyiv militia (2014) here pro-Russian demonstrations (2014) here pro-Russian militant forces take power (2014) here referendum on secession here, here, here, here see also individual places by name; Artemivsk; Bakhmut; Battle of the Donbas (2022); Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR); Luhansk People’s Republic (LNR); Mariupol; Slovyansk Donbas Battalion here, here Donetsk here, here, here, here, here, here anti-government demonstrations (2014) here, here, here see also Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR) Donetsk National University here Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here ‘anti-independence’ celebrations (2014) here Battle of Debaltseve (2015) here, here Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014) here, here, here central morgue here Cossack bomb-disposal squad here forces shoot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 here, here forces shoot down Ukrainian military aircraft (2014) here kidnappings and interrogation here, here life at the Ramada hotel here Minsk I here, here Minsk II here, here, here pro-Russian/separatist forces here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here propaganda here, here puppet leadership here, here, here, here referendum on secession here, here Russian forces here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Ukrainian presidential election (2014) here Unity Day bus attack (2014) here Victory Day celebrations (2014) here Donetsk soccer stadium here Donetsk Airport (2014), Battle of here, here, here Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic here Donetskie Novosti newspaper here drones, Shahed here, here drones, use of domestic here Dubchak, Andriy here Duliby village here Dzhaparova, Emine here Eastern Partnership Summit here The Economist here election (2014), presidential here election (2019), presidential here Elizabeth II, Queen here Emelyanenko, Captain Maksym here Energoatom – National Nuclear Energy Generating Company here energy/fuel shortages, Kyiv here Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity here armed assaults, 20 February here the Berkut here, here, here, here, here, here conflicts, 1 December here, here, here, here conflicts following ‘dictatorship laws’ here extremist groups here, here, here, here formation of the EuromaidanPR group here Lenin statue toppled here Maidan encampment here, here march on parliament, 18 February here party leaders negotiation with Yanukovych here Party of Regions paid-for demonstration here regional demonstrations here reporters and activists kidnapped and beaten here speakers and performers here, here, here, here, here, here volunteer security corps/samooborona here, here women’s sotnya here Yanukovych flees Mezhyhirya estate here European Commission here European Union here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here evacuation programs here, here, here, here, here, here, here Evening Kvartal TV program here extremist groups, Ukraine here, here, here, here, here, here Fabius, Laurent here Facebook here, here, here, here, here, here Federal Security Service (FSB), Russian here, here, here, here, here, here Fedonyuk, Ruslan here Fedotav, Pyotr here Feldman, Evgeny here, here, here, here Fil, Rima here filtration camps, Russian here, here Financial Times here, here First Strike Company bomb-disposal squad here First World War here, here flags here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Forbes Ukraine here France here, here funerals and memorials, military here Garanich, Gleb here gas industry, Dnipropetrovsk here, here Georgia, invasion of (2008) here, here Germany here, here, here Gilmour, David here Girkin, Igor ‘Strelkov’ here, here, here, here, here, here Glazyev, Sergey here GlobalPost here The Glory of Sevastopol newspaper here Gongadze, Georgiy here Gorchinskaya, Katya here, here, here, here, here, here Gordeyeva, Valentina here Great Patriotic War here, here GRU here, here Grytsenko, Oksana here Gulf War (1990–91) here Hadeyev, Alexander here Haidai, Serhiy here, here hair trade, blonde here Halyna, Dr here Haran, Olexiy here Havryliuk, Mykhailo here Heavenly Hundred - Nebesna Sotnya here Higgins, Eliot here Hilsum, Lindsey here Hitler, Adolf here HIV/AIDS here, here Hollande, François here Holodomor here Holtsyev, Mark here, here Horlivka Institute for Foreign Languages here, here Hromadske TV here Hryluk, Serhiy here Ibraimov, Ildar here, here illegal mines here Ilovaisk here Ilovaisk (2014), Battle of here, here Ilya (Donbas separatist) here, here, here, here Independence Day (2022), Ukrainian here Independence Day (2014), Ukrainian here independence demonstration, 1980s Ukrainian here Independent here Instagram here Irpin, Kyiv Oblast here Irvanets, Oleksandr here Ivan (Ukrainian Orthodox priest), Father here Ivanov, Volodymyr here Ivashchenko, Denis here Izyum here Jakub (Kyiv Post journalist) here Japarov, Eskander here Jews here, here, here, here Johnson, Boris here journalists and activist kidnappings here, here murders/disappearances here, here, here, here Kanayeva, Vera here Kazachenko, Olga Yevgenyevna here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Kazakhstan here Kerch Strait bridge, Crimea here, here Kharkiv here, here, here, here, here Kharkiv Pact here, here Kherson here, here Khersones ancient ruins here Khlyvnyuk, Andriy here Khodakovsky, Alexander here Khokholya, Sergei here Khomyak, Albert here Khrushchev, Nikita here, here, here kidnappings in Crimea here kidnappings, journalist/activist here, here Kiehart, Pete here, here, here, here, here, here Klitschko, Vitali here, here, here, here, here, here Klopotenko, Ievgen here Klymentyev, Vasyl here Kohikov, Petro here Kolomoisky, Igor here Komunar here Konstantin (CM’s friend and language tutor) here Konstantinov, Vladimir here kopanki – illegal mines here Korostylev, Oleg here Koshel, Vitaly here Koshikova, Olena here Koshiw, Isobel here, here, here Kosse, Alina here Kostiuk, Yuriy here Kostyantynivka here Kovalenko, Iryna here Kozak, Dmitry here Kramatorsk here, here, here, here, here Krasne village school here, here, here Krasnoarmiisk here Kravchenko, Yuriy here Kravchuk, Leonid here Kremlin, Russian government in the here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also Moscow, Russian government in; Putin, Vladimir; Russian Federation; Russian military Kryvonozhko, Lieutenant General Anatoliy here, here, here Kryvoruchko, General Serhiy here Kuchma, Leonid here, here, here, here, here Kukharchenko, Colonel Viktor here Kuleba, Dmytro here, here Kulish, Andriy here Kvartal 95 here, here Kyiv city here, here, here, here air strikes, October (2022) here bomb shelters here central railway station here checkpoints here distribution of rifles to civilians here energy conservation here first strikes against (2022) here, here, here Lenin statue toppled here pre-war atmosphere (2022) here road and traffic signs here summertime, post-siege (2022) here Tymoshenko protests here see also Battle of Kyiv (2022); Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity Kyiv City State Administration here, here, here Kyiv Post here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Kyiv, Ukrainian government in here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity; Kuchma, Leonid; Kyiv city; Ukraine; Yanukovych, Viktor; Yushchenko, Viktor; Zelensky, Volodymyr Kyivan Rus here Kyivskiye Vedomosti here Kyrpach, Lyudmyla and Oleksandr here languages, Russian and Ukrainian here, here, here, here Lenin statue toppled, Kyiv here Leninopad here Levin, Maks here ‘little green men’ here, here, here, here Livadia Palace, Crimea here LiveJournal blog here, here Lopushanska, Mariana here Luhansk here, here, here, here, here, here, here morgue and hospital here Luhansk People’s Republic (LNR) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Lukyanchenko, Oleksandr here Lukyanov, Mykola here Lutsenko, Ihor here Lviv here, here Lyagin, Roman here, here Lyashko, Oleh here, here Lyman here Macron, Emmanuel here Maidan camp settlement here Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 here, here search for the missile launch site here Maloletka, Evgeniy here Malyar, Hanna here Malyovana, Viktoria here Malyshev, Mikhail here Mamchur, Colonel Yuli here Manafort, Paul here Mariinka here, here Marinovka here Maritime Guards of the Border Guard Service, Ukrainian here Mariupol here attack and Russian siege (2022) here, here, here Donbas war (2014) here police station shootout here Ukrainian Navy here Markosian, Olena here Markushyn, Oleksandr here, here Martinovskaya, Vera here Mashable here Matchenko, Andriy here Matsuka, Oleksiy here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Mazur, Valentina here McDonald’s here medals of honor here, here, here Medvedchuk, Viktor here, here, here, here Medvedev, Dmitry here, here, here Mejlis here, here Men’s Day here mental health issues, veteran here Merkel, Angela here, here Mezhyhirya estate, Yanukovych’s here Miller, Christopher here accommodation in Artemivsk here in Ana-Yurt, Crimea (2014) here Artemivsk library English club here, here Artwinery, Artemivsk here attacked by Cossacks in Crimea here banned from the DNR and LNR here Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014) here checkpoint run-ins here City Hall in Artemivsk here, here in Crimea (2014) here, here, here in Crimea (2022) here detained by masked rebel fighters here detained by Strelkov here in the Donbas (2014) here, here in the Donbas (2019–22) here, here, here, here, here the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity here, here exploring the Donbas here first strikes against Ukraine (February 2022) here food in Artemivsk here friends in Artemivsk here, here, here ‘Fuel Duel’ Kyiv Post article here interview with Oleksandr Turchynov here interviews with Volodymyr Zelensky here joins the United States Peace Corps here Krasne village school here, here, here in Kyiv (2022–23) here, here, here, here, here, here in Kyiv (2013–14) here, here Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 here, here in Mariupol here Ministry of Education meeting in Artemivsk here missile strikes against Kramatorsk here, here neighbors in Artemivsk here nightlife and celebrations in Artemivsk here Peace Corps writing grants here, here politics in Artemivsk here Russian and Ukrainian languages here, here, here, here, here Russian Cossack bomb-disposal squad here Russian-Ukrainian Interregional Economic Forum here salary and cost of living in Artemivsk here, here salt mines in Artemivsk here, here uncovering Strelkov’s records here, here visits kopanki illegal mines here Milley, General Mark here Ministry of Education, Ukraine here Ministry of the Interior, Ukraine here Minsk I/Minsk Protocol here, here, here Minsk II/Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements here, here, here, here, here missile systems development, Ukrainian here Moldova here Monastyrsky, Denis here morgue, Donetsk here Moroz, Igor here, here, here, here, here, here Moscow, Russian government in here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here The Moscow Times here Moskva here, here, here murder and disappearances of journalists here, here, here, here Musiy, Oleh here Mykolaivka here Nalyvaichenko, Valentyn here Natasha (CM’s friend in Artemivsk) here, here National Guard, Ukrainian here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here National Memory Union here National Security and Defense Council, Ukrainian here, here Navy, Ukrainian here Nayyem, Mustafa here, here, here Nazar, Natalia here Nazi Germany here, here, here, here, here, here, here occupation of Artemivsk here New Citizen here New York Times here, here New York, Ukraine here Nicholas II, Tsar here Night Wolves biker group here Nihoyan, Serhiy here Nikolaychuk, Andriy here NKVD, DNR here Normandy Format Group here North American Treaty Organization (NATO) here, here, here Novosti Donbassa here, here, here, here, here, here, here Novy Stil here nuclear fuel supplies here Nuland, Victoria here, here Nykyforov here Obama, Barack here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Obolon district, Kyiv here, here Odesa here, here Odnorih, Halyna here ‘Oh, the Red Viburnum in the Meadow,’ Ukrainian battle hymn here Okean Elzy here, here Oksana and Daria (displaced Mariupol residents) here Oleksiivna, Katerina here Olenivka prison here oligarchs, Ukrainian here, here, here, here, here Oliphant, Roland here, here, here openDemocracy here Oplot here Opposition Bloc – For Life party here Opytne here Orange Revolution here, here, here, here Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) here, here Osmolovska, Aliona here Ostaltsev, Leonid here, here Paevska, Julia ‘Taira’ here Palace of Culture, Mariupol here Pan, Cor here Panchenko, Valentina here Paradise nightclub, Artemivsk here Parasiuk, Volodymyr here Party of Regions here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity; Yanukovych, Viktor Parubiy, Andriy here, here Paton Walsh, Nick here Patriot of Ukraine here Patrushev, Nikolai here Pavlov, Arsen here Peter the Great here Petsa, Myroslava here Pichko, Maria and Oleksiy here, here Pinchuk, Viktor here, here Podufalov, Pavel here Pokrovsk here, here Poland/Polish people here, here, here, here, here, here police force, Ukrainian here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here war time recruits in Kyiv here station shootout, Mariupol here Ponomarev, Vyacheslav here Poroshenko, Petro here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD here Potemkin demonstrations here Povalyaeva, Svitlana here Pravda here presidential election (2014), Ukrainian here presidential election (2019), Ukrainian here press/media bribes here censorship here, here, here control in the Donbas here, here Priazovskii rabochii newspaper here Prigozhin, Evgeny here, here prisoner exchanges here, here Prisoners of War here, here, here, here, here, here, here Privolnoye infantry base, Crimea here pro-Kyiv militia in the Donbas (2014) here Prokhanov, Alexander here propaganda, Russian here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Pukach, Oleksiy here Purgin, Andrei here, here Pushilin, Denis here Putin, Vladimir here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here announces ‘special military operation’ (2022) here, here Customs Union proposal here, here invasion and annexation of Crimea here, here, here, here, here, here Kerch Strait bridge here, here Minsk II here, here, here, here Mariupol Port here and Volodymyr Zelensky here, here, here Wagner Group here, here see also Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR); Kremlin, Russian government in the; Moscow, Russian government in, Russian Federation; Russian Military Pyatt, Geoffrey here Pyrozhenko, Alexander here Radical Party here railway station, Kyiv central here Ramada Hotel, Donetsk here, here Ratushnyi, Roman and Taras here Red Army Day here Red Cross here refugee crisis here rent-a-crowd protests here, here, here Reporters Without Borders here Reva, Mayor Oleksiy here, here, here Revolution of Dignity see Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity Revolution on Granite here Reznikov, Oleksiy here, here RIA Novosti newspaper here ribbon of St George – kolorady here Right Sector here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here riot police – Berkut here, here, here, here, here, here Road Control here Rogozin, Dmitry here Roosevelt, Franklin D. here Rostislav ‘Slava’ (CM’s friend) here, here Ruslana here Russian Empire here Russian Federation here Customs Union proposal here, here, here, here expulsion of US Peace Corps here financial support for Ukraine here, here Federal Security Service (FSB) here, here, here, here, here, here, here nuclear fuel supplies here President Zelensky’s address to here pro-Russian demonstrations, Ukraine here propaganda here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Putin announces ‘special military operation’ here, here see also Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR); Kremlin, Russian government in the; Moscow, Russian government in; Putin, Vladimir; Russian military Russian military here, here atrocities in Bucha here attack and siege of Mariupol (2022) here, here attacks against civilians here, here, here, here Baltic Fleet at Mariupol here Black Sea Fleet at Sevastopol here, here, here, here, here bomb the International Center for Peacekeeping and Security, Yavoriv here conflict escalation in the Donbas, pre-2022 war here detention and interrogation civilians here first attacks against Ukraine (2022) here injured soldiers pose as Ukrainians here Izyum – Donbas front line here Kyiv airstrikes October (2022) here in the Donbas (2014) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here in the Obolon district, Kyiv here, here invasion and annexation of Crimea here, here, here, here, here Privolnoye infantry base here Prisoners of War here, here recruitment of state prisoners here second day strikes on Kyiv (2022) here seizure of Ukrainian navy ships, Sevastopol here shoot down civilian Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 here, here target Antonov Airport here target Bakhmut here, here, here, here target Irpin district here unprepared and uninformed troops here US intelligence regarding here, here, here withdrawal from Kyiv Oblast here, here Russian Revolution here Russian Spring/pro-Russian demonstrations here Russian-Ukrainian Interregional Economic Forum here Russian Unity party here Rybachuk, Oleg here, here Rybakova, Iryna here, here, here, here, here Rychkov, Vadym here, here Rychkova, Tetiana ‘Tanya’ here saboteurs, Russian here, here, here Sadokhin, Colonel Ihor here St Michael’s Monastery and Cathedral, Kyiv here, here, here, here Salim, Mohd Ali bin Md here salt mines, Artemivsk here, here samooborona/volunteer security corps 97 here sanctions and travel bans, Western here, here, here, here Savur-Mohyla here, here Sea of Azov here Second World War here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Seddon, Max here, here Semenchenko, Semen here, here Sentsov, Oleg here Sergatskova, Katya here Sergei Prokofiev International Airport here Sergeyev, Fyodor ‘Artyom’ here Servant of the People party here Servant of the People TV program here, here Sevastopol, Crimea here, here, here Severodonetsk here Shakhtar Donetsk FC here Shanghai here, here Shevchenko, Petro here Shevchenko, Taras here, here Shevchuk, Oleg here Shmyhal, Denys here Sikorski, Radosław here Simmonds, Julian here Sisenko, Oleksandra here Sizov, Vitaliy here Skibitsky, General Vadym here Skuratovsky, Ivan here Slava (CM’s friend from Artemivsk) here, here, here, here, here Slavov, Dmytro here Slavutych warship, Ukrainian here Slok, Gary here Slovyansk here, here, here Snake Island border guards here Sneider, Noah here, here, here, here, here Snizhne here Sobytiya newspaper here Social–National Party of the Ukraine (SNPU) here Sokolov, Nikolai Georgievich here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Soledar, Ukraine here, here sotnya units here, here South Ossetia here Soviet Air Force here Soviet Union here, here, here, here collapse of here, here, here, here Great Patriotic War/WWII here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here persecution and exile of Tatars here propaganda here Soviet-era weapons and vehicles here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Ukraine as part of here, here war in Afghanistan here, here St Paul Pioneer Press here The St Petersburg Times here Stakhanov, Aleksey here Stalin, Joseph here, here, here, here, here statues and monuments here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Stefanchuk, Ruslan here Steinmeier, Frank-Walter here Stepanov, Anatoliy here, here, here Stoyanov, Serhiy here Strashko, Nina here Strutynska, Senior Lieutenant Valentina here, here, here Strutynskyi, Yevhen here student newspaper, Donetsk National University here student protesters here, here, here, here supply runs to troops, civilian here Supreme Court, Ukraine here Surkov, Vladislav here Surovikin, General Sergei here surzhyk here, here, here Svoboda here, here, here, here, here Sybirtsev, Oleksandr here Sydor, Father Ivan here Syrova, Tetyana here Taganrog prison, Russia here Tarasenko, Andriy here Tatars, Crimean here, here, here, here Ternopil corvette, Ukrainian here Territorial Defense Force here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here The Times here Thorez, Maurice here Time magazine here Tinkalyuk, Ruslan here, here, here titushki here, here, here, here, here Torez here, here, here trade agreement proposal, EU here Trade Unions Building, Kyiv here, here Transfiguration of The Lord Pentecostal Church, Slovyansk here Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine here Trump, Donald here Trusov, Platoon Commander Valentin here tryzub here, here Tryzub (paramilitary group) here, here, here Tsybulska, Liubov here, here Tsyupa, Oksana here Turchynov, Oleksandr here, here, here, here, here, here Turevich, Anatoliy here Twitter here, here, here, here Tyahnybok, Oleh here, here, here, here, here, here Tychyna, Private Ihor here Tykhomirova, Nina here Tymoshenko, Yevheniya here Tymoshenko, Yulia here, here, here, here, here, here, here Tyshchenko family here UDAR party here UEFA European Football Championship (2012) here Ukraine artificial famine/Holodomor here declaration of independence (1991) here, here, here decommunization program here emergence of nation here first strikes against (February 2022) here HIV/AIDS epidemic here illegal mining industry here Independence Day celebrations (2014) here industrial water pollution here journalist murders and disappearances here, here, here, here Minsk I here, here, here Minsk II here, here, here, here nuclear fuel supplies here Orange Revolution here, here, here as part of the Soviet Union here, here, here pre-war atmosphere (2022) here presidential campaign and election (2019) here presidential election (2014) here pro-Russian demonstrations (2014) here Putin’s Customs Union proposal here, here, here, here relationship with Crimea here relationship with the European Union here, here response to US intelligence warnings here, here Tymoshenko protests here see also individual places by name; Artemivsk; Crimea; the Donbas; Donetsk; Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR); Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity; Kyiv city; Kyiv, Ukrainian government in; Miller, Christopher; Ukrainian military Ukrainian Front here Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) here, here Ukrainian military here, here airborne forces here, here, here, here airstrike on Snizhne here Antonov Airport attack here Battle for Bakhmut (2022) here, here Battle of Debaltseve (2015) here, here Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014) here, here Battle of Ilovaisk (2014) here, here Central Air Command here, here death of two brothers here defending Irpin here dismantled by Yanukovych here forces at Belbek air force base, Crimea here forces at Privolnoye infantry base, Crimea here, here front line, Izyum here funerals and memorial services here Independence Day celebrations (2014) here Maritime Guards of the Border Guard Service here the navy here, here outbreak of war (2022) here pre-2022 war in the Donbas here Prisoners of War here, here, here, here, here Putin addresses here retake Slovyansk here, here siege of Mariupol (2022) here surrender in the Donbas here take out Moskva, Russian flagship here, here Tanya Rychkova’s supply runs here, here volunteer food supplies here, here weapons development here, here Western arms and ammunition supplies here withdrawal from Crimea here withdrawal from Debaltseve here see also Berkut; National Guard; police force, Ukrainian; Security Service of Ukraine (SBU); Territorial Defense Force Ukrainian War of Independence (1917–21) here Ukrainska Pravda newspaper here, here, here Ukrainskiy Vybor organization here Ukravtodor here ultranationalists, Ukraine here, here, here, here, here United Kingdom here, here United Nations here, here United States Embassy, Ukraine here United States of America here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here ‘Fuck the EU’ - Victoria Nuland YouTube conversation here intelligence warnings to the Ukraine here, here, here, here offer to evacuate Zelensky here sanctions and travel bans here, here, here United States Peace Corps here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Unity Day bus attack (2014), Donetsk here Unity Day clashes, Kyiv (2014) here Vakarchuk, Svyatoslav here Valeryevna, Maria here Varenytsia, Inna here, here Varianitsyn, Second Captain Roman here Vasylkiv here, here Vechernyaya Odesa here Velyka Novosilka here Verbytsky, Yuriy here Veremiy, Vyacheslav here Verkhnya Krynka here Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine parliament here, here, here, here, here Vesti newspaper here Victory Day celebrations and referendum here, here Vika (CM’s language tutor and friend) here Viktor (kopanki miner) here Vindman, Alexander here Vitaliy (apprentice surgeon in Kyiv) here Vitko, Vice-Admiral Aleksandr here VKontakte here, here Vlasova, Anastasia here, here Volodymyr (pro-Russian Crimean militiaman) here Voronenko, Oleksandr here, here, here Vpered newspaper here Vyacheslav, Yarko here Vyshyvana, Ahafiya here Vyshyvaniy, Kyrylo and Vasyl here vyshyvanky shirts here, here, here Wagner Group here, here war crimes/atrocities, Russian here Warners, Tom here water pollution, industrial here water supplies here weapon depot, Paraskoviivka here, here weapon supplies, Western here, here Webb, Isaac here, here, here Westinghouse here White Hammerhere Wild Ducks volunteer unit here Wings of Phoenix here Women’s Day here women’s sotnya here writing grants, Peace Corps here, here Yakymenko, Oleksandr here Yalta Conference (1945) here Yanukovych, Viktor here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Euromaidan protests and revolt here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Mezhyhirya estate and destruction of state secrets here Yarosh, Dmytro here, here, here Yatchenko, Sergei here Yatsenyuk, Arseniy here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Yavoriv here Yelets, Volodymyr here Yermak, Andriy here, here, here YouTube here, here, here, here, here, here Yurash, Sviatoslav here, here Yushchenko, Viktor here, here, here Zahoor, Kamaliya here Zahoor, Mohammad here, here Zaitsev, Denis ‘Raven’ here Zakharchenko, Alexander here Zakharchenko, Vitaliy here Zaldastanov, Aleksandr here Zaluzhny, Valery here, here, here Zaporozhzhia here Zarivna, Daria here Zavtra newspaper here Zelenska, Olena here, here, here Zelensky, Volodymyr here address to the Russian federation here addresses the Ukraine here, here, here, here, here, here, here civilian mobilization here Donald Trump scandal here economic forum in Mariupol (2020) here outbreak of war (Feb 2022) here, here presidential campaign (2019) here press conference (Jan 2022) here refuses option to evacuate Kyiv here response to US warnings about Russia here television career here, here visits remains of Bucha here and Vladimir Putin here, here, here Zhilin, Evgeny here Zhilkin ‘the Body Collector’, Yaroslav here Zhyzneuski, Mikhail here Ziyatdinov, Aziz here, here Zverkovsky, Danil here BLOOMSBURY CONTINUUM Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY CONTINUUM and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc This electronic edition first published in Great Britain 2023 Copyright © Christopher Miller 2023 Christopher Miller has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work Map credits: Ukraine © PeterHermesFurian/Getty Images; The Donbas © Goran_tek-en, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons; Crimea © PeterHermesFurian/Getty Images All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book.

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Waging a Good War: A Military History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968
by Thomas E. Ricks
Published 3 Oct 2022

He came home from the war to become a key figure in organizing the fight for Black freedom in Mississippi, operating for years like a wartime resistance leader. (Wisconsin Historical Society, Image 32464) Rosa Parks being fingerprinted after an arrest for participating in the Montgomery bus boycott (Associated Press / Wikimedia Commons) After Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as the leader of the Montgomery bus boycott, white authorities harassed him for years. (Archive PL / Alamy Stock Photo) Whites attacking students conducting a sit-in at a Nashville lunch counter, February 1960 (Jimmy Ellis / © The Tennessean-USA Today network) Nashville authorities responded by arresting James Lawson, the divinity student who trained a cadre of key civil rights activists.

The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI
by Ray Kurzweil
Published 25 Jun 2024

Copyright © 2002 by Stephen Wolfram, LLC. Used with permission of Wolfram Media, wolframscience.com/nks. Graphic on this page used with permission of Gallup, Inc. (news.gallup.com/poll/1603/crime.aspx); this page used with permission of Lazard, Inc. Photo on this page of VertiCrop System by Wikimedia Commons user Valcenteu via CC BY 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); this page FDA photo by Michael J. Ermarth. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Names: Kurzweil, Ray, author. Title: The singularity is nearer : when we merge with AI / Ray Kurzweil. Description: [New York] : Viking, [2024]. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States
by Daniel Immerwahr
Published 19 Feb 2019

Goodrich worker: DC-54, Lot 3464, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress “Synthetica, a New Continent of Plastics”: Ortho Plastic Novelties / Fortune, October 1940 Conquest of the Japanese main islands: Data from Kenneth Hewitt, “Place Annihilation: Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73 (1983), table 3 “The All-Red Line Around the World”: George Johnson, The All Red Line: Annals and Aims of the Pacific Cable Project (Ottawa, 1903) Sign at army hospital: MAMAS D44-145-1, National Museum of Health and Medicine Herbert Hoover: Harris & Ewing / 2016882827, Library of Congress Wartime poster: National Aircraft Standards / Industrial Standardization, January 1943 Li Yang: China Photos / 73813303, Getty Images Ernest Gruening: Paradise of the Pacific, January 1938 The pointillist empire today: Foreign bases, David Vine, www.basenation.us/maps; domestic/territorial bases, www.data.gov Marine Corps Air Station Futenma: Wikimedia Commons Sony transistor radio and mascot: Courtesy of Michael Jack Major coalition airfields: After Richard P. Hallion, Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War (Washington, DC, 1992) The face of battle in a war of points: Steve Horton / 070807-F-9602H-101, U.S. Air Force ALSO BY DANIEL IMMERWAHR Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Daniel Immerwahr is an associate professor of history at Northwestern University and the author of Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development, which won the Organization of American Historians’ Merle Curti Intellectual History Award.

pages: 799 words: 187,221

Leonardo Da Vinci
by Walter Isaacson
Published 16 Oct 2017

Zaremba Filipczak, “New Light on Mona Lisa: Leonardo’s Optical Knowledge and His Choice of Lighting,” Art Bulletin 59.4 (December 1977), 518; Zöllner, 1:160; Klein, Leonardo’s Legacy, 32. 14 Clark, “Mona Lisa,” 144; Pascal Cotte, Lumiere on the Mona Lisa (Vinci Editions, 2015); “New Technology Sheds Light On Centuries-Old Debate about Mona Lisa,” PR Newswire, October 17, 2007; “High Resolution Image Hints at ‘Mona Lisa’s’ Eyebrows,” CNN, October 18, 2007. 15 Good books include Mohen et al., The Mona Lisa; Cotte, Lumiere on the Mona Lisa; Zöllner. The best online versions are from the Paris research firm C2RMF, available on its website, http://en.c2rmf.fr/, and also at Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_natural_color.jpg. 16 Bruno Mottin, “Reading the Image,” in Mohen et al., The Mona Lisa, 68. 17 Carlo Starnazzi, Leonardo Cartografo (Istituto geografico militare, 2003), 76. 18 Walter Pater, The Renaissance (University of California, 1980; originally published 1893), 79. 19 Takao Sato and Kenchi Hosokawa, “Mona Lisa Effect of Eyes and Face,” i-Perception 3.9 (October 2012), 707; Sheena Rogers, Melanie Lunsford, et al., “The Mona Lisa Effect: Perception of Gaze Direction in Real and Pictured Faces,” in Sheena Rogers and Judith Effken, eds., Studies in Perception and Action VII (Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003), 19; Evgenia Boyarskaya, Alexandra Sebastian, et al., “The Mona Lisa Effect: Neural Correlates of Centered and Off-centered Gaze,” Human Brain Mapping 36.2 (February 2015), 415. 20 Windsor, RCIN 919055v. 21 Margaret Livingstone, “Is It Warm?

pages: 829 words: 186,976

The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don't
by Nate Silver
Published 31 Aug 2012

Tim Parker, University of Oxford Figure 7-1: From “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics” by Jeffery Taubenberger and David Morens, Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, January 2006, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Figures 9-2, 9-3A, 9-3C, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6 and 9-7: By Cburnett, Wikimedia Commons Figure 12-2: Courtesy of Dr. J. Scott Armstrong, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Silver, Nate. The signal and the noise : why most predictions fail but some don’t / Nate Silver. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

pages: 1,387 words: 202,295

Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, Second Edition
by Harold Abelson , Gerald Jay Sussman and Julie Sussman
Published 1 Jan 1984

SVG Figure 2.10: Images produced by the wave painter, with respect to four different frames. The frames, shown with dotted lines, are not part of the images. SVG Figure 2.11: Images of William Barton Rogers, founder and first president of MIT, painted with respect to the same four frames as in Figure 2.10 (original image from Wikimedia Commons). To combine images, we use various operations that construct new painters from given painters. For example, the beside operation takes two painters and produces a new, compound painter that draws the first painter’s image in the left half of the frame and the second painter’s image in the right half of the frame.

pages: 745 words: 207,187

Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military
by Neil Degrasse Tyson and Avis Lang
Published 10 Sep 2018

Double the exposure, and you get double the number of electrons. The electrons that congregate in each pixel are then collected from the chip, tabulated, and turned into a single electronic tile in the mosaic that constitutes the complete image. The more pixels, the more resolution available to you. Nowadays you can easily download a street scene from Wikimedia Commons that measures 2592 columns × 1944 rows, which translates into a grid of more than 5,000,000 pixels—a crisply detailed photo. But that’s nothing: if you’re not worried about overtaxing your computer, you can download an image of the Orion Nebula from the HubbleSite Gallery that’s 18,000 × 18,000—a grid of 324,000,000 pixels, packed to the gills with detail.

pages: 723 words: 211,892

Cuba: An American History
by Ada Ferrer
Published 6 Sep 2021

See Caridad del Cobre Vives, Francisco Dionisio, 88, 89 Walker, Jimmy, 220, 230 War of Independence (1895–98), 144–52 enlistments in, as reaction to Spanish-American War, 161–63 Liberation Army in, 126, 145–47, 161–63, 166 Maceo’s death during, 149–50 Maine explosion and, 152, 158, 162 Martí’s activities in, 144–45, 151 Martí’s death during, 145 Spanish-American War’s supplanting of, 166 Spanish concessions and plan for Cuban autonomy to end, 150–51 Spanish counterinsurgency in, 147–49 sugar plantation workers joining, 146–47 Washington, Booker T., 169 Washington, George, 3, 57, 60–64, 75 Watson, Mary J., 110 Welles, Sumner Batista’s rise and, 245 Céspedes as Machado’s successor and, 236 fears of Cuban revolution and, 240–41, 241–42, 245 Machado’s fall and, 231, 235 request for military intervention after Sergeants’ Revolt, 239 Weyler, Valeriano, 147–48, 150 Williams, Robert, 394 Wilson, Woodrow, 217, 219 women, 18, 22, 63, 102, 146, 172, 209, 252 labor of, 30, 36, 70, 196–97, 199 political activism and rights of, 225, 227, 237, 240, 257, 270, 279, 308 revolution of 1959 and, 322, 324, 348, 387, 389–91 Wood, Leonard end of US occupation and, 185 Rough Riders and, 158 US occupation and, 170–71, 173–78, 180, 181 Woon, Basil, 220 World War I, 217–18 Wurdemann, John, 101–2, 108 Yarini, Alberto, 196–98, 200 Yeltsin, Boris, 437 Zapata Swamp, 353–54 Zayas, Alfredo, 219 Zell (enslaved man), 124, 125 Zinn, Howard, 3, 466 Image Credits Insert First: Workers Rally with Flag, 1940. Courtesy of the Ramiro A. Fernández Collection Second: By Adam Jones, PhD/Global Photo Archive/Wikimedia Commons Interior p. xii: M. Roy Cartography p. 7: De insulis nuper in mari Indico repertis (The islands have recently been discovered in the Indian Sea), 1494. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library p. 12: M. Roy Cartography p. 29: Map of Havana, ca. 1567. Archivo General de Indias, Fondo Mapas y Planos, Santo Domingo, 4 p. 40: A view of the Franciscan Church and convent in the city of Havana, by Elias Walker Durnford, 1768.

pages: 796 words: 223,275

The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
by Joseph Henrich
Published 7 Sep 2020

The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property and Social Transition. Oxford: Blackwell. MacFarlane, A. (2014). Invention of the Modern World. Les Brouzils, France: Odd Volumes of the Fortnightly Review. Macucal. (2013). Desarrollo de la reconquista desde 914 hasta 1492 [map]. Wikimedia Commons, the Free Media Repository. Maddux, W. W., Yang, H., Falk, C., Adam, H., Adair, W., Endo, Y., Carmon, Z., and Heine, S. J. (2010). For whom is parting with possessions more painful? Cultural differences in the endowment effect. Psychological Science 21 (12), 1910–17. Malhotra, D. (2010). (When) are religious people nicer?

Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
by Martin Kleppmann
Published 17 Apr 2017

When you connect one circuit’s output to another one’s input, the power transfer across the connection is maximized if the output and input impedances of the two circuits match. An impedance mismatch can lead to signal reflections and other troubles. 30 | Chapter 2: Data Models and Query Languages Figure 2-1. Representing a LinkedIn profile using a relational schema. Photo of Bill Gates courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, Ricardo Stuckert, Agência Brasil. For a data structure like a résumé, which is mostly a self-contained document, a JSON representation can be quite appropriate: see Example 2-1. JSON has the appeal of being much simpler than XML. Document-oriented databases like MongoDB [9], RethinkDB [10], CouchDB [11], and Espresso [12] support this data model.

pages: 1,237 words: 227,370

Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
by Martin Kleppmann
Published 16 Mar 2017

A third option is to encode jobs, education, and contact info as a JSON or XML document, store it on a text column in the database, and let the application interpret its structure and content. In this setup, you typically cannot use the database to query for values inside that encoded column. Figure 2-1. Representing a LinkedIn profile using a relational schema. Photo of Bill Gates courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, Ricardo Stuckert, Agência Brasil. For a data structure like a résumé, which is mostly a self-contained document, a JSON representation can be quite appropriate: see Example 2-1. JSON has the appeal of being much simpler than XML. Document-oriented databases like MongoDB [9], RethinkDB [10], CouchDB [11], and Espresso [12] support this data model.

pages: 920 words: 237,085

Rick Steves Florence & Tuscany 2017
by Rick Steves
Published 8 Nov 2016

Hoerlein, Lauren Mills, Mary Rostad Avalon Travel Senior Editor and Series Manager: Madhu Prasher Editor: Jamie Andrade Associate Editor: Sierra Machado Copy Editor: Patrick Collins Proofreader: Patty Mon Indexer: Stephen Callahan Cover Design: Kimberly Glyder Design Maps & Graphics: Kat Bennett, Mike Morgenfeld Front Cover: City Hall in Siena © Jaroslaw Pawlak / Alamy Stock Photo Title Page: View of Florence © Rick Steves Additional Photography: Dominic Arizona Bonuccelli, Ben Cameron, Rich Earl, Jennifer Hauseman, Cameron Hewitt, David C. Hoerlein, Gene Openshaw, Michael Potter, Robyn Stencil, Rick Steves, Laura VanDeventer, Bruce VanDeventer, Wikimedia Commons (PD-Art/PD-US). Photos are used by permission and are the property of the original copyright owners. Although the author and publisher have made every effort to provide accurate, up-to-date information, they accept no responsibility for loss, injury, David envy, or inconvenience sustained by any person using this book.

pages: 1,261 words: 294,715

Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
by Robert M. Sapolsky
Published 1 May 2017

Here Courtesy Yulin Jia/Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center/U.S. Department of Agriculture/CC BY 2.0. Here (Right) Augustin Ochsenreiter/South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Here (Left) Eurac/Samadelli/Staschitz/South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Here Courtesy Mopane Game Safaris/CC BY-SA 4.0. Here (Bottom) SD Dirk/Wikimedia Commons. Here Courtesy Liz Schulze. Here Vincent J. Musi/National Geographic Creative. Here ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy. Here (Top right) Jacob Halls/Alamy. Here (Bottom) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Lucasfilm Ltd. Here Dennis Hallinan/Alamy. Here Courtesy © 2016 C. Herscovici/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.