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136 results
Gambling Man
by Lionel Barber · 3 Oct 2024 · 424pp · 123,730 words
of India, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on 27 October 2014. (Photo courtesy of the Prime Minister’s Office (GODL-India), GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons) 33. Donald Trump and Son meet reporters following talks in New York on 6 December 2016. (Photo by Kyodo News Stills via Getty Images) 34
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Director of the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia. (Photo courtesy of the Public Investment Fund – Public Investment Fund, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons) 37. Tadashi Yanai at the opening of the Uniqlo’s first Indian store in New Delhi on 3 October 2019. (Photo by Sajjad Hussain/AFP
Everything Is Tuberculosis: The History and Persistence of Our Deadliest Infection
by John Green · 18 Mar 2025 · 158pp · 49,742 words
and Joseph Duke Gift, 2005. Fading Away on this page, a combination print by Henry Peach Robinson, 1858. Courtesy of the George Eastman Museum via WikiMedia Commons. “Mom you are special and beautiful” on this page. Copyright © 2025 by Henry Reider. Courtesy of Henry Reider. Tuberculosis Don’t kiss me!: Your kiss
A Short History of British Architecture: From Stonehenge to the Shard
by Simon Jenkins · 7 Nov 2024 · 364pp · 94,801 words
, 50; St Mary’s Church, Beverley: 19; Ministry of Transport, HMSO: 60 (Colin Buchanan, Traffic in Towns, 1963); University of Cambridge, Judge Business School: 64; Wikimedia Commons: 14 (Photo by David Iliff, CC BY-SA 3.0). ISBN: 978-1-405-96149-3 This ebook is copyright material and must not be
Journey to Crossrail
by Stephen Halliday · 124pp · 38,034 words
to Tottenham Court Road 20 4 Some of the magnificent buildings at Canary Wharf, London’s new financial district in the former docklands. (Fidocudeiro via Wikimedia Commons CC 3.0) And these times do not reflect the fact that, for instance, passengers travelling from Reading, Shenfield or Abbey Wood will not
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Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, as a low-tech, pollution-free answer to London’s congested streets. Now sponsored by Santander. (Chris Mckenna via Wikimedia Commons CC 4.0) THE TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION ACADEMY A most welcome legacy of the Crossrail project is to be found in Ilford, east London
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house, Devon, which provided the power for Brunel’s vacuum-powered railway. it is now the home of a yacht club. (Geof Sheppard via Wikimedia Commons CC 3.0) JOSEPH PAXTON’S GREAT VICTORIAN WAY Despite these setbacks the ‘atmospheric’ form of propulsion rallied when it was proposed for two ambitious
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highly paid engineer to the Metropolitan, District and many other railways who incurred the wrath of Sir Edward Watkin for his enormous fees. (Lock & Whitfield, Wikimedia Commons CC 4.0) Robert Stephenson (1803–59) was one of the greatest locomotive engineers of the age, the designer of Rocket and builder of ‘Fowler
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navalis or shipworm. A menace to wooden ships, the activities of this strange mollusc inspired Marc Brunel’s invention of the tunnelling shield. (rosser1954 via Wikimedia Commons CC 3.0) 400M IN EIGHTEEN YEARS The tunnel, almost 400m long, took eighteen years to complete. Progress was interrupted by mishaps including equipment
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Ghost’. Covent Garden market happily escaped being undermined by Robert Stephenson’s projected underground steam railway running from Euston to the Thames. (Nathan Meijer via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) Savoy pier: a tranquil scene undisturbed by Robert Stephenson’s plans for a railway terminus served by steam trains. (The Lud
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as it remains, for slaughtered meat only in a building designed by the city architect Sir Horace Jones. It was opened in 1868. (Oxyman via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) A great trunk line capable of maintaining a frequent, rapid, punctual and cheap intercommunication between the City and the suburbs without courting
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to go on into the city. The clock was originally used in the Great Exhibition of 1851, housed in Paxton’s Crystal Palace. (Mattbuck via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) Convicts awaiting transportation to Australia, with Leopold Redpath perhaps amongst them. (The Illustrated London News) The proposed line would run
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. The Paris Métro was the first underground railway system to copy the name of London’s Metropolitan Railway, but not the last. (Bellomonte via Wikimedia Commons) Rowland Hill, inventor of the penny post and all modern postal systems, whose support helped to create the Metropolitan Railway and was one of its
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the former Ludgate Hill station to provide a main line link from stations to the north of London and southern destinations like Brighton. (sunil060902 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) THE LOCOMOTIVE PROBLEM There remained the problem of the locomotives. The Stephenson design advocated by Brunel had failed, but John
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main-line trains. Note the first- and third-class carriages, soon to disappear on the Victorian tubes but reintroduced on Crossrail. (Peter Skuce via Wikimedia Commons) A Metropolitan Railway condensing locomotive heading for Baker Street station. Note the condensing pipe leading back to the tank. Unfortunately it didn’t consume its
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whose mysterious entrances are still a feature of locations close to some Northern Line stations. (Photograph by Yousuf Karsh (1908–2002); Dutch National Archives via Wikimedia Commons)) Harmony did not always prevail in the shelters, despite Morrison’s efforts to provide creature comforts. The following conversation was recorded in one shelter,
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links. Having survived, they are now both major features of the Thameslink north–south service, which complements Crossrail’s east–west line. (Sunil060902 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) UNDERGROUND IN PLACE OF VIADUCTS Forshaw and Abercrombie’s plan would do away with the need for many surface terminals such
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deep-level shelter near Goodge Street Underground station. Once used to plan the invasion of Europe, it is now a document store. (Philafrenzy via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) Clapham North The Clapham North shelter long remained empty and neglected until, in 2006, Transport for London advertised its availability as
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new Underground line, the Fleet Line, until a new route was chosen and the more dignified name Jubilee adopted. (Matt Brown from London via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) CENTRAL LONDON RAIL STUDY, 1989 Fifteen years passed before the government returned to the idea of a main-line railway beneath London
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and Northern Lines, owes its existence to the fact that Greathead’s development of tunnelling shield technology enabled those lines to be created. (JustinC via Wikimedia Commons 2.0) A Greathead shield being used to build the Waterloo & City Line. It is similar to that used to build the City & South
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(1822–81)) Magnus Volk’s electric railway is still bearing his name and carrying passengers along Brighton seafront more than a century later. (Briantist via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.5) ELECTRICITY! They built a power station at the Stockwell terminus, using Edison–Hopkinson dynamos, and used an electric locomotive, which
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completion in 2011 and awaits the arrival of Jessica Ennis, Ellie Simmonds and many others for the opening ceremonies of the games. (EG Focus via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) Ellie Simmonds, a paralympian swimmer, was born in 1994 in Walsall and has the condition known as Achondroplasia, a common cause
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, was placed in the tunnels while work proceeded. In this picture, appropriately, she watches proceedings in an underground station in Frankfurt. (Michael König via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) It was at the Limmo Peninsula that Victoria and Elizabeth joined the tunnelling team when they were lowered by crane into
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can pass beneath it. The remainder of her apparatus will then be connected to her so that she can begin work. (Marcus Rowland via Wikimedia Commons) This photograph gives an impression of the equipment behind the cutting face, which processes and removes the material extracted by Ada from the tunnel at
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Royal Oak. (Marcus Rowland via Wikimedia Commons) The teeth on the cutting face that Sophia and Mary have been using to proceed from Plumstead, beneath the Thames, to North Woolwich. (DarkestElephant
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centre of this picture. A quarter of a million were required to complete the tunnels, each of them approximately 30cm thick. (Marcus Rowland via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) A NEW NATURE RESERVE More than 7 million tons of material was excavated for Crossrail. About half of it was extracted
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be the largest in Europe, underpinned by 3 million tons of spoil from Crossrail and attracting hundreds of thousands of birds. (Peter Slaughter vi Wikimedia Commons) A yellow wagtail visiting Wallasea Island, one of many species which the RSPB hopes to attract to the new nature reserve built on the Crossrail
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debris. (Dan Davison via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) Salt marsh on Wallasea Island. Not an attractive prospect for most human visitors but a wonderful habitat for seabirds and those who
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enjoy observing them. (John Myers via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) In 2008, as the Crossrail Bill reached its final stages, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) approached Essex
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did not share his enthusiasm. The Crossrail Route as finally determined after much debate. Brunel’s Paddington station, now joined by Crossrail’s. (Elahuguet via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 1.0) Portobello Road is home to a famous street market but not, despite its best efforts, to a Crossrail station. (Simonttx via
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on Frank Pick’s former home at 15 Wildwood Road, Hampstead Garden Suburb. He was a pioneer of good design on London Transport. (Spudgun67 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) A blue plaque marking the Leyton birthplace of Harry Beck, electrical draughtsman and designer of the iconic Underground Map. (Spudgun67
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used on the roof of Whitechapel station. A very resilient plant, it requires little care, absorbs carbon dioxide and can survive severe drought. (Semolo75 via Wikimedia Commons) Within the stations, platform screens, similar to those used on the Jubilee Line, will further reduce noise and draughts, as well as improving safety,
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as office space in a listed building designed by Christopher Wren in Hatton Garden close to the western entrance to Farringdon station. (Elisa.rolle via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) The sign marking the Clerks’ Well commemorates the original name of the area, Clerkenwell, in the midst of which the
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Farringdon Crossrail station is situated. It was a precious source of water before tap water became available. (Spudgun67 via Wikimedia Commons Cc SA 4.0) Whitechapel Mined, 30m beneath the surface, one of its entrances is that of the old Whitechapel Underground station; the other,
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set sail: five levels topped with its glulam roof, which admits light and rainwater to the unusual plants within the conservatory. (The wub via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) Custom House This above-ground station was built on a very constricted site: a long, thin space between the Dockland Light
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moved to Highbury and later to the Emirates Stadium. Now, after much negotiation, it has a station on the Crossrail service. (Fin Fahey via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.5) Abbey Wood Above ground, this is a major transformation of the former small Abbey Wood station. It has the longest platforms
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Crossrail terminus at Shenfield to Liverpool Street station in July 2017. Regular services using the new stock began a few weeks earlier. (Sunil060902 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) 9 HEROIC ENGINEERING THE EYE OF THE NEEDLE Creating a tunnel 26 miles in length with a diameter of 6.2
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Tottenham Court Road Underground station which, happily, did not descend upon TBM Phyllis as she tunnelled through ‘the eye of the needle’. (Oxyman via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.5) COMPENSATION GROUTING: KEEPING BIG BEN UPRIGHT In the 1990s the Jubilee Line was being constructed beneath Westminster and a new Westminster Underground
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parted company with the rest of the palace. The clock tower itself is still firmly attached to the adjacent Palace of Westminster. (Adrian Pingstone via Wikimedia Commons) Big Ben in an engraving of 1858, shortly after the bell was installed in the tower of the clock. The tower is now the
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Barnabas, Soho Square, was also saved by the technique of compensation grouting when the Tottenham Court Road Crossrail station passed below Soho Square. (AliceMESewell via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) The technique of compensation grouting was also used at Bond Street, Farringdon, Liverpool Street and Whitechapel stations, with twenty-two
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Pound Railway. An engineers’ train approaches the Connaught Tunnel during construction work for Crossrail, to expand and clean the ageing Victorian structure. (Kleon3 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) CASUALTIES: LGBT PARTIES AND MARMALADE JARS Some structures did not survive the Crossrail tunnellers. Tottenham Court Road Underground station had been
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– a cinema, ballroom, nightclub and party venue, and a casualty of the new Crossrail station at Tottenham Court Road. (Ewan Munro from London via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.0) A Keiller jar of the kind found by archaeologists on the site of the former Crosse & Blackwell factory in Charing Cross
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site of Tyburn, scene of executions until 1783, when they were moved to Newgate, is marked by this plaque at Marble Arch. (Quodvultdeus via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) The London Stone, set behind a grill at 111 Cannon Street, supposedly set by the Trojan Prince Brutus when he founded
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the Temple of Mithras, discovered in the city in the 1950s, is now within the Headquarters of Bloomberg in Queen Victoria Street. (Oxyman via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.0) HAPPY ARCHAEOLOGISTS So when the Crossrail engineers proposed to remove 3 million tons of earth from beneath London and rather more
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close to ending Roman rule in Britain, and she was a heroine to the Victorians who subscribed for this statue on Westminster Bridge. (Lily15 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) Carbon dating, disappointingly, placed the skulls probably within the period AD 80–380, a little too late for Boudicca though
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-time burial ground for victims of bubonic plague and anthrax – but happily no longer a threat to Crossrail’s engineers or archaeologists. (Justinc via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 2.0) STEPNEY MANOR HOUSE The stretch between Pudding Mill Lane, near the Olympic Park, and Stepney Green yielded some interesting remnants of
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Needle rises from the Victoria Embankment, after being brought from Egypt in a vessel specially constructed for the purpose by Thames Ironworks. (Adrian Pingstone via Wikimedia Commons) Closure The works produced 144 warships altogether, including two for the Japanese Navy that defeated the Russians in the war of 1904–05. In
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finally becomes the Elizabeth Line. Watch this space. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the most famous and energetic of Victorian engineers. (Carlo Marochetti, by Tagishsimon via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 3.0) Farringdon station, an early beneficiary of the development of the Thameslink service connecting the north and south of the Thames. (Mattbuck
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installation of overhead cable gantries and permanent track. (Marcus Rowland via WikimediaCommons CC SA 4.0) Whitechapel Crossrail work, December 2013. (Matt Brown via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) A mock-up of the Crossrail rolling stock displayed at the London Transport Museum depot, Acton, prior to its production. (Frankie Roberto
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via Wikimedia Commons CC 2.0) The first Class 345 Crossrail Line 1 (Elizabeth) train passes by platform 10a at Stratford station, London. Hauled by diesel locomotive
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, on 7 July 2017. It had earlier arrived at Liverpool Street with the (at time of writing) daily westbound service from Shenfield. (Sunil060902 via Wikimedia Commons CC SA 4.0) Class 345 unit 345007 passes Stratford eastbound with an empty coaching stock service to Gidea Park sidings, on 7 July 2017
Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia
by Dariusz Jemielniak · 13 May 2014 · 312pp · 93,504 words
, twenty-six against, three abstaining. Then another unfortunate event took place. Child Pornography? In April 2010 Larry Sanger sent a letter to the FBI accusing Wikimedia Commons of hosting child pornography (Metz, 2010) and other hard pornographic images. The message, aimed at the media, was clear: Wikipedia, though positioning itself as an
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-informed journalists commented that the whole issue proved that Wales should cut the cord and withdraw from involvement (Blankenhorn, 2010). The view expressed in the Wikimedia Commons discussion on sexual content by an administrator on both the English Wikipedia and Commons prevailed: It seems to me to have been a surprisingly inept
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: G l o s s a r y o f W i k i p e d i a S l a n g Commons Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound and other media files. Community Portal One of Wikipedia’s main pages. It can often be
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M. Burrage & R. Torstendahl (Eds.), Professions in theory and history: Rethinking the study of the professions. London: Sage. Commons talk:Sexual content. (2013, August 17). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual _content/Archive_4 Commons:Deletion requests/file:Jimmy Wales by Pricasso.jpg
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. (2013, August 20). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia .org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Jimmy_Wales_by_Pricasso.jpg 2 4 6 R e f
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Wikipedia hoax finally exposed. The Daily Dot. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com/news/wikipedia -bicholim-conflict-hoax-deleted/ Morris, K. (2013b, June 25). How Wikimedia Commons became a massive amateur porn hub. The Daily Dot. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com/technology/wikime dia-commons-photos-jimmy-wales-broken/ Müller-Birn
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: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. User talk:Jimbo Wales/Archive. (2010, May 9). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved August 22, 2013, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales/Archive 2 7 6 R e f e r e n
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c e s User talk:Jimbo Wales/Archive/2010/5. (2010, June 5). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved November 8, 2013, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo _Wales/Archive/2010/5 User talk:Jimbo Wales/Difference between revisions. (2011
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of Wikipedia, 122; on article quality, 80; and Citizendium project, 123; on future of “special authority,” 184; and Nupedia, 10; and por nography charges against Wikimedia Commons, 167; role of, in founding of Wikipedia, 155–157, 159; and statement to Assange and WikiLeaks, 156 Santana, Adele, 107–108 saturation level, 38, 191
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WikiLeaks, 156, 174, 227–228n4 WikiLeon (admin), 116 Wikimania, 133–134, 148, 173, 231n11 Wikimedia Chapters Association, 133–135, 148. See also chapters, local Wikimedia Wikimedia Commons, 167–171 Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), 227–228n4; on article-writing privileges, 142–144; as backbone of organizational governance, 149; budget allocations within, 131; business model
The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia
by Andrew Lih · 5 Jul 2010 · 398pp · 86,023 words
endeavors. Wikisource, Wikibooks, and Wikiversity, for example, are other projects started within the WMF and inspired by Wikipedia. One of the more successful offshoots is Wikimedia Commons, a repository for photos and multimedia that can be shared across all Wikimedia projects. These will no doubt become more important, but it’s not
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, 44, 76, Wikibooks, 216 88, 115, 131, 184, 196, 213, 215, Wikimania, 1–3, 8, 146, 147–48 220 WikiMarkup, 90 administrators and, 94, 185 Wikimedia Commons, 216 background of, 18–19 Wikimedia Foundation, 146, 157, 183–84, at Chicago Options Associates, 20, 196, 199, 213–15, 225–26, 227 21, 22
From Peoples into Nations
by John Connelly · 11 Nov 2019
of Western Europe. FIGURE 4.1. Count Széchényi donates a year’s income to found the Hungarian Academy (1825). Source: Drawing by Vinzenz Katzler. Via Wikimedia Commons. The nobles traveled to England and envied everything they saw, from the gentry and its affluent and self-confidant lifestyle, to the busy factories that
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accounts).59 FIGURE 4.2. Laying Down the Foundation at the National Theatre in Prague (May 16, 1868). Source: Zlatá Praha 33 (1908), 378. Via Wikimedia Commons. This campaign for economic equality accompanied the struggle for control of political and cultural institutions. In Prague there were German and Czech casinos, but from
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of assisting the partitioning powers.17 FIGURE 5.1. Hanging traitors in effigy (1794). Source: Jean-Pierre Norblin de la Gourdaine, National Museum, Warsaw. Via Wikimedia Commons. By June, Polish forces had engaged Russian, Prussian, and Austrian armies, but were falling back. First the Austrians took Kraków, Sandomierz, and Lublin; then Russian
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, Illyrians, Dalmatians, Moravians, Magyars, or Croats, working in “fraternal, magnificent concord.”5 FIGURE 6.1. Revolution in Vienna (May 1848). Source: F. Werner (lithographer). Via Wikimedia Commons. At the news of revolution in Vienna, Hungary’s political class was becoming more assertive in its democratic rhetoric, mostly in gatherings at cafes and
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’s rulers for years to come.72 FIGURE 6.4. Slovak volunteers and their children. Source: F. Werner (lithographer). Domová pokladnica 5 (1851), 241. Via Wikimedia Commons. But the war itself had alienated virtually every group in Hungary: from the Magyar elites to Romanians and Germans in Transylvania, to Croats and Serbs
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national income; Cisleithania 64.6 percent.48 FIGURE 7.2. Crowning of Francis Joseph and Elisabeth in Budapest (June 1867). Source: Edmund Tull (painter). Via Wikimedia Commons. The terms of the Compromise won approval in Hungary’s parliament in March, but what would happen in Vienna was unclear. A smaller parliament had
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authorities as foreign in a way that Muslim Slavs did not.7 FIGURE 8.1. Refugees from unrest in Herzegovina. Source: Uroš Predić (painter). Via Wikimedia Commons. Alarmed at the prospect of spreading violence, Bosnia’s Ottoman governor arranged for safe passage of refugee leaders from Montenegro back to Herzegovina, yet he
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as a new Bulgarian state, but no one else. FIGURE 8.2. Serb military camp during Serbo-Turkish War (1876). Source: Military Museum, Belgrade. Via Wikimedia Commons. San Stefano created a Bulgaria under a “Christian government” that was as large as could be imagined, stretching from the Danube in the north to
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citizens?27 And, what is so bad about enlightenment? FIGURE 9.1. Sketch of a “street battle” in Prague (ca. 1900). Source: Period postcard. Via Wikimedia Commons. But for Germans, learning Czech was not enlightenment. The liberal Nobel laureate Theodor Mommsen called the Czechs “apostles of barbarism” who would engulf German achievements
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unrest in Romania: Infantry escorting prisoners (1907). Source: Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (lithographer), based on sketch of Rook Carnegie, London Illustrated News, April 6, 1907. Via Wikimedia Commons. Modest reform efforts surfaced from the political class, for example, limiting rents that could be charged for land and fixing minimum salaries. Beginning in 1908
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government in Vienna and oversaw the growth of institutions in their own language, including a university. FIGURE 10.1. Schoolchild strikers, Września (1901). Source: Via Wikimedia Commons. The Poles’ predicament more closely resembled that of Slovaks or Romanians under the denationalizing Hungarian regime, but even that repression was not as severe as
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the nation’s interests had to stand above every other commitment.44 FIGURE 10.2. Rosa Luxemburg (1907 in Stuttgart). Source: Herbert Hoffmann (photographer). Via Wikimedia Commons. Dmowski rejected the notion that politics was about managing competing interests: compromises signaled weakness and decline. This anti-liberal stance was a break in Polish
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Croats. Yet again, authorities arrested him for disturbing the peace. FIGURE 11.2. Stjepan Radić (1920s). Source: Josip Horvat, Politička povijest Hrvatske (Zagreb, 1989). Via Wikimedia Commons. When he and his brother Antun founded their Peasant Party, few progressive colleagues followed, thinking the focus on the peasantry excessive. Some accused them of
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FIGURE 12.2. Celebration of independence in Prague, October 28, 1918. Source: Miroslav Honzík and Hana Honzíková, Léta zkázy a naděje (Prague, 1984), 187. Via Wikimedia Commons. The Polish, Romanian, Czechoslovak, and Yugoslav Republics were new to the European political stage, but only the Czechs used the word “revolution” to describe what
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as a threat to his people’s existence.44 FIGURE 13.2. Prague’s Marian Column, erected 1650 (ca. 1900). Source: Jindřich Eckert (photographer). Via Wikimedia Commons. Slovaks and Czechs understood each other linguistically, though their languages are distinct. In Yugoslavia, Croats and Serbs spoke the same language, known for generations as
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government controlled by the ethnic other. FIGURE 13.3. Marian Column destroyed by crowd (November 1918). Source: Cynthia Paces, Radical History Review (2001), 142. Via Wikimedia Commons. In Czechoslovakia, the huge German minority of 3.2 million as well as that of Slovaks (2.3 million) and Magyars (692,000) came to
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funeral in Warsaw. FIGURE 15.1. Center-left political rally in Warsaw (1930). Source: Jan Szeląg, 13 lat i 113 dni (Warsaw, 1968), 221. Via Wikimedia Commons. Poland descended deeper into social and economic crisis, but Sanacja’s opponents on the right did not exploit the growing unrest to seize power. The
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, though they were inducted into the army. FIGURE 15.2. Women of Toruń “outed” for shopping in Jewish Stores (1937). Source: Daily “Pod Pręgierz.” Via Wikimedia Commons. The leadership of the PPS opposed discrimination and counted many people of Jewish origin in its ranks, yet by late in the decade, the mood
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, left their undermechanized formations no chance. FIGURE 16.2. Boy in ruins, seeking food for his family, Warsaw (September 1939). Source: Julien Bryan (photographer). Via Wikimedia Commons. To make matters much worse for the Poles, before ordering the attack, Hitler had concluded a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union (the Molotov-Ribbentrop
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for being on the wrong side.28 FIGURE 16.3. Demonstrations against pact with Germany, Belgrade (March 1941). Source: Celje weekly, (March 24, 1961). Via Wikimedia Commons. Perhaps encouraged by British intelligence, General Mirković had planned and initiated the coup, but support spread across Serb society.29 To many, Paul had seemed
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FIGURE 19.3. Polish youth marching on socialist-realist style boulevard (1952). Source: W. Sławny (photographer), Bohdan Garliński, Architektura Polska 1950–1951 (Warsaw, 1953). Via Wikimedia Commons. These are blatant examples of politics intruding on art, but no sphere was untouched. Modernist impulses were expunged from music and architecture as well, and
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, victim of crackdown on Baltic Coast (Gdynia, 1970). Source: Edmund Pelpliński. In Andrzej Wajda, “Uzupełniam swój życiorys,” Tygodnik Solidarnosc 2:11 (July 10, 1981). Via Wikimedia Commons. Poland found itself at the heart of socialism’s woes. In December 1970, Edward Gierek had come to power after the disgraceful departure of Władysław
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destroyed the country” and “perpetrated the worst crimes upon the people.”50 FIGURE 25.4. Demonstrators face militia and tanks, Bucharest (December 1989). Source: Via Wikimedia Commons. Even in its time, this revolution seemed bizarre.51 Beyond the chilling spectacle of the execution of the dictator and his wife before running cameras
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.3. Detainees in the Manjača camp, near Banja Luka (1992). Source: Photograph provided courtesy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Via Wikimedia Commons. Even before fighting broke out, the European Union and the United Nations attempted negotiation; at several times, negotiators worked out a canton-like division of
I You We Them
by Dan Gretton
Meeting of RSW at Platform Emma Sangster Remember Saro-Wiwa bus memorial Platform collection Mark Moody-Stuart Gianluigi Guercia/AFP/Getty Images Shell Centre, London Wikimedia Commons 2004. Przemyslaw ‘BlueShade’ Idzkiewicz. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 1.0 Old Shell HQ, St Helen’s Place, London James Norton Henri Deterding Public
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domain via Wikimedia Commons Map of Berlin (overview) Darren Bennett Spanish Embassy, Berlin Wikimedia Commons 2008. Sargoth. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Map of Berlin Day One Walk Darren Bennett T4 building
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Berlin Heydrich letter Public domain Georg Leibbrandt Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Wilhelm Stuckart Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Josef Bühler Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Alfred Meyer Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Rudolf Lange Bundesarchiv Roland Freisler Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Gerhard Klopfer Bundesarchiv Friedrich Kritzinger Public domain
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via Wikimedia Commons Erich Neumann Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Martin Luther Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Map of Berlin Day Two Walk: (1) Darren Bennett Map of Berlin Day
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Two Walk: (2) Darren Bennett Foreign Ministry, Berlin Wikimedia Commons. Bundesarchiv. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Führer Chancellery, Berlin Wikimedia Commons. Bundesarchiv. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Site of former Fuhrer Chancellery, Berlin Author photograph Former German
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Wannsee Conference villa Author photograph Wannsee lake Author photograph The meeting room at the Haus der Wikimedia Commons 2017. Wannseekonferenz Kjetil Ree. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Student group at the Haus der Wikimedia Commons 2016. Wannseekonferenz Dr. Avishai Teicher. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 4.0 Carpathians walk Author
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Author photograph Chelmno walk 7 Author photograph Chelmno Waldlager Author photograph Lidice school class, 1942 © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis/Getty Images Book Two: Jan Karski Wikimedia Commons 2011. Lilly M. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Albert Speer on plane Ullstein Bild/Getty Images Speer with children Public domain Mark
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collection Plaque on Pont Saint-Michel, Paris Public domain Map of Namibia Darren Bennett Extermination order by von Trotha Public domain The Rider statue, Windhoek Wikimedia Commons 2004. Harald Süpfle. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 2.5 Karl Dove Public domain Paul Rohrbach Public domain Eugen Fischer Ullstein Bild/Getty Images
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, from The Story of Captain Cook by L. du Garde Peach/John Kenney Penguin Random House Governor Sir George Arthur, Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Truganini Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Sir Charles Trevelyan Universal History Archive/Getty Images Karl Marx Roger Viollet/Getty Images Willy Brandt in Warsaw, December 1970 Getty Images Heidemarie
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Seventh Man by Berger/Mohr l’Elysee, Lausanne The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp, Public domain via Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632 Wikimedia Commons Self-Portrait with Velvet Beret, Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Rembrandt van Rijn Farmhouse in Suffolk Author photograph Will of Sir Herbert Waterhouse Author collection Map of Weimar/Buchenwald walk Darren
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Bennett Goethe’s Gartenhaus, Weimar Wikimedia Commons 2014. Dr. Bernd Gross. Used under license: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Weimar to Buchenwald walk 1 Author photograph Weimar to Buchenwald walk 2 Author
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Buchenwald walk 5 Author photograph Weimar to Buchenwald walk 6 Author photograph The gates of Buchenwald Author photograph Jay Bybee Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Steven Bradbury Public domain via Wikimedia Common Kurt Schmitt of Allianz saluting behind Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Adolf Hitler, 1 May 1934 München/Bildarchiv Allianz advertisement Public domain Deutsche Bank advertisement
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Global corporations Justice Now’s original table) Spandau Prison Public domain Georges Casalis © Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français. Simone Weil Public domain via Wikimedia Commons Grosvenor Hall, Ashford Kingswood Learning & Leisure Group The author and publisher have made best efforts to trace copyright holders. Please contact the publisher if you
Buzz: The Nature and Necessity of Bees
by Thor Hanson · 1 Jul 2018 · 317pp · 79,633 words
arthropods features heavily in our storytelling, from biblical locusts to Kafka’s beetle to the horrors pictured on these pulp magazine covers from the 1920s. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. The human fascination with bees took root deep in our prehistory, when early hominins sought out the sugary blast of honey at every opportunity. As
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began, with Dionysus (Bacchus) capturing the first swarm of bees in a hollow tree. Piero di Cosimo, The Discovery of Honey by Bacchus (c. 1499). WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. When German botanist Rudolf Jakob Camerarius first published his observations on pollination in 1694, most scientists found the whole notion of plant sex absurd, obscene
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specimens come from deposits in the Dominican Republic and are approximately 15 million to 25 million years old. TOP IMAGE COURTESY OF MICHAEL ENGEL VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS; BOTTOM IMAGE COURTESY OF OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY. For bees, amber provides the perfect medium, preserving all the fine anatomical details of a pollen-gathering lifestyle
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over three hundred species in the genus Osmia. Here a male red mason bee (O. bicornis) peers from a nest hole. PHOTO BY ORANGAUROCHS VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “Everybody loved it!” he said, showing me his original prototype—a small block of wood with a cute peaked roof and twelve empty nesting holes
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living in herds: lowered predation risk, group defense, and the intriguing potentials of life in a new evolutionary context. Elbridge Brooks, Animals in Action (1901). WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “Here’s a question I’ve had for a long time,” Brian Griffin said to me, near the end of our afternoon together. “If these
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might not have been as long, but who was the first scientist to suggest that coevolution with insects spurred the rapid evolution of flowering plants. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called flowers “so blue and golden,” he probably wasn’t thinking about the visual receptors in bees’ eyes, but the prevalence
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of insects, from various bees to flies, wasps, butterflies, and beetles. For the more specialized irises on the right, he would have needed only bumblebees. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. When distinctive floral motifs evolve again and again to attract a particular suite of pollinators, botanists call them “pollination syndromes.” These can include traits as
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because of an almost complete lack of bees. Illustration by Alexander Frank Lydon, in Daniel Defoe, The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1865). WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. Any discussion of coevolution quickly runs into what philosophers call a “causality dilemma,” a problem the rest of us recognize from the question, “Which came
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attempting to mate with them. Clockwise from upper left: O. bombyliflora, O. lunulata, O. insectifera, O. cretica. PHOTOS BY ORCHI, ESCULAPIO, AND BERND HAYNOLD VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. For their part, bees don’t exactly pollinate flowers out of generosity or some sense of botanical affection. They simply want nectar, pollen, or whatever
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.1. The honeybee at home—a native Apis mellifera worker nectaring on a native ice plant flower in South Africa. PHOTO BY DEREK KEATS VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. If I were writing a novel, this is the moment where I would tell you that a brownish, robin-sized bird landed on a nearby
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active by day and the badger is mostly nocturnal. Most experts now agree that the bird developed its remarkable traits in partnership with human ancestors. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “My platform is nutrition,” Alyssa Crittenden told me. “Everything builds from there. Diet is not where the story of human evolution ends, it’s where
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other inviting homes. In this picture from Ethiopia, dozens of potential hives dangle like birds’ nests from an acacia tree. PHOTO BY BERNARD GAGNON VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. The weather on our island improved as spring progressed, and Noah and I had high hopes for the boots and teapots scattered around our orchard
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district!” FIGURE 7.3. Unlike the ordered symmetry of honeybee comb, bumblebees store their provisions and brood in a haphazard collection of tiny wax pots. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. Later commentators expanded this model to include spinsters in rural English villages (who often kept cats), and sailors in the Royal Navy (who ate salted
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warning, thousands of workers simply fail to return home, leaving behind a few disoriented hive bees and an untended, dying queen. IMAGE BY BOOKSCORPIONS VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “We wanted a name that would describe the situation accurately, and also create a path forward,” Diana explained, and it’s safe to say they
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toxins—is a struggle as old as agriculture, perfectly captured here in a poster issued by the US Department of Agriculture during World War II. WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “We can’t link bee declines to one chemical, or even one class of chemicals,” Diana said immediately, as if anticipating my line of questioning
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typical almond orchard may be convenient at harvest time, but it leaves little habitat for bees. IMAGE COURTESY OF USDA NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE VIA WIKIMEDIA COMMONS. “We’re working in over 10,000 acres [4,000 hectares] of almonds now,” Eric told me, noting a surge in the number of growers
Super Thinking: The Big Book of Mental Models
by Gabriel Weinberg and Lauren McCann · 17 Jun 2019
-mvp. 4: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Ghiles, “Somewhat noisy linear data fit to both a linear function and to a polynomial of 10 degrees,” Wikimedia Commons, March 11, 2016, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Overfitted_Data.png. 5: Cartoon by Wiley Miller. 6: Headlines from August 31, 2015, on foxnews
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, 2012, https://craigssenseofwonder.wordpress.com/tag/insolation. 28: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Ashley Dace, “Star Trail above Beccles, near to Gillingham, Norfolk, Great Britain,” Wikimedia Commons, May 13, 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Star_Trail_above_Beccles_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1855505.jpg. 29: Cartoon by Roy Delgado. 30: Adapted
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reserved. 36: Adapted from Creative Commons image: Martinowsky and Chiswick Chap, “Natural selection in action: light and dark morphs of the peppered moth, Biston betularia,” Wikimedia Commons, February 18, 2007, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg. 37: Cartoon by Larry Lambert. 38: “Inertia - Demotivational Poster
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/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf. 40: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Birmingham Museums Trust, “Richard Trevithick’s 1802 steam locomotive,” Wikimedia Commons, August 11, 2005, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel#/media/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_Trevithick_Locomotive(1).jpg. 41: Adapted from public domain image. Damian Yerrick
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, “Illustration of a roly-poly toy viewed from the side. The red and white bullseye represents the figurine’s center of mass (COM).” Wikimedia Commons, August 15, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poli_Gus_N_rocked.svg. 42: “How does a Nuclear Bomb work?” Figure 1: The Nuclear
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-Sex Marriage,” Gallup (May 19, 2015). 45: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Woody993, “Diagram showing the network effect in a few simple phone networks,” Wikimedia Commons, May 31, 2011, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe’s_law#/media/File:Metcalfe-Network-Effect.svg [inactive]. 46: J. L. Westover, “The Butterfly Effect
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permission of Andrews McMeel Syndication. All rights reserved. 56: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. McGeddon, “Illustration of hypothetical damage pattern on a WW2 bomber,” Wikimedia Commons, November 12, 2016, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survivorship-bias.png. 57: Cartoon by Nate Fakes. 58: Stephen Pinker, The Better Angels of Our
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.com/2013/05/local-optimal-sucessordinals-of-life-20.html. 69: Adapted from a Creative Commons image: Dhatfield, “Diagram of Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment,” Wikimedia Commons, June 26, 2008, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schrodingers_cat.svg. 70: Cartoon by Joseph Farris. 71: Georgetown University Center on Education and the
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. 75: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Nyenyec, “Illustration of domino theory (20th century foreign policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States),” Wikimedia Commons, November 10, 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domino_theory.svg. 76: Adapted from Jeff Wysaki, Pleated Jeans, http://sanctuarycounseling.com/wp-content/uploads
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). 86: Adapted from a Creative Commons image. Sjlegg, “Graph of the amplitude of an oscillator against its frequency, showing the significance of the resonant frequency,” Wikimedia Commons, April 15, 2009, https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Physics_(Advancing_Physics)/Resonance#/media/File:Resonant_frequency_amplitude.svg. 87: Adapted from an illustration
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