zoonotic diseases Concepts

Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic

by David Quammen · 30 Sep 2012 · 669pp · 195,743 words

the ecosystem is relatively undisturbed. The converse is also true: Ecological disturbance causes diseases to emerge. Shake a tree, and things fall out. Nearly all zoonotic diseases result from infection by one of six kinds of pathogen: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists (a group of small, complex creatures such as amoebae, formerly but

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been sounding ever more loudly, more insistently, more rapidly over the past fifty years. When and where did it start, this modern era of emerging zoonotic diseases? To choose one point is a little artificial, but a good candidate would be the emergence of Machupo virus among Bolivian villagers between 1959 and

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economic considerations as well as ecological ones, and therefore a problem more complicated than even differential calculus can express. 25 When I first wrote about zoonotic diseases, for National Geographic in 2007, I was given to understand that malaria was not one. No, I was told, you’ll want to leave it

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diseases had come to us—transmogrified at least slightly by evolution—from other animal hosts. It was always sensible to recognize that the distinction between zoonotic diseases and nonzoonotic diseases is slightly artificial, involving a dimension of time. By a strict definition, zoonotic pathogens (accounting for about 60 percent of our infectious

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Medicine (a program of Wildlife Trust, which has since been renamed EcoHealth Alliance), he was also gathering data toward a doctorate on the ecology of zoonotic diseases in South Asia, particularly SARS. For that he was collecting samples from bats. He invited me to come out and see some of the work

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that simple. V THE DEER, THE PARROT, AND THE KID NEXT DOOR 41 Although the drumbeat has quickened in recent decades, the emergence of new zoonotic diseases isn’t unique to our era. Three stories exemplify that point. Q fever. Sixty years before Hendra, sixty years before Vic Rail’s horses started

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(as distinct from his discipline, microbiology). Burnet received his Nobel, in 1960, for helping illuminate the mechanisms of acquired immune tolerance. His role in understanding zoonotic diseases began much earlier. In 1934, as a young microbiologist based at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, back in Melbourne, he got interested in psittacosis

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, he felt “sharp pains in the eyeballs,” followed by chills, followed by fever and night sweats for a week. Maybe there’s some justice to zoonotic diseases after all. But probably not, just a high degree of infectiousness in Q fever, because by that time Macfarlane Burnet had caught it too. Both

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as crows. The fourth member of our party was Arif Islam, also a veterinarian, one of very few in Bangladesh who works with wildlife and zoonotic diseases, and the only member of our group who spoke fluent Bangla. Arif was crucial because he could draw blood from a bat’s brachial artery

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none of those afflictions is newly emergent, mysterious, or zoonotic. Together they dwarf the impact—at least so far—of Nipah virus encephalitis. Why are zoonotic diseases important? I’ve been asked that question, and have asked it of others, more than a few times during my six years of chasing the

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DEPENDS 110 Finally, let me tell you a little story about caterpillars. This may seem to take us afield from the origins and perils of zoonotic diseases but, trust me, it’s very germane. The caterpillar story begins back in 1993. That year, in the tree-shaded town where I live, it

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much as anyone alive. But the difficulty of predicting precisely doesn’t oblige us to remain blind, unprepared, and fatalistic about emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. No. The practical alternative to soothsaying, as Burke put it, is “improving the scientific basis to improve readiness.” By “the scientific basis” he meant the

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European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, the World Organization for Animal Health, and other national and international agencies, to address the danger of emerging zoonotic diseases. Because of concern over the potential of “bioterrorism,” even the US Department of Homeland Security and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (aka Darkest DARPA

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or doltishly, we should understand in some measure the basic outlines and dynamics of the situation. We should appreciate that these recent outbreaks of new zoonotic diseases, as well as the recurrence and spread of old ones, are part of a larger pattern, and that humanity is responsible for generating that pattern

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by the ubiquity and abundance of our human bodies. Everything I’ve just mentioned is encompassed within this rubric: the ecology and evolutionary biology of zoonotic diseases. Ecological circumstance provides opportunity for spillover. Evolution seizes opportunity, explores possibilities, and helps convert spillovers to pandemics. It’s a neat but sterile historical coincidence

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hosts, or do you somehow apply your therapeutics to those hosts, curing every macaque in the forests of Borneo? That’s the salubrious thing about zoonotic diseases: They remind us, as St. Francis did, that we humans are inseparable from the natural world. In fact, there is no “natural world,” it’s

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Royal Society of London, 356. Huff, Jennifer L., and Peter A. Barry. 2003. “B-Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection in Humans and Macaques: Potential for Zoonotic Disease.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9 (2). Huijbregts, Bas, Pawel De Wachter, Louis Sosthene Ndong Obiang, and Marc Ella Akou. 2003. “Ebola and the Decline of Gorilla

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, P. Formenty, et al. 2009. “Human Ebola Outbreak Resulting from Direct Exposure to Fruit Bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007.” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 9 (6). Leroy, Eric M., Brice Kumulungui, Xavier Pourrut, Pierre Rouquet, Alexandre Hassanin, Philippe Yaba, André Délicat, et al. 2005. “Fruit Bats as Reservoirs of

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. Neghina, Raul, A. M. Neghina, I. Marincu, and I. Iacobiciu. 2011. “Malaria and the Campaigns Toward its Eradication in Romania, 1923–1963.” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (2). Nelson, Anne Marie, and C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr., eds. 1998. Pathology of Emerging Infections 2. Washington: ASM Press. Ng, Lee Ching, Eng Eong

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sustain me with other work and privileged field experiences in the years since—including the assignment that led to “Deadly Contact,” a feature story on zoonotic diseases, published in the October 2007 issue—I also declare here my ongoing gratitude to Chris Johns (editor in chief, having succeeded Bill Allen), Carolyn White

Uncontrolled Spread: Why COVID-19 Crushed Us and How We Can Defeat the Next Pandemic

by Scott Gottlieb · 20 Sep 2021

were most likely to emerge, including Africa and parts of Asia. The effort aimed to join the researchers together in a global hunt for new zoonotic diseases.104 It helped build new capacities for monitoring threats in resource constrained nations. Like a lot of our pandemic planning, the creation of this program

How to Survive a Pandemic

by Michael Greger, M.D., FACLM · 1,072pp · 237,186 words

diseases,” noted the WHO expert who led the fight against SARS. “So the possibility for exposure is huge.”867 Estimates as to the number of zoonotic diseases run into the thousands.868 “For every virus that we know about, there are hundreds that we don’t know anything about,” said one professor

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lifestyle.918 We have now entered into the third age of human disease, which started around forty years ago—the emergence (or re-emergence) of zoonotic diseases.919 Medical historians describe these last decades as the age of “the emerging plagues.”920 Never in medical history have so many new diseases appeared

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into ever more artificial environments and existences.”927 According to the World Health Organization’s coordinator for zoonoses control, “The chief risk factor for emerging zoonotic diseases is environmental degradation by humans.”928 This includes degradation wrought by global climate change, deforestation, and, as described by the WHO, “industrialization and intensification of

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In the accompanying Lancet editorial, we are reminded that zoonotic cross-species infections are “among the most important public health threats facing humanity.”969 While zoonotic diseases like rabies kill about fifty thousand people globally a year,970 humans generally end up as the dead-end host for the virus. In terms

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, like the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, have blamed “[e]merging livestock production systems, particularly where they involve increased intensification” as a main reason why zoonotic diseases are of increasing concern. These intensive systems, in addition to their high population density, “may also generate pathogen build-ups or impair the capacity of

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key role in the Third Age of emerging human disease.1094 LIVESTOCK REVOLUTION Breeding Grounds In response to the torrent of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases jumping from animals to people, the world’s three leading authorities—the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and

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of Swine Veterinarians explained why the genetic bottlenecking created by narrowly focused breeding schemes may be a main reason for the mounting concern over human zoonotic diseases: “As genetic improvement falls into the hands of fewer companies and the trend towards intense multiplication of a limited range of genotypes (monoculture, cloning) develops

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try to keep it in the ducks and not provide the virus an enormous lab of feathered subjects to tinker in. Noting the emergence of zoonotic diseases in general is largely a product of human activity, FAO researchers concluded that “the solution to these problems is also a matter of human choice

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trend of intensification in animal agriculture. David Burne, as the European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection, said at a Public Health Risks from Emerging Zoonotic Diseases conference in 2004, “Let me say a final word on animal rearing practices”: In the agricultural sector, greater account needs to be taken of the

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King set out to explain the root causes behind the Third Age of human disease, which “began about 1975 with the emergence or reemergence of zoonotic diseases.” He described the factors leading to the creation of this “microbial perfect storm” as “anthropogenic,” meaning human-caused. “As climate changes and ecosystems are destroyed

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. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. 71. Salata C, Calistri A, Parolin C, Palù G. 2019. Coronaviruses: a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases. Pathog Dis. 77(9). 72. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N

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Flu (New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company). 368. McNamara TS. 2002. Diagnosis and control of zoonotic infections: pathology and early recognition of zoonotic disease outbreaks. In: The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health—Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 64–78). 369. Leitner T (ed

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Food Safety Program, March. cspinet.org/reports/polt.html. 563. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Main challenges in the control of zoonotic diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. www.emro.who.int/RC50/documents/DOC7.doc. 564. Duncan IJH. 1997. Killing Methods for Poultry (Guelph, Canada: Colonel KL

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, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, and World Organization for Animal Health. 2004. Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases. At whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFK_2004.9.pdf. 866. Morse SS. 1997. The public health threat of emerging viral disease

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World Fact Book. March 29. cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/my.html. 1070. Newman SH, Epstein JH, Schloegel LM. 2005. The nature of emerging zoonotic diseases: Ecology, prediction, and prevention. Medical Laboratory Observer. 37(7):10(9). 1071. Ai SY. 2000. Profile of a virus. Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Department of Veterinary

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, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, and World Organization for Animal Health. 2004. Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases. At whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFK_2004.9.pdf. 1096. Pappaioanou M. 2004. Veterinary medicine protecting and promoting the public’s

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.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/599_bug.html. 1203. McNamara TS. 2002. Diagnosis and control of zoonotic infections: pathology and early recognition of zoonotic disease outbreaks. In: The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health—Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, p. 126). 1204. Cools I, Uyttendaele M

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, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, and World Organization for Animal Health. 2004. Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases. At whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFK_2004.9.pdf. 1948. European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. 2000

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/wireStory?id=1216962&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312. 2395. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2009 Sep. Report brief: sustaining global surveillance and response to emerging zoonotic diseases. Washington(DC): National Academies Press; [accessed 2020 Apr 9]. 2396. Weiss R. 2005. Bird flu could be stopped—if everything is aligned right. Washington Post

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flu virus will lead to new pandemic. Daily Telegraph, September 22. 3487. Slingenbergh J, Gilbert M, de Balogh K, Wint W. 2004. Ecological sources of zoonotic diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties 23:467–84. 3488. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National

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. 3513. Byrne D. 2004. Combating emerging zoonoses: Challenges and prospects at community level. Conference on Infectious Disease: European Response to Public Health Risks from Emerging Zoonotic Diseases, The Hague, September 17. medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=13681. 3514. Madec F and Rose N. 2003. How husbandry practices may contribute to the course

The Survival of the City: Human Flourishing in an Age of Isolation

by Edward Glaeser and David Cutler · 14 Sep 2021 · 735pp · 165,375 words

findings “suggest that global changes in the mode and intensity of land use are creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease.” A 2020 workshop on biodiversity and pandemics concludes that “conservation of protected areas, and measures that reduce unsustainable exploitation of high biodiversity regions will reduce

The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria, and Hubris

by Mark Honigsbaum · 8 Apr 2019 · 529pp · 150,263 words

present the parasite with an opportunity to colonize a new host and extend its ecologic range. This is a particular risk in the case of zoonotic diseases bridged by rodent and insect vectors, such as plague, yellow fever, and dengue. However, it was realized that in an era of increasing globalization, it

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, 347 unanswered questions about, 342–43 vaccines against, 341 vector-control strategies for, 351 Zika forest, 325 ZMapp, 299, 300, 315 zoes, 288 zoology, 7 zoonotic diseases, 12–13, 68. See also animals, as disease vectors; specific diseases; specific viruses Zuckerberg, Mark, 366 ALSO BY MARK HONIGSBAUM A History of the Great

Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order

by Colin Kahl and Thomas Wright · 23 Aug 2021 · 652pp · 172,428 words

the years ahead, shifting climatic zones will also force animals out of their habitats and into greater contact with people (thus increasing the risk of zoonotic diseases) and expand the range of mosquitoes and other sources of vector-borne infectious diseases. Meanwhile, regardless of what the true origin of SARS-CoV-2

The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality

by Angus Deaton · 15 Mar 2013 · 374pp · 114,660 words

been paid to current threats from “emerging” infectious diseases, particularly those, like HIV/AIDS, that crossed from animal reservoirs to humans. There are many such “zoonotic” diseases, some spectacularly and quickly lethal. Yet this is a lethality that makes it almost impossible for them to turn into large-scale epidemics; killing victims

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history. Small groups cannot maintain infectious diseases, such as smallpox, tuberculosis, or measles, that confer (sometimes limited) immunity upon recovery, but they are subject to zoonotic diseases whose normal hosts are wild animals or the soil, as well as to a range of parasites such as worms. Life expectancy at birth among

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., 81 Zaire, 27, 279, 282, 298. See also Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia, 121, 296 Zheng He, 4, 11 Zimbabwe, 20, 48, 108, 279 zoonotic diseases, 77

Covid-19: The Pandemic That Never Should Have Happened and How to Stop the Next One

by Debora MacKenzie · 13 Jul 2020 · 266pp · 80,273 words

… humans were: L. F. Wang and B. T. Eaton, “Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS,” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission, (2007): 325–44), doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13. 14. Also, that

Age of the City: Why Our Future Will Be Won or Lost Together

by Ian Goldin and Tom Lee-Devlin · 21 Jun 2023 · 248pp · 73,689 words

difficult to control.33 The disruption of wild habitats by the global population’s expanding physical footprint has also contributed to the rising number of zoonotic diseases being transmitted to humans. In 1998, the fatal Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia. While the disease spread to humans through infected pigs, it originally

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like soya, coffee or palm oil. The consumption of ‘bushmeat’ – animals such as apes, rats, bats and pangolins – is another factor in the growth of zoonotic diseases. While a small amount of bushmeat is eaten as a delicacy, most consumption occurs due to the absence of alternatives. HIV and Ebola are likely

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that as much as 5 million tonnes of wild animals are caught and eaten every year in the Congo basin alone.37 Most major new zoonotic diseases in living memory have emerged in the developing world, and are likely to continue doing so for the reasons mentioned above. Large and tightly packed

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Belt Zone here Padua here Pakistan here, here, here pandemics here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and zoonotic diseases here paramyxovirus here Paris here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Paris Conference (2015) here Park

Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live

by Nicholas A. Christakis · 27 Oct 2020 · 475pp · 127,389 words

a naturally occurring pathogen that was collected from bats and then taken to the lab for study. But since we know of many examples of zoonotic diseases leaping to humans in the normal course of events, including SARS-1, the balance of probabilities, at least to me and most experts, still leans